Gravity Model applied in External Trade Betwen Portugal and Comonwealth

Gravity Model applied in External Trade Betwen Portugal and Comonwealth | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Gravity Model applied in External Trade Betwen Portugal and Comonwealth Nerhum Sandambi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5790831/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study analyses foreign trade between Portugal and Commonwealth countries in the period 1990-2017. The main objective is to analyse foreign trade between Portugal and the Commonwealth countries and to understand the main factors that influence the volume of foreign trade. The study was estimated using a gravity model, but the model was static, using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects (FE) and Random Effects (RE) models. The main results show that economic distance measured by real GDP between the countries of origin and destination has a positive impact of 2.145% on the volume of foreign trade, income levels in the countries of destination have a positive impact on the volume of foreign trade of 1.238%, although it is significant at the 1% level, the exchange rate has a negative impact on trade and is not relevant in explaining trade levels. Physical distance has a positive impact, but is not significant in explaining the volume of foreign trade between Portugal and the Commonwealth countries. Jel Classification : F00; F1; F14. International Economics Econometrics Panel data foreign trade Commonwealth gravity model & International Economics Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5790831","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":399549191,"identity":"e8c82c2d-daee-47c8-9145-48fd1c2352f1","order_by":0,"name":"Nerhum Sandambi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNiidwMDMYGBjxw9mFxCvJS1ZsgHENiBaC8Nhxg0HQBw8WszZe5895s2pkzdnT366uaCAmdn4/OrEDw8MGOT5xQ5g1WLZc9zcmHfbYcOdPc/Mbs8wYOMzu/F2swTQYYYzZydg1WJwI41NmnfbAcYNNxLMbvMY8DCb3Ti7AaQlweA2Di33n4G01NlvuJH+DahFgnHzjLObf+DVcoMNpIU5ccONHJAtBowb+Hu34bflTBqb5Nxth5M3nHlTBvRLQrLEDd5tFgkGErj9cvwYm8TbbXW2G46nb7td8Oe/HX//2c03f1TYyPNLY9eCBUiAVUoQqxwE+A+QonoUjIJRMApGAAAASHJh80oJenIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8230-2878","institution":"Évora University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nerhum","middleName":"","lastName":"Sandambi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-08 16:50:00","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5790831/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5790831/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73339418,"identity":"1f9dcca0-08aa-4de7-9c98-74cacb99ff92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-09 05:08:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":329768,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"EXTERNALTRADEBETWENPORTUGALANDCOMONWEALTHNERHUMSANDAMBI.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5790831/v1_covered_d0523894-e2a9-4ca6-ae03-b28546d67b5b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGravity Model applied in External Trade Betwen Portugal and Comonwealth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"not aplicate ","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Panel data, foreign trade, Commonwealth, gravity model \u0026 International Economics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5790831/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5790831/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study analyses foreign trade between Portugal and Commonwealth countries in the period 1990-2017. 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