Anticorrosion properties of ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide epoxy composite coating on the carbon steel for CCUS environment

Anticorrosion properties of ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide epoxy composite coating on the carbon steel for CCUS environment | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Anticorrosion properties of ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide epoxy composite coating on the carbon steel for CCUS environment Nikhil Rahul Dhongde, Sayani Adhikari, Prasanna Venkatesh Rajaraman This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5241126/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The adoption of CO 2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology is increasingly prevalent, driven by the global initiative to conserve energy and reduce emissions. Nevertheless, CCUS has the potential to induce corrosion in equipment, particularly in high-pressure environments containing CO 2 . Therefore, anti-corrosion protection is necessary for the metal utilized for CO 2 production and storage equipment. Herein, an ionic liquid (Triethylsulfonium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-imide) was used to functionalize graphene oxide (prepared via improved Hummers method). FESEM, TEM, and XPS confirmed ionic liquids (IL) were successfully attached to the GO lattice. Afterwards, 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% IL-GO composites were separately incorporated into the epoxy and coated on the carbon steel substrate with a thickness of 50 ± 2 µm. The surface examinations demonstrated a consistent distribution of the ILGO composite in the epoxy matrix and achieved a uniform surface. Anti-corrosive property of 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% IL-GO/epoxy coatings was evaluated using electrochemical tests such as potentiodynamic polarisation, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) after immersion in the CO 2 (1.5 MPa) and 3.5 wt% NaCl system. After 48 h of immersion in a corrosion environment (CO 2 -NaCl), the protection efficiency of 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% IL-GO/epoxy coatings are 86.41 ± 0.55 and 92.59 ± 0.83%, respectively. The findings of this study demonstrated that the ILGO composite reinforced epoxy coating exhibited exceptional corrosion resistance when exposed to CO 2 . carbon steel ionic liquid graphene oxide CO2 epoxy coating electrochemical studies Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 1. Introduction With the increase in worldwide temperature, the melting ice is leading to an increase in sea level (Yuan et al. 2022a ; Velpandian et al. 2023 ; Dhongde et al. 2024b ). Consequently, an increasing number of countries are prioritizing the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in industrial sectors (Feng et al. 2023 ). During the CCUS process, it is unavoidable for compressed solutions containing CO 2 gas and other organic/inorganic ions to come into contact with transportation pipelines and metal reaction equipment (Wang et al. 2024b ). Hence, the issue of metal equipment corrosion resulting from the CCUS process must not be overlooked. Carbon steels are widely used in various industrial applications, including the CCUS technology, gas storage wells, production systems for oil and gas industries, and ship construction (Sun et al. 2023a ; Devi et al. 2024 ; Adhikari et al. 2024 ). They are affordable and offer numerous benefits in terms of mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties (Talukdar and Rajaraman 2020 ; Talukdar et al. 2022 , 2023 ). They potentially experience severe corrosion when chlorine compounds and corrosive gases (H 2 S, CO 2 , etc.) are available in the production well (Zhou et al. 2024 ; Yin et al. 2024a ). Among various anti-corrosion measures such as cathodic protection, corrosion inhibition, corrosion-resistant alloys, and anti-corrosion coating, anti-corrosion coating are more reliable and cost-effective techniques for carbon steel protection in the corrosive environment (CO 2 and NaCl) (Sun et al. 2023b ; Yin et al. 2024a ). An epoxy-based coating is the most favourable for carbon steel protection in corrosive environment (Henriques and Soares 2024 ). The epoxy resins are highly compressible substances with exceptional resistance to corrosion, high tensile strength, durability against physical damage, and superior fatigue resistance (Diraki and Omanovic 2023 ; Cui et al. 2023 ). However, the service life of the epoxy-based coating is limed. Furthermore, to enhance the resistance to corrosion and prolong the lifespan of the epoxy-based coating, multiple fillers were employed (Balakrishnan et al. 2024 ; Dhongde et al. 2024a ). Hence, numerous modified fillers were used in the epoxy coating to increase the lifespan and anti-corrosive property (Sasidharan and Anand 2020 ; Diraki and Omanovic 2022 ). There are various types of fillers, including polymer-based, lubricant fillers, carbon-based, metallic, ceramic, and mineral silicates. In recent years, researchers are working on modified carbon-based fillers(Randis et al. 2023 ) and graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most popular fillers for the epoxy coating (Oliveira et al. 2023 ). The phenomenon of graphene oxidation has garnered significant attention in recent times, primarily driven by the potential utilization of GO as a means to achieve cost-effective synthesis of substantial quantities of graphene (Ashok Kumar et al. 2023 ). Moreover, the majority of studies have focused on the conventional Hummers' method for synthesizing GO due to its high efficiency and satisfactory safety during the reaction (Yu et al. 2016 ). Nevertheless, the oxidation process utilized in these preparation methods results in the emission of hazardous gases like NO 2 and N 2 O 4 , which presents an added difficulty in eliminating the residual \(\:{Na}^{+}\) and \(\:{NO}_{3}^{-}\) ions from the waste generated during the GO production procedures (Chen et al. 2013 ; Dhongde et al. 2023a ; Patil et al. 2024 ; AlHumaidan et al. 2024 ). In this study, the improved Hummers' method was chosen instead of the conventional Hummer's method for synthesizing GO. The improved method, developed by Marcano et al . (Marcano et al. 2010 ), is more environmentally friendly as it eliminates the use of NaNO 3 , increases the amount of KMnO 4 , and involves a reaction with H 2 SO 4 and H 3 PO 4 in a 9:1 ratio (by volume). This improvement effectively increased the reaction yield and easily reduced the generation of harmful gases by controlling the reaction temperature. Nevertheless, the potential uses of GO are limited due to its inadequate ability to disperse in epoxy matrices and solvents. Over the years, several techniques have been devised to enhance the ability of GO to disperse and to improve its compatibility with polymers. Ionic liquids (IL) are considered to be highly favorable options for a wide range of applications, including corrosion inhibition, supercapacitors, and electrochemical devices (Dutta et al. 2022 , 2024 ; Dhongde et al. 2023c ). Researchers have shown great interest in synthesizing nanomaterials that are functionalized with IL due to their remarkable solubility, lack of volatility, and environmentally advantageous properties (Yu et al. 2016 ; Lavin-Lopez et al. 2016 ). Functionalized GO has been extensively studied in academic, government, and commercial research settings (Chen et al. 2013 ). Chengbao et al (Liu et al. 2018a ), examined the IL (amino-terminated) modified with GO/epoxy coating for the corrosive protection application in 3.5 wt% NaCl. Y Wu et al . (Wu et al. 2020 ), prepared fluorinated reduced GO via modified Hummer’s method and then modified with acrizidinium IL for corrosive protection application in 3.5 wt% NaCl. Dhongde et al. (Dhongde et al. 2023b ), employed the alkyl imidazolium IL for the modification of GO (improved Hummer’s method) and used for the anticorrosive application in 3.5 wt% NaCl. However, the utilization of IL modified GO composite (ILGO) as fillers for epoxy coating in CCUS applications remains unexplored. Only few works were reported for anti-corrosive applications of epoxy-based coating for CCUS. Qianqian Yin et al (Yin et al. 2024a ) prepared poly (α-cyanoethyl acrylate) on mica filler for epoxy coating and anticorrosion performance was measured after immersion in the CO 2 (Pressure: 1.5 MPa). Yue Sun et al (Sun et al. 2023b ). synthesized g-C 3 N 4 (Graphitic carbon nitride) and epoxy silane oligomer to shield carbon steel from CO 2 (Pressure: 3.0 MPa) in CCUS technology. Yue Sun et al (Sun et al. 2024a ). have successfully grown C 3 N 4 (Nanosheet) and CeO 2 (Nanorod) on the surface of a micron sheet basalt). This coating was used in CCUS technology to protect metal surfaces. Thus, to the best of the author’s knowledge, ionic liquids