The Impacts of Urban Expansion on the Socio-Economic Life of Peri-Urban Community: A Study in Mekaneselam Town, South Wollo Administrative Zone

The Impacts of Urban Expansion on the Socio-Economic Life of Peri-Urban Community: A Study in Mekaneselam Town, South Wollo Administrative Zone | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Impacts of Urban Expansion on the Socio-Economic Life of Peri-Urban Community: A Study in Mekaneselam Town, South Wollo Administrative Zone Sindew Asmare Wedi, Ebabu Adimasu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6759830/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study was conducted in a selected peri-urban community of Mekaneselam town, aiming to investigate the impacts of urban expansion on the socio-economic lives of the people residing in the study area. The study draws on the social constructivist paradigm to describe and understand the subjective meanings that participants attach to the social world in which they live and the phenomenon under investigation. The researcher employed a qualitative approach, using a phenomenological research design to explore the impacts of urban expansion on the socio-economic life of the peri-urban community in Mekaneselam town. In conducting the study, the researcher used a non-probability sampling technique to select the informants. Observations, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were the primary data collection methods. Using purposive and snowball sampling techniques, 15 participants were selected for interviews, five for key informant interviews, and an additional two focus group discussions (each containing six members). The researcher employed a thematic analysis approach. The findings of the study revealed that the main causes of urban expansion include rapid population growth, migration, the expansion of residential housing, suitable topography, and the conversion of large amounts of prime agricultural land to urban land uses in the peri-urban areas. The coping strategies adopted by residents include engaging in petty trade, alcohol production, and casual labor. Urban expansion has affected the economic assets, social networks, and interpersonal relationships of the peri-urban communities. In addition, it has led to the loss of land, a reduction in livestock and crop production, and conflicts related to land and asset ownership. Social instability, resulting from family breakups, weakened social bonds, and disrupted social relations, has affected cultural practices and traditional social associations in the peri-urban community. Finally, based on the findings of the study, the researchers suggest the following: First, the government should maintain balanced growth by strengthening the existing local plan and encouraging a participatory approach to promote transparency within the local community. Second, rural development policy should be appropriately implemented to ensure balanced economic growth between urban and peri-urban communities. In addition, follow-up efforts should be made to support dislocated farming communities by creating and expanding job opportunities and improving access to education and services. Urban expansion Peri-urban community Socio-economic impact Mekaneselam Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study Urbanization is a process characterized by urban growth through a natural increase in population or migration from rural to urban areas. It refers to the increase in the proportion of a population living in urban areas and the physical expansion of existing urban centers (Alaci, 2010). The growing share of a country‘s population living in urban areas, primarily due to rural-to-urban migration, defines urbanization (Bera, 2022). It also involves the expansion of urban land uses and the spatial concentration of people engaged in non-agricultural activities. Urbanization is the result of social, economic, and political developments that have led to urban concentration, the growth of large cities, and changes in land use. The rate and impact of urbanization on rural livelihoods vary across countries due to differences in socio-economic conditions and development status (Sati et al., 2017). Urban expansion is a common phenomenon globally. Historically, human settlements and related agricultural activities have been significantly altered by urban growth. In the modern era, urbanization is prevalent in both developed and developing nations. However, in developing countries, it often results in adverse consequences. Rapid growth in both industrialized and less industrialized countries has contributed to this trend (Gidyelew, 2021). While urbanization in the developed world is generally well-managed and its side effects mitigated, in developing countries, urban expansion is often associated with negative outcomes. Across Africa, urbanization has adversely affected both urban and peri-urban farming communities (Haregeweyn, 2012). Today‘s world is marked by rapid urban expansion and increasing urban populations (World Bank, 2018; Mohammed et al., 2020). Many Sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia, are grappling with the challenges of urban expansion (Tessema, 2017). Historically, urbanization has pushed agricultural activities from city centers to rural peripheries (Teshome, 2021). Consequently, displacement of peri-urban farmers has become a more pressing issue in developing nations, where a majority of the population resides in densely populated peripheral areas and relies on agriculture with fragmented landholdings (Aboda, 2019). The emergence of urban centers and the associated socio-economic and physical transformations contribute significantly to urbanization. However, its effects on rural livelihoods differ across countries, depending on socio-economic conditions and levels of development (Sati, 2014). Haregeweyn (2012) asserts that urbanization in Africa has had negative impacts on urban and peri-urban farming communities. The primary challenge posed by urban growth is not only the displacement of farm households but also the loss of agricultural land and increasing livelihood vulnerabilities among farming communities in rural-urban fringe areas. In Ethiopia, rapid urban expansion has led to the transformation of agricultural land into urban land use, significantly affecting peasant land ownership. Consequently, many farmers have lost their land and become internally displaced persons (Mefekir, 2017). Cities have grown horizontally under the pressure of increasing demand for urban land for infrastructure, housing, and services. This growth poses ecological, socio-economic, and environmental risks, particularly in urban peripheries. One of the most critical challenges of this expansion is the rapid conversion of large tracts of prime agricultural land into urban uses, which intensifies land expropriation, undermines livelihoods, and contributes to social instability, especially in small and medium-sized cities (Alamneh et al., 2023). Several scholars (Bera, 2022; Zewdu, 2020; Enyew, 2021; Tadele, 2020; Mekuriaw, 2019; Mengistu, 2016; Wegedie, 2018) have studied the impact of urban expansion on the livelihoods of displaced farmers, yet their analyses vary. For example, Mekuriaw (2019) examined the environmental impacts of urban expansion, focusing on forest loss, land degradation, and wetland depletion, without exploring the social and economic consequences on peri-urban communities. Similarly, Tadele (2020) assessed the effects of urban expansion on the livelihoods of peripheral farming communities in Assosa Town but did not address its impact on social activities or identify the causes of urban expansion and the coping strategies employed by affected communities. In Mekaneselam town, urban growth has followed a horizontal expansion pattern, resulting in significant socio-economic impacts on the peri-urban community. However, existing studies have not adequately explored the driving factors of urban expansion in the area, its socio- economic consequences, or the coping strategies adopted by displaced communities. Against this background, the present study will be conducted in Amsale-Genet and Ayer-Tena Kebeles of Mekaneselam town with the aim of addressing these research gaps through a qualitative research approach.So, the purpose of this study is: A. To investigate the factors contributing to rapid urban expansion in the study area. B. To explore the impacts of urban expansion on the economic life of the peri-urban community. C. To examine the social problems experienced by dislocated peri-urban residents as a result of urban expansion. D. To identify the coping mechanisms employed by the peri-urban community in response to the socio-economic effects. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Research Paradigm A paradigm or worldview is a basic set of beliefs that guide action (Corbetta, 2003). It acknowledges that individuals hold different understandings of reality and subjectively express the situations in which they live. It emphasizes the importance of these individual interpretations. Accordingly, this study draws on the s ocial constructivist research paradigm, which, according to Creswell (2013), is an interpretive framework through which individuals seek to understand their world and develop meanings that reflect their experiences. Social constructivism, commonly associated with the post-modern era in qualitative research, views knowledge and truth as constructed through social interactions (Andrews, 2012). It is particularly relevant in phenomenological studies, which aim to describe and understand the subjective meanings participants assign to their lived realities and the phenomena under investigation (Creswell, 2009). In this framework, individuals develop subjective meanings of experiences toward a certain phenomenon, and the researcher's role is to interpret these meanings (Creswell, 2014). 2.2 Research Approach This study employed a qualitative research approach . According to Burns and Grove (2009), qualitative research is a systematic and subjective method of explaining daily life experiences and attributing meaning to them. It allows researchers to explore behaviours, perspectives, and lived experiences within a holistic framework (Holloway & Wheeler, 2002). Creswell (2007) defines qualitative research as an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions that explore social or human problems. The approach enables the researcher to build a complex, holistic picture, analyze participants‘ narratives, and conduct the study within a natural setting. As noted by Morse (1991), qualitative research is especially valuable for collecting in-depth, first-hand data. In this context, the qualitative method enabled the researcher to understand the socio-economic impacts of urban expansion on the peri-urban community in the study area. 2.3 Research Design A phenomenological research design was used in this study. This design is suitable for examining the lived experiences of individuals by analysing time, space, and personal histories to understand social reality (Groenewald, 2004). Phenomenological research seeks to understand participants‘ perceptions, perspectives, and interpretations of a particular phenomenon. It is rooted in personal insight and subjectivity, emphasizing the importance of individual experience. Creswell (1998) states that phenomenological design is appropriate when a research problem requires a profound understanding of shared human experiences. This justification guided the selection of the phenomenological design for the present study. 2.4 Target Population This study focused on members of the peri-urban community in Mekaneselam town , specifically residents of Ayer - Tena a nd Amsale-Genet Kebeles , which are currently undergoing rapid urban expansion. These communities, directly impacted by this growth, served as the primary subjects of investigation. 2.5 Sampling Technique and Sample Size A non-probability sampling technique was employed. This technique involves selecting informants based on the researcher‘s judgment regarding their knowledge and relevance to the study (Sulaiman, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016; Diribsa, 2018). Two methods—purposive sampling and snowball sampling—were used. Purposive sampling was applied to select in-depth interview and focus group discussion (FGD) participants based on their relevant experiences, while snowball sampling was used to identify key informants and displaced households, especially where access was initially limited. The researcher purposefully selected 15 participants for in-depth interviews and five key informants , with the sample size determined by data saturation (Braun & Clarke, 2013). Additionally, two focus group discussions were conducted. Each group included six participants, with one group composed of peri-urban elder farmers and the other of displaced farmers, to explore the socio-economic impacts of urban expansion. 2.6 Data Collection Instruments Observation: Observation was employed as a critical method for capturing real-life behaviors and interactions within the study area. This technique provided insights into the socio-economic conditions, community interactions, and geographical setting. The researcher systematically recorded observations to ensure the credibility and reliability of the collected data (Baker, 2006). In - depth Interview: In-depth interviews allowed for detailed exploration of participants‘ experiences, beliefs, and attitudes. These interviews were conducted in a natural setting and facilitated open-ended responses. A total of 15 peri-urban community members participated, selected for their direct experiences with urban expansion. Key Informant Interview: Key informant interviews gathered specialized knowledge from individuals with official roles and expertise. Informants included Kebele officials, land administration officers, investment officers, and urban planners (Mikkelson, 2005; Payne, 2004). A total of five key informants were interviewed in Mekaneselam town. Focus Group Discussion (FGD): Two FGDs were conducted, each involving six participants , selected based on age, gender, and educational level to ensure group homogeneity. Discussions explored social and economic impacts, community ties, and livelihood changes. The group format encouraged open and dynamic sharing of experiences (Kabir, 2016). 2.7 Sources of Data The study utilized both primary and secondary data sources . Primary data were collected directly from respondents through interviews, FGDs, and observations. Secondary data were obtained from books, journals, theses, and archival documents such as brochures, reports, and letters, which supported and supplemented the primary data. 2.8 Method of Data Analysis Data analysis followed a thematic analysis approach (Slate, 1990). This involved familiarization with the data, identification of key themes, and categorization of data based on conceptual similarity. Interviews were recorded—with participant consent—transcribed, and translated from Amharic to English . Codes were developed from recurring patterns, and themes were organized for clarity and coherence. Both primary and secondary data were integrated in the final analysis to examine the socio-economic impacts of urban expansion on peri-urban communities. 