The relationship between perceived social support and positive coping style in fire rescue personnel: the mediating effect of positive emotions and meaning in life

The relationship between perceived social support and positive coping style in fire rescue personnel: the mediating effect of positive emotions and meaning in life | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The relationship between perceived social support and positive coping style in fire rescue personnel: the mediating effect of positive emotions and meaning in life Yuhan Zhang, Zeqing Wang, yuying Qin, Song Jin This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4942898/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Coping style is a cognitive and behavioral effort in which individuals face specific internal and external environmental requirements beyond their ability. Fire rescue personnel are often faced with sudden disasters and threats, so positive coping style is of great significance to the mental health of them. Although previous studies have found that perceived social support can promote positive coping style, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate a hypothetical model that posits that perceived social support in fire rescue personnel positively predicts positive coping style and that positive emotion and meaning in life play a mediating role. A total of 354 fire rescue personnel with fire rescue detachment in a city were investigated via the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), Positive and Negative Emotion Scale (PANNS), Meaning of Life Questionnaire (MLQ) and Simple Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). The correlation between these variables and the mediating effect of resilience was examined by path analysis. The average scores of perceived social support, positive emotion, sense of life meaning and positive coping style were 4.94 ± 0.83, 3.26 ± 0.75, 4.94 ± 0.83 and 2.67 ± 0.44, respectively. The results of the correlation analysis revealed that positive coping style was positively correlated with social support, positive emotion and sense of meaning in life (all p < 0.01). Positive emotion and meaning in life had a complete mediating effect on the relationship between perceived social support and positive coping style, and the total mediating effect accounted for 76.05% of the total effect. Positive emotion and meaning in life play dual mediating roles in the perceived social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. This paper reveals the internal mechanism of the perceived social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving the mental health and rescue ability of fire rescue personnel. Biological sciences/Psychology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Psychology and behaviour fire rescue personnel perceived social support positive coping style positive emotion meaning of life Figures Figure 1 Introduction Fire and rescue work is a high-stress occupation. The majority of fire rescue personnel are often in situations that may cause injury or even sacrifice and bear greater psychological pressure, with no fixed place or time and standbying or alerting for a long time, and disasters and dangers are difficult to predict. Thus, these problems have become major obstacles restricting the stability and combat effectiveness of fire rescue personnel . Therefore, investigating the factors influencing the mental health of fire rescue members and providing a scientific basis for maintaining the mental health of fire rescue members are important topics that need to be addressed at present. The positive coping style refers to problem-solving-oriented individuals actively seeking internal and external resources to construct strategies to solve problems . Positive coping style is not only one of the important factors affecting mental health - but also closely related to work status . Research has shown that adopting a positive coping style can help promote the mental health of fire rescue personnel. Moreover, perceiving social support is crucial for physical and mental health and is closely related to positive coping style. Perceiving social support refers to an individual’s perception of the social support they are likely to receive - , that is, the degree of support and perceiving that the outside world feels to them subjectively. According to the social support buffer model, social support indirectly affects mental health by influencing internal factors such as individual personality, cognition and coping style. In other words, greater perceptions of good social support increase individuals’ tendency to choose positive coping style . Perceiving social support can improve the use of positive coping style by enhancing positive self-evaluations . Armed police soldiers can obtain more support and help from family members and surrounding comrades. Some studies indicate that if armed police soldiers receive good social support, they are more inclined to take active coping methods to solve problems and seek help . Positive emotion is a pleasant feeling . Broaden and build theories of positive emotions suggest that positive emotions can improve an individual’s way of thinking about daily events and coping style - . Studies have shown that individuals can improve their coping style by expressing positive emotions - . Moreover, positive emotions may also be predictive of perceiving social support. Conservation of resources theory suggests that people always tend to use a kind of resource for storage . By increasing reserves, people will actively invest and construct resources to cope with all possible types of pressure or risk in the future . According to the source and stability of resources, Ten Brummelhuis and Bakker divided perceptive social support and positive emotions into exogenous resources and internal resources, respectively . Exogenous resources promote or hinder the acquisition of internal resources, and exogenous resources can penetrate into internal resources in different situations. That is, an individual’s perception of social support resources can affect his emotional resources. Moreover, other studies have shown that individuals’ perception of social support can indeed play a protective role in their psychological adjustment and help them experience positive emotions . Therefore, positive emotions may play a mediating role in the relationship between the perception of social support and positive coping style. The meaning in life also plays an important role. In this study, in addition to positive emotions, meaning in life plays a mediating role in the relationship between the perception of social support and coping style. The meaning in life is a subjective experience; it refers to the individual’s pursuit and determination of goals, thinking about and interpreting life events and experiences, and feeling that life is worth living - . The meaning in life has an important influence on individuals’ mental health . The meaning-making model suggests that the general sense of meaning influences people’s thoughts, behaviors and emotional states to a large extent - . The meaning in life can effectively induce individuals to adopt positive coping style to adapt to the environment - . The meaning in life contains values, a sense of purpose, and a sense of integration with time. Studies have shown that meaning of life has a significant predictive effect on coping style ; that is, individuals with stronger meaning of life are more inclined to adopt positive coping style to address problems - - . Additionally, the meaningfulness of life maintenance and fluid models indicates that when the meaning of life of an individual is threatened, the individual can be compensated from other fields to maintain the meaning of life. This compensation can be carried out in different fields; that is, when the meaning of life of an individual is reduced, it can be obtained from the support of others . The stronger the social support is, the better the adaptive state, and the greater meaning in life experienced in the social environment . Research has shown that individuals who feel more social support can construct their own positive belief system. The belief system helps them find solutions to problems associated with life difficulties, complete corresponding goals, obtain strong self-satisfaction, realize self-worth, and enhance their meaning in life . Although previous studies have shown that perceptive social support, positive emotions, meaning of life, and positive coping style are positively correlated, few scholars have studied the four as a whole to examine how they influence each other. The perception of social support and active coping methods is highly important to the group of fire rescue personnel, but the internal mechanism is not fully understood. On the basis of relevant theories and research results, this study examines the mechanism of positive emotions and meaning in life in the understanding of social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. The following hypothesis is proposed: Hypothesis 1 The perceived social support of fire rescue personnel has a significant predictive effect on positive coping style. Hypothesis 2 Positive emotions play a mediating role in fire rescue personnel’s perceptions of social support and positive coping style. Hypothesis 3 The meaning in life plays a mediating role in the understanding of the social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. Hypothesis 4 Positive emotions and meaning in life play dual mediating roles in the perceived social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel, respectively. Methods Participants and procedure. This study uses a convenient sampling method, and 370 fire rescue personnel in a city were investigated and measured by completing paper questionnaire. After validity scale screening, 354 valid data points were obtained, and the recovery rate was 95.68%. Among the 354 fire rescue personnel in this study, 334 were male, accounting for 94.35%, and 20 were female, accounting for 5.65%. A total of 139 (39.27%) were aged 18–22 years, 154 (43.50%) were aged 23–26 years, and 61 (17.23%) were aged 27 years and above. There were 264 Han people, accounting for 74.58%, and 90 ethnic minorities, accounting for 25.42%. There were 102 students in high school or below, accounting for 28.81%; 188 students in junior colleges, accounting for 53.11%; 64 students with a bachelor’s degree or above, accounting for 18.08%; 110 only children, accounting for 31.07%; 244 nononly children, accounting for 68.93%; and 167 rural residents (47.18%), 30 rural residents (8.47%), and 157 urban residents (44.35%). A total of 297 (83.90%) patients participated in rescue missions, and 59 (16.10%) did not participate in rescue missions. Among them, 118 (33.33%) were single, 92 (25.99%) were in love, and 144 (40.68%) were married. The questionnaires used in this study are paper-based, with Likert-type scales measuring different psychological characteristics. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Mahasarakham University Ethics Committee for research involving human subjects (ethics codes 382 − 220/2024). The study was conducted in accordance with the approved guidelines and regulations. Measure. To assess the participants’ state of mind, the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) Scale and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCS) were used. Perceived Social Support Scale. This study adopts the “Perceived Social Support Scale” compiled by Zimet . The scale measures the degree to which an individual perceives support from the environment, including the degree to which support is available and the level of different sources of support, in 12 items. The scale uses a 7-point scale (1 = “strongly disagree”, 7 = “strongly agree”), and the higher the score is, the greater the degree of understanding of social support. The Cronbach’s α of this scale was 0.874. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had good structural validity ( χ 2 / df = 1.830, RMSEA = 0.048, CFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.983). The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale. This study uses the positive affect and negative affect scale developed by Watson et al. . Composed of 20 adjectives used to describe positive or negative emotions, the participants were asked to use a 5-point scale (1 = “not at all”, 5 = “almost always”) according to their actual situation in the past two weeks. In this study, the top 10 positive emotions sub-scale was used, and the greater the score in this part was, the greater the number of recent positive emotions. The Cronbach's α coefficient of this scale was 0.909. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had good structural validity ( χ 2 / df = 2.989, RMSEA = 0.075, CFI = 0.959, TLI = 0.947). Meaning in life Questionnaire. The scale of college students’ sense of meaning in life questionnaire revised by Wang was adopted in this study, with a total of 10 items, including two dimensions of meaning ownership and meaning seeking. Ratings were used on a 7-point scale (1 = “completely incorrect”, 7 = “completely correct”), with higher scores indicating a greater meaning in life. The Cronbach's α coefficient of this scale was 0.863. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had good structural validity ( χ 2 /df = 2.023, RMSEA = 0.054, CFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.982). Simplified coping style questionnaire. This study uses the simplified coping style questionnaire revised by Xie , which has a total of 20 questions, of which 12 questions measure positive coping and 8 questions measure negative coping. The scale is graded on a 4-point scale (1 = “never”, 4 = “always”), with higher scores indicating more positive or negative coping style. In this study, the first 12 subscales of positive coping style were used, and the Cronbach's α coefficient of this scale was 0.806. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had good structural validity ( χ 2 /df = 1.904, RMSEA = 0.051, CFI = 0.939, TLI = 0.925). Data processing. SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.3 were used for statistical analysis. SPSS 26.0 was used for reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson product difference correlation analysis and the common method deviation test. Mplus 8.3 was used for structural validity analysis and mediation tests, and a bootstrap program was used to test the indirect effect interval. The sample size in the model was set to 5000, and the confidence interval was set to 95%. Results Common method deviation test. The measurements of all the variables in this study were based on self-reports of the subjects, and there may be some common methodological bias . To avoid the influence of common method bias, according to the method recommended by Zhou and Long , the Harman single-factor test was used to test the common method bias of the variables involved in the study. The data show that there are 9 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 in the case of no rotation, and the variance explanation rate of the first factor is 22.513%, which is less than the critical value of 40% 41 , indicating that there is no serious common method bias in this study. Descriptive analysis of social support, positive emotions, meaning in life and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel under different demographic variables. The results revealed that the positive emotions scores of different age groups were significantly different ( p < 0.05). The positive emotions scores of those aged 18–22 years was significantly greater than that of those aged 23–26 years. There was no significant difference in positive emotions between people aged 23–26 years and those aged over 27 years. There were no significant differences in the other age groups. The positive coping style score of only children was significantly different ( p = 0.06), and the positive coping style score of only children was slightly higher than that of non-only children. There was a statistically significant difference in the scores of positive coping style across different educational backgrounds ( p < 0.05). The positive coping style score for those with an undergraduate education is significantly greater than that for those with a high school education and below, but there is no significant difference in positive coping style between those with a high school education and those with a junior college education. The positive coping style scores in different marriage and love states were compared, and the difference was statistically significant ( p = 0.05). Positive coping style scores were significantly higher in romantic relationships than in single and married couples, and there was no significant difference between single and married positive coping style scores. See Table 1 . Table 1 Scores of social support, positive emotions, meaning in life and positive coping style for fire rescue personnel according to different demographic variables (‾ x ± s ).* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, the same applies below. Variable Number of people Perceived Social Support Positive Emotions Meaning in Life Positive Coping Style Gender Male 334 4.93 ± 0.84 3.26 ± 7.53 4.95 ± 0.84 2.67 ± 0.43 Female 20 5.10 ± 0.66 3.19 ± 7.59 4.80 ± 0.77 2.79 ± 0.58 t -1.12 0.43 0.85 -0.96 p 0.27 0.67 0.41 0.35 Age 18–22 139 4.94 ± 0.89 3.37 ± 0.69 4.92 ± 0.79 2.67 ± 0.45 23–26 154 4.95 ± 0.78 3.15 ± 0.79 4.91 ± 0.86 2.67 ± 0.43 27 and above 61 4.92 ± 0.83 3.27 ± 0.76 5.07 ± 0.85 2.68 ± 0.44 F 0.04 3.27 0.93 0.01 p 0.96 0.04 * 0.40 0.99 Ethnicity The Han nationality 264 4.98 ± 0.85 3.26 ± 0.76 4.93 ± 0.84 2.68 ± 0.43 National minority 90 4.84 ± 0.77 3.24 ± 0.73 4.99 ± 0.80 2.64 ± 0.47 t 1.44 0.21 -0.67 0.72 p 0.15 0.83 0.50 0.48 Education background High school and below 102 4.99 ± 0.83 3.34 ± 0.72 4.96 ± 0.81 2.62 ± 0.42 Junior college 188 4.94 ± 0.80 3.20 ± 0.74 4.89 ± 0.83 2.70 ± 0.43 Bachelor degree or above 64 4.87 ± 0.92 3.27 ± 0.84 5.06 ± 0.85 2.78 ± 0.47 F 0.39 1.17 0.98 3.31 p 0.68 0.31 0.38 0.04 * Only child Yes 110 5.01 ± 0.82 3.23 ± 0.74 4.95 ± 0.84 2.74 ± 0.42 No 244 4.91 ± 0.83 3.27 ± 0.76 4.94 ± 0.83 2.64 ± 0.44 t 1.11 -0.49 0.06 19.2 p 0.27 0.62 0.95 0.06 Residence registration Rural 197 4.92 ± 0.83 3.25 ± 0.72 4.95 ± 0.87 2.63 ± 0.44 Urban 157 4.97 ± 0.83 3.26 ± 0.79 4.94 ± 0.78 2.72 ± 0.43 t 1.71 -0.15 0.11 -1.89 p 0.18 0.89 0.91 0.06 Have you participated in a rescue mission Yes 297 4.94 ± 0.85 3.25 ± 0.76 4.95 ± 0.83 2.67 ± 0.42 No 59 4.96 ± 0.75 3.28 ± 0.72 4.90 ± 0.83 2.71 ± 0.50 t -0.21 -0.23 0.42 -0.64 p 0.84 0.82 0.68 0.52 Marriage status Single 118 5.00 ± 0.88 3.34 ± 0.72 4.99 ± 0.86 2.63 ± 0.46 In love 92 4.99 ± 0.74 3.27 ± 0.72 4.95 ± 0.74 2.77 ± 0.40 Married 144 4.87 ± 0.84 3.18 ± 0.80 4.90 ± 0.86 2.65 ± 0.44 F 0.98 1.34 0.29 3.04 p 0.38 0.26 0.75 0.05 * Correlation analysis of social support, positive emotion s, meaning in life and positive coping style among fire rescue personnel. After controlling for 8 demographic variables, such as gender, age, ethnicity, residence registration, education background, whether they are only children, whether they participate in rescue missions and marriage status, descriptive statistical analysis of perceived social support, positive emotions, meaning in life, and positive coping style was performed, the results of which are shown in Table 2. Table 2 shows that perceptive social support, positive emotions, meaning in life and positive coping style are significantly positively correlated ( p < 0.01). Table 2 Correlation statistics of the main research variables ( n = 354, ‾ x ± s ). ‾ x ± s 1 2 3 4 1.Perceived Social Support 4.94 ± 0.83 1 2.Positive Emotions 3.26 ± 0.75 0.413 ** 