have not been explored as a filler in epoxy coating for the protection of carbon steel in CCUS applications till now. In this work. specifically, triethylsulfonium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-imide IL which have relatively low melting point and low viscosity has been considered as a filler. Tomoko Sugizaki et al. (Sugizaki et al. 2023 ). used triethylsulfonium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-imide IL in electrolytes for Li metal batteries (Li-ion batteries application) and reported IL have relatively low melting point and low viscosity. Therefore, the primary objective of the present work is to analyses the corrosion protection behavior of the ILGO filler in epoxy coating after immersion in CO 2 -NaCl medium. 2. Experimental work 2.1 Materials Graphite powder (particle size ≥ 100 mesh), Triethylsulfonium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-imide, 4–4’-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADE) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Additional chemical reagents such as sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (35%), ortho-phosphoric acid (88%), and sulfuric acid (98%) used in this work are all of analytical grade. The carbon steel metal (Fabricated from Aries Engineers Pvt. Ltd., Maharashtra, India) was used as a coating substrate with the dimension of 13 × 3 mm. The chemical compositions of the carbon steel are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Chemical composition (wt.%) of the carbon steel. Element Ti S V P Si Mn Nb V C Fe Wt.% 0.005 0.007 0.004 0.009 0.23 0.82 0.003 0.004 0.13 Bal. 2.2 Synthesis of GO via improved Hummer’s method 90 ml of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and 10 ml of ortho-phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) were combined in a ratio of 9:1. The mixture was rigorously mixed in a round bottom flask using a magnetic stirrer (Tarsons Products Limited, India) for 20 min at a speed of 800 rpm. The H 2 SO 4 served as an intercalator in the graphite, while H 3 PO 4 was employed to augment the intercalation process. Subsequently, a cumulative quantity of graphite (2 gm) was incrementally added to the agitating mixture, in minute portions. After stirring the solution for an additional 15 min, 6 gm. of KMnO 4 were added and agitated for approximately 1 hr. During this phase, the temperature was consistently kept within the range of 1–4°C. Afterward, the mixture was thoroughly mixed for a period of 12 hr. at 25 ± 2°C. Afterward, 100 mL of DI water were added incrementally, with one drop being added at a time. Ultimately, the process of oxidation was stopped by introducing 20 mL of hydrogen peroxide (30%). The GO was synthesised by centrifuging the suspension, then washing with HCl (1 M) and DI water several times. The GO was then dehydrated in a vacuum oven at a temperature below 60 ± 2°C until it converted into powdered GO. 2.3 Preparation of ILGO The uniform distribution was achieved by dissolving 1 gm of GO in DI water using ultrasonication for a duration of 1 hr. 0.2 gm of IL and 0.5 gm of KOH were added to the solution, which was then subjected to ultrasonic processing for a duration of 60 min. The uniform solution was vigorously stirred at a temperature of 90 ± 2 ⁰C for a duration of 36 hr to produce the ILGO composite. After undergoing multiple centrifugation cycles with deionized water and ethanol, the resulting ILGO solution was subsequently dried in a vacuum oven at temperatures below 60 ± 2°C. The ILGO composite was stored at a temperature range of 2–6°C. 2.4 ILGO coatings on carbon steel substrate The mixture consists of 1.25 mg of ILGO and 150 mg of hardener. It is combined with 10 mL of DI water and stirred on a magnetic stirrer for 30 min at room temperature. After that, it is sonicated for 90 min. Subsequently, 100 mg of epoxy was introduced into sonicated mixture to create a 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy solution. The resulting solution was then subjected to magnetic stirring for a duration of 2 hr. to ensure thorough blending. To prevent the occurrence of defects during the coating procedure, the epoxy was subjected to a 30 min vacuum-drying process in an oven. The carbon steel substrate underwent grinding with silicon carbide (SiC) sheets of increasing grades (180, 320, 600, and 1000), followed by polishing via alumina powder (1.0 µm and 0.3 µm). Following the cleaning of carbon steel with DI water, any particles that had attached to the substrate were removed using ultrasonication. Lastly, employing compressed air any remaining moisture was eliminated. A carbon steel substrate was then coated with a precise thickness of 50 ± 3 µm using a four-sided thin film applicator. Ultimately, a duration of 5 days was allocated for the process of curing. The carbon steel was coated with 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy using the same method. 