A Novel Multi-Factor Authentication Approach Integrating Dynamic Image Grids and Cell Addresses Algorithm

A Novel Multi-Factor Authentication Approach Integrating Dynamic Image Grids and Cell Addresses Algorithm | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Novel Multi-Factor Authentication Approach Integrating Dynamic Image Grids and Cell Addresses Algorithm Donald Yeboah, Prince Clement Addo, Joshua Caleb Dagadu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5821254/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study introduces a novel graphical multi-factor authentication (MFA) algorithm that integrates user image hashes and dynamic image grids with cell addresses (DIGCA) to optimize storage requirements with robust security. The algorithm stores image hashes rather than actual images, significantly reducing storage space while maintaining security integrity. In contrast to the existing image recognition algorithm, the algorithm shows a drastic reduction of 99.9% in storage requirements. Performance analysis demonstrates that the algorithm provides a high level of accuracy with a 95.36% success rate in user authentication over an extended period. Again, the image grid and cell addresses prove an ample password space and entropy. With the minimum assumption grid size, it achieves a password space of 1.36 × 10 40 , Which makes it virtually impossible for an attacker to guess the correct combination. The results underscore the algorithm’s potential as a superior alternative to existing MFA schemes, offering both security and practicality in modern authentication systems. Computer Architecture and Engineering Multifactor Authentication image hashes dynamic image grids cell addresses storage optimization Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5821254","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":401593865,"identity":"a6086b21-9310-41f2-9b51-3b8e712a9184","order_by":0,"name":"Donald Yeboah","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0D8gI2BwYCBgY3hA5DDxk6MlgSoFsYZIC3MpGhh5gGJENLCd7z34IeEssNy5uzNzx7b/Nomz8fMwPjhYw5uLZJnziVLJJw7bGzZc8zcOLfvtmEbMwOz5MxtuLUY3MgxkEhsO5y44UaCmXRuz21GoBY2Zl78Wox/ALXUb7iR/k3asue2PTFazEC2JIAY0gw/bicS1CJ55oyZRcK5dMOdPWfKJHsbbie3MTM24/UL3/Ee4xsfyqzlzdnbt0n8+HPbdn5788EPH/FogYJmCMXYBiYbCKoHgjoo/YcYxaNgFIyCUTDSAACsIVWcs8RNtwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6401-2043","institution":"Department of Information Technology Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Donald","middleName":"","lastName":"Yeboah","suffix":""},{"id":401593866,"identity":"f3cac2a3-fa5f-4ec3-be25-dcff56c16327","order_by":1,"name":"Prince Clement Addo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Information Technology Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prince","middleName":"Clement","lastName":"Addo","suffix":""},{"id":401594114,"identity":"fb323d40-459c-4365-8979-aba9e628dcf6","order_by":2,"name":"Joshua Caleb Dagadu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Information Technology Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joshua","middleName":"Caleb","lastName":"Dagadu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-13 15:41:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5821254/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5821254/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73822452,"identity":"075e7eb2-5a19-4a51-b097-68416edeb6c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 04:41:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1392313,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscrisptpreprint.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5821254/v1_covered_70713587-16a7-4f51-a15a-f34087483083.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA Novel Multi-Factor Authentication Approach Integrating Dynamic Image Grids and Cell Addresses Algorithm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Multifactor Authentication, image hashes, dynamic image grids, cell addresses, storage optimization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5821254/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5821254/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study introduces a novel graphical multi-factor authentication (MFA) algorithm that integrates user image hashes and dynamic image grids with cell addresses (DIGCA) to optimize storage requirements with robust security. 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