Blue LED mediated synthesis of quinazolinone and degradation of organic pollutants using CuWO₄ nanoparticles; A Green Approach

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Here in the present work, we successfully synthesize CuWO₄ nanoparticles using a simple co-precipitation method. The synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles were analyzed to know their properties by using various characterization tools such as XRD, UV-DRS, HR-SEM, and FT-IR analysis. From Tauc’s plot calculation we find the prepared nanoparticles having maximum activity in the visible light medium. The band edge distance between VB and CB ranged at 2.53 eV, confirming the capability of electrons in the valence band to absorb visible light to excite the conduction band. From this we successfully conduct the organic formation reaction in the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives using CuWO₄ nanoparticles in a blue LED medium. In addition, CuWO₄ nanoparticles also performed for the degradation of rhodamine B dye from wastewater to get 95% of the dye removed in the presence of a visible light medium. CuWO4 nanoparticles quinazolinone Rhodamine B Visible light Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction In recent years, nitrogen-substituted fused heterocycles have played a vital role in pharmaceutical fields [ 1 , 2 ]. Normally the external member is a heteroatom placed on the cyclic system, which enhances the activity of drugs via resonance, lone pair activity, and immediate reactivity [ 3 , 4 ]. Many researchers were working on the synthesis of heterocycles by using non-conventional methods to make them active in the medicinal field [ 5 , 6 ]. Quinazolinone is an organic six-member fused heterocyclic motif that has more reactivity in the medicinal arena [ 7 ]. Quinazolinone has nitrogen as a heteroatom and benzene fused at the ortho position of the pyridine ring [ 8 , 9 ]. Quinazolinone has more activity in various sessions, such as anticancer [ 10 ], antibacterial [ 11 ], anticonvulsant [ 12 ], antibiotic [ 13 ], and anti-inflammatory [ 14 ] activities, which were discussed and reported in publications [ 15 , 16 ]. In recent years there were maximum publications that discussed the synthesis of quinolines from conventional and non-conventional methods. Non-conventional methods have produced much attention for the synthesis of quinazolinone because of the highlights in environmentally benign behavior [ 17 – 19 ]. In the past decade the textile industry has released more dye waste to the environmental system, like rivers, lakes, ground, and air. The major effect due to this contamination is that the pollution could cause side effects to the living organisms near the industries [ 20 – 22 ]. Dyes are the organic compounds that are majorly combined by hydrocarbons. The need to remove these hydrocarbons from the groceries by using the recycling effect on the waste to avoid the contamination [ 23 ]. Dye removal from the wastewater has received more attention from various scientists to provide the best condition to remove the contaminants from the source using a non-conventional approach. Rhodamine B is an organic dye having an O-fused heterocyclic ring merge with three substituted benzene rings [ 24 , 25 ]. With the use of a photocatalyst with a sufficient amount of band gap to form strong superoxide radicals, rhodamine B can be degraded in solar light conditions. The solar light-driven removal of rhodamine B has employed much attention in photocatalysis. The formed free radicals had enough energy to degrade rhodamine B into corresponding H₂O and CO₂, promising excellent features of photocatalysis [ 26 ]. Nanoparticles are the most predominant tools to carry out almost all types of applications in chemistry. Nowadays, every chemical work has been coupled with nanotechnology to enhance the activity and produce maximum yield in a shorter time [ 27 – 29 ]. When the surface area of bulk materials was reduced to nanoscale due to the quantum confinement effect, tuning the physical properties produced more applications in chemistry [ 30 – 33 ]. In addition, the tuning effect has been made to change in the electrical band gap to make it active in every light medium to produce maximum active free radicals. Photocatalysis is an important key to carrying out more chemical reactions in a light medium in a short time [ 34 – 37 ]. WO₃ nanoparticles have a high pristine crystal structure photocatalyst material, which is more active in the ultraviolet region [ 38 ]. WO₃ nanoparticles irradiated with UV light formed electron holes with high potential used to carry out various applications. In this decade researchers were working on the photocatalyst, which has much activity to generate electron-hole pairs in a visible light medium [ 39 , 40 ]. The need to convert the organic reactions carried out under green conditions to encourage non-conventional synthesis. In this present study, we are focusing on synthesizing CuWO₄ nanoparticles due to the activation of WO₃ in a visible light medium. When CuO enters into the highly crystalline WO₃ nanoparticle surface, they combine to form CuWO₄ nanoparticles [ 41 , 42 ]. The impurities of CuO particles get changed in the electrical band gap of CuWO₄ nanoparticles to be more active in the blue LED light medium. CuWO₄ nanoparticles have high pristine crystalline behavior, more strength, high stability, predominance in visible light, and reusability in various chemical reactions [ 43 – 45 ]. In this current study, we prepare CuWO₄ nanoparticles using the co-precipitation method. The synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles were characterized by using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Further, we noticed that CuWO₄ nanoparticles have activity in a visible light medium using UV-DRS and Tauc’s plot equations. CuWO₄ nanoparticle activity has been tested on the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives in a blue LED light medium. Here both electron-donating and withdrawing substitutions showed excellent yields in the presence of a solar light medium. On the other hand, degradation using rhodamine B dye has been tested against CuWO₄ nanoparticles under blue LED light. The 85% rhodamine B dye has been successfully removed from the wastewater in 120 mins. The CuWO₄ nanoparticles were easily removed from the reaction mixture and reused several times without loss of their catalytic activity. Materials and methods All starting materials for CuWO₄ nanoparticle synthesis and quinazolinone preparation were purchased from Sigma Aldrich with high purity standards. Here are all the reactions and preparations; the water we used was double distilled to improve the reaction products. CuWO₄ nanoparticles were stored below 25°C in a glass bottle and better heated before the reaction to produce higher yields. Preparation of CuWO 4 nanoparticles 1 mmol of sodium tungstate and 1 mmol of nickel sulfate were separately dissolved in 50 ml of water to ensure homogeneous mixing of both solutions. Add 5 mL of conc. HCl to the solution and mix well, then subsequently add 4N NaOH solution dropwise to it. When the pH of the solution is raised to about 11 to stop the addition of NaOH, the mixture is stirred well for 4 h. The black-colored CuWO₄ nanoparticles were developed inside the solution and washed well with water four times with water and one time with ethanol to remove the unreacted impurities. The CuWO₄ nanoparticle precipitate was dried in a hot air oven and annealed at 600°C for 3 hours in a furnace. Common route for the synthesis of quinazolinone under blue LED: A mixture of 1 mmol 2-aminobenzamide, 1 mmol substituted benzaldehyde, and 5 mL ethanol was taken in a round-bottom bottle. 