1 3. Meaning in Life 4.94 ± 0.83 0.398 ** 0.307 ** 1 4.Positive Coping Style 2.67 ± 0.44 0.243 ** 0.373 ** 0.272 ** 1 Mediation effect analysis. To verify the mediating effects of positive emotions and meaning in life on fire rescue personnel’s perceptions of social support and positive coping style, Mplus 8.3 was used for path analysis, and the mediating analysis was carried out via the deviation-corrected percentile bootstrap method. This method was repeated 5000 times - - , and the confidence interval estimation was 95%. Eight demographic variables, including gender, age, ethnicity, residence registration, education level, only child status, participation in rescue missions, and marriage status, were used as control variables. The results revealed that the overall fit index of the intermediate model was good, χ 2 / df = 1.472, RMSEA = 0.037, CFI = 0.952, TLI = 0.949. The path coefficients and effect decomposition of the model are shown in Table 3 and Table 4 , respectively. The results of the regression analysis revealed that perceptive social support could positively predict the positive emotions of fire rescue team members ( β = 0.416, p < 0.01). The understanding of the social support of fire rescue personnel positively predicted their meaning in life ( β = 0.409, p < 0.01). Positive emotions ( β = 0.322, p < 0.01) and meaning in life ( β = 0.114, p 0.05), as shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Regression analysis among variables. Equation of Regression Goodness of Fit Regression Coefficient Significance Outcome Variable Predictive Variable R R 2 F β t Positive Emotions Perceptive Social Support 0.425 0.181 8.420 0.416 8.439 ** Meaning in Life Perceptive Social Support 0.426 0.181 8.480 0.409 8.313 ** Positive Coping Style Perceptive Social Support 0.422 0.178 6.740 0.057 0.997 Positive Emotions 0.322 5.864 ** Meaning in Life 0.114 2.076 * The results are in line with our assumption(Figure 1), its mediation effect size analysis show (Table 4) that perceptive social support can significantly predict the positive coping style of fire rescue personnel in two ways: (1) perceived social support − positive emotions − positive coping style and (2) perceived social support – meaning in life − positive coping style. Thus, through the complete mediating effect of positive emotions and meaning in life, perceived social support indirectly predicts the positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. Table 4 Analysis of the mediating effect between perceived social support and meaning in life. Effect Size Boot Standard Error Boot CI Lower Boot CI Upper Relative Mediation Effect Total Effect 0.238 0.052 0.135 0.341 Direct Effect 0.057 0.057 -0.056 0.170 Total Mediation Effect 0.181 0.035 0.116 0.253 76.05% Perceptive Social Support—Positive Emotions—Positive Coping Style 0.134 0.029 0.081 0.195 56.30% Perceptive Social Support—Meaning in Life—Positive Coping Style 0.047 0.024 0.002 0.098 19.75% Discussion Differences in the demographic variables of perceived social support, positive emotions, meaning in life and positive coping style among fire rescue personnel. This study revealed that there were significant differences in the positive emotions scores of fire rescue team members in different age groups. The positive emotions score of team members 23–26 was significantly lower than that of team members 18–22 and that of team members over 27. This may be because fire rescue team members in this age group are in a period of job burnout, unlike those in 18–22-year-old team members. In terms of enthusiasm and momentum for work, unlike the age group over 27 years, both economic status and job position significantly improve, and life is more stable. There are also fewer people over the age of 27, and most people may choose to leave the fire and rescue service at the age of 23–26. Therefore, compared with the other two stages, the 23–26 age group has certain variables related to work and life, and its emotional state greatly fluctuates. This study also revealed that the scores of the positive coping style of fire rescue team members with different educational backgrounds were different, which was similar to the results of previous studies . With the improvement of education, more knowledge and skills will be learned, and more opportunities will be available to learn about positive coping style. Therefore, fire rescue personnel with higher education levels can choose relevant positive coping style to address difficult situations. There are also significant differences in the scores of positive coping style of fire rescue personnel in different marriage and love states. The scores of positive coping style of fire rescue personnel in love are significantly higher than those of single and married fire rescue personnel, which may be because in love, they are more concerned about their image in the other half’s mind, so they want to show all aspects of themselves positively, including positive coping style. It may also be that fire rescue personnel feel more social support from each other when they are in love, whereas married people may feel less social support from each other when they are already familiar with each other. The mediating effect of positive emotions and sense of meaning in life on the influence of social support on the positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. In this study, the results show that the perceived social support of fire rescue team members can significantly positively predict positive coping style. The higher the perceived social support level of fire rescue team members is, the higher the score of their positive coping style. This result is consistent with previous research results10-12, and H1 has been verified. However, most previous studies have tested the direct effects of social support on positive coping style, and few studies have investigated the internal mechanism involved. This study revealed that after adding the two mediating variables of positive emotions and meaning in life, the direct effect of perceived social support on the positive coping style of fire rescue team members was no longer significant. That is, the perceived social support of fire rescue team members did not directly predict their positive coping style. Instead, through the mediating effect of positive emotions and meaning in life, positive coping style can be positively predicted. One is the independent mediating effect of positive emotions; the other is the independent mediating effect of the meaning in life, and H4 is verified. Among the two mediating pathways, positive emotions play a more significant predictive role than meaning in life in perceiving social support and positive coping style. As H2 is a mediating variable in the perception of social support and positive coping style, H2 is verified. Above all, according to resource conservation theory, perceiving social support as an exogenous resource can provide certain external conditions for internal resources, such as positive emotions, and promote the increase in and accumulation of internal resources18,20. For example, if fire rescue personnel can obtain the support and understanding of their leaders, teammates, friends, family, etc., then they will experience more positive emotions. Second, according to the extended theory of positive emotions, positive emotions help people broaden their cognitive perspective, face people or things in life with a more positive attitude, and tend to find positive ways to cope with problems14. For example, fire rescue personnel with more positive emotional resources tend to adopt positive coping methods to address the current situation when facing disasters or usual difficulties. Moreover, sense of meaning in life is another mediating variable in fire-rescue personnel’s perceived social support and positive coping style, and hypothesis H3 is verified. Above all, according to the maintenance and flow model of meaning in life, the meaning in life is not fixed but can be supplemented and enhanced from other places33. In this study, perceiving social support was one of the ways to enhance the meaning in life. If the firefighter receives trust and support from the people around him, this further enhances his meaning in life. Second, according to the meaning construction model of meaning in life, individuals actively participate in the process of constructing their own life meaning, in which individuals are positive rather than passive. Moreover, when individuals acquire life meaning through cognition, emotions and motivation, these life meanings will have a positive impact on their agreeable behavior25-26. Positive coping style is one of the important dependent variables. For example, fire rescue personnel with a greater meaning in life will more strongly appreciate the significance of this job to the safety of people’s lives and property. In the face of dangerous situations and disasters, they are more proactive in regulating their own behavior and adopt positive coping methods to address the difficulties faced. On the basis of positive psychology research on fire rescue team members, this study comprehensively explored the internal mechanism of fire rescue team members’ perceptions of social support and positive coping style. The study revealed the dual mediating role of “fire rescue team members perceiving social support → positive emotions → positive coping style; fire rescue team members’ perceiving social support → meaning in life → positive coping style”. This study expands the understanding of the interactions among social support, positive emotions, meaning in life and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel and extends the research scope of the emergency rescue ability of fire rescue personnel, which has certain theoretical and practical significance. As General Secretary Xi Jinping said, as the main force of emergency rescue and the national team, fire rescue personnel bear the important responsibility of preventing and resolving major safety risks and dealing with various disasters and accidents. Their physical and mental health development and emergency rescue ability are related to the safety of people’s lives and property, which is precisely the significance of this study. In summary, perceptive social support has a positive predictive effect on the positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. Positive emotions and meaning in life play multiple mediating roles between the perceptive social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel, and the mediating role of positive emotions is stronger. Therefore, managers of relevant emergency rescue departments should give full play to the link between positive emotions and meaning in life and pay attention to improving positive emotions and meaning in life while providing care and support to fire rescue personnel to promote the formation of positive coping style. Limitations and future directions Admittedly, there were several shortcomings in this study. Above all, this study adopts the questionnaire method for explicit measurement, which inevitably has certain social desirability and can be further studied by means of implicit measurement in the future. Second, a cross-sectional research design was adopted in this study, so it is not possible to investigate the causal relationship between the perceived social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. Future studies can adopt tracking designs, cross-lag designs or other scientific longitudinal research designs to investigate causal relationships. Third, the setting of demographic variables in this study is relatively conventional, which can be refined in future studies, such as the setting of working years, the number of times that comrades were killed or wounded, the number of times that they were wounded in the mission, and personally participating in rescue and treatment. Finally, the ultimate purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the mental health of fire rescue personnel and improving fire rescue ability. On this basis, intervention studies can be conducted in the future to increase the ecological validity of this study. Declarations Author Contribution Zhang was responsible for the conception of the full text, data processing, writing, selection, submission and other work.Wang was responsible for the full data collection and contacted the relevant fire rescue units.Qin was responsible for writing the first English draft of the full text.Jin was responsible for the ethical review of applications and the provision of fund project support. Data Availability Statement The data in this study was collected by questionnaire, which is crucial to understanding the study. Meanwhile data have been provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files. We are committed to ensuring the accuracy and integrity of our data. Anyone interested can download the data for subsequent research. References Chen, Y. & Ma, K. The survey and analysis on the psychological problems of fire army men at the low levels of the fire-prevention division of Sichuan province. 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Analysing multilevel mediation using multilevel structural equation models. Journal of Psychological Science. 37, 735–741 (2014) Lau, R. S. & Cheung, G. W. Estimating and comparing specific mediation effects in complex latent variable models. Organizational Research Methods . 15, 3–16 (2012) Wu, L. L., Hao, C. Y. & Zheng. J. et al. Mediating effect of active coping style between depression and quality of life among medical staff in grade-A tertiary hospitals in Shanxi Province. Occupation and Health . 39, 2209–2213 (2023) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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The majority of fire rescue personnel are often in situations that may cause injury or even sacrifice and bear greater psychological pressure, with no fixed place or time and standbying or alerting for a long time, and disasters and dangers are difficult to predict. Thus, these problems have become major obstacles restricting the stability and combat effectiveness of fire rescue personnel\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn1\" id=\"#FNLinkFn1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Therefore, investigating the factors influencing the mental health of fire rescue members and providing a scientific basis for maintaining the mental health of fire rescue members are important topics that need to be addressed at present. The positive coping style refers to problem-solving-oriented individuals actively seeking internal and external resources to construct strategies to solve problems \u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn2\" id=\"#FNLinkFn2\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Positive coping style is not only one of the important factors affecting mental health\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn3\" id=\"#FNLinkFn3\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn4\" id=\"#FNLinkFn4\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e but also closely related to work status\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn5\" id=\"#FNLinkFn5\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Research\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn6\" id=\"#FNLinkFn6\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e has shown that adopting a positive coping style can help promote the mental health of fire rescue personnel. Moreover, perceiving social support is crucial for physical and mental health\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn7\" id=\"#FNLinkFn7\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and is closely related to positive coping style. Perceiving social support refers to an individual\u0026rsquo;s perception of the social support they are likely to receive\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn8\" id=\"#FNLinkFn8\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn9\" id=\"#FNLinkFn9\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, that is, the degree of support and perceiving that the outside world feels to them subjectively. According to the social support buffer model, social support indirectly affects mental health by influencing internal factors such as individual personality, cognition and coping style. In other words, greater perceptions of good social support increase individuals\u0026rsquo; tendency to choose positive coping style \u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn10\" id=\"#FNLinkFn10\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Perceiving social support can improve the use of positive coping style by enhancing positive self-evaluations \u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn11\" id=\"#FNLinkFn11\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Armed police soldiers can obtain more support and help from family members and surrounding comrades. Some studies indicate that if armed police soldiers receive good social support, they are more inclined to take active coping methods to solve problems and seek help \u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn12\" id=\"#FNLinkFn12\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive emotion is a pleasant feeling \u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn13\" id=\"#FNLinkFn13\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Broaden and build theories of positive emotions suggest that positive emotions can improve an individual\u0026rsquo;s way of thinking about daily events and coping style\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn14\" id=\"#FNLinkFn14\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn15\" id=\"#FNLinkFn15\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Studies have shown that individuals can improve their coping style by expressing positive emotions\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn16\" id=\"#FNLinkFn16\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn17\" id=\"#FNLinkFn17\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Moreover, positive emotions may also be predictive of perceiving social support. Conservation of resources theory suggests that people always tend to use a kind of resource for storage\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn18\" id=\"#FNLinkFn18\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. By increasing reserves, people will actively invest and construct resources to cope with all possible types of pressure or risk in the future\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn19\" id=\"#FNLinkFn19\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. According to the source and stability of resources, Ten Brummelhuis and Bakker divided perceptive social support and positive emotions into exogenous resources and internal resources, respectively\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn20\" id=\"#FNLinkFn20\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Exogenous resources promote or hinder the acquisition of internal resources, and exogenous resources can penetrate into internal resources in different situations. That is, an individual\u0026rsquo;s perception of social support resources can affect his emotional resources. Moreover, other studies have shown that individuals\u0026rsquo; perception of social support can indeed play a protective role in their psychological adjustment and help them experience positive emotions\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn21\" id=\"#FNLinkFn21\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Therefore, positive emotions may play a mediating role in the relationship between the perception of social support and positive coping style.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe meaning in life also plays an important role. In this study, in addition to positive emotions, meaning in life plays a mediating role in the relationship between the perception of social support and coping style. The meaning in life is a subjective experience; it refers to the individual\u0026rsquo;s pursuit and determination of goals, thinking about and interpreting life events and experiences, and feeling that life is worth living\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn22\" id=\"#FNLinkFn22\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn23\" id=\"#FNLinkFn23\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The meaning in life has an important influence on individuals\u0026rsquo; mental health\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn24\" id=\"#FNLinkFn24\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The meaning-making model suggests that the general sense of meaning influences people\u0026rsquo;s thoughts, behaviors and emotional states to a large extent\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn25\" id=\"#FNLinkFn25\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn26\" id=\"#FNLinkFn26\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The meaning in life can effectively induce individuals to adopt positive coping style to adapt to the environment\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn27\" id=\"#FNLinkFn27\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn28\" id=\"#FNLinkFn28\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The meaning in life contains values, a sense of purpose, and a sense of integration with time. Studies have shown that meaning of life has a significant predictive effect on coping style\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn29\" id=\"#FNLinkFn29\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e; that is, individuals with stronger meaning of life are more inclined to adopt positive coping style to address problems\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn30\" id=\"#FNLinkFn30\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn31\" id=\"#FNLinkFn31\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn32\" id=\"#FNLinkFn32\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Additionally, the meaningfulness of life maintenance and fluid models\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn33\" id=\"#FNLinkFn33\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e indicates that when the meaning of life of an individual is threatened, the individual can be compensated from other fields to maintain the meaning of life. This compensation can be carried out in different fields; that is, when the meaning of life of an individual is reduced, it can be obtained from the support of others\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn34\" id=\"#FNLinkFn34\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The stronger the social support is, the better the adaptive state, and the greater meaning in life experienced in the social environment\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn35\" id=\"#FNLinkFn35\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Research has shown that individuals who feel more social support can construct their own positive belief system. The belief system helps them find solutions to problems associated with life difficulties, complete corresponding goals, obtain strong self-satisfaction, realize self-worth, and enhance their meaning in life\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn36\" id=\"#FNLinkFn36\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough previous studies have shown that perceptive social support, positive emotions, meaning of life, and positive coping style are positively correlated, few scholars have studied the four as a whole to examine how they influence each other. The perception of social support and active coping methods is highly important to the group of fire rescue personnel, but the internal mechanism is not fully understood. On the basis of relevant theories and research results, this study examines the mechanism of positive emotions and meaning in life in the understanding of social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. The following hypothesis is proposed:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 1\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe perceived social support of fire rescue personnel has a significant predictive effect on positive coping style.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 2\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive emotions play a mediating role in fire rescue personnel\u0026rsquo;s perceptions of social support and positive coping style.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 3\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe meaning in life plays a mediating role in the understanding of the social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 4\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive emotions and meaning in life play dual mediating roles in the perceived social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eParticipants and procedure.\u003c/b\u003e This study uses a convenient sampling method, and 370 fire rescue personnel in a city were investigated and measured by completing paper questionnaire. After validity scale screening, 354 valid data points were obtained, and the recovery rate was 95.68%. Among the 354 fire rescue personnel in this study, 334 were male, accounting for 94.35%, and 20 were female, accounting for 5.65%. A total of 139 (39.27%) were aged 18\u0026ndash;22 years, 154 (43.50%) were aged 23\u0026ndash;26 years, and 61 (17.23%) were aged 27 years and above. There were 264 Han people, accounting for 74.58%, and 90 ethnic minorities, accounting for 25.42%. There were 102 students in high school or below, accounting for 28.81%; 188 students in junior colleges, accounting for 53.11%; 64 students with a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree or above, accounting for 18.08%; 110 only children, accounting for 31.07%; 244 nononly children, accounting for 68.93%; and 167 rural residents (47.18%), 30 rural residents (8.47%), and 157 urban residents (44.35%). A total of 297 (83.90%) patients participated in rescue missions, and 59 (16.10%) did not participate in rescue missions. Among them, 118 (33.33%) were single, 92 (25.99%) were in love, and 144 (40.68%) were married. The questionnaires used in this study are paper-based, with Likert-type scales measuring different psychological characteristics. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Mahasarakham University Ethics Committee for research involving human subjects (ethics codes 382\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;220/2024). The study was conducted in accordance with the approved guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMeasure.\u003c/b\u003e To assess the participants\u0026rsquo; state of mind, the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) Scale and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCS) were used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePerceived Social Support Scale.\u003c/b\u003e This study adopts the \u0026ldquo;Perceived Social Support Scale\u0026rdquo; compiled by Zimet\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn37\" id=\"#FNLinkFn37\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The scale measures the degree to which an individual perceives support from the environment, including the degree to which support is available and the level of different sources of support, in 12 items. The scale uses a 7-point scale (1 = \u0026ldquo;strongly disagree\u0026rdquo;, 7 = \u0026ldquo;strongly agree\u0026rdquo;), and the higher the score is, the greater the degree of understanding of social support. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e of this scale was 0.874. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had good structural validity (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e /\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.830, \u003cem\u003eRMSEA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.048, \u003cem\u003eCFI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.987, \u003cem\u003eTLI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.983).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale.\u003c/b\u003e This study uses the positive affect and negative affect scale developed by Watson et al.\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn38\" id=\"#FNLinkFn38\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Composed of 20 adjectives used to describe positive or negative emotions, the participants were asked to use a 5-point scale (1 = \u0026ldquo;not at all\u0026rdquo;, 5 = \u0026ldquo;almost always\u0026rdquo;) according to their actual situation in the past two weeks. In this study, the top 10 positive emotions sub-scale was used, and the greater the score in this part was, the greater the number of recent positive emotions. The Cronbach's \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e coefficient of this scale was 0.909. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had good structural validity (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.989, \u003cem\u003eRMSEA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.075, \u003cem\u003eCFI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.959, \u003cem\u003eTLI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.947).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMeaning in life Questionnaire.\u003c/b\u003e The scale of college students\u0026rsquo; sense of meaning in life questionnaire revised by Wang\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn39\" id=\"#FNLinkFn39\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e was adopted in this study, with a total of 10 items, including two dimensions of meaning ownership and meaning seeking. Ratings were used on a 7-point scale (1 = \u0026ldquo;completely incorrect\u0026rdquo;, 7 = \u0026ldquo;completely correct\u0026rdquo;), with higher scores indicating a greater meaning in life. The Cronbach's \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e coefficient of this scale was 0.863. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had good structural validity (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.023, \u003cem\u003eRMSEA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.054, \u003cem\u003eCFI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.987, \u003cem\u003eTLI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.982).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSimplified coping style questionnaire.\u003c/b\u003e This study uses the simplified coping style questionnaire revised by Xie\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn40\" id=\"#FNLinkFn40\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, which has a total of 20 questions, of which 12 questions measure positive coping and 8 questions measure negative coping. The scale is graded on a 4-point scale (1 = \u0026ldquo;never\u0026rdquo;, 4 = \u0026ldquo;always\u0026rdquo;), with higher scores indicating more positive or negative coping style. In this study, the first 12 subscales of positive coping style were used, and the Cronbach's \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e coefficient of this scale was 0.806. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had good structural validity (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003e/df\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.904, \u003cem\u003eRMSEA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.051, \u003cem\u003eCFI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.939, \u003cem\u003eTLI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.925).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData processing.\u003c/b\u003e SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.3 were used for statistical analysis. SPSS 26.0 was used for reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson product difference correlation analysis and the common method deviation test. Mplus 8.3 was used for structural validity analysis and mediation tests, and a bootstrap program was used to test the indirect effect interval. The sample size in the model was set to 5000, and the confidence interval was set to 95%.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCommon method deviation test.\u003c/b\u003e The measurements of all the variables in this study were based on self-reports of the subjects, and there may be some common methodological bias\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn41\" id=\"#FNLinkFn41\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. To avoid the influence of common method bias, according to the method recommended by Zhou and Long\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn42\" id=\"#FNLinkFn42\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, the Harman single-factor test was used to test the common method bias of the variables involved in the study. The data show that there are 9 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 in the case of no rotation, and the variance explanation rate of the first factor is 22.513%, which is less than the critical value of 40%\u003csup\u003e41\u003c/sup\u003e, indicating that there is no serious common method bias in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDescriptive analysis of social support, positive emotions, meaning in life and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel under different demographic variables.\u003c/b\u003e The results revealed that the positive emotions scores of different age groups were significantly different (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The positive emotions scores of those aged 18\u0026ndash;22 years was significantly greater than that of those aged 23\u0026ndash;26 years. There was no significant difference in positive emotions between people aged 23\u0026ndash;26 years and those aged over 27 years. There were no significant differences in the other age groups. The positive coping style score of only children was significantly different (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06), and the positive coping style score of only children was slightly higher than that of non-only children. There was a statistically significant difference in the scores of positive coping style across different educational backgrounds (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The positive coping style score for those with an undergraduate education is significantly greater than that for those with a high school education and below, but there is no significant difference in positive coping style between those with a high school education and those with a junior college education. The positive coping style scores in different marriage and love states were compared, and the difference was statistically significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05). Positive coping style scores were significantly higher in romantic relationships than in single and married couples, and there was no significant difference between single and married positive coping style scores. See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScores of social support, positive emotions, meaning in life and positive coping style for fire rescue personnel according to different demographic variables (\u0026oline;\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e ).*\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, **\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, ***\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, the same applies below. \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived Social Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive Emotions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeaning in Life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive Coping Style\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u0026ndash;26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Han nationality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational minority\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation background\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school and below\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunior college\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor degree or above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence registration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you participated in a rescue mission\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarriage status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn love\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation analysis of social support, positive emotion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003es, meaning in life and positive coping style among fire rescue personnel.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAfter controlling for 8 demographic variables, such as gender, age, ethnicity, residence registration, education background, whether they are only children, whether they participate in rescue\u0026nbsp;missions\u0026nbsp;and marriage status, descriptive statistical analysis of perceived social support, positive emotions, meaning in life, and positive coping style was performed, the results of which are shown in Table 2. Table 2 shows that perceptive social support, positive emotions, meaning in life and positive coping style are significantly positively correlated (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation statistics of the main research variables (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;354, \u0026oline;\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e ).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026oline;\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Perceived Social Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.Positive Emotions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.413\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Meaning in Life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.398\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.307\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.Positive Coping Style\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.373\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.272\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMediation effect analysis.\u003c/b\u003e To verify the mediating effects of positive emotions and meaning in life on fire rescue personnel\u0026rsquo;s perceptions of social support and positive coping style, Mplus 8.3 was used for path analysis, and the mediating analysis was carried out via the deviation-corrected percentile bootstrap method. This method was repeated 5000 times\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn43\" id=\"#FNLinkFn43\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn44\" id=\"#FNLinkFn44\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e-\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn45\" id=\"#FNLinkFn45\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, and the confidence interval estimation was 95%. Eight demographic variables, including gender, age, ethnicity, residence registration, education level, only child status, participation in rescue missions, and marriage status, were used as control variables. The results revealed that the overall fit index of the intermediate model was good, \u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.472, \u003cem\u003eRMSEA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.037, \u003cem\u003eCFI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.952, \u003cem\u003eTLI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.949. The path coefficients and effect decomposition of the model are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the regression analysis revealed that perceptive social support could positively predict the positive emotions of fire rescue team members (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.416, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The understanding of the social support of fire rescue personnel positively predicted their meaning in life (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.409, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Positive emotions (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.322, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and meaning in life (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.114, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) significantly positively predict positive coping style, and the direct predictive effect of social support on positive coping style was not significant (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.057, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression analysis among variables. \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation of Regression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoodness of Fit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictive Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive Emotions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptive Social Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.439\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeaning in Life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptive Social Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.313\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive Coping Style\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptive Social Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive Emotions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.864\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeaning in Life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.076\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003eThe results are in line with our assumption(Figure 1), its mediation effect size analysis show (Table 4) that perceptive social support can significantly predict the positive coping style of fire rescue personnel in two ways: (1) perceived social support \u0026minus; positive emotions \u0026minus; positive coping style and (2) perceived social support \u0026ndash; meaning in life \u0026minus; \u0026nbsp;positive coping style. Thus, through the complete mediating effect of positive emotions and meaning in life, perceived social support indirectly predicts the positive coping style of fire rescue personnel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the mediating effect between perceived social support and meaning in life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect Size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoot Standard Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoot CI Lower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoot CI Upper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative Mediation Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Mediation Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.05%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptive Social Support\u0026mdash;Positive Emotions\u0026mdash;Positive Coping Style\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptive Social Support\u0026mdash;Meaning in Life\u0026mdash;Positive Coping Style\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDifferences in the demographic variables of perceived social support, positive emotions, meaning in life and positive coping style among fire rescue personnel.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that there were significant differences in the positive emotions scores of fire rescue team members in different age groups. The positive emotions score of team members 23\u0026ndash;26 was significantly lower than that of team members 18\u0026ndash;22 and that of team members over 27. This may be because fire rescue team members in this age group are in a period of job burnout, unlike those in 18\u0026ndash;22-year-old team members. In terms of enthusiasm and momentum for work, unlike the age group over 27 years, both economic status and job position significantly improve, and life is more stable. There are also fewer people over the age of 27, and most people may choose to leave the fire and rescue service at the age of 23\u0026ndash;26. Therefore, compared with the other two stages, the 23\u0026ndash;26 age group has certain variables related to work and life, and its emotional state greatly fluctuates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study also revealed that the scores of the positive coping style of fire rescue team members with different educational backgrounds were different, which was similar to the results of previous studies\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn46\" id=\"#FNLinkFn46\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. With the improvement of education, more knowledge and skills will be learned, and more opportunities will be available to learn about positive coping style. Therefore, fire rescue personnel with higher education levels can choose relevant positive coping style to address difficult situations. There are also significant differences in the scores of positive coping style of fire rescue personnel in different marriage and love states. The scores of positive coping style of fire rescue personnel in love are significantly higher than those of single and married fire rescue personnel, which may be because in love, they are more concerned about their image in the other half\u0026rsquo;s mind, so they want to show all aspects of themselves positively, including positive coping style. It may also be that fire rescue personnel feel more social support from each other when they are in love, whereas married people may feel less social support from each other when they are already familiar with each other.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe mediating effect of positive emotions and sense of meaning in life on the influence of social support on the positive coping style of fire rescue personnel.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the results show that the perceived social support of fire rescue team members can significantly positively predict positive coping style. The higher the perceived social support level of fire rescue team members is, the higher the score of their positive coping style. This result is consistent with previous research results10-12, and H1 has been verified. However, most previous studies have tested the direct effects of social support on positive coping style, and few studies have investigated the internal mechanism involved. This study revealed that after adding the two mediating variables of positive emotions and meaning in life, the direct effect of perceived social support on the positive coping style of fire rescue team members was no longer significant. That is, the perceived social support of fire rescue team members did not directly predict their positive coping style. Instead, through the mediating effect of positive emotions and meaning in life, positive coping style can be positively predicted. One is the independent mediating effect of positive emotions; the other is the independent mediating effect of the meaning in life, and H4 is verified. Among the two mediating pathways, positive emotions play a more significant predictive role than meaning in life in perceiving social support and positive coping style.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs H2 is a mediating variable in the perception of social support and positive coping style, H2 is verified. Above all, according to resource conservation theory, perceiving social support as an exogenous resource can provide certain external conditions for internal resources, such as positive emotions, and promote the increase in and accumulation of internal resources18,20. For example, if fire rescue personnel can obtain the support and understanding of their leaders, teammates, friends, family, etc., then they will experience more positive emotions. Second, according to the extended theory of positive emotions, positive emotions help people broaden their cognitive perspective, face people or things in life with a more positive attitude, and tend to find positive ways to cope with problems14. For example, fire rescue personnel with more positive emotional resources tend to adopt positive coping methods to address the current situation when facing disasters or usual difficulties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, sense of meaning in life is another mediating variable in fire-rescue personnel\u0026rsquo;s perceived social support and positive coping style, and hypothesis H3 is verified. Above all, according to the maintenance and flow model of meaning in life, the meaning in life is not fixed but can be supplemented and enhanced from other places33. In this study, perceiving social support was one of the ways to enhance the meaning in life. If the firefighter receives trust and support from the people around him, this further enhances his meaning in life. Second, according to the meaning construction model of meaning in life, individuals actively participate in the process of constructing their own life meaning, in which individuals are positive rather than passive. Moreover, when individuals acquire life meaning through cognition, emotions and motivation, these life meanings will have a positive impact on their agreeable behavior25-26. Positive