2.5 Characterization The surface morphology of GO and ILGO was studied using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, Zesis, Sigma 300) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (FETEM, JEOL 2100). The chemical composition of GO and ILGO was determined through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (PHI5000VersaProbe III, ULVAC-PHI, INC) employing monochromatic Al K-α source at a take-off angle of 45⁰. The XPS spectra were obtained utilizing the SmartSoft-XPS v2.0 (PHI) software. The water contact angle was measured utilizing a goniometer (Holmarc Opto-Mechatronics, model: HO-IAD-CAM-01B) with a DI water droplet volume of 3 µL at the ambient temperature (28 ± 2 ⁰C) and a relative humidity of 65 ± 2%. 2.6 Corrosion tests Initially, the coated carbon steel sample was inserted in the Parr Autoclave reactor. The coating samples were exposed to the corrosive environment of CO 2 (1.5 MPa) at a temperature of 30 ℃ and 3.5 wt.% NaCl (300 ml). Following a 48 hr treatment in the Parr Autoclave reactor, the coated carbon steel sample was cleaned with DI water to eliminate any corrosive substances or residue from the coating's surface. Electrochemical activity of coated sample exposed to CO 2 environment has measured using an electrochemical workstation (Gamry Interface 1010E). For all electrochemical tests, a 300 mL fresh solution of 3.5 wt% NaCl was used as an electrolyte. A three-electrode system has employed for the electrochemical measurements and consists of a working electrode (coated carbon steel electrode with an exposed area of 0.78 cm 2 ), a counter electrode (platinum wire), and a reference electrode (Ag/AgCl 3 M KCl). Electrochemical measurements were conducted exclusively once the open circuit potential (OCP) had attained a stable value. The potentiodynamic polarisation analysis were carried out from − 250 to 250 mV w.r.t OCP at a scan rate of 1 mV/s. At OCP, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis with a frequency range of 10 kHz to 10 mHz and a sinusoidal perturbation of ± 10 mV amplitude were performed. The ZSimpWin software was used to fit the EIS data using an electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) model. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Morphology of GO and ILGO: The morphology of GO and ILGO were presented in FESEM (Fig. 1) . The lamellar structure is evident in both GO and ILGO. In particular, the FESEM image of ILGO (Fig. 1b) reveals the connection of multiple monolayers to form larger sheets. The presence of small lamellae in the ILGO (Marked inside Fig. 1b ) indicates that the GO lamellae have been fragmented into multiple distinct layers as a result of the van der Waals interaction (Liu et al. 2018a ; Shen et al. 2021 ). The FESEM result demonstrated that the modification of GO by IL was effective. The TEM image of GO and ILGO were presented in the Fig. 2(a and b) . In the TEM picture of GO (Fig. 2a) , the sheet that was seen was unfortunately made up of several layers. After the modification with IL, thin layer structure and translucent is observed, which a clear evidence from the successful modification of GO sheet with IL. Finally, the HRTEM image with the lattice fringes were presented in the Fig. 2c . 3.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis: The surface composition of the ILGO was analysed by XPS. Figure 3 gives the high-resolution C 1s spectra of the GO and ILGO. The C1s spectrum of GO shows carbon bonds at 284.6 eV, 286.7 eV, and 287.8 eV, resulting from the C = C (sp 2 bonded carbons), C-O (epoxy/hydroxyls), C = O (carbonyl), respectively. This outcome provides additional validation that they possess similar levels of oxidation. It is important to mention that the oxidation levels of GO products differ depending on the conditions under which they are synthesized. The results from FESEM, TEM, and XPS confirmed the successful synthesis of GO using an improved Hummers method, resulting in a higher level of purity. The C1s spectra of ILGO shows four carbon components at 284.7 eV (C-C), 285.2 eV (C-N), 286.8 eV (C-O), and 288.1 eV (N-C = O) (Liu et al. 2018a ; Dhongde et al. 2023b ). More precisely, the presence of the N-C = O bond, indicates that amide bonds were formed between the amino group of IL and the carboxylic acid groups of GO. The existence of a C-N bond demonstrates the attachment of an IL to GO nanosheets through a ring opening reaction (Liu et al. 2018a ; Dhongde et al. 2023b ). 