20 mg of CuWO₄ nanoparticles was added to the reaction mixture and shaken well. The RB was introduced into the visible light chamber coupled with a light source of blue LED and a stirrer. The visible light blue LED (12W bulb) has the 490 nm wavelength confirmed by using a lux meter. The light switched on, and the reactions were started. The TLC was checked every 5 minutes to check the reaction completion. The reaction completion was confirmed by using TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into crushed ice to precipitate out the products. The obtained quinazolinones were dried well and recrystallized from hot ethanol, offering the pure quinazolinones, and stored for further characterization techniques. At the time of recrystallization, the CuWO₄ nanoparticles were easily removed from the reaction mixture using the filtration technique. The recovered CuWO₄ nanoparticles were dried and washed with an ethanol-water system to offer reusability. Common route for the degradation of rhodamine B under blue LED: 100 mL of 5 ppm solution of rhodamine B dye was taken in a clean beaker. 20 mg of CuWO₄ nanoparticles was added to the solution. The beaker was introduced into a visible light chamber coupled with a light source of blue LED and a stirrer. The visible light blue LED (12W bulb) has the 490 nm wavelength confirmed by using a lux meter. The light switched on, and the reactions were started. The samples were collected every 5 minutes to check the reaction completion. The degradation has been carried out for 120 mins, and CuWO₄ nanoparticles were easily removed from the reaction mixture using the filtration technique. The recovered CuWO₄ nanoparticles were dried and washed with an ethanol-water system to offer reusability. Results and Discussion XRD Analysis Crystalline structure and phase purity of prepared CuWO₄ nanoparticles have been determined by using XRD analysis. XRD patterns of CuWO₄ nanoparticles are displayed in Fig. 1 . The XRD pattern of the pristine CuWO₄ nanoparticles agrees with its triclinic structure and is well matched with JCPDS no. 88–0269. The major peaks in this XRD are 19.2°, 24.1°, 29.8°, 34.2°, 40.2°, 42.2°, 45.3°, 50.3°, 57.4°, 58.9°, 65.6°, 77.4°, and 84.8°, indexed to the (0 1 0), (1 0 0), (-1 1 0), (1 0 0), (1 1–1), (0 2 0), (0 0 2), (1 2 1), (1–3 0), (2–2 1), (0 0 3), (3 0 0), and (2 2 1) planes of CuWO₄, respectively. UV-DRS Analysis The synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles were studied by UV-DRS spectroscopy, and the band gap was analyzed from Tauc’s plot against hu to the energy axis in Fig. 5 (b). The results demonstrated that the band gap of nanoparticles strongly depends on the size and shape of compounds. Figure 5 (a) shows absorption maxima for the synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles, and Fig. 5 (b) demonstrates the band gap. The band gap was calculated as 2.53 eV, which confirms CuWO₄ nanoparticles show good activity in the visible light region. So, we can illuminate with solar light with a particular wavelength. CuWO₄ nanoparticles could form the electron-holes to make it active in application. FT-IR Analysis Figure 3 (a) and (b) shows the FT-IR spectrum of synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles before and after calcination. Figure 3 (a) demonstrates the spectral peaks for the synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles before calcination. It shows a large number of peaks because of the presence of impurities such as metal hydroxides (3300 cm⁻¹), unreacted starting materials (1100 cm⁻¹), and others (1800 cm⁻¹). Figure 3 (b) shows two peaks of CuWO₄ nanoparticles after calcination. Calcination was used to make the pristine structure of CuWO₄ nanoparticles; all the impurities were evaporated at 600°C of annealing in a muffle furnace. The FT-IR spectrum of pure CuWO₄ nanoparticles shows a peak around 523 cm⁻¹ due to the presence of metal-oxygen vibrating frequencies, and all the impurity peaks present before calcination were getting reduced to make it of a highly pure nature. . Figure 3 - FT-IR analysis of a) Before calcination b) After calcination of CuWO 4 nanoparticles HR-SEM Analysis Figure 4 (a) (b) shows the HR-SEM images for the surface analysis of the size and topographical morphology of synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles. From those figures we concluded that the synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles show a rod-flake-like structure. The high pristine WO₃ structure covered with CuO nanoparticles is shown in Figs. 4 (a) and 4(b). In Fig. 4 (c), (d), and (e), the elemental mapping analysis of synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles in different colors results in the presence of Cu, W, and O in position. The EDX analysis of synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 4 (f). The data confirm the presence of copper (Cu), oxygen (O), and tungsten (W) elements only in CuWO₄ nanoparticles. In this study we have demonstrated the synthesis of quinazolinone and its derivatives using a CuWO₄ nanocatalyst. The prepared CuWO₄ nanoparticles show a property of high crystalline nature confirmed by using XRD, rod and polycrystalline surface topography identified from HR-SEM results, and the catalyst having much attention in the presence of the visible light region. We have synthesized the quinazolinone and its derivatives under different solvents, different catalysts, and various reaction conditions; it shows moderate to maximum levels of yields. First of all, we have synthesized quinazolinone using 2-aminobenzamide and substituted aldehyde compounds as a starting material. To this starting material we have to add CuWO₄ nanocatalyst and ethanol as a solvent and irradiate it with a 12W blue LED; it shows a 92% yield of 2.1a . The reactants 1.1 and 1.2 were taken in a beaker and dissolved in 5 mL of ethanol. Then 20 mg of CuWO₄ nanoparticles were mixed with the reaction mixture and placed in between the LED lights coupled with a magnetic stirrer. The light was switched on, and every 5 minutes the reaction mixture samples were collected to check the TLC for reaction completion. Once the reaction completion was confirmed using TLC, the reaction mixture was further extracted to form final products. From the Table 1 entries, we have to explore the tunable conditions for the synthesis of quinazolinone. The reaction was carried out in various conditions, like with solvent and without solvent, and changes in reaction conditions were analyzed to compare with yield formation. Initially the reactions were kept in the heating condition with and without a solvent atmosphere. From this, in the heating medium, the reaction has carried on in a smoother way to produce above 70% of the yield in 2 hours (Table 1 , Entry 1, 2). In Table 1 , entries 4 and 8, there is no reaction taking place for the synthesis of quinazolinone using CuO and WO₃ catalysts and also using solvent-free and EtOH solvents and also proceeding under different temperature and blue LED irradiation conditions. In Table 1 , entries 3 and 5, the reaction gives minimum yields for the synthesis of quinazolinone using a CuWO₄ catalyst, solvent-free conditions, and different reaction conditions. The reaction proceeds using CuWO₄ nanoparticles as a catalyst in the presence of a heating medium and produces 88% of 2.1a (Table 1 , Entry 6). The same reaction was worked up with optimized conditions for 15, 60, and 90 mins, which will affect the product formation of 2.1a (Table 1 , Entries 7, 9, and 10). Among all the maximum 92% of yield for the synthesis of quinazolinone using CuWO₄ catalyst, EtOH as a solvent under blue LED irradiation (Table 1 , Entry 11). In Table 1 all other entries show 70–88% of yields for the synthesis of quinazolinone under different catalytic solvents and reaction conditions. In Table 2 entries we have to conclude that the tunable solvent conditions for the synthesis of quinazolinone. From Table 2 , entries 3, 4, and 5 show no reaction for the synthesis of quinazolinone