2.9 Ethical Considerations Ethical principles were rigorously observed in this study. These included informed consent , voluntary participation , confidentiality , and anonymity. Participants were clearly informed about the study‘s objectives, their role, and their right to withdraw at any time. Data confidentiality was ensured by omitting participant names and storing data securely. Furthermore, participants were informed of their right to access the research results and to comment on them. All ethical protocols were strictly followed throughout the research process (Dawson, 2002; Gray, 2004). DATA INTERPRETATION 3.1. Factors Attributed to Rapid Urban Expansion in the Study Area Studies conducted in various parts of the country indicate common drivers of urban expansion. According to Ahlam (2017), urban growth is primarily driven by demographic dynamics— namely, high birth rates and low death rates—followed by in-migration and reclassification. In alignment with the literature, study participants identified similar factors. The key underlying drivers of Mekaneselam‘s expansion include alarming population growth, reclassification of rural areas into urban jurisdictions, and the town‘s recent development practices. These factors have collectively contributed to the horizontal physical expansion of Mekaneselam town. Urban expansion has occurred primarily due to the unmet demand for housing and infrastructure, leading to the enclosure and reclassification of surrounding rural kebelesas urban areas. This transformation is closely tied to government policies that promote horizontal expansion as a strategy for economic growth—for example, through the construction of university campuses and government offices in peripheral areas by appropriating land from peri-urban communities. Additional insights from key informants revealed that the community views Mekaneselam as a strategic center for the West Wollo Zone, making its expansion particularly rapid. Rural-to-urban migration and the influx of returnees from Arab countries have been major factors accelerating the town‘s growth. While the surrounding arable land is highly suitable for agriculture, this expansion poses a significant threat to the livelihood of the peri-urban population. Supporting this argument, informants observed that the town is expanding in all directions at an alarming rate, consuming vast amounts of agricultural and forest land. This trend, coupled with positive societal attitudes toward the town, the influx of migrants, and favorable environmental conditions, indicates that urban expansion in Mekaneselam is closely tied to policy-driven reclassification efforts. One key informant summarized: ―Urban expansion is driven by demographic dynamics—natural increases and in- migration—as well as the reclassification of rural areas. The establishment of markets, roads, and social services like education and healthcare in urban areas further accelerates rural-to-urban migration.‖ In conclusion, the key drivers of urban expansion in Mekaneselam include population growth, topographical suitability, residential housing demands, development projects, and both internal and international migration. These findings are consistent with those of Mefekir (2017). 3.3.1. Population Growth as the Primary Factor Urban expansion, globally referred to as ―urban sprawl,‖ is strongly influenced by population growth. Changes in population size—driven by natural increases and migration—create a higher demand for urban land. To accommodate this growth, city boundaries often extend into peri- urban areas, impacting the social and economic activities of those communities. A key informant elaborated: ―Discussing population growth is essential to understand its role as a primary cause of urban expansion and its socio-economic and environmental impacts in Mekaneselam. The town has grown significantly and continues to attract migrants due to its administrative and socio-economic importance.‖ Another interviewee added: ―Population growth is the main driving force behind the expansion of Mekaneselam. Rapid natural increases and rural-to-urban migration from nearby towns have led to a population surge.‖ The findings confirm that rural-urban migration is primarily due to economic imbalances and better opportunities in urban centers. This migration contributes significantly to urban growth. According to census data, Mekaneselam‘s population grew from 4,901 in 1994 to 8,481 in 2008. As of the latest estimates, the population has reached 101,592 , with 51,305 males and 50,287 females. This dramatic increase in population is one of the main catalysts for the town‘s urban expansion. Another interviewee explained: ―Population growth has significantly impacted urban sprawl in Mekaneselam. Over the past 15 years, population growth has accelerated due to better welfare services and agricultural productivity. Increased population always demands more land for housing and cultivation. The evidence suggests that this rapid population growth has placed immense pressure on infrastructure and led to various social problems, particularly for peri-urban communities. The expansion has also caused the erosion of traditional family support systems and strained public services such as schools and healthcare (Hopkins, 2006). 3.3.2. Topographical Factors Mekaneselam‘s expansion has also been influenced by natural and man-made factors, especially the topography of the area. According to one participant: ―Mekaneselam‘s landscape is highly suitable for both residential use and agriculture, making it attractive for urban expansion. However, this has reduced the economic assets of the surrounding peri-urban community. Despite its high-altitude location, the town‘s favorable terrain and pre-existing residential zones facilitate multi-directional growth. Another participant emphasized: ―Farmers around Mekaneselam not only support the town but also surrounding regions such as Wegedi, Sayint, and Gojjam. Fertile soil and ideal climatic conditions make the area suitable for agriculture, but rapid urban expansion has expropriated much of this valuable land. The findings show that topographical advantages contribute to growth by making the town an appealing location. However, this also increases the risk of farmland loss, endangering the economic base of peri-urban communities. 3.3.3. Expansion of Administrative Boundaries The expansion of administrative boundaries is another major contributor to urban growth in the study area. In many developing countries, boundary changes account for 10–15% of urban growth (Tvedten, 2002). Mekaneselam has followed a similar pattern. Historically, the town was established during the Ethio-Italian war in the 1930s E.C. and became the center of Borena Aweraja in 1941 E.C., initially comprising only one kebele. Over time, it expanded to include five kebeles: Mesrake Kokeb (Kebele 1), Addis Alem (Kebele 2), Amsale Genet (Kebele 3), Ayer-Tena (Kebele 4), and Mehal Denbi (Kebele 5). This reclassification has drastically increased the town‘s physical size, with many settlements expanding due to informal development and peri-urban sprawl. 3.3.4. Recent Infrastructural Developments Participants noted that Mekaneselam has recently become a hub for economic activity and a strategic link between South Wollo and East Gojjam zones. The presence of Mekdela Amba University, especially its Mekaneselam campus, has driven demand for land and led to the eviction of more than 95 farmers . Other institutions contributing to urban growth include: · Mankul College · Care Health Science and Business College · Rada College · Mekaneselam TVET College · Mekaneselam General Hospital The town‘s development has also attracted numerous banks, insurance companies, and hotels, enhancing its regional economic significance. One key informant explained: ―The construction of the Kombolcha–Mekaneselam–Gendeweyin road has further boosted the town‘s physical and population growth. These developments have made Mekaneselam an emerging center of investment. However, while urban elites and new migrants benefit, original residents often face displacement and loss of livelihood (Mandere, 2010). 3.3.5. Expansion of Residential Housing in Peri-Urban Areas According to Tessema (2017), increasing demand for residential housing is another significant factor in urban expansion. In Mekaneselam, house construction rates have doubled annually, prompting land expropriation. One interviewee noted: ―Our agricultural land is being taken for housing projects, now, we‘re facing shortages of arable land. The expansions of the university and the need for rental housing and commercial spaces like restaurants and shops have increased construction. Many farmers have lost their land without proper compensation. In summary, housing demand, population growth, migration, and favorable topography have jointly contributed to the rise in residential developments and consequent urban expansion (Angel et al., 2005). 3.3.6. Migration Migration reflects economic disparities and contributes significantly to urban growth. As participants explained: ―Mekaneselam‘s urban growth is largely due to rural–urban and urban–urban migration, including returnees from Arab countries. FGD participants further emphasized: ―People migrate to cities in search of better jobs, education, and services. This trend fuels rapid urbanization. While migration stimulates economic activity, it also exacerbates inequality and can lead to social disintegration, especially in peri-urban areas lacking infrastructure and services (Hopkins, 2006). 3.4. The Impacts of Urban Expansion on the Economic Life of the Peri-Urban Community Urban expansion has led to significant losses for peri-urban farmers in Mekaneselam. Many have lost their farmland, reducing crop yields, livestock holdings, and household income. This has had cascading effects, including food insecurity, decreased agricultural exports, and reduced employment in the agricultural sector. The wider community also suffers, facing rising food prices and limited job opportunities. 3.4.1. Loss of Land Assets Land is the most valuable economic resource for peri-urban households (Eyaya, 2014; Dejene, 2011). Most residents rely heavily on agriculture and tree-based income sources such as eucalyptus (Baherzaf) and acacia (Girar). One resident shared: ―Due to inadequate damage assessments, I lost many eucalyptus and acacia trees. These trees were a major source of firewood, construction material, and income. Municipal and agricultural experts confirmed that urban expansion severely disrupts farming communities. Another key informant added: ―Previously, men engaged in farming and women in pottery-making. But urban expansion took over farmland and the soil needed for pottery, disrupting both livelihoods.‖ These findings confirm that land loss not only reduces immediate income but also undermines long-term economic resilience in peri-urban areas. 3.4.2. Reduction of Livestock Livestock rearing is a vital component of rural livelihoods in Mekaneselam, providing households with an essential source of income. It is a widespread practice among nearly all households in the study area, serving as both a primary and supplementary income-generating activity, particularly before and even after land expropriation. Supporting this observation, the FGD participants noted: "Following the loss of farmland, there has been a noticeable decline in livestock ownership among farmers. Prior to displacement, most households owned 2–3 oxen for plowing, 5–7 oxen for fattening, and 2–4 cows for milk production, along with sheep, chickens, donkeys, horses, and mules, all of which contributed significantly to household income. However, since losing their land, livestock production has declined substantially." In many cases, households have reduced their use of oxen for farming due to decreased agricultural activity and shrinking pasturelands. There has also been a decline in the number of horses, donkeys, and mules, primarily because of a shortage of grazing areas. Households that lost their entire farmland were often forced to sell these animals immediately in order to meet basic economic needs. One interviewee explained during fieldwork: ―To cope with economic hardship, I started selling kubet (dry cow dung), which is made from animal waste. It served as both a source of household fuel and a product for sale to urban dwellers. However, since my pastureland was taken for residential development, I have had to reduce the number of livestock I keep. In connection with this account, other informants stressed that: ―Livestock such as donkeys, horses, and mules require larger grazing areas compared to smaller animals. Therefore, the decline in livestock production is not only linked to shrinking pastureland but also to reduced crop production. Since crop residue is often used as animal feed, the decline in crop yields has directly affected the availability of livestock feed, further contributing to reduced livestock numbers. From the above explanations, it is evident that urban expansion has had a profound impact on livestock production among peri-urban households. Livestock, which once served as a key source of household wealth, has been significantly diminished as a result of land loss and reduced access to both grazing land and animal feed. According to one in-depth interviewee: ―During the winter season, farmers would traditionally harvest and store forage for their animals. Due to a shortage of feed, many now focus on fattening a smaller number of animals for meat or milk production, in an effort to conserve labor and maximize output from limited resources. In relation to the above, some households reported selling livestock to cover household expenses or to combine with compensation money in order to rent land or invest in non-agricultural activities. This finding aligns with the work of Muluwork (2014), who noted that urban expansion has directly or indirectly affected livestock production in rural communities— disrupting a key system of wealth generation and food security. 3.4.3. Loss of Farmland and Reduction in Crop Production Land has long played a fundamental role in the socio-economic and cultural lives of the inhabitants of Mekaneselam. For generations, land has served as the primary productive asset and a foundation for livelihood. However, the recent development of business centers and residential areas has led to significant changes in land use, thereby reducing the amount of land available to local communities. As one farmer explained: ―Economically, farmland was our backbone. We used it to grow food for our families and to sell surplus crops at the local market (Soye Gebeya) for income. Farming remains the dominant economic activity in the peri-urban areas of Mekaneselam. Residents grow crops such as teff and wheat—high-value products that generate cash income— and engage in livestock rearing and vegetable production. Land is not only a source of food but also a symbol of security and long-term investment, as highlighted by another informant: ―I can‘t meet my family‘s needs only with what I grow. I have to buy food, oil, salt, coffee, school supplies, and more. I sell part of my harvest to generate cash. People value land more than money because land is permanent, while money can lose value quickly. Land gives us stability. Another respondent shared a similar experience: ―I used to earn a good income from my land through barley farming, sheep fattening, and selling animal feed. It was sustainable. Although I can‘t recall exact figures, I earned more back then than I do now. Despite receiving compensation for their expropriated land, many farmers did not benefit meaningfully. According to several informants, land holdings and their productivity decreased drastically after urban expansion. Most are now unable to grow enough to meet even household needs, let alone sell produce. These testimonies illustrate that urban expansion has severely diminished farmland and crop production in peri-urban Mekaneselam. As urbanization progresses, cities expand horizontally and consume more agricultural land—a trend also observed by Gashu and Gebre-Egziabher (2018). 