coping style is one of the important dependent variables. For example, fire rescue personnel with a greater meaning in life will more strongly appreciate the significance of this job to the safety of people\u0026rsquo;s lives and property. In the face of dangerous situations and disasters, they are more proactive in regulating their own behavior and adopt positive coping methods to address the difficulties faced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the basis of positive psychology research on fire rescue team members, this study comprehensively explored the internal mechanism of fire rescue team members\u0026rsquo; perceptions of social support and positive coping style. The study revealed the dual mediating role of \u0026ldquo;fire rescue team members perceiving social support \u0026rarr; positive emotions \u0026rarr; positive coping style; fire rescue team members\u0026rsquo; perceiving social support \u0026rarr; meaning in life \u0026rarr; positive coping style\u0026rdquo;. This study expands the understanding of the interactions among social support, positive emotions, meaning in life and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel and extends the research scope of the emergency rescue ability of fire rescue personnel, which has certain theoretical and practical significance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs General Secretary Xi Jinping said, as the main force of emergency rescue and the national team, fire rescue personnel bear the important responsibility of preventing and resolving major safety risks and dealing with various disasters and accidents. Their physical and mental health development and emergency rescue ability are related to the safety of people\u0026rsquo;s lives and property, which is precisely the significance of this study. In summary, perceptive social support has a positive predictive effect on the positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. Positive emotions and meaning in life play multiple mediating roles between the perceptive social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel, and the mediating role of positive emotions is stronger. Therefore, managers of relevant emergency rescue departments should give full play to the link between positive emotions and meaning in life and pay attention to improving positive emotions and meaning in life while providing care and support to fire rescue personnel to promote the formation of positive coping style.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Limitations and future directions","content":"\u003cp\u003eAdmittedly, there were several shortcomings in this study. Above all, this study adopts the questionnaire method for explicit measurement, which inevitably has certain social desirability and can be further studied by means of implicit measurement in the future. Second, a cross-sectional research design was adopted in this study, so it is not possible to investigate the causal relationship between the perceived social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. Future studies can adopt tracking designs, cross-lag designs or other scientific longitudinal research designs to investigate causal relationships. Third, the setting of demographic variables in this study is relatively conventional, which can be refined in future studies, such as the setting of working years, the number of times that comrades were killed or wounded, the number of times that they were wounded in the mission, and personally participating in rescue and treatment. Finally, the ultimate purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the mental health of fire rescue personnel and improving fire rescue ability. On this basis, intervention studies can be conducted in the future to increase the ecological validity of this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eZhang was responsible for the conception of the full text, data processing, writing, selection, submission and other work.Wang was responsible for the full data collection and contacted the relevant fire rescue units.Qin was responsible for writing the first English draft of the full text.Jin was responsible for the ethical review of applications and the provision of fund project support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data in this study was collected by questionnaire, which is crucial to understanding the study. Meanwhile data have been provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files. We are committed to ensuring the accuracy and integrity of our data. Anyone interested can download the data for subsequent research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;Chen, Y. \u0026amp; Ma, K. The survey and analysis on the psychological problems of fire army men at the low levels of the fire-prevention division of Sichuan province. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Chinese People\u0026rsquo;s Armed Police Force Academy\u003c/em\u003e.3,73\u0026ndash;78 (2003).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;Patterson, J. M. \u0026amp; McCubbin, H. I. Adolescent coping style and behaviors: Conceptualization and measurement. \u003cem\u003eJournal of adolescence.\u003c/em\u003e 10, 163\u0026ndash;186 (1987)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;Matthews, M. D., Hancock, P. A. \u0026amp; Szalma, J. L. 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Fire rescue personnel are often faced with sudden disasters and threats, so positive coping style is of great significance to the mental health of them. Although previous studies have found that perceived social support can promote positive coping style, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate a hypothetical model that posits that perceived social support in fire rescue personnel positively predicts positive coping style and that positive emotion and meaning in life play a mediating role. A total of 354 fire rescue personnel with fire rescue detachment in a city were investigated via the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), Positive and Negative Emotion Scale (PANNS), Meaning of Life Questionnaire (MLQ) and Simple Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). The correlation between these variables and the mediating effect of resilience was examined by path analysis. The average scores of perceived social support, positive emotion, sense of life meaning and positive coping style were 4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83, 3.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75, 4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83 and 2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44, respectively. The results of the correlation analysis revealed that positive coping style was positively correlated with social support, positive emotion and sense of meaning in life (all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Positive emotion and meaning in life had a complete mediating effect on the relationship between perceived social support and positive coping style, and the total mediating effect accounted for 76.05% of the total effect. Positive emotion and meaning in life play dual mediating roles in the perceived social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel. This paper reveals the internal mechanism of the perceived social support and positive coping style of fire rescue personnel, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving the mental health and rescue ability of fire rescue personnel.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The relationship between perceived social support and positive coping style in fire rescue personnel: the mediating effect of positive emotions and meaning in life","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-04 16:48:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4942898/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-12-09T02:49:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-12-04T17:41:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"247062859385127575137879427716416392868","date":"2024-12-02T09:44:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-11-17T15:18:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"212793427267230188096867599114219822619","date":"2024-11-16T12:47:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-11-06T07:49:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"279584228835691456102181251870161457517","date":"2024-10-27T09:37:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"238172026744797818915603687751206131835","date":"2024-09-21T05:06:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-09T18:14:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-09T14:46:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-05T16:52:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-03T12:59:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-08-20T07:28:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8e65f523-7c95-4703-8573-9c8e0f4f9f57","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":38286964,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"},{"id":38286965,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Psychology and behaviour"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-10T19:46:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4942898","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91799-y","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-03-05 15:58:21","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 5th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-04 16:48:38","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-91799-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91799-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4942898","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4942898","identity":"rs-4942898","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}