using H₂O, DMSO, and DMF solvents. In Table 2 , entries 1, 6, and 2 show 40–85% of yields for the synthesis of quinazolinone using EtOH/H₂O, toluene, and CH₃OH solvents. In Table 2 entry 7 shows a maximum of 92% yield for the synthesis of quinazolinone using ETOH solvent. From the Table 3 entries, we have to conclude that the tunable catalyst dosage for the synthesis of quinazolinone. From Table 3 , entries 1, 2, 3, and 4 show 80–88% of yields for the synthesis of quinazolinone using 10 mg, 15 mg, 25 mg, and 30 mg of CuWO₄ catalysts. In Table 3 , entry 5 shows 92% of yield for the synthesis of quinazolinone using 20 mg of CuWO₄ catalyst. Table 1 Tuning conditions for the synthesis of quinazolinone (2.1a) under blue LED irradiation Entry Catalyst Solvent Reaction condition Time (mins) Yield 1. Catalyst free ETOH ∆ (80°C) 60 83 2. Catalyst free Solvent free ∆ (80°C) 120 72 3. CuWO 4 Solvent free Grinding 90 32 4. CuO ETOH Blue LED 120 No reaction 5. CuWO 4 Solvent free ∆ (80°C) 120 26 6. CuWO 4 ETOH Blue LED 60 88 7. CuWO 4 ETOH ∆ (80°C) 120 82 8. WO 3 ETOH Blue LED 120 No reaction 9. CuWO 4 ETOH Blue LED 90 86 10. CuWO 4 ETOH Blue LED 15 80 11. CuWO 4 ETOH Blue LED 30 92 Table 2 Tuning the solvent for the synthesis of quinazolinone (2.1a) under blue LED irradiation Entry Solvent Yield 1. ETOH/H 2 O 48 2. CH 3 OH 84 3. H 2 O No reaction 4. DMSO No reaction 5. DMF No reaction 6. Toluene 54 7. ETOH 98 Table 3 Tuning catalyst dosage for the synthesis of quinazolinone (2.1a) under blue LED irradiation Entry Catalyst Weight (mg) Yield 1. CuWO 4 10 82 2. CuWO 4 15 88 3. CuWO 4 25 88 4. CuWO 4 30 80 5. CuWO 4 20 92 From the optimized condition, we successfully prepared six different types of quinazolinone compounds using CuWO₄ nanoparticles as photocatalysts. Here we are changing the aldehyde substitutions using halogen, electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, and benzene substances, which show excellent yields to form higher products under a blue LED medium. The electron-withdrawing groups (2.1c, 2.1d, and 2.1e) have shown moderate yields and produce maximum yields in 40 mins of reaction time (Table 4). The halogen substituents produced higher yields under a visible light medium in 35 mins using CuWO₄ nanoparticles. The electron-donating substituent has produced a second maximum yield around 35 minutes of reaction time. . Table 4- Derivatives of quinazolinone 2.1a under blue LED irradiation Entry R Time Yield Reference 2.1a Benzene 30 92 46 2.1b 4-Br 35 88 46 2.1c 4-CN 40 89 46 2.1d 4-NO 2 40 85 46 2.1e 4-COOH 40 68 46 2.1f 4-CH 3 30 90 46 Fig. a) Degradation of rhodamine B under blue LED b) Sun light degradation c) First order kinetics of corresponding plot d) Relative tuning the conditions for the degradation using CuWO 4 nanoparticles Rhodamine B is the most commonly used dye in the textile industry, paper coloring fields, labeling sectors, and culinary products to add the peach-colored material. It is an alkaline dye, and it could not be easily removed from the pollutants in the natural process. The need for the best catalyst to degrade rhodamine B with commercial methods plays a major role in nanotechnology. Here CuWO₄ nanoparticles were used to check its photocatalytic activity in a visible medium to remove the rhodamine B dye from wastewater. The 3 ppm solution of rhodamine B was prepared, and the CuWO₄ nanoparticle efficiency was checked under blue LED light irradiation. The every 15-minute samples of rhodamine B dye were collected and analyzed using UV spectroscopy to check degradation efficiency, as shown in Fig. Here Fig. 2 a shows the rhodamine B degradation producing 95% of successful degradation in the blue LED light medium. The initial concentration of 0.76 was getting reduced at the bottom to confirm CuWO₄ nanoparticles show excellent activity in removing rhodamine B dye from water in a visible light medium. The same amount of rhodamine B has been checked for degradation efficiency under sunlight (between 11.00 AM and 2.00 PM) using CuWO₄ nanoparticles. It shows only 35% of degradation of rhodamine B in 2 hours of reaction time (Fig. 2 b). Because of the mixture of lights present in sunlight, it wasn’t adequate to operate the electron-hole in a repetitive manner. The order of the reaction was shown in Fig. 2 c for corresponding degradation obeying the first-order kinetics mechanism. The degradation efficiency was also checked and shown in Fig. 2 d. The conditions, such as blank, sunlight, and visible light-mediated degradation of rhodamine B, were tested against CuWO₄ nanoparticles. Among all visible light-mediated degradation of rhodamine B, it showed excellent reactivity up to 95% when compared with other conditions. After reaction completion, the CuWO₄ nanoparticles are easily removed from the reaction mixture using simple filtration. The recovered CuWO₄ nanoparticles are cleaned well using water and ethanol and then dried in a hot air oven for 100°C. The recovered CuWO₄ nanoparticles were further used in the synthesis of quinazolinone and degradation of rhodamine B dye degradation for the next 7 cycles. CuWO₄ nanoparticles showed excellent reusability behavior in the synthesis of 2.1a with higher yields in the 7th cycle. The final catalyst was cleaned and dried to check the HR-SEM analysis to know the surface morphology after reused state. HR-SEM results confirm the reused the reaction mixture couldn’t affect the CuWO₄ nanoparticle surface; the same surface was recreated after seven runs in the synthesis of 2.1a . In conclusion, this present work we successfully synthesize CuWO 4 nanoparticles using simple co-precipitation method. The synthesized CuWO 4 nanoparticles were analyzed to know its properties by using various characterization tools such as XRD, UV-DRS, HR-SEM and FT-IR analysis. From Tauc’s plot calculation we find the prepared nanoparticles having maximum activity in visible light medium. The band edge distance between VB and CB ranged at 2.53 eV confirms the capability electrons in valance band can absorb visible light to excite conduction band. From this we successfully conduct the organic formation reaction in the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives using CuWO 4 nanoparticles in blue LED medium. In addition, CuWO 4 nanoparticles also performed for the degradation of rhodamine B dye from waste water to get 95% of dye removed in presence of visible light medium. Declarations Acknowledgements The research exertion has been supported by Sri Paramakalyani College (affiliated with Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli), Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India. I am strongly acknowledge the team of the Sri Paramakalyani College management for allowing me to conduct my research work on the laboratory and instrumentation facilities. Funding There is not at all funding for this project. Declarations Data availability has not available for sharing due to confidentiality of the manuscript. Author Information Dr. Murugan Arunachalapandi; Assistant professor, Department of chemistry and Research center, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi, Tamilnadu, India. Email- [email protected] . Contributions Murugan Arunachalapandi – Conceptualization, Data collection, review, supervision and analysis. Writing and correction the original manuscript. Rajakumar Utchimahali – Data collection, Table work, nanoparticles synthesis and characterization, Corresponding Author Correspondence to Murugan Arunachalapandi . Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical and Consent to Participate Not applicable. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Supplementary Information The electronic supplementary material available in online. 