3.4.4. Loss of Employment in Agriculture The reduction of farmland has also resulted in the loss of agricultural employment. Since many peri-urban households depend entirely on farming, the decline in available agricultural land has led to rising unemployment. Due to limited education and a lack of service sector opportunities, displaced farmers often struggle to find alternative income sources. In peri-urban Kebeles, household members who previously worked on family farms have become jobless. One informant explained: ―Before we lost our land, every family member had their own farming responsibilities. After losing our land, some of us became unemployed. Urban expansion and restrictions on farmland use have affected us deeply. This statement reinforces the argument that urban expansion is a significant cause of job loss in agricultural communities. The decline in agricultural employment has further implications, including reduced food production, rising food prices, decreased agricultural exports, food insecurity, and growing poverty. 3.4.5. Decline in Agricultural Land and Other Assets Many households and young people in peri-urban Mekaneselam work as daily laborers to supplement their income. Some farmers with enough resources rent land in neighboring areas. However, rising land prices have made renting unaffordable for most poor families. Others engage in sharecropping, but government land expropriation continues to disrupt their livelihoods and reduce monthly income. FGD participants stated: ―After the government took our land and gave us low compensation, many farmers had no option but to sell the land they were compensated with to build homes. This led to hidden land sales. Seeing this, other farmers began selling their land preemptively to avoid being expropriated at a lower price. Their hope was to escape the hardship that others had already experienced. These accounts reflect a broader issue: compensation provided by local authorities was insufficient. It failed to support farmers' livelihoods, despite their crucial role in the local economy. As a result, many families experienced financial distress and were unable to maintain their farms, leading to a decline in crop quality and quantity. Urban expansion in Mekaneselam is largely driven by land reclassification policies, where rural lands are absorbed into urban areas. This pattern of growth, as noted by Teketel (2015), is becoming common across Ethiopia, turning villages into urban neighborhoods and stripping farmers of their land and livelihoods. A key informant explained: ―Government policy and land expropriation are among the root causes of the informal sale of peasant land and the mushrooming of informal housing in Mekaneselam. An interviewee currently working as a security guard at Mekdela Amba University recounted: ―Before urban expansion, I made a good income from my land and livestock. I farmed barley and wheat, raised sheep, and sold fodder and milk. I managed my family well. Now I earn only 1,700 birr per month—it‘s just enough to get by. A health worker and key informant also spoke about the health effects of urban expansion: ―The influx of migrants has increased the risk of tuberculosis, as people live in overcrowded housing. It has also brought psychological stress, theft, sexual violence, and the spread of diseases like HIV. These were not common problems before. As Bleakley (2010) argues, good health is essential for economic productivity. In the study area, some household heads suffer from health issues and poverty. Their displacement from farmland, coupled with poor health, has further hindered their ability to sustain themselves. Another informant from Ayer-Tena Kebele shared: ―Before urban expansion, I had four oxen, ten sheep, four cows, and two donkeys. Now, I only have two oxen and one cow. I also had one hectare each for farming and grazing, but both were taken for residential development. Now, I have no cows or oxen. This statement reflects the emotional and economic toll of land expropriation. Families invested heavily in their land and livestock, and losing them has deeply affected their well-being and livelihood. Another informant summarized: ―Urban expansion has negatively impacted my life. I can no longer grow vegetables like cabbage in my compound because my land has been converted into a building site. Many farmers have been displaced, and I personally lost two sheep to urban theft. These accounts highlight that households in the study area previously used their land for diverse purposes—crop cultivation, grazing, and forest plantation. However, these functions have significantly declined due to urban expansion and land expropriation. 3.4.6. Conflict Related to Scarce Resources The ongoing conflict between the newly arrived settlers in the expanded region and the local farming community primarily stems from competition over scarce resources, with a particular emphasis on the critical need for water. As the in-depth interview data indicates: ―The problem worsened with the rise in water consumption by newcomers, who use it for house construction — water that, was previously used for livestock drinking and sanitation purposes. As a result, frequent complaints were raised by the local residents to the Kebele and city administration. From the above participant reflections, one of the most pressing issues that communities are currently grappling with is the over-exploitation of water resources. This issue has been further exacerbated by the growing needs of urban areas, which place unprecedented strain on existing water supplies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify sustainable solutions to this crisis before it escalates further. 3.4.7. Land Acquisition Conflicts As McGranahan (2004) explained, one source of conflict between city-dwellers and rural residents is the difficulty of acquiring land in rural areas. These conflicts often occur around boundaries between urban and rural areas, on private land owned by individuals, businesses, or investors, and on land that has been converted from agricultural use. Consistent with the above, a key informant interviewee also added: ―The primary causes of conflict often arise between agricultural communities on the outskirts of urban areas and the government, or between individuals new to an area and those who have been living there for a long time. These conflicts are highly significant and can lead to tensions and disagreements that may be difficult to resolve. It is essential to acknowledge and address these issues to promote understanding and foster positive relationships between all members of the community. From the above statement, it is clear that the transfer of farmlands to urban land use is increasing due to land acquisition policies. However, this continuous transformation has caused significant conflicts associated with urban expansion. 3.5. The Social Problems of Dislocated Peri-Urban People Stemming from Urban Expansion Urban-driven development processes have caused the permanent loss of land for some peri-urban farmers, leading to displacement, dislocation, and segregation, which in turn disrupt the social fabric (DFID, 2013). Urban expansion is a major factor in displacement, which not only leads to the loss of assets and jobs but also disrupts food security, social connections, friendships, cultural identity, and heritage. These changes can cause various social issues such as weakened community structures, loss of cultural identity, and a decrease in mutual aid. Building social bonds through networks and connections among people can increase trust, cooperation, and access to broader institutions. Formalized groups with agreed-upon rules and norms can also help strengthen community ties. When residents participate in community activities and feel a sense of belonging, they are more likely to form strong attachments to their communities. 3.5.1. Neighborhood Social Relations Neighborhood relations are an invaluable aspect of community life. However, phenomena such as increasing individualism, spurred by urbanization, changing economic conditions, and migration in search of better opportunities, have contributed to the fragmentation of strong neighborhood ties. An informant described the role of neighborhood relations among the inhabitants as follows: ―In the past, neighbors had a strong tradition of inviting each other over for coffee ceremonies daily. However, due to the current economic situation, with many households experiencing reduced purchasing power, this tradition has become less common. Unfortunately, this has led to strained relationships between neighbors. Similarly, the FGD (Focus Group Discussion) participants elaborated: ―The economic situation has negatively impacted individuals who cannot produce grains to sell. This has resulted in a decline in financial stability, affecting not only the tradition of coffee ceremonies but also other social dynamics. These reflections suggest that changes in income and living conditions can significantly influence an individual's social relationships. These changes may alter social bonds, networks, and the overall social structure, affecting how people interact and form relationships. Income and living conditions can also influence power dynamics and hierarchies within a community, as social status changes. Ultimately, earning a living and where one lives can have a significant impact on social relationships within the community. As observed, there are numerous chat and alcohol houses in front of the Mekaneselam campus. This indicates that youth are spending more time in chat and alcohol houses rather than engaging in cultural responsibilities. CONCLUSION This study examined the social and economic impacts of urban expansion on the peri-urban community of Mekaneselam Town. The town has expanded horizontally due to demographic pressures and a strong demand for urban land for residential housing and service provision. This expansion will have far-reaching social, economic, and environmental consequences, particularly in the peripheral areas of the town. One of the main challenges of urban expansion is the rapid conversion of prime agricultural land into urban land uses, which impacts peri-urban areas. This trend will likely exacerbate the expropriation of farm households, leading to economic hardship and social instability in the surrounding regions. Mekaneselam Town is experiencing rapid expansion in all directions, primarily due to high population growth, migration, a surge in residential housing construction, and the reclassification of rural Kebeles into urban areas. These factors, along with other development practices, have resulted in the displacement of farmers and the loss of their agricultural land. Urban expansion negatively affects the social well-being of the community, causing the loss of social bonds, cultural identity, and heritage. The displacement has also led to significant livelihood crises, loss of agricultural land, environmental pollution, and housing problems. However, respondents also noted some positive impacts of urban expansion, including job creation, improved access to communication, electricity, health services, transportation, and education. Urban expansion inevitably leads to displacement. However, displacement does not only result in the loss of assets and jobs; it also leads to the breakdown of food security, social connections, friendships, cultural identity, and heritage. These changes cause various social problems, such as weakened community structures, loss of cultural practices, and reduced mutual aid. Strengthening social bonds through networks and connections between people can foster trust and cooperation, as well as provide access to broader institutional resources. Formalized groups with agreed-upon norms and rules can also help reinforce community ties. When residents actively participate in community activities and feel a sense of belonging, they are more likely to remain attached to their communities. Due to the loss of agricultural land caused by urban expansion, displaced farmers have increasingly turned to non-agricultural sectors, such as small businesses, employment in the private sector, local alcohol production, petty trade, restaurant ownership, and working as daily laborers to cope with the challenges they face. Urban expansion has become a critical issue on the global agenda for local governments, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia. Developing nations, which are still experiencing rapid urban population growth, are seeing the fast conversion of peri-urban land into urban functions. In Mekaneselam and similar areas, urban expansion has occurred at an alarming rate, often at the expense of peri-urban communities. These communities have lost their primary source of income—agricultural land—without adequate rehabilitation or livelihood restoration schemes in place. The socio-cultural consequences of urban expansion on the peri- urban community are evident in the decline of social relationships, a reduction in cultural practices, and the loss of traditional ways of life. Recommendations Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are provided: 1. Policy Focus and Compensation : Decision-makers often prioritize metropolitan cities over smaller and medium-sized urban outskirts. However, it is critical to implement policies that ensure adequate and equitable compensation for expropriated farmers. Addressing the problem of social service provision, which is often exacerbated by urban expansion, is essential. The Kebele administration should strike a balance between the expansion of urban growth and the provision of necessary social services for the resident population. 2. Minimizing Negative Impacts : Urban expansion often destroys social and economic assets, leading to a decrease in household income. This occurs through horizontal expansion policies, low compensation rates, forced displacement of farmers from their socio-economic networks without considering their future prospects, neglecting their ability to re-establish these networks in urban settings, and the lack of agricultural extension services in peri-urban areas. 3. Strengthening Local Plans and Participation : The government should work to maintain a balanced growth strategy by strengthening the existing local plans, encouraging public participation, fostering a sense of ownership among citizens, and involving local communities in the implementation of development plans. A participatory approach can enhance transparency and ensure the improvement of the local community. 4. Rural Development Policy : Rural development policies should be properly implemented to balance economic growth between urban and peri-urban communities. 5. Support for Displaced Farmers : Continuous follow-up support is needed for displaced farming communities, especially female-headed households. This should include the creation of more job opportunities, improved access to education and services, and the establishment of institutions that can provide technical support, such as training, skill development, and educational resources. This would help displaced farming communities create and maintain a sustainable economic environment. 