Remediation of steel processing and dishware enameling wastewater using ammonium carbonate-modified kaolinite clay

Remediation of steel processing and dishware enameling wastewater using ammonium carbonate-modified kaolinite clay | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Remediation of steel processing and dishware enameling wastewater using ammonium carbonate-modified kaolinite clay John Augustine Lawal, Ezekiel Oluyemi Odebunmi, Folahan Amoo Adekola, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6049159/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the remediation of steel processing and steel dishware enameling wastewater using ammonium carbonate-modified kaolinite clay (ACK). The ACK adsorbent synthesized via a reaction of kaolinite with ammonium carbonate, enhanced its adsorption capacity by forming a kaolinite-calcite matrix. Batch adsorption experiments revealed that ACK effectively reduced the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cr ions from 283 to 0.02 mg/L, 39.02 to 0.02 mg/L, 18.8 to < 0.001 mg/L, and 10.84 to 0.02 mg/L respectively. For the dishware enameling wastewater, Fe ions was found to be the predominant heavy metal present and the concentration reduced significantly from 80 to 0.24 mg/L. Removal efficiencies exceeding 99% after successive adsorption-regeneration cycles was achieved for the wastewater. Regeneration of ACK demonstrated sustained adsorption efficacy, particularly for the metal ions. The physicochemical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids improved significantly post-treatment, bringing values within permissible limits set by NESREA and WHO for industrial discharge and irrigation use. The analysis of the water quality index (WQI) and metal pollution index (MPI) of the wastewater, confirmed substantial improvement in effluent quality. The study revealed the potential of ACK as a low-cost efficient adsorbent for iron and steel processing wastewater treatment. Adsorption heavy metals iron and steel kaolinite clay wastewater Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6049159","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":436023578,"identity":"febd8f2e-b2bd-4cdb-813e-61a70be3ad8a","order_by":0,"name":"John Augustine Lawal","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPhDxgIGNgZ8BSCTAhHnwaGEDEQlASrKBRC0MDAYHIGwitLCfMfyQwMAnb3z88LMHDyoOy5n3H2B88LaNIU/eAYcWnhxjCaDDDLedSTM3SDhz2FjmRgKz4dw2hmLDA7gclrsBpIVx24EcNonEtrTEGRIMbNK8bQyJGxtwaOF/u/kHUIv95v43QC3/0upn8B9g/41Xi0TuNpAtiRskQLY02CRIMCSwMYO0zMflfYn33ywSDNiSZ9x4ZiaRcMzGcIZEYrPknHMSiRtwaOHnT0u+8aHimG1/f/IzyR81EvIS/IcPfnhTZpM4H4fDIMDgGDKPEaRWAhRT+EANFjF5vLaMglEwCkbBCAIApptUK/40BCQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Achievers University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"John","middleName":"Augustine","lastName":"Lawal","suffix":""},{"id":436023579,"identity":"1a7f764a-64d2-4283-a7e3-4f7e10559e53","order_by":1,"name":"Ezekiel Oluyemi Odebunmi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ilorin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ezekiel","middleName":"Oluyemi","lastName":"Odebunmi","suffix":""},{"id":436023580,"identity":"50a543a8-642e-4fa2-a085-8d89770c4efe","order_by":2,"name":"Folahan Amoo Adekola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ilorin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Folahan","middleName":"Amoo","lastName":"Adekola","suffix":""},{"id":436023581,"identity":"ff57bf18-0c74-4ea8-b29d-70a69c298dcf","order_by":3,"name":"Omolola Titilayo Odeyemi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kwara State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omolola","middleName":"Titilayo","lastName":"Odeyemi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-17 15:08:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6049159/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6049159/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83999740,"identity":"87d1fb13-4d91-4708-a008-ae2609b28784","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 14:24:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":645871,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptforadsorptiononACK.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6049159/v1_covered_cdd02637-4be5-4b0d-be4c-e3f99716614b.pdf"},{"id":79595080,"identity":"5537531f-0e87-40a3-95d7-23d543e68f8d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 13:57:32","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":30218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6049159/v1/4ec70cc9a750b186aa26cbaf.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Remediation of steel processing and dishware enameling wastewater using ammonium carbonate-modified kaolinite clay","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Adsorption, heavy metals, iron and steel, kaolinite clay, wastewater","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6049159/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6049159/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the remediation of steel processing and steel dishware enameling wastewater using ammonium carbonate-modified kaolinite clay (ACK). 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