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C., & Rincón-Joya, M. Structural evolution, optical properties, and photocatalytic performance of copper and tungsten heterostructure materials. Materials Today Communications 2021, 26 , 101886. Kumar, E. P., Chanakya, N., Siddiqua, A., Krishna, K. G., Kumar, B. V., Muralikrishna, P., & Upender, G. Investigations on MWO 4 (M = Cu, Zn, Cd and Sn) nanostructures for detecting toluene gas at room temperature. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 2024, 368 , 115094. Vadivel, D., García, J., & Dondi, D. Copper tungstate assisted photocatalytic degradation of Industrial (dye and pharmaceutical) products in water, 2024. Almaghamsi, H., Al-Ghamdi, W., Basfer, N. M., & Bayahia, D. S. Effect of copper tungstate nanoparticles on the structural, optical, and dielectric properties of carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite films. Physica B: Condensed Matter 2025, 701 , 416969. Lima, A. E., Assis, M., Resende, A. L., Santos, H. L., Mascaro, L. H., Longo, E.,… Luz Jr, G. E. CuWO 4 /MnWO 4 heterojunction thin film with improved photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic properties using simulated solar irradiation. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2022, 26 (4), 997–1011. Reis, L. R. M., Costa, M. J. S., Oliveira, Y. L., Santos, R. S., Sczancoski, J. C., & Cavalcante, L. S. Structure, optical, colorimetric, and supercapacitor properties of anode α-CuWO 4 crystals. Materials Letters 2024, 354 , 135340. Arunachalapandi, M., & Roopan, S. M. (2021). Ultrasound/visible light-mediated synthesis of N-heterocycles using g-C 3 N 4 /Cu 3 TiO 4 as sonophotocatalyst. Research on Chemical Intermediates , 47 (8). Scheme Scheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplimentary.docx floatimage1.png Onlinefloatimage6.png Scheme 1- Synthesis of 2.1a under blue LED medium Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":183488,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Fig.2- a) UV-DRS analysis b) Tauc’s plot of CuWO\u003csub\u003e4 \u003c/sub\u003enanoparticles\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7982994/v1/e92544fc3711cf45f26fd04a.png"},{"id":96917697,"identity":"6123d5b1-99b0-442d-bfae-c296790073a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:10:25","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":170615,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Fig.3- FT-IR analysis of a) Before calcination b) After calcination of CuWO\u003csub\u003e4 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5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":517172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. a) Degradation of rhodamine B under blue LED b) Sun light degradation c) First order kinetics of corresponding plot d) Relative tuning the conditions for the degradation using CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7982994/v1/93228901d654eadbd482057d.png"},{"id":96916375,"identity":"bd519dd2-a3b5-4ae3-90c3-ef08a4dd9b1d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:31","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":328513,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 3 a) Reusability chart b) HR-SEM of reused CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 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13:27:12","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":6651,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScheme 1\u003c/strong\u003e- Synthesis of 2.1a under blue LED medium\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7982994/v1/64ad8a4be50cd39f19097b4b.png"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Blue LED mediated synthesis of quinazolinone and degradation of organic pollutants using CuWO₄ nanoparticles; A Green Approach","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, nitrogen-substituted fused heterocycles have played a vital role in pharmaceutical fields [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Normally the external member is a heteroatom placed on the cyclic system, which enhances the activity of drugs \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e resonance, lone pair activity, and immediate reactivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Many researchers were working on the synthesis of heterocycles by using non-conventional methods to make them active in the medicinal field [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Quinazolinone is an organic six-member fused heterocyclic motif that has more reactivity in the medicinal arena [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Quinazolinone has nitrogen as a heteroatom and benzene fused at the ortho position of the pyridine ring [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Quinazolinone has more activity in various sessions, such as anticancer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], antibacterial [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], anticonvulsant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], antibiotic [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], and anti-inflammatory [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] activities, which were discussed and reported in publications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. In recent years there were maximum publications that discussed the synthesis of quinolines from conventional and non-conventional methods. Non-conventional methods have produced much attention for the synthesis of quinazolinone because of the highlights in environmentally benign behavior [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the past decade the textile industry has released more dye waste to the environmental system, like rivers, lakes, ground, and air. The major effect due to this contamination is that the pollution could cause side effects to the living organisms near the industries [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Dyes are the organic compounds that are majorly combined by hydrocarbons. The need to remove these hydrocarbons from the groceries by using the recycling effect on the waste to avoid the contamination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Dye removal from the wastewater has received more attention from various scientists to provide the best condition to remove the contaminants from the source using a non-conventional approach. Rhodamine B is an organic dye having an O-fused heterocyclic ring merge with three substituted benzene rings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. With the use of a photocatalyst with a sufficient amount of band gap to form strong superoxide radicals, rhodamine B can be degraded in solar light conditions. The solar light-driven removal of rhodamine B has employed much attention in photocatalysis. The formed free radicals had enough energy to degrade rhodamine B into corresponding H₂O and CO₂, promising excellent features of photocatalysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNanoparticles are the most predominant tools to carry out almost all types of applications in chemistry. Nowadays, every chemical work has been coupled with nanotechnology to enhance the activity and produce maximum yield in a shorter time [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. When the surface area of bulk materials was reduced to nanoscale due to the quantum confinement effect, tuning the physical properties produced more applications in chemistry [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31 CR32\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the tuning effect has been made to change in the electrical band gap to make it active in every light medium to produce maximum active free radicals. Photocatalysis is an important key to carrying out more chemical reactions in a light medium in a short time [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR35 CR36\" citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWO₃ nanoparticles have a high pristine crystal structure