6. Timely Compensation to Reduce Conflict : To reduce conflicts between farmers, investors, and municipal authorities, the city administration should prepare and ensure timely and sufficient compensation packages for farmers. Delays in compensation payments are a major cause of disputes between farmers and investors or developers. 7. Compensation Issues : Many expropriated households received inadequate compensation for their land, and family members under the age of eighteen were often denied access to even a plot of land. These issues reveal gaps in the policies and strategies related to urban expansion programs. Such policy shortcomings have hindered the city's development and contributed to significant governance challenges. 8. Role of Government and NGOs : Local governments and non-governmental organizations must take responsibility for addressing the socio-economic impacts of urban expansion on peri-urban communities. Collaborative efforts can help mitigate these effects. 9. Community Involvement in Future Urban Expansion : The coping mechanisms adopted by many displaced farmers—such as casual labor, traditional alcohol selling, small trade, and farming—are unsustainable in the long term. Declarations Conflict of Interest/Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or competing interests related to this study. Data Availability The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Mekaneselam town officials for their assistance in data collection time. Special thanks to respondents for providing valuable information during the study period. Funding No funding was received for this study. Ethics Approval/ Ethics Statement and Consent to Participate This study was reviewed and approved by Social Sciences and Humanities Research and Community Service Ethical Review Coordinating Committee . All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution. Consent to Participate All participants involved in this study provided informed consent prior to their participation. The purpose, procedures, and benefits of the research were clearly explained to each participant. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were assured of their right to withdraw at any point without any consequences. Verbal consent was obtained in accordance with ethical guidelines approved by the appropriate institutional review board. Clinical Trial Number Clinical trial number: Not applicable. References Baker, L., 2006. Observation: A complex research method. Library trends , 55 (1), 171-189. Bekele, F., 2010.The Impact of Horizontal Urban Expansion on Sub-Urban Agricultural Community Livelihood.Hawassa. Berhanu Zeleke., 2005. Impact of urban redevelopment on the livelihood of displaced people and urban development in Finfine: The case study of Casanchis local development; MA thesis submitted to Addis Ababa University (2nded), Thousand oaks, sagepublications, Inc. CreswellJ., 2012. Planning, conducting and evaluatingQuantitative andQualitativeresearch methods(4th Ed.), Boston, MA:Pearson. Creswell, J. W., 2014. Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Creswell, J.W., 2013. Qualitative inquiry: Choosing among ve approaches. Los Angeles, CA . Dawson, Catherine., 2002. Practical Research Methods: A User-Friendly Guide to Mastering Research. Oxford: Deer Park Productions. Dayong N., 2004. Several Acute Issues in China‘s Urban Planning: Accessed from: http://www. Lincoln instedu/pubs/pub-detail aspid=872 on January 16, 2023. Groenewald, T., 2004. A phenomenological research design illustrated. International journal of qualitative methods, 3(1), 42-55. Gumma, M. K., Mohammad, I., Nedumaran, S., Whitbread, A. & Lagerkvist, C. J., 2017. Urban sprawl and adverse impacts on agricultural land: A case study on Hyderabad, India. Remote sensing, 9, 1136. Mefekir, W. T., 2017. Impact of urban expansion on surrounding peasant land the case of Boloso Sore woreda, Areka town, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Global Journal of Human Social Science , 17 (2), 1-14. TacoliC., 2004. ChangeRural-UrbanInteractioninSub-SaharanAfricaandtheirImpact on Livelihood Summary: Rural-Urbanworkingpaper 7,IIED,London. Tegegne G/Egizabher., 2002. Urban policy and strategy in Ethiopia proceeding of the second annual conference, Addis Ababa, association of Ethiopian geographer. Tegegne Gebere Egziiabher., 1999. Urban poverty and the environment: illustration from Addis Ababa, in Ethiopia; Ethiopian Development Forum Vol. No. I: 76 -84 Tegegne Gebre Egziabher., 2001. Perspectives and issues of urban Development in Ethiopia: Working Paper No.10, RLDS. Finfine: AAU Teketel., 2015. Urban Expansion and Its Effects on Peripheral Farming Communities the case of Hosana town.Ethiopia: haramaya university. Teshome, A., 2020. The Impact of Urban Expansion on the Peri-Urban Farmers Livelihood: The Case of Dessie City (Doctoral dissertation). WEGEDIE, K.T., 2018. Communities in Peri-Urban Area of Bahir Dar City Amahara, Ethiopia. Communities , 9 (9). World Bank (2018).United Nations Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revision. Zewdu, A.A., 2020. Impacts of Urban Growth on Bahir Dar City. Canadian Social Science , 16 (8), pp.41-50. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6759830","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":467300971,"identity":"0526241c-17fb-4646-be23-9dce468f909e","order_by":0,"name":"Sindew Asmare Wedi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADNgYGAwaGCiCLmbmBFC1nQFoYidTCANLC2AaiCWjh7z+d+LmigsGeT7p542PeebXR/O1ALT8qtuHUInEjd7PkmTMMiW0yx4qNebcdz51xmLGBsefMbdzW3ODdINnYxpDAJpFjJp277VhuA1ALM2Mbbi3y589u/tn4j8EeqMX8d+6cY7nzCWkxOJC7TbKxAehxoC3MuQ01uRsIaTG8kbvNsuGYRGKbRFqx9J9jB3I3ArUcxOcXOaDDbjbU2NjLz0je+HFGTV3uvPOHDz74UYHH+xAgAWMcBpMHCKlHBnWkKB4Fo2AUjIIRAgD94lnFT6Pu2QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Woldia University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sindew","middleName":"Asmare","lastName":"Wedi","suffix":""},{"id":467300972,"identity":"48984a97-d324-4c79-a6ce-afd7c0945cd4","order_by":1,"name":"Ebabu Adimasu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wolkite University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ebabu","middleName":"","lastName":"Adimasu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-27 13:23:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6759830/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6759830/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84817210,"identity":"06643664-d8ee-4d3b-8631-2e65b1801ca6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-17 15:48:37","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":630846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eloss of land assets in the study areas due to urban expansion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6759830/v1/212274a604afd16247562b11.png"},{"id":84817214,"identity":"7d34f069-d1bf-4377-8b49-f2a562f76a24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-17 15:48:37","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":881687,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eurban expansion cause for reduction of livestock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6759830/v1/c23e5a33e6e3603edd291e67.png"},{"id":84840250,"identity":"606b09a0-9fe4-422a-ace5-387105ca6cde","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-18 01:16:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3031288,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6759830/v1/74d92ac7-53fd-42f1-99e0-2c163b9acf8c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Impacts of Urban Expansion on the Socio-Economic Life of Peri-Urban Community: A Study in Mekaneselam Town, South Wollo Administrative Zone\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;the Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrbanization is a process characterized by\u0026nbsp;urban growth through a natural increase in population or migration from rural to urban areas. It refers to the increase in the proportion of a population living in urban areas and the physical expansion of existing urban centers (Alaci, 2010). The growing share of a country‘s population living in urban areas, primarily due to rural-to-urban migration, defines urbanization (Bera, 2022). It also involves the expansion of urban land uses and the spatial concentration of people engaged in non-agricultural activities. Urbanization is the result of social, economic, and political developments that have led to urban concentration, the growth of large cities, and changes in land use. The rate and impact of urbanization on rural livelihoods vary across countries due to differences in socio-economic conditions and development status (Sati et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u0026nbsp;expansion\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;common\u0026nbsp;phenomenon globally.\u0026nbsp;Historically,\u0026nbsp;human\u0026nbsp;settlements\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;related agricultural activities have been significantly altered by urban growth. In the modern era, urbanization is prevalent in both developed and developing nations. However, in developing countries, it often results in adverse consequences. Rapid growth in both industrialized and less industrialized countries has contributed to this trend (Gidyelew, 2021). While urbanization in the developed world is generally well-managed and its side effects mitigated, in developing countries, urban expansion is often associated with negative outcomes. Across Africa, urbanization has adversely affected both urban and peri-urban farming communities (Haregeweyn, 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eToday‘s world is marked by rapid urban expansion and increasing urban populations (World Bank, 2018; Mohammed et al., 2020). Many Sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia, are grappling\u0026nbsp;with the challenges of\u0026nbsp;urban expansion (Tessema, 2017). Historically, urbanization has pushed agricultural activities from city centers to rural peripheries (Teshome, 2021). Consequently, displacement of peri-urban farmers has become a more pressing issue in developing nations, where a majority of the population resides in densely populated peripheral areas\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;relies\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;agriculture\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;fragmented\u0026nbsp;landholdings\u0026nbsp;(Aboda,\u0026nbsp;2019).\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;emergence\u0026nbsp;of\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eurban centers and the associated socio-economic and physical transformations contribute significantly to urbanization. However, its effects on rural livelihoods differ across countries, depending on socio-economic conditions and levels of development (Sati, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHaregeweyn (2012) asserts that urbanization in Africa has had negative impacts on urban and peri-urban farming communities. The primary challenge posed by urban growth is not only the displacement of farm households but also the loss of agricultural land and increasing livelihood vulnerabilities among farming communities in rural-urban fringe areas. In Ethiopia, rapid urban expansion has led to the transformation of agricultural land into urban land use, significantly affecting peasant land ownership. Consequently, many farmers have lost their land and become internally displaced persons (Mefekir, 2017). Cities have grown horizontally under the pressure of increasing demand for urban land for infrastructure, housing, and services. This growth poses ecological, socio-economic, and environmental risks, particularly in urban peripheries. One of\u0026nbsp;the most critical challenges of this expansion is the rapid conversion of large tracts of prime agricultural land into urban uses, which intensifies land expropriation, undermines livelihoods, and contributes to social instability, especially in small and medium-sized cities (Alamneh et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral scholars (Bera, 2022; Zewdu, 2020; Enyew, 2021; Tadele, 2020; Mekuriaw, 2019; Mengistu, 2016; Wegedie, 2018) have studied the impact of urban expansion on the livelihoods of displaced farmers, yet their analyses vary. For example, Mekuriaw (2019) examined the environmental impacts of urban expansion, focusing on forest loss, land degradation, and\u0026nbsp;wetland depletion, without exploring the social and economic consequences on peri-urban communities.\u0026nbsp;Similarly, Tadele\u0026nbsp;(2020)\u0026nbsp;assessed\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;effects\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;urban\u0026nbsp;expansion\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;livelihoods of peripheral farming communities in Assosa Town but did not address its impact on social activities or identify the causes of urban expansion and the coping strategies employed by affected communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Mekaneselam town, urban growth has followed a horizontal expansion pattern, resulting in significant socio-economic impacts on the peri-urban community. However, existing studies\u0026nbsp;have\u0026nbsp;not\u0026nbsp;adequately\u0026nbsp;explored\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;driving\u0026nbsp;factors\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;urban\u0026nbsp;expansion\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;area,\u0026nbsp;its\u0026nbsp;socio-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eeconomic\u0026nbsp;consequences, or\u0026nbsp;the coping\u0026nbsp;strategies adopted\u0026nbsp;by\u0026nbsp;displaced\u0026nbsp;communities.