3.3 Characterization of coating: 3.3.1 Morphology analysis by FESEM measurements: The cross-sectional morphology of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coatings was characterized using FESEM after 48 hr treatment in the CO 2 -NaCl. As depicted in Fig. 4a , the epoxy coating shows the ununiform and brittle fractures surface. Fig. S1 (Supplementary File) displays the FESEM image of the 1 wt% GO/epoxy coating subsequent to treatment with a CO 2 -NaCl medium. The aggregation of the GO in the epoxy resulted in an uneven surface. The existence of holes and pores in the epoxy and 1 wt% GO/epoxy coatings indicates that the corrosive solution (CO 2 -NaCl) has infiltrated the barrier coating and engages with the carbon steel. Upon incorporating 0.5 and 1 wt% ILGO into the epoxy, no holes or pores were detected on the surface, leading to a more compact surface, as depicted in Fig. 4b-c . The even distribution of ILGO within the epoxy resulted in a sleek surface and improved the coating's density. This suggests that the interfacial interaction between ILGO and epoxy is more robust (Wu et al. 2020 ; Cheng et al. 2021 ). Additionally, ILGO enhanced the relationship between the hardener and epoxy. The results of the FESEM analysis indicated that the superior dispersion characteristics of the ILGO composite could improve the anticorrosion properties of coatings. 3.3.4 Contact angle measurement: Figure 5 displays the results of the water contact angle measurements on the prepared coatings. The water contact angle of various coating was recorded after 48 hr treatment in CO 2 -NaCl medium. The lowest water contact angle was recorded for the pure epoxy (60.68⁰). The water contact angle for 0.5 and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy, coating was 67.91⁰ and 75.31⁰ observed. Due to the addition of 0.5 and 1 wt% ILGO in the epoxy contact angle values increase but not significantly. The water contact angle results suggest that the surface exhibits water repellent characteristics (Ziat et al. 2020 ; Sun et al. 2022 ). 3.4 Corrosion test of the coating: 3.4.1 Potentiodynamic polarisation test A potentiodynamic polarisation analysis was employed to assess the anti-corrosion performance of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1wt% ILGO/epoxy coating after 48 hr, of treatment with CO 2 -NaCl medium. Fresh 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was used as an electrolyte solution (300 mL) for the potentiodynamic polarisation test. The results obtained from potentiodynamic polarisation analysis are presented in Fig. 6 . A significant drop in the anodic current density and anodic current density is observed for the coated substrates in the order epoxy < 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy < 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy. The presence of 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating significantly slow down the rates at which oxygen is reduced (cathodic reaction) and carbon steel dissolves (anodic reaction). The values of corrosion potential ( E corr ), corrosion current density ( i corr ), anodic Tafel slope ( β a ), and cathodic Tafel slope ( β c ) obtained from these plots are documented in Table 2 . Additionally, the polarisation resistance ( R p ) and protection efficiency ( PE ) were calculated using the Stern-Geary equation provided below (Li et al. 2022 ; Kumar and Das 2023 , 2024 ; Farhat et al. 2024 ): $$\:{R}_{p}\left(\text{k}{\Omega\:}\:{\text{c}\text{m}}^{2}\right)=\frac{{\beta\:}_{a}{\beta\:}_{c\:\:}}{{{2.303(\beta\:}_{a}+{\beta\:}_{c\:\:})i}_{corr}}$$ 1 $$\:\text{P}\text{E}\left(\text{\%}\right)=\frac{{i}_{corr,o}-{i}_{corr,i}}{{i}_{corr.o}}\times\:100$$ 2 Where i corr,o and i corr,i denote the corrosion current density (A/cm 2 ) of the without and with coated carbon steel substrate, respectively. Table 2 Electrochemical parameters obtained from the polarization curves Sample -E corr (V) versus Ag/AgCl i