photocatalyst material, which is more active in the ultraviolet region [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. WO₃ nanoparticles irradiated with UV light formed electron holes with high potential used to carry out various applications. In this decade researchers were working on the photocatalyst, which has much activity to generate electron-hole pairs in a visible light medium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. The need to convert the organic reactions carried out under green conditions to encourage non-conventional synthesis. In this present study, we are focusing on synthesizing CuWO₄ nanoparticles due to the activation of WO₃ in a visible light medium. When CuO enters into the highly crystalline WO₃ nanoparticle surface, they combine to form CuWO₄ nanoparticles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The impurities of CuO particles get changed in the electrical band gap of CuWO₄ nanoparticles to be more active in the blue LED light medium. CuWO₄ nanoparticles have high pristine crystalline behavior, more strength, high stability, predominance in visible light, and reusability in various chemical reactions [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR44\" citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this current study, we prepare CuWO₄ nanoparticles using the co-precipitation method. The synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles were characterized by using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Further, we noticed that CuWO₄ nanoparticles have activity in a visible light medium using UV-DRS and Tauc\u0026rsquo;s plot equations. CuWO₄ nanoparticle activity has been tested on the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives in a blue LED light medium. Here both electron-donating and withdrawing substitutions showed excellent yields in the presence of a solar light medium. On the other hand, degradation using rhodamine B dye has been tested against CuWO₄ nanoparticles under blue LED light. The 85% rhodamine B dye has been successfully removed from the wastewater in 120 mins. The CuWO₄ nanoparticles were easily removed from the reaction mixture and reused several times without loss of their catalytic activity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll starting materials for CuWO₄ nanoparticle synthesis and quinazolinone preparation were purchased from Sigma Aldrich with high purity standards. Here are all the reactions and preparations; the water we used was double distilled to improve the reaction products. CuWO₄ nanoparticles were stored below 25\u0026deg;C in a glass bottle and better heated before the reaction to produce higher yields.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePreparation of CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 mmol of sodium tungstate and 1 mmol of nickel sulfate were separately dissolved in 50 ml of water to ensure homogeneous mixing of both solutions. Add 5 mL of conc. HCl to the solution and mix well, then subsequently add 4N NaOH solution dropwise to it. When the pH of the solution is raised to about 11 to stop the addition of NaOH, the mixture is stirred well for 4 h. The black-colored CuWO₄ nanoparticles were developed inside the solution and washed well with water four times with water and one time with ethanol to remove the unreacted impurities. The CuWO₄ nanoparticle precipitate was dried in a hot air oven and annealed at 600\u0026deg;C for 3 hours in a furnace.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCommon route for the synthesis of quinazolinone under blue LED:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA mixture of 1 mmol 2-aminobenzamide, 1 mmol substituted benzaldehyde, and 5 mL ethanol was taken in a round-bottom bottle. 20 mg of CuWO₄ nanoparticles was added to the reaction mixture and shaken well. The RB was introduced into the visible light chamber coupled with a light source of blue LED and a stirrer. The visible light blue LED (12W bulb) has the 490 nm wavelength confirmed by using a lux meter. The light switched on, and the reactions were started. The TLC was checked every 5 minutes to check the reaction completion. The reaction completion was confirmed by using TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into crushed ice to precipitate out the products. The obtained quinazolinones were dried well and recrystallized from hot ethanol, offering the pure quinazolinones, and stored for further characterization techniques. At the time of recrystallization, the CuWO₄ nanoparticles were easily removed from the reaction mixture using the filtration technique. The recovered CuWO₄ nanoparticles were dried and washed with an ethanol-water system to offer reusability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCommon route for the degradation of rhodamine B under blue LED:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100 mL of 5 ppm solution of rhodamine B dye was taken in a clean beaker. 20 mg of CuWO₄ nanoparticles was added to the solution. The beaker was introduced into a visible light chamber coupled with a light source of blue LED and a stirrer. The visible light blue LED (12W bulb) has the 490 nm wavelength confirmed by using a lux meter. The light switched on, and the reactions were started. The samples were collected every 5 minutes to check the reaction completion. The degradation has been carried out for 120 mins, and CuWO₄ nanoparticles were easily removed from the reaction mixture using the filtration technique. The recovered CuWO₄ nanoparticles were dried and washed with an ethanol-water system to offer reusability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eXRD Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrystalline structure and phase purity of prepared CuWO₄ nanoparticles have been determined by using XRD analysis. XRD patterns of CuWO₄ nanoparticles are displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The XRD pattern of the pristine CuWO₄ nanoparticles agrees with its triclinic structure and is well matched with JCPDS no. 88\u0026ndash;0269. The major peaks in this XRD are 19.2\u0026deg;, 24.1\u0026deg;, 29.8\u0026deg;, 34.2\u0026deg;, 40.2\u0026deg;, 42.2\u0026deg;, 45.3\u0026deg;, 50.3\u0026deg;, 57.4\u0026deg;, 58.9\u0026deg;, 65.6\u0026deg;, 77.4\u0026deg;, and 84.8\u0026deg;, indexed to the (0 1 0), (1 0 0), (-1 1 0), (1 0 0), (1 1\u0026ndash;1), (0 2 0), (0 0 2), (1 2 1), (1\u0026ndash;3 0), (2\u0026ndash;2 1), (0 0 3), (3 0 0), and (2 2 1) planes of CuWO₄, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eUV-DRS Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles were studied by UV-DRS spectroscopy, and the band gap was analyzed from Tauc\u0026rsquo;s plot against hu to the energy axis in Fig.\u0026nbsp;5 (b). The results demonstrated that the band gap of nanoparticles strongly depends on the size and shape of compounds. Figure\u0026nbsp;5 (a) shows absorption maxima for the synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles, and Fig.\u0026nbsp;5 (b) demonstrates the band gap. The band gap was calculated as 2.53 eV, which confirms CuWO₄ nanoparticles show good activity in the visible light region. So, we can illuminate with solar light with a particular wavelength. CuWO₄ nanoparticles could form the electron-holes to make it active in application.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFT-IR Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e (a) and (b) shows the FT-IR spectrum of synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles before and after calcination. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(a) demonstrates the spectral peaks for the synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles before calcination. It shows a large number of peaks because of the presence of impurities such as metal hydroxides (3300 cm⁻\u0026sup1;), unreacted starting materials (1100 cm⁻\u0026sup1;), and others (1800 cm⁻\u0026sup1;). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(b) shows two peaks of CuWO₄ nanoparticles after calcination. Calcination was used to make the pristine structure of CuWO₄ nanoparticles; all the impurities were evaporated at 600\u0026deg;C of annealing in a muffle furnace. The FT-IR spectrum of pure CuWO₄ nanoparticles shows a peak around 523 cm⁻\u0026sup1; due to the presence of metal-oxygen vibrating frequencies, and all the impurity peaks present before calcination were getting reduced to make it of a highly pure nature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e- FT-IR analysis of a) Before calcination b) After calcination of CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHR-SEM Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e (a) (b) shows the HR-SEM images for the surface analysis of the size and topographical morphology of synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles. From those figures we concluded that the synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles show a rod-flake-like structure. The high pristine WO₃ structure covered with CuO nanoparticles is shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(a) and 4(b). In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e (c), (d), and (e), the elemental mapping analysis of synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles in different colors results in the presence of Cu, W, and O in position. The EDX analysis of synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e (f). The data confirm the presence of copper (Cu), oxygen (O), and tungsten (W) elements only in CuWO₄ nanoparticles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study we have demonstrated the synthesis of quinazolinone and its derivatives using a CuWO₄ nanocatalyst. The prepared CuWO₄ nanoparticles show a property of high crystalline nature confirmed by using XRD, rod and polycrystalline surface topography identified from HR-SEM results, and the catalyst having much attention in the presence of the visible light region. We have synthesized the quinazolinone and its derivatives under different solvents, different catalysts, and various reaction conditions; it shows moderate to maximum levels of yields. First of all, we have synthesized quinazolinone using 2-aminobenzamide and substituted aldehyde compounds as a starting material. To this starting material we have to add CuWO₄ nanocatalyst and ethanol as a solvent and irradiate it with a 12W blue LED; it shows a 92% yield of \u003cb\u003e2.1a\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reactants \u003cb\u003e1.1\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003e1.2\u003c/b\u003e were taken in a beaker and dissolved in 5 mL of ethanol. Then 20 mg of CuWO₄ nanoparticles were mixed with the reaction mixture and placed in between the LED lights coupled with a magnetic stirrer. The light was switched on, and every 5 minutes the reaction mixture samples were collected to check the TLC for reaction completion. Once the reaction completion was confirmed using TLC, the reaction mixture was further extracted to form final products. From the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e entries, we have to explore the tunable conditions for the synthesis of quinazolinone. The reaction was carried out in various conditions, like with solvent and without solvent, and changes in reaction conditions were analyzed to compare with yield formation. Initially the reactions were kept in the heating condition with and without a solvent atmosphere. From this, in the heating medium, the reaction has carried on in a smoother way to produce above 70% of the yield in 2 hours (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Entry 1, 2). In Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, entries 4 and 8, there is no reaction taking place for the synthesis of quinazolinone using CuO and WO₃ catalysts and also using solvent-free and EtOH solvents and also proceeding under different temperature and blue LED irradiation conditions. In Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, entries 3 and 5, the reaction gives minimum yields for the synthesis of quinazolinone using a CuWO₄ catalyst, solvent-free conditions, and different reaction conditions. The reaction proceeds using CuWO₄ nanoparticles as a catalyst in the presence of a heating medium and produces 88% of \u003cb\u003e2.1a\u003c/b\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Entry 6). The same reaction was worked up with optimized conditions for 15, 60, and 90 mins, which will affect the product formation of \u003cb\u003e2.1a\u003c/b\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Entries 7, 9, and 10). Among all the maximum 92% of yield for the synthesis of quinazolinone using CuWO₄ catalyst, EtOH as a solvent under blue LED irradiation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Entry 11). In Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e all other entries show 70\u0026ndash;88% of yields for the synthesis of quinazolinone under different catalytic solvents and reaction conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e entries we have to conclude that the tunable solvent conditions for the synthesis of quinazolinone. From Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, entries 3, 4, and 5 show no reaction for the synthesis of quinazolinone using H₂O, DMSO, and DMF solvents. In Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, entries 1, 6, and 2 show 40\u0026ndash;85% of yields for the synthesis of quinazolinone using EtOH/H₂O, toluene, and CH₃OH solvents. In Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e entry 7 shows a maximum of 92% yield for the synthesis of quinazolinone using ETOH solvent. From the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e entries, we have to conclude that the tunable catalyst dosage for the synthesis of quinazolinone. From Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, entries 1, 2, 3, and 4 show 80\u0026ndash;88% of yields for the synthesis of quinazolinone using 10 mg, 15 mg, 25 mg, and 30 mg of CuWO₄ catalysts. In Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, entry 5 shows 92% of yield for the synthesis of quinazolinone using 20 mg of CuWO₄ catalyst.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTuning conditions for the synthesis of quinazolinone (2.1a) under blue LED irradiation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEntry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCatalyst\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolvent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReaction condition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime (mins)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYield\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCatalyst free\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eETOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e∆ (80\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCatalyst free\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolvent free\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e∆ (80\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolvent free\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrinding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eETOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue LED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo reaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolvent free\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e∆ (80\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eETOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue LED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eETOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e∆ (80\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eETOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue LED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo reaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eETOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue LED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eETOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue LED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCuWO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eETOH\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlue LED\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e92\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTuning the solvent for the synthesis of quinazolinone (2.1a) under blue LED irradiation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEntry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolvent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYield\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eETOH/H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo reaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDMSO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo reaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDMF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo reaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eToluene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eETOH\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e98\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTuning catalyst dosage for the synthesis of quinazolinone (2.1a) under blue LED irradiation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEntry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCatalyst\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeight (mg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYield\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCuWO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e92\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the optimized condition, we successfully prepared six different types of quinazolinone compounds using CuWO₄ nanoparticles as photocatalysts. Here we are changing the aldehyde substitutions using halogen, electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, and benzene substances, which show excellent yields to form higher products under a blue LED medium. The electron-withdrawing groups (2.1c, 2.1d, and 2.1e) have shown moderate yields and produce maximum yields in 40 mins of reaction time (Table\u0026nbsp;4). The halogen substituents produced higher yields under a visible light medium in 35 mins using CuWO₄ nanoparticles. The electron-donating substituent has produced a second maximum yield around 35 minutes of reaction time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e. \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4-\u003c/b\u003e Derivatives of quinazolinone \u003cb\u003e2.1a\u003c/b\u003e under blue LED irradiation\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEntry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYield\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBenzene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-Br\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-CN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-COOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFig. a) Degradation of rhodamine B under blue LED b) Sun light degradation c) First order kinetics of corresponding plot d) Relative tuning the conditions for the degradation using CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRhodamine B is the most commonly used dye in the textile industry, paper coloring fields, labeling sectors, and culinary products to add the peach-colored material. It is an alkaline dye, and it could not be easily removed from the pollutants in the natural process. The need for the best catalyst to degrade rhodamine B with commercial methods plays a major role in nanotechnology. Here CuWO₄ nanoparticles were used to check its photocatalytic activity in a visible medium to remove the rhodamine B dye from wastewater. The 3 ppm solution of rhodamine B was prepared, and the CuWO₄ nanoparticle efficiency was checked under blue LED light irradiation. The every 15-minute samples of rhodamine B dye were collected and analyzed using UV spectroscopy to check degradation efficiency, as shown in Fig. Here Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea shows the rhodamine B degradation producing 95% of successful degradation in the blue LED light medium. The initial concentration of 0.76 was getting reduced at the bottom to confirm CuWO₄ nanoparticles show excellent activity in removing rhodamine B dye from water in a visible light medium. The same amount of rhodamine B has been checked for degradation efficiency under sunlight (between 11.00 AM and 2.00 PM) using CuWO₄ nanoparticles. It shows only 35% of degradation of rhodamine B in 2 hours of reaction time (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb). Because of the mixture of lights present in sunlight, it wasn\u0026rsquo;t adequate to operate the electron-hole in a repetitive manner. The order of the reaction was shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ec for corresponding degradation obeying the first-order kinetics mechanism. The degradation efficiency was also checked and shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ed. The conditions, such as blank, sunlight, and visible light-mediated degradation of rhodamine B, were tested against CuWO₄ nanoparticles. Among all visible light-mediated degradation of rhodamine B, it showed excellent reactivity up to 95% when compared with other conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter reaction completion, the CuWO₄ nanoparticles are easily removed from the reaction mixture using simple filtration. The recovered CuWO₄ nanoparticles are cleaned well using water and ethanol and then dried in a hot air oven for 100\u0026deg;C. The recovered CuWO₄ nanoparticles were further used in the synthesis of quinazolinone and degradation of rhodamine B dye degradation for the next 7 cycles. CuWO₄ nanoparticles showed excellent reusability behavior in the synthesis of \u003cb\u003e2.1a\u003c/b\u003e with higher yields in the 7th cycle. The final catalyst was cleaned and dried to check the HR-SEM analysis to know the surface morphology after reused state. HR-SEM results confirm the reused the reaction mixture couldn\u0026rsquo;t affect the CuWO₄ nanoparticle surface; the same surface was recreated after seven runs in the synthesis of \u003cb\u003e2.1a\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this present work we successfully synthesize CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles using simple co-precipitation method. The synthesized CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles were analyzed to know its properties by using various characterization tools such as XRD, UV-DRS, HR-SEM and FT-IR analysis. From Tauc\u0026rsquo;s plot calculation we find the prepared nanoparticles having maximum activity in visible light medium. The band edge distance between VB and CB ranged at 2.53 eV confirms the capability electrons in valance band can absorb visible light to excite conduction band. From this we successfully conduct the organic formation reaction in the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives using CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles in blue LED medium. In addition, CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles also performed for the degradation of rhodamine B dye from waste water to get 95% of dye removed in presence of visible light medium.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research exertion has been supported by Sri Paramakalyani College (affiliated with Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli), Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India. I am strongly acknowledge the team of the Sri Paramakalyani College management for allowing me to conduct my research work on the laboratory and instrumentation facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is not at all funding for this project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData availability has not available for sharing due to confidentiality of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Murugan Arunachalapandi; Assistant professor, Department of chemistry and Research center, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi, Tamilnadu, India. Email- [email protected].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMurugan Arunachalapandi – Conceptualization, Data collection, review, supervision and analysis. Writing and correction the original manuscript. Rajakumar Utchimahali – Data collection, Table work, nanoparticles synthesis and characterization,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding Author\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence to \u003cu\u003eMurugan Arunachalapandi\u003c/u\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe electronic supplementary material available in online.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRights and permissions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpringer Nature holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the authors; author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeng, Z., Li, J., Zhu, P., Wang, J., Kong, Y., Hu, Y., \u0026amp; Dong, C. 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Advanced engineering of smart nanomaterials: ZnWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/CoWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e heterojunction photocatalysts for environmental and biomedical application. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Alloys and Compounds\u003c/em\u003e 2025, \u003cem\u003e1010\u003c/em\u003e, 178200.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCui, Y., Lin, C., Li, M., Zhu, N., Meng, J., \u0026amp; Zhao, J. CuWO4/CuS heterojunction photocatalyst for the application of visible-light-driven photodegradation of dye pollutions. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Alloys and Compounds\u003c/em\u003e 2022, \u003cem\u003e893\u003c/em\u003e, 162181.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAli, A. H., \u0026amp; Alwared, A. I. Solar-photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol using Zeolite/Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/CuS/CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e pn heterojunction: Synthesis, characterization and its application. \u003cem\u003eSolar Energy\u003c/em\u003e. 2025, \u003cem\u003e290\u003c/em\u003e, 113383.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArunachalapandi, M., Chellapandi, T., Madhumitha, G., Manjupriya, R., Aravindraj, K., \u0026amp; Roopan, S. M. (2022). Direct Z-scheme g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e/Cu\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e heterojunction enhanced photocatalytic performance of Chromene-3-carbonitriles synthesis under visible light irradiation. \u003cem\u003eCatalysts\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(12), 1593.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRathi, V., Mohan, K. S., Sathiyapriya, R., \u0026amp; Sankar, A. 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Investigations on MWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Cu, Zn, Cd and Sn) nanostructures for detecting toluene gas at room temperature. \u003cem\u003eSensors and Actuators A: Physical\u003c/em\u003e 2024, \u003cem\u003e368\u003c/em\u003e, 115094.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVadivel, D., Garc\u0026iacute;a, J., \u0026amp; Dondi, D. Copper tungstate assisted photocatalytic degradation of Industrial (dye and pharmaceutical) products in water, 2024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlmaghamsi, H., Al-Ghamdi, W., Basfer, N. M., \u0026amp; Bayahia, D. S. Effect of copper tungstate nanoparticles on the structural, optical, and dielectric properties of carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite films. \u003cem\u003ePhysica B: Condensed Matter\u003c/em\u003e 2025, \u003cem\u003e701\u003c/em\u003e, 416969.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLima, A. E., Assis, M., Resende, A. L., Santos, H. L., Mascaro, L. H., Longo, E.,\u0026hellip; Luz Jr, G. E. CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/MnWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e heterojunction thin film with improved photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic properties using simulated solar irradiation. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Solid State Electrochemistry\u003c/em\u003e2022, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c/em\u003e(4), 997\u0026ndash;1011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReis, L. R. M., Costa, M. J. S., Oliveira, Y. L., Santos, R. S., Sczancoski, J. C., \u0026amp; Cavalcante, L. S. Structure, optical, colorimetric, and supercapacitor properties of anode α-CuWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e crystals. \u003cem\u003eMaterials Letters\u003c/em\u003e 2024, \u003cem\u003e354\u003c/em\u003e, 135340.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArunachalapandi, M., \u0026amp; Roopan, S. M. (2021). Ultrasound/visible light-mediated synthesis of N-heterocycles using g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/Cu\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e as sonophotocatalyst. \u003cem\u003eResearch on Chemical Intermediates\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e(8).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Scheme ","content":"\u003cp\u003eScheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"CuWO4 nanoparticles, quinazolinone, Rhodamine B, Visible light","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7982994/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7982994/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNanotechnology is a versatile tool to apply all chemistry research performed in this decade. Here in the present work, we successfully synthesize CuWO₄ nanoparticles using a simple co-precipitation method. The synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles were analyzed to know their properties by using various characterization tools such as XRD, UV-DRS, HR-SEM, and FT-IR analysis. From Tauc’s plot calculation we find the prepared nanoparticles having maximum activity in the visible light medium. The band edge distance between VB and CB ranged at 2.53 eV, confirming the capability of electrons in the valence band to absorb visible light to excite the conduction band. From this we successfully conduct the organic formation reaction in the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives using CuWO₄ nanoparticles in a blue LED medium. In addition, CuWO₄ nanoparticles also performed for the degradation of rhodamine B dye from wastewater to get 95% of the dye removed in the presence of a visible light medium.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Blue LED mediated synthesis of quinazolinone and degradation of organic pollutants using CuWO₄ nanoparticles; A Green Approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-26 13:27:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7982994/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7ca267ed-734e-4e26-a6e5-ca339b0b90a8","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-09T04:09:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-26 13:27:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7982994","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7982994","identity":"rs-7982994","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}