\u0026nbsp;Against this background, the present study will be conducted in Amsale-Genet and Ayer-Tena Kebeles of Mekaneselam town with the aim of addressing\u0026nbsp;these research gaps through a qualitative research approach.So, the purpose of this study is:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA. To investigate the factors contributing to rapid urban expansion in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB. To explore the impacts of urban expansion on the economic life of the peri-urban community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC. To examine the social problems experienced by dislocated peri-urban residents as a result of urban expansion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD. To identify the coping mechanisms employed by the peri-urban community in response to the socio-economic effects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Paradigm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA paradigm or worldview is a basic set of beliefs that guide action (Corbetta, 2003). It acknowledges that individuals hold different understandings of reality and subjectively express the\u0026nbsp;situations\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;which\u0026nbsp;they\u0026nbsp;live. It\u0026nbsp;emphasizes\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;importance\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;these\u0026nbsp;individual\u0026nbsp;interpretations. Accordingly,\u0026nbsp;this\u0026nbsp;study\u0026nbsp;draws\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003es\u003c/strong\u003eocial constructivist\u0026nbsp;research\u0026nbsp;paradigm,\u0026nbsp;which,\u0026nbsp;according\u0026nbsp;to Creswell\u0026nbsp;(2013), is\u0026nbsp;an\u0026nbsp;interpretive framework through\u0026nbsp;which\u0026nbsp;individuals\u0026nbsp;seek\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;understand their world and develop meanings that reflect their experiences. Social constructivism, commonly associated with the post-modern era in qualitative research, views knowledge and truth as constructed through social interactions (Andrews, 2012). It is particularly relevant in phenomenological studies, which aim to describe and understand the subjective meanings participants assign to their lived realities and the phenomena under investigation (Creswell, 2009). In this framework, individuals develop subjective meanings of experiences toward a certain phenomenon, and the researcher's role is to interpret these meanings (Creswell, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Research Approach\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a qualitative research approach\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAccording to Burns and Grove (2009), qualitative research is a systematic and subjective method of explaining daily life experiences and attributing meaning to them. It allows researchers to explore behaviours, perspectives, and lived experiences within a holistic framework (Holloway \u0026amp; Wheeler, 2002). Creswell (2007) defines qualitative research as an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions that explore social or human problems. The approach enables the researcher to build a complex, holistic picture, analyze participants‘ narratives, and conduct the study within a natural setting. As noted by Morse (1991), qualitative research is especially valuable for collecting in-depth, first-hand data. In this context, the qualitative method enabled the researcher to understand the socio-economic impacts of urban expansion on the peri-urban community in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Research Design\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA phenomenological research design was used in this study. This design is suitable for\u0026nbsp;examining the lived experiences of individuals by analysing time, space, and personal histories\u0026nbsp;to understand social reality\u0026nbsp;(Groenewald, 2004). Phenomenological research seeks to understand participants‘ perceptions, perspectives, and interpretations of a particular phenomenon. It is rooted in personal insight and subjectivity, emphasizing\u0026nbsp;the importance\u0026nbsp;of individual experience. Creswell (1998) states that phenomenological design is appropriate when a research problem requires a profound understanding of shared human experiences. This justification guided the selection of the phenomenological design for the present study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Target Population\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study\u0026nbsp;focused on members of the peri-urban community\u0026nbsp;in Mekaneselam town\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003especifically residents of Ayer\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003eTena \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003end Amsale-Genet Kebeles\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewhich are currently undergoing rapid urban expansion. These communities, directly impacted by this growth, served as the primary subjects of investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.5 Sampling Technique and Sample Size\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA non-probability sampling technique was employed. This technique involves selecting informants based on the researcher‘s judgment regarding their knowledge and relevance to the study (Sulaiman, Musa, \u0026amp; Alkassim, 2016; Diribsa, 2018). Two methods—purposive sampling and snowball sampling—were\u0026nbsp;used. Purposive\u0026nbsp;sampling was applied to select in-depth interview and focus group discussion (FGD) participants based on their relevant experiences, while snowball sampling was used to identify key informants and displaced households, especially where access was initially limited.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researcher purposefully selected 15 participants for in-depth interviews and five key informants\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewith the sample size determined by data saturation (Braun \u0026amp; Clarke, 2013). Additionally, two focus group\u0026nbsp;discussions were conducted. Each group\u0026nbsp;included six participants, with one group composed of peri-urban elder farmers and the other of displaced farmers, to explore the socio-economic impacts of urban expansion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.6 Data Collection Instruments\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObservation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eObservation was employed as a critical method for capturing real-life behaviors and interactions within the study area. This technique provided insights into the socio-economic conditions, community interactions, and geographical setting. The researcher systematically recorded observations to ensure the credibility\u0026nbsp;and reliability\u0026nbsp;of the collected data (Baker, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn\u003c/strong\u003e-\u003cstrong\u003edepth Interview:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIn-depth interviews allowed for detailed exploration of participants‘ experiences, beliefs, and attitudes. These interviews were conducted in a natural setting and facilitated open-ended responses. A total of \u003cstrong\u003e15\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eperi-urban community members participated, selected for their direct experiences with urban expansion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKey Informant Interview:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKey informant interviews gathered specialized knowledge from individuals with official roles and expertise. Informants included Kebele officials, land administration officers, investment officers, and urban planners (Mikkelson, 2005; Payne, 2004). A total of five key informants were interviewed in Mekaneselam town.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFocus Group Discussion (FGD):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTwo FGDs were conducted, each involving six participants\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eselected based on age, gender, and educational level to ensure group homogeneity. Discussions explored social and economic impacts, community ties, and livelihood changes. The group format encouraged open and dynamic sharing of experiences (Kabir, 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.7 Sources of Data\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;study\u0026nbsp;utilized both primary\u0026nbsp;and secondary\u0026nbsp;data sources\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePrimary\u0026nbsp;data were collected directly from respondents through interviews, FGDs, and observations. Secondary data were obtained from books, journals, theses, and archival documents such as brochures, reports, and letters, which supported and supplemented the primary data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.8 Method of Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis followed a thematic analysis approach (Slate, 1990). This involved familiarization with the data, identification of key themes, and categorization of data based on conceptual similarity. Interviews were\u0026nbsp;recorded—with participant consent—transcribed, and translated from Amharic to English\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCodes were developed from recurring patterns, and themes were organized for clarity and coherence. Both primary and secondary data were integrated in the final analysis to examine the socio-economic impacts of urban expansion on peri-urban communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.9 Ethical Considerations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical principles were rigorously observed in this study. These included informed consent\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003evoluntary participation\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003econfidentiality\u003cstrong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand anonymity. Participants were clearly\u0026nbsp;informed about the\u0026nbsp;study‘s\u0026nbsp;objectives,\u0026nbsp;their\u0026nbsp;role,\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;their\u0026nbsp;right\u0026nbsp;to withdraw\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;any\u0026nbsp;time.\u0026nbsp;Data\u0026nbsp;confidentiality\u0026nbsp;was ensured\u0026nbsp;by\u0026nbsp;omitting\u0026nbsp;participant\u0026nbsp;names\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;storing\u0026nbsp;data\u0026nbsp;securely.\u0026nbsp;Furthermore,\u0026nbsp;participants\u0026nbsp;were\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003einformed of their right to access the research results and to comment on them. All ethical protocols were strictly followed throughout the research process (Dawson, 2002; Gray, 2004).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DATA INTERPRETATION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors\u0026nbsp;Attributed to\u0026nbsp;Rapid\u0026nbsp;Urban\u0026nbsp;Expansion\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;Study Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies conducted in various parts of the country indicate common drivers of urban expansion. According to Ahlam (2017), urban growth is primarily driven by demographic dynamics\u0026mdash; namely, high birth rates and low death rates\u0026mdash;followed by in-migration and reclassification. In alignment with the literature, study participants identified similar factors. The key underlying drivers of Mekaneselam\u0026lsquo;s expansion include alarming population growth, reclassification of\u0026nbsp;rural areas into urban jurisdictions, and the town\u0026lsquo;s recent development practices. These factors have collectively contributed to the horizontal physical expansion of Mekaneselam town. Urban expansion has occurred primarily due to the unmet demand for housing and infrastructure, leading to the enclosure and reclassification of surrounding rural kebelesas urban areas. This transformation is closely tied to government policies that promote horizontal expansion as a strategy for economic growth\u0026mdash;for example, through the construction of university campuses\u0026nbsp;and government offices in peripheral areas by appropriating land from peri-urban communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional insights from key informants revealed that the community views Mekaneselam as a strategic\u0026nbsp;center\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;West\u0026nbsp;Wollo\u0026nbsp;Zone,\u0026nbsp;making\u0026nbsp;its\u0026nbsp;expansion\u0026nbsp;particularly\u0026nbsp;rapid.\u0026nbsp;Rural-to-urban migration and the influx of returnees from Arab countries have been major factors accelerating the town\u0026lsquo;s growth. While the surrounding arable land is highly suitable for agriculture, this expansion poses a significant threat to the livelihood of the peri-urban population. Supporting\u0026nbsp;this argument, informants observed that the town is expanding in all directions at an alarming rate, consuming vast amounts of agricultural and forest land. This trend, coupled with positive societal attitudes toward the town, the influx of migrants, and favorable environmental conditions, indicates that urban expansion in Mekaneselam is closely tied to policy-driven reclassification efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne\u0026nbsp;key\u0026nbsp;informant\u0026nbsp;summarized:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Urban expansion is driven by demographic dynamics\u0026mdash;natural increases and in- migration\u0026mdash;as well as the reclassification of rural areas. The establishment of markets, roads, and social services like education and healthcare in urban areas further accelerates rural-to-urban migration.‖\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the key drivers of urban expansion in Mekaneselam include population growth, topographical suitability, residential housing demands, development projects, and both internal and international migration. These findings are consistent with those of Mefekir (2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3.1. Population Growth as the Primary Factor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban expansion, globally referred to as ―urban sprawl,‖ is strongly influenced by population growth. Changes in population size\u0026mdash;driven by natural increases and migration\u0026mdash;create a higher demand for urban land. To accommodate this growth, city boundaries often extend into peri- urban areas, impacting the social and economic activities of those communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA key\u0026nbsp;informant\u0026nbsp;elaborated:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Discussing population growth is essential to understand its role as a primary cause of urban expansion and its socio-economic and environmental impacts in Mekaneselam. The town has grown significantly and continues to attract migrants due to its administrative and socio-economic importance.‖\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother\u0026nbsp;interviewee\u0026nbsp;added:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Population growth is the\u0026nbsp;main\u0026nbsp;driving force behind the\u0026nbsp;expansion\u0026nbsp;of Mekaneselam.\u0026nbsp;Rapid natural increases and rural-to-urban migration from nearby towns have led to a population surge.‖\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings confirm that rural-urban migration is primarily due to economic imbalances and better opportunities in urban centers. This migration contributes significantly to urban growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to census data, Mekaneselam\u0026lsquo;s population grew from 4,901 in 1994 to 8,481 in 2008. As of the latest estimates, the population has reached \u003cstrong\u003e101,592\u003c/strong\u003e, with 51,305 males and 50,287 females. This dramatic increase in population is one of the main catalysts for the town\u0026lsquo;s urban expansion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother\u0026nbsp;interviewee\u0026nbsp;explained:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Population\u0026nbsp;growth\u0026nbsp;has\u0026nbsp;significantly\u0026nbsp;impacted\u0026nbsp;urban\u0026nbsp;sprawl\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;Mekaneselam.\u0026nbsp;Over\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;past 15 years, population growth has accelerated due to better welfare services and agricultural productivity. Increased population always demands more land for housing and cultivation.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe evidence suggests that this rapid population growth has placed immense pressure on infrastructure and led to various social problems, particularly for peri-urban communities. The expansion has also caused the erosion of traditional family support systems and strained public services such as schools and healthcare (Hopkins, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3.2. Topographical Factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMekaneselam\u0026lsquo;s expansion has also been influenced by natural and man-made factors, especially the topography of the area. According to one participant:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Mekaneselam\u0026lsquo;s landscape is highly suitable for both residential use and agriculture, making it attractive for urban expansion. However, this has reduced the economic assets of the surrounding peri-urban community.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite its high-altitude location, the town\u0026lsquo;s favorable terrain and pre-existing residential zones facilitate multi-directional growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother\u0026nbsp;participant\u0026nbsp;emphasized:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Farmers around Mekaneselam not only support the town but also surrounding regions such\u0026nbsp;as\u0026nbsp;Wegedi,\u0026nbsp;Sayint, and\u0026nbsp;Gojjam.\u0026nbsp;Fertile\u0026nbsp;soil and\u0026nbsp;ideal\u0026nbsp;climatic conditions\u0026nbsp;make\u0026nbsp;the area\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esuitable for agriculture, but rapid urban expansion has expropriated much of this valuable land.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings show that topographical advantages contribute to growth by making the town an appealing location. However, this also increases the risk of farmland loss, endangering the economic base of peri-urban communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3.3. Expansion of Administrative Boundaries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe expansion of administrative boundaries is another major contributor to urban growth in the study area. In many developing countries, boundary changes account for 10\u0026ndash;15% of urban growth (Tvedten, 2002). Mekaneselam has followed a similar pattern.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistorically, the town was established during\u0026nbsp;the Ethio-Italian war in the 1930s E.C. and became the center of Borena Aweraja in 1941 E.C., initially comprising only one kebele. Over time, it expanded to include five kebeles: Mesrake Kokeb (Kebele 1), Addis Alem (Kebele 2), Amsale Genet (Kebele 3), Ayer-Tena (Kebele 4), and Mehal Denbi (Kebele 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis reclassification has drastically increased the town\u0026lsquo;s physical size, with many settlements expanding due to informal development and peri-urban sprawl.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3.4. Recent Infrastructural Developments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants noted that Mekaneselam has recently become a hub for economic activity and a strategic link between South Wollo and East Gojjam zones. The presence of Mekdela Amba University, especially its Mekaneselam campus, has driven demand for land and led to the eviction of more than 95 farmers\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u0026nbsp;institutions\u0026nbsp;contributing\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;urban\u0026nbsp;growth include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Mankul College\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Care Health Science and Business College\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Rada College\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Mekaneselam TVET College\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Mekaneselam General Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe town\u0026lsquo;s development has also attracted numerous banks, insurance companies, and hotels, enhancing its regional economic significance. One key informant explained:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―The construction of the Kombolcha\u0026ndash;Mekaneselam\u0026ndash;Gendeweyin road has further boosted the town\u0026lsquo;s physical and population growth.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese developments have made Mekaneselam an emerging center of investment. However,\u0026nbsp;while urban elites and new migrants benefit, original residents often face displacement and loss of livelihood (Mandere, 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3.5.\u0026nbsp;Expansion\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;Residential\u0026nbsp;Housing\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;Peri-Urban\u0026nbsp;Areas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Tessema (2017), increasing demand for residential housing is another significant factor in urban expansion. In Mekaneselam, house construction rates have doubled annually, prompting land expropriation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne\u0026nbsp;interviewee\u0026nbsp;noted:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Our agricultural land is being taken for housing projects, now, we\u0026lsquo;re facing shortages of arable land.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe expansions of the university and the need for rental housing and commercial spaces like restaurants and shops have increased construction. Many farmers have lost their land without proper compensation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, housing demand, population growth, migration, and favorable topography have jointly contributed to the rise in residential developments and consequent urban expansion\u0026nbsp;(Angel et al., 2005).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3.6.\u0026nbsp;Migration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMigration reflects economic disparities and contributes significantly to urban growth. As participants explained:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Mekaneselam\u0026lsquo;s urban growth is largely due to rural\u0026ndash;urban and urban\u0026ndash;urban migration, including returnees from Arab countries.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFGD\u0026nbsp;participants\u0026nbsp;further emphasized:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―People migrate to cities in search of better jobs, education, and services. This trend fuels rapid urbanization.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile migration stimulates economic activity, it also exacerbates inequality and can lead to social disintegration, especially in peri-urban areas lacking infrastructure and services (Hopkins, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4. The Impacts of Urban Expansion on the Economic Life of the Peri-Urban Community\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u0026nbsp;expansion\u0026nbsp;has\u0026nbsp;led\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;significant\u0026nbsp;losses\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;peri-urban\u0026nbsp;farmers\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;Mekaneselam.\u0026nbsp;Many\u0026nbsp;have lost\u0026nbsp;their\u0026nbsp;farmland,\u0026nbsp;reducing\u0026nbsp;crop yields,\u0026nbsp;livestock holdings,\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;household\u0026nbsp;income.\u0026nbsp;This\u0026nbsp;has\u0026nbsp;had cascading effects, including food insecurity, decreased agricultural exports, and reduced employment in the agricultural sector. The wider community also suffers, facing rising food prices and limited job opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4.1. Loss of Land Assets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLand is the most valuable economic resource for peri-urban households (Eyaya, 2014; Dejene, 2011). Most residents rely heavily on agriculture and tree-based income sources such as eucalyptus (Baherzaf) and acacia (Girar).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne\u0026nbsp;resident\u0026nbsp;shared:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Due to inadequate damage assessments,\u0026nbsp;I lost\u0026nbsp;many eucalyptus and acacia trees.\u0026nbsp;These trees were a major source of firewood, construction material, and income.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMunicipal and agricultural experts confirmed that urban expansion severely disrupts farming communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother key\u0026nbsp;informant added:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Previously, men engaged in farming and women in pottery-making. But urban expansion took over farmland and the soil needed for pottery, disrupting both livelihoods.‖\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings confirm that land loss not only reduces immediate income but also undermines long-term economic resilience in peri-urban areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4.2. Reduction of Livestock\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLivestock rearing is a vital component of rural livelihoods in Mekaneselam, providing households with an essential source of income. It is a widespread practice among nearly all households in the study area, serving as both a primary and supplementary income-generating activity, particularly before and even after land expropriation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupporting\u0026nbsp;this\u0026nbsp;observation, the\u0026nbsp;FGD\u0026nbsp;participants\u0026nbsp;noted:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026quot;Following the loss of farmland, there has been a noticeable decline in livestock ownership among farmers. Prior to displacement, most households owned 2\u0026ndash;3 oxen for plowing, 5\u0026ndash;7 oxen for fattening, and 2\u0026ndash;4 cows for milk production, along with sheep, chickens, donkeys, horses, and mules, all of which contributed significantly to household income. However, since\u0026nbsp;losing\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;their\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;land,\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;livestock\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;production\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;has\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;declined\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;substantially.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;In many cases, households have reduced their use of oxen for farming due to decreased agricultural activity and shrinking pasturelands. There has also been a decline in the number of horses, donkeys, and mules, primarily because of a shortage of grazing areas. Households that lost their entire farmland were often forced to sell these animals immediately in order to meet basic economic needs.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne\u0026nbsp;interviewee\u0026nbsp;explained\u0026nbsp;during\u0026nbsp;fieldwork:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―To cope with economic hardship, I started selling\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ekubet \u003cem\u003e(dry cow dung), which is made from animal waste. It served as both a source of household fuel and a product for sale to urban dwellers. However, since my pastureland was taken for residential development, I have had to reduce the number of livestock I keep.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn\u0026nbsp;connection\u0026nbsp;with this\u0026nbsp;account,\u0026nbsp;other\u0026nbsp;informants\u0026nbsp;stressed\u0026nbsp;that:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Livestock such as donkeys, horses, and mules require larger grazing areas compared to smaller animals. Therefore, the decline in livestock production is not only linked to\u0026nbsp;shrinking pastureland but also to reduced crop production. Since crop residue is often used as animal feed, the decline in crop yields has directly affected the availability of livestock feed, further contributing to reduced livestock numbers.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the above explanations, it is evident that urban expansion has had a profound impact on livestock production among peri-urban households. Livestock, which once served as a key\u0026nbsp;source of household wealth, has been significantly diminished as a result of land loss and\u0026nbsp;reduced access to both grazing land and animal feed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording\u0026nbsp;to one in-depth interviewee:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―During the winter season, farmers would traditionally harvest and store forage for their animals. Due to a shortage of feed, many now focus on fattening a smaller number of animals for meat or milk production, in an effort to conserve labor and maximize output from limited resources.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn relation to the above, some households reported selling livestock to cover household expenses or to combine with compensation money in order to rent land or invest in non-agricultural activities. This finding aligns with the work of Muluwork (2014), who noted that urban expansion has directly or indirectly affected livestock production in rural communities\u0026mdash; disrupting a key system of wealth generation and food security.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4.3.\u0026nbsp;Loss\u0026nbsp;of Farmland\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Reduction\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;Crop\u0026nbsp;Production\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLand has long played a fundamental role in the socio-economic and cultural lives of the inhabitants of Mekaneselam. For generations, land has served as the primary productive asset\u0026nbsp;and a foundation for livelihood. However, the recent development of business centers and residential areas has led to significant changes in land use, thereby reducing the amount of land available to local communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs\u0026nbsp;one\u0026nbsp;farmer explained:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Economically,\u0026nbsp;farmland\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;our\u0026nbsp;backbone.\u0026nbsp;We\u0026nbsp;used\u0026nbsp;it\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;grow\u0026nbsp;food\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;our\u0026nbsp;families\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;to sell surplus crops at the local market (Soye Gebeya) for income.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFarming remains the dominant economic activity in the peri-urban areas of Mekaneselam. Residents grow crops such as \u003cem\u003eteff\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand wheat\u0026mdash;high-value products that generate cash income\u0026mdash; and engage in livestock rearing and vegetable production. Land is not only a source of food but also a symbol of security and long-term investment, as highlighted by another informant:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―I can\u0026lsquo;t meet my family\u0026lsquo;s needs only with what I grow. I have to buy food, oil, salt, coffee, school supplies, and more. I sell part of my harvest to generate cash. People value land\u0026nbsp;more than money because land is permanent, while money can lose value quickly. Land gives us stability.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother\u0026nbsp;respondent\u0026nbsp;shared\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;similar experience:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―I used to earn a good income from my land through barley farming, sheep fattening, and selling animal feed. It was sustainable. Although I can\u0026lsquo;t recall exact figures, I earned more back then than I do now.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite receiving compensation for their expropriated land, many farmers did not benefit meaningfully. According to several informants, land holdings and their productivity decreased drastically after urban expansion. Most are now unable to grow enough to meet even household needs, let alone sell produce.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese testimonies illustrate that urban expansion has severely diminished farmland and crop production in peri-urban Mekaneselam. As urbanization progresses, cities expand horizontally and consume more agricultural land\u0026mdash;a trend also observed by Gashu and Gebre-Egziabher (2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4.4. Loss of Employment in Agriculture\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reduction of farmland has also resulted in the loss of agricultural employment. Since many peri-urban\u0026nbsp;households\u0026nbsp;depend\u0026nbsp;entirely\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;farming,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;decline\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;available\u0026nbsp;agricultural\u0026nbsp;land\u0026nbsp;has\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eled to rising unemployment. Due to limited education and a lack of service sector opportunities, displaced farmers often struggle to find alternative income sources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn peri-urban Kebeles, household members who previously worked on family farms have\u0026nbsp;become jobless. One informant explained:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Before\u0026nbsp;we\u0026nbsp;lost\u0026nbsp;our\u0026nbsp;land,\u0026nbsp;every\u0026nbsp;family\u0026nbsp;member\u0026nbsp;had\u0026nbsp;their\u0026nbsp;own\u0026nbsp;farming\u0026nbsp;responsibilities.\u0026nbsp;After losing our land, some of us became unemployed. Urban expansion and restrictions on farmland use have affected us deeply.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis statement reinforces the argument that urban expansion is a significant cause of job loss in agricultural communities. The decline in agricultural employment has further implications, including reduced food production, rising food prices, decreased agricultural exports, food insecurity, and growing poverty.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4.5. Decline in Agricultural Land and Other Assets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany households and young people in peri-urban Mekaneselam work as daily laborers to supplement their income. Some farmers with enough resources rent land in neighboring areas. However, rising land prices have made renting unaffordable for most poor families. Others engage in sharecropping, but government land expropriation continues to disrupt their\u0026nbsp;livelihoods and reduce monthly income.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFGD\u0026nbsp;participants\u0026nbsp;stated:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―After the government took our land and gave us low compensation, many farmers had no option but to sell the land they were compensated with to build homes. This led to hidden land sales. Seeing this, other farmers began selling their land preemptively to avoid being expropriated at a lower price. Their hope was to escape the hardship that others had\u0026nbsp;already experienced.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese accounts reflect a broader issue: compensation provided by local authorities was insufficient.\u0026nbsp;It\u0026nbsp;failed\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;support\u0026nbsp;farmers\u0026apos;\u0026nbsp;livelihoods,\u0026nbsp;despite\u0026nbsp;their\u0026nbsp;crucial\u0026nbsp;role\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;local\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eeconomy. As a result, many families experienced financial distress and were unable to maintain their farms, leading to a decline in crop quality and quantity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban expansion in Mekaneselam is largely driven by land reclassification policies, where rural lands are absorbed into urban areas. This pattern of growth, as noted by Teketel (2015), is becoming common across Ethiopia, turning villages into urban neighborhoods and stripping farmers of their land and livelihoods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA key\u0026nbsp;informant\u0026nbsp;explained:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Government\u0026nbsp;policy\u0026nbsp;and land\u0026nbsp;expropriation\u0026nbsp;are among\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;root causes\u0026nbsp;of the\u0026nbsp;informal\u0026nbsp;sale of peasant land and the mushrooming of informal housing in Mekaneselam.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn\u0026nbsp;interviewee\u0026nbsp;currently\u0026nbsp;working as a security\u0026nbsp;guard at Mekdela Amba University\u0026nbsp;recounted:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Before urban expansion, I made a good income from my land and livestock. I farmed barley and wheat, raised sheep, and sold fodder and milk. I managed my family well. Now I earn only 1,700 birr per month\u0026mdash;it\u0026lsquo;s just enough to get by.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA\u0026nbsp;health worker\u0026nbsp;and key\u0026nbsp;informant also\u0026nbsp;spoke\u0026nbsp;about\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;health\u0026nbsp;effects of\u0026nbsp;urban expansion:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―The\u0026nbsp;influx\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;migrants\u0026nbsp;has\u0026nbsp;increased\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;risk\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;tuberculosis,\u0026nbsp;as\u0026nbsp;people\u0026nbsp;live\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;overcrowded housing. It has also brought psychological stress, theft, sexual violence, and the spread of diseases like HIV. These were not common problems before.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs Bleakley (2010) argues, good health is essential for economic productivity. In the study area, some household heads suffer from health issues and poverty. Their displacement from farmland, coupled with poor health, has further hindered their ability to sustain themselves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother\u0026nbsp;informant\u0026nbsp;from\u0026nbsp;Ayer-Tena\u0026nbsp;Kebele\u0026nbsp;shared:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Before urban expansion, I had four oxen, ten sheep, four cows, and two donkeys. Now, I only have two oxen and one cow. I also had one hectare each for farming and grazing, but both were taken for residential development. Now, I have no cows or oxen.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis statement reflects the emotional and economic toll of land expropriation. Families invested heavily in their land and livestock, and losing them has deeply affected their well-being and livelihood.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother\u0026nbsp;informant\u0026nbsp;summarized:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―Urban expansion has negatively impacted my life. I can no longer grow vegetables like cabbage in my compound because my land has been converted into a building site. Many farmers have been displaced, and I personally lost two sheep to urban theft.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese accounts highlight that households in the study area previously used their land for diverse purposes\u0026mdash;crop cultivation, grazing, and forest plantation. However, these functions have significantly declined due to urban expansion and land expropriation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4.6. Conflict Related to Scarce Resources\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ongoing conflict between the newly arrived settlers in the expanded region and the local farming community primarily stems from competition over scarce resources, with a particular emphasis on the critical need for water. As the in-depth interview data indicates:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―The problem worsened with the rise in water consumption by newcomers, who use it for house construction \u0026mdash; water that, was previously used for livestock drinking and sanitation purposes. As a result, frequent complaints were raised by the local residents to the Kebele and city administration.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the above participant reflections, one of the most pressing issues that communities are currently grappling with is the over-exploitation of water resources. This issue has been further exacerbated by the growing needs of urban areas, which place unprecedented strain on existing water supplies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify sustainable solutions to this crisis before it escalates further.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4.7. Land Acquisition Conflicts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs McGranahan (2004) explained, one source of conflict between city-dwellers and rural residents is the difficulty of acquiring land in rural areas. These conflicts often occur around boundaries between urban and rural areas, on private land owned by individuals, businesses, or investors, and on land that has been converted from agricultural use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsistent\u0026nbsp;with the above, a\u0026nbsp;key\u0026nbsp;informant interviewee\u0026nbsp;also added:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―The primary causes of conflict often arise between agricultural communities on the outskirts of urban areas and the government, or between individuals new to an area and those who have been living there for a long time. These conflicts are highly significant and can lead to tensions and disagreements that may be difficult to resolve. It is essential to acknowledge and address these issues to promote understanding and foster positive relationships between all members of the community.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom\u0026nbsp;the above statement, it is clear that the transfer\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;farmlands to urban land\u0026nbsp;use is increasing due to land acquisition policies. However, this continuous transformation has caused significant conflicts associated with urban expansion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5. \u0026nbsp; The Social Problems of Dislocated Peri-Urban People Stemming from Urban Expansion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban-driven\u0026nbsp;development\u0026nbsp;processes\u0026nbsp;have\u0026nbsp;caused\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;permanent\u0026nbsp;loss\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;land\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;some\u0026nbsp;peri-urban farmers, leading to displacement, dislocation, and segregation, which in turn disrupt the social fabric (DFID, 2013). Urban expansion is a major factor in displacement, which not only leads to the\u0026nbsp;loss\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;assets\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;jobs\u0026nbsp;but\u0026nbsp;also\u0026nbsp;disrupts\u0026nbsp;food\u0026nbsp;security,\u0026nbsp;social\u0026nbsp;connections,\u0026nbsp;friendships,\u0026nbsp;cultural identity, and heritage. These changes can cause various social issues such as weakened community structures, loss of cultural identity, and a decrease in mutual aid. Building social bonds through networks and connections among people can increase trust, cooperation, and access\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;broader\u0026nbsp;institutions.\u0026nbsp;Formalized groups\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;agreed-upon\u0026nbsp;rules\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;norms\u0026nbsp;can\u0026nbsp;also\u0026nbsp;help strengthen community ties. When residents participate in community activities and feel a sense\u0026nbsp;of belonging, they are more likely to form strong attachments to their communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5.1. Neighborhood Social Relations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeighborhood relations are an invaluable aspect of community life. However, phenomena such as increasing individualism, spurred by urbanization, changing economic conditions, and migration in search of better opportunities, have contributed to the fragmentation of strong neighborhood ties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn\u0026nbsp;informant described the\u0026nbsp;role\u0026nbsp;of neighborhood\u0026nbsp;relations among\u0026nbsp;the inhabitants as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―In the past, neighbors had a strong tradition of inviting each other over for coffee ceremonies daily. However, due to the current economic situation, with many households experiencing reduced purchasing power, this tradition has become less common. Unfortunately, this has led to strained relationships between neighbors.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;FGD\u0026nbsp;(Focus\u0026nbsp;Group\u0026nbsp;Discussion)\u0026nbsp;participants\u0026nbsp;elaborated:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e―The\u0026nbsp;economic\u0026nbsp;situation\u0026nbsp;has\u0026nbsp;negatively\u0026nbsp;impacted\u0026nbsp;individuals\u0026nbsp;who\u0026nbsp;cannot\u0026nbsp;produce\u0026nbsp;grains\u0026nbsp;to sell. This has resulted in a decline in financial stability, affecting not only the tradition of coffee ceremonies but also other social dynamics.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese reflections suggest that changes in income and living conditions can significantly\u0026nbsp;influence an individual\u0026apos;s social relationships. These changes may alter social bonds, networks, and\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;overall\u0026nbsp;social\u0026nbsp;structure,\u0026nbsp;affecting\u0026nbsp;how\u0026nbsp;people\u0026nbsp;interact\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;form\u0026nbsp;relationships. Income\u0026nbsp;and living conditions can also influence power dynamics and hierarchies within a community, as social status changes. Ultimately, earning a living and where one lives can have a significant impact on social relationships within the community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs observed, there are numerous chat and alcohol houses in front of the Mekaneselam campus. This indicates that youth are spending more time in chat and alcohol houses rather than engaging in cultural responsibilities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the social and economic impacts of urban expansion on the peri-urban community of Mekaneselam Town. The town has expanded horizontally due to demographic pressures and a strong demand for urban land for residential housing and service provision. This expansion\u0026nbsp;will\u0026nbsp;have\u0026nbsp;far-reaching\u0026nbsp;social,\u0026nbsp;economic,\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;environmental\u0026nbsp;consequences,\u0026nbsp;particularly in the peripheral areas of the town. One of the main challenges of urban expansion is the rapid conversion of prime agricultural land into urban land uses, which impacts peri-urban areas. This trend will likely exacerbate the expropriation of farm households, leading to economic hardship and social instability in the surrounding regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMekaneselam Town is experiencing rapid expansion in all directions, primarily due to high population\u0026nbsp;growth,\u0026nbsp;migration,\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;surge\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;residential\u0026nbsp;housing\u0026nbsp;construction, and\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;reclassification of rural Kebeles into urban areas. These factors, along with other development practices, have resulted in the displacement of farmers and the loss of their agricultural land. Urban expansion negatively affects the social well-being of the community, causing the loss of social bonds, cultural identity, and heritage. The displacement has also led to significant livelihood crises, loss of agricultural land, environmental pollution, and housing problems. However, respondents also noted some positive impacts of urban expansion, including job creation, improved access to communication, electricity, health services, transportation, and education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u0026nbsp;expansion\u0026nbsp;inevitably\u0026nbsp;leads\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;displacement.\u0026nbsp;However,\u0026nbsp;displacement\u0026nbsp;does\u0026nbsp;not\u0026nbsp;only\u0026nbsp;result\u0026nbsp;in the loss of assets and jobs; it also leads to the breakdown of food security, social connections, friendships, cultural identity, and heritage. These changes cause various social problems, such as weakened community structures, loss of cultural practices, and reduced mutual aid.\u0026nbsp;Strengthening social bonds through networks and connections between people can foster trust and cooperation, as well as provide access to broader institutional resources. Formalized groups with agreed-upon norms and rules can also help reinforce community ties. When residents actively\u0026nbsp;participate in community\u0026nbsp;activities and feel a sense of belonging, they\u0026nbsp;are more likely\u0026nbsp;to remain attached to their communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to the loss of agricultural land caused by urban expansion, displaced farmers have increasingly turned to non-agricultural sectors, such as small businesses, employment in the private sector, local alcohol production, petty trade, restaurant ownership, and working as daily laborers to cope with the challenges they face.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban expansion has become a critical issue on the global agenda for local governments, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia. Developing nations, which are still experiencing rapid urban population growth, are seeing the fast conversion of peri-urban land into urban functions. In Mekaneselam and similar areas, urban expansion has occurred at an alarming\u0026nbsp;rate,\u0026nbsp;often\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;expense\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;peri-urban\u0026nbsp;communities.\u0026nbsp;These\u0026nbsp;communities\u0026nbsp;have\u0026nbsp;lost their primary source of income—agricultural land—without adequate rehabilitation or livelihood restoration schemes in place. The socio-cultural consequences of urban expansion on the peri- urban community are evident in the decline of social relationships, a reduction in cultural practices, and the loss of traditional ways of life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;findings\u0026nbsp;of this\u0026nbsp;study,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;following\u0026nbsp;recommendations\u0026nbsp;are\u0026nbsp;provided:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u003cstrong\u003ePolicy Focus and Compensation\u003c/strong\u003e: Decision-makers often prioritize metropolitan cities over smaller and medium-sized urban outskirts. However, it is critical to implement policies that ensure adequate and equitable compensation for expropriated farmers. Addressing the problem of social service provision, which is often exacerbated by urban expansion, is essential. The Kebele administration should strike a balance between the expansion of urban growth and the provision of necessary social services for the resident population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u003cstrong\u003eMinimizing Negative Impacts\u003c/strong\u003e: Urban expansion often destroys social and economic assets, leading to a decrease in household income. This occurs through horizontal expansion policies, low compensation rates, forced displacement of farmers from their socio-economic networks without considering their future prospects, neglecting their ability to re-establish these networks in urban settings, and the lack of agricultural extension services in peri-urban areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u003cstrong\u003eStrengthening Local Plans and Participation\u003c/strong\u003e: The government should work to\u0026nbsp;maintain a balanced growth strategy by strengthening the existing local plans, encouraging public participation, fostering a sense of ownership among citizens, and involving\u0026nbsp;local\u0026nbsp;communities\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;implementation\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;development\u0026nbsp;plans. A\u0026nbsp;participatory approach can enhance transparency and ensure the improvement of the local community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. \u003cstrong\u003eRural Development Policy\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;Rural\u0026nbsp;development\u0026nbsp;policies\u0026nbsp;should\u0026nbsp;be\u0026nbsp;properly\u0026nbsp;implemented to balance economic growth between urban and peri-urban communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. \u003cstrong\u003eSupport for Displaced Farmers\u003c/strong\u003e: Continuous follow-up support is needed for displaced farming communities, especially female-headed households. This should include the creation of more job opportunities, improved access to education and services, and the establishment of institutions that can provide technical support, such as training, skill development, and\u0026nbsp;educational\u0026nbsp;resources.\u0026nbsp;This would help displaced\u0026nbsp;farming communities create and maintain a sustainable economic environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6. \u003cstrong\u003eTimely Compensation to Reduce Conflict\u003c/strong\u003e: To reduce conflicts between farmers, investors, and municipal authorities, the city administration should prepare and ensure timely and sufficient compensation packages for farmers. Delays in compensation payments are a major cause of disputes between farmers and investors or developers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7. \u003cstrong\u003eCompensation Issues\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;Many\u0026nbsp;expropriated\u0026nbsp;households\u0026nbsp;received\u0026nbsp;inadequate\u0026nbsp;compensation for their land, and family members under the age of eighteen were often denied access to even\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;plot\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;land.\u0026nbsp;These\u0026nbsp;issues\u0026nbsp;reveal\u0026nbsp;gaps\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;policies\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;strategies related\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;urban expansion programs. Such policy\u0026nbsp;shortcomings have hindered the city's development and contributed to significant governance challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8. \u003cstrong\u003eRole of Government and NGOs\u003c/strong\u003e: Local governments and non-governmental organizations must take responsibility for addressing the socio-economic impacts of\u0026nbsp;urban\u0026nbsp;expansion\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;peri-urban\u0026nbsp;communities.\u0026nbsp;Collaborative\u0026nbsp;efforts\u0026nbsp;can\u0026nbsp;help mitigate\u0026nbsp;these effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Community Involvement in Future Urban Expansion\u003c/strong\u003e: The coping mechanisms adopted by many displaced farmers—such as casual labor, traditional alcohol selling, small trade, and farming—are unsustainable in the long term.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest/Competing Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or competing interests related to this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank \u003cstrong\u003eMekaneselam town officials\u003c/strong\u003e for their assistance in data collection time. Special thanks to \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003erespondents\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e for providing valuable information during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval/\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was reviewed and approved by \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSocial Sciences and Humanities\u0026nbsp;Research and Community Service Ethical Review Coordinating Committee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants involved in this study provided informed consent prior to their participation. The purpose, procedures, and benefits of the research were clearly explained to each participant. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were assured of their right to withdraw at any point without any consequences. Verbal consent was obtained in accordance with ethical guidelines approved by the appropriate institutional review board.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Trial Number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical trial number: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaker, L., 2006. 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Qualitative inquiry: Choosing among ve approaches. \u003cem\u003eLos Angeles, CA\u003c/em\u003e. Dawson, Catherine., 2002. \u003cem\u003ePractical Research Methods: A User-Friendly Guide to Mastering Research. \u003c/em\u003eOxford: Deer Park Productions.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eDayong N., 2004. Several Acute Issues in China\u0026lsquo;s Urban Planning: Accessed from: \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehttp://www.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eLincoln instedu/pubs/pub-detail aspid=872 on January 16, 2023.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eGroenewald, T., 2004. A phenomenological research design illustrated. International journal of qualitative methods, 3(1), 42-55.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGumma, M. K., Mohammad, I., Nedumaran, S., Whitbread, A. \u0026amp; Lagerkvist, C. J., 2017. 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Communities in Peri-Urban Area of Bahir Dar City Amahara, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eCommunities\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(9).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Bank (2018).United Nations Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revision.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZewdu, A.A., 2020. Impacts of Urban Growth on Bahir Dar City. \u003cem\u003eCanadian Social Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(8), pp.41-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Urban expansion, Peri-urban community, Socio-economic impact, Mekaneselam","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6759830/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6759830/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in a selected peri-urban community of Mekaneselam town, aiming to investigate the impacts of urban expansion on the socio-economic lives of the people residing in the study area. The study draws on the social constructivist paradigm to describe and understand the subjective meanings that participants attach to the social world in which they live and the phenomenon under investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researcher employed a qualitative approach, using a phenomenological research design to explore the impacts of urban expansion on the socio-economic life of the peri-urban community in Mekaneselam town. In conducting the study, the researcher used a non-probability sampling technique to select the informants. Observations, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were the primary data collection methods. Using purposive and snowball sampling techniques, 15 participants were selected for interviews, five for key informant interviews, and an additional two focus group discussions (each containing six members). The researcher employed a thematic analysis approach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the study revealed that the main causes of urban expansion include rapid population growth, migration, the expansion of residential housing, suitable topography, and the conversion of large amounts of prime agricultural land to urban land uses in the peri-urban areas. The coping strategies adopted by residents include engaging in petty trade, alcohol production, and casual labor. Urban expansion has affected the economic assets, social networks, and interpersonal relationships of the peri-urban communities. In addition, it has led to the loss of land, a reduction in livestock and crop production, and conflicts related to land and asset ownership. Social instability, resulting from family breakups, weakened social bonds, and disrupted social relations, has affected cultural practices and traditional social associations in the peri-urban community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, based on the findings of the study, the researchers suggest the following: First, the government should maintain balanced growth by strengthening the existing local plan and encouraging a participatory approach to promote transparency within the local community. Second, rural development policy should be appropriately implemented to ensure balanced economic growth between urban and peri-urban communities. In addition, follow-up efforts should be made to support dislocated farming communities by creating and expanding job opportunities and improving access to education and services.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Impacts of Urban Expansion on the Socio-Economic Life of Peri-Urban Community: A Study in Mekaneselam Town, South Wollo Administrative Zone","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-17 15:48:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6759830/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"42e00076-2803-4ddb-8d1f-795e541255a9","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-18T01:08:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-17 15:48:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6759830","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6759830","identity":"rs-6759830","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}