corr (µA/cm 2 ) βa (V/dec) -βc (V/dec) R p (kΩ cm 2 ) PE (%) Epoxy 0.71 ± 0.024 0.81 ± 0.010 0.63 ± 0.014 0.49 ± 0.016 62.40 ± 0.15 - 0.5wt% ILGO/epoxy 0.65 ± 0.018 0.11 ± 0.008 0.92 ± 0.014 0.69 ± 0.021 1088 ± 19.21 86.41 ± 0.55 1wt% ILGO/epoxy 0.59 ± 0.196 0.06 ± 0.00 0.48 ± 0.020 0.27 ± 0.016 2817.05 ± 28.22 92.59 ± 0.83 The lower value for i corr (0.06 µA/cm 2 ) and higher value for E corr (-0.59 V) for the 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating suggest the corrosion-inhibiting performance was better against the CO 2 . The PE (%) for 0.5 and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating was measured to be 86.41 ± 0.55 and 92.59 ± 0.83 (%), respectively. Typically, a higher R p value indicates a higher level of anticorrosive properties in the coating. The highest R p value (2817.05 kΩ cm 2 ) was noted for the 1wt% ILGO/epoxy coating. This suggests that the addition of just 1wt% ILGO significantly improves the anti-corrosion properties of epoxy coating in corrosive environments. However, the lowest R p value (62.40 kΩ cm 2 ) was observed for the epoxy coating. When coating is subjected to pressure, a portion of the CO 2 molecules in the solution undergoes a reaction with water molecules, resulting in the formation of ionizable carbonic acid (El-Fattah et al. 2024 ; Wang et al. 2024c ; Yin et al. 2024a ). This reaction also leads to the production of mixed corrosion species in the solution. While the curing process of pure epoxy coating occurs, the formation of small voids inside the coating occurs as a result of the alteration of internal and external stresses. CO 2 molecules infiltrate the surface of the carbon steel substrate alongside carbonic acid molecules within the coating, propelled by pressure (Sun et al. 2023b ; Zargarnezhad et al. 2023 ; Fan et al. 2024 ). The carbonic acid molecules undergo a chemical reaction with the steel substrate as a result of significant polarization, leading to carbon steel corrosion (Sun et al. 2023a , b ; Zhou et al. 2024 ). The 0.5 and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating does not exhibit any visible pores or flakes in the coating, as shown in Fig. 1 . This lack of pores and flakes hinders the absorption of CO 2 gas and the prevention of chloride ions, H 2 O, and other corrosive solutions from penetrating the coating. When compared to epoxy coating, both the concentrations of ILGO (0.5 wt% and 1 wt%) demonstrate higher levels of protection efficiency. This suggests that the ILGO are evenly distributed throughout the epoxy matrix without any noticeable clumping. The experiment was also conducted using a 1.5 wt% ILGO /epoxy mixture. Nevertheless, the decline in potential energy was detected as a result of the accumulation of ILGO in the epoxy matrix. 3.4.2 EIS measurements: The EIS test was used to measure the anticorrosion properties of ILGO/epoxy coating. Figures 7 and 8 show the Nyquist and Bode plots of the epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating in the NaCl solution (3.5 wt%). The solid continuous curve in Fig. 7 denotes the results of fitting the EIS data with the electrical equivalent circuit. The experimental findings that were recorded are represented by the dotted curve in Fig. 7 . The Nyquist diagram ( Fig. 7) of the coatings, following a 48-hour treatment in a CO 2 -NaCl corrosion environment, exhibited a significant semicircular capacitive arc, which suggests a high level of effectiveness in preventing corrosion. The low-frequency impedance modulus (|Z| 0.01 Hz ) can serve as an indicator for assessing the corrosion resistance of different coatings (Wang et al. 2024a ; Zargarnezhad et al. 2024 ). After 48 hr of immersion in a CO 2 -NaCl corrosion environment, the |Z| 0.01 Hz values of pure epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coatings were 4.91 \(\:\times\:\) 10 3 , 2.45 \(\:\times\:\) 10 6 , and 4.03 \(\:\times\:\) 10 6 (Ω cm 2 ) respectively. The |Z| 0.01 Hz value for the coatings containing 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% of ILGO in an epoxy matrix was increased compared to the coatings without ILGO. The ILGO filler enhanced the reinforcement and compactness of the epoxy matrix, resulting in an increased anticorrosion property of the coating. Ultimately, the even and consistent distribution of the ILGO fillers within the epoxy matrix effectively hindered the penetration of CO 2 -NaCl and water into the coating. Prolonged exposure to a corrosive solution (CO 2 -NaCl) induces alterations associated with the carbonation of ILGO composite within the epoxy matrix and the formation of micropores (Zargarnezhad et al. 2024 ). These modifications encompass the fluctuation in Z’ and |Z| 0.01 Hz ., as depicted in Fig. 8 . The Bode plot ( Fig. 8 ) clearly demonstrates the superior anticorrosion performance of 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coatings compared to epoxy coating. The EEC modelling technique was employed to quantitatively evaluate the anticorrosion properties of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating. The EEC parameters were estimated using the ZSimpWin software. The chosen comparable circuit (Fig. 9) exhibits a high level of accuracy, as indicated by its best fit quality (χ 2 < 0.01). The variables R s , Q c , R pore , Q dl , and R ct in the model correspond to the solution resistance, capacitance, pore resistance, double layer capacitance, and charge transfer resistance, respectively. The development of pores in the outer layer (denoted by R s and Q c ) and the elevated impedance of the intact inner layer (indicated by R ct and Q dl ) can be discerned through an Equivalent Electrical Circuit (EEC) to analyze the system's behavior ( Fig. 9 ). This representation remains valid until a significant coating failure occurs (Trentin et al. 2022 ; Zargarnezhad et al. 2024 ). The similar EEC circuit with Qc and Qdl was also used in previous studies (Wang et al. 2020 ; Yuan et al. 2022b ; Sun et al. 2024b ). Instead of using an ideal capacitor, it is suggested to use a constant-phase element (CPE, Q) to achieve more accurate fitting outcomes. The given equation represents the impedance of CPE. $$\:Z=\frac{{\left(j\omega\:\right)}^{-n}}{{Y}_{0}}$$ 3 $$\:Q={Y}_{0}({{\omega\:}_{max})}^{n-1}$$ 4 The ω max represents the angular frequency, Y 0 represents the CPE parameter, and j represents the imaginary root. The ω max represents the frequency that is linked to the highest Z imag value. When the value of n is 1, the CPE is corresponding to an ideal capacitor, whereas when n is 0, it represents a resistor. The value of n varies from 1 as a result of the heterogeneities present on the electrode surface(Cheng et al. 2021 ; Dhongde et al. 2024a ). Figure 1 0(a-b) shows the obtained significant EEC values. Reduced values of Q c and Q dl point to lower porosity and improve resistance to corrosive fluid intrusion. In Fig. 10(a) , the values of Q c and Q dl for 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy (4.81×10 − 11 Fcm − 2 S n−1 and 8.01×10 − 12 Fcm − 2 S n−1 ) and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy (5.47×10 − 11 Fcm − 2 S n−1 and 9.10×10 − 12 Fcm − 2 S n−1 ) were very low compared to pure epoxy (4.61×10 − 7 Fcm − 2 S n−1 and 3.21×10 − 7 Fcm − 2 S n−1 ). In previous studies (Liu et al. 2018b ; Ye et al. 2021 ; Zhou et al. 2022 ; Henriques et al. 2024 ), similar trends of Qc and Qdl were observed. In general, R pore is important for the evaluation of film/coating compactness, and R ct represents the anticorrosion performance of the carbon steel substrate (Liu et al. 2018a ). Therefore, the R pore / R ct values of the system are high, which signifies the good anticorrosion property. In Fig. 10(b) , the 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coatings exhibited higher R pore and R ct values, measuring 3.41×10 6 (Ωcm 2 ) and 7.33×10 6 (Ω cm 2 ), respectively. The EEC results demonstrate that the inclusion of 1 wt% ILGO filler in the epoxy provides effective protection for the carbon steel substrate in the CO 2 -NaCl system. Ultimately, the ILGO/epoxy coating acted as a nanosheet barrier, preventing the penetration of corrosive fluid through the coating and effectively separating the carbon steel from the CO 2 -NaCl solution. The electrochemical results are consistent with our characterization (FESEM and contact angle analysis) of coating results. 3.5 Corrosion protection mechanism: The CO 2 molecules react with H 2 O in the solution and form ionizable carbonic acid. Although carbonic acid is relatively mild in comparison to other acids, it can induce corrosion depending on the chemical makeup of the material (Rizzo et al. 2020 ). Tiny gaps are formed inside the pure epoxy coating during the curing process as a result of the shift in internal and external tension. CO 2 molecules, along with carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) molecules, penetrate the surface of the carbon steel substrate due to pressure-driven diffusion. This interaction facilitates the diffusion of corrosive agents through the protective coating, potentially leading to localized corrosion of the substrate (Zhou et al. 2022 ; Yin et al. 2024b ). H 2 CO 3 molecules react with the carbon steel substrate due to high polarization, causing carbon steel corrosion. IL formed a covalent bond with the GO surface, reducing the π–π interactions between the oxygen-containing functional groups in GO, reducing the agglomeration of GO (Yang et al. 2024 ). ILGO composite exhibits exceptional hydrophobic characteristics, effectively obstructing corrosive substances from reaching the surface of the carbon steel substrate. After IL modification of GO with IL, ILGO composite could be better integrated into the epoxy matrix, thus improving corrosion resistance. Finally, the grafted triethylsulfonium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-imide IL boosts the anticorrosive capabilities by organizing interaction with the carbon steel substrate, which further improves the service life of the composite coatings. In the recent year researches are focusing on the sustainability and cost-effectiveness synthesis of various ionic liquids (Hussain et al. 2023 ; Lejeune et al. 2024 ; Ikeuba et al. 2024 ). A cost analysis of ILGO/epoxy coatings for commercialization, as well as an evaluation of their mechanical properties, is essential for their application in CCUS industrial settings. 4. Conclusion The current study demonstrates an efficient strategy for controlling corrosion, specifically through the use of an anti-corrosive coating, to protect carbon steel in the CCUS technology. This paper describes the preparation of GO using an improved Hummers method, followed by functionalization with an IL. The characterization results, including FESEM, TEM, and XPS, confirmed the successful preparation of the ILGO filler. The ILGO filler is added to the epoxy matrix at two different weight percentages (0.5% and 1%) and coated on the carbon steel with a thickness of 50 ± 3 µm. The results obtained from the FESEM and water contact angle measurements indicated a surface that is free from fractures and pores and has the ability to repel corrosive fluids. Further, electrochemical tests were conducted to analyse the anticorrosion behaviour of the ILGO/epoxy coating in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The potentiodynamic polarisation results indicate a significantly high R p value (2817.05 ± 28.22 Ω cm 2 ) and PE (92.59 ± 0.83%) for the 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating. The results from EIS and EEC analysis demonstrate the effective ability of the 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating to prevent corrosion in the presence of the CO 2 -NaCl system. The results of this article provide valuable insights for choosing an ILGO as an appropriate filler for the epoxy coating in CCUS industrial applications. Declarations Funding: Not applicable. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Authors Contributions: Nikhil Rahul Dhongde : Writing – review & editing, Writing –original draft, Visualization, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization, Software. Sayani Adhikari : Data curation, Formal analysis, Software. Prasanna Venkatesh Rajaraman : Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Writing – review & editing. Acknowledgment The authors would like to acknowledge the analytical facilities provided by the Central Instruments Facility (CIF) of the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India, Aries Engineer, Maharashtra, India for metal fabrication, Also, acknowledge Meso scale engineering and soft materials lab, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India for providing goniometer to perform contact angle measurements. Ethical Approval: Not applicable. Consent to Participate: Not applicable. Consent to Publish: Not applicable. Availability of data and materials: The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Adhikari S, Dhongde NR, Talukdar MK et al (2024) Investigation of Carbon Steels (API 5L X52 and API 5L X60) Dissolution CO2–H2S Solutions in the Presence of Acetic Acid: Mechanistic Reaction Pathway and Kinetics. 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":304455,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTEM image of (a) GO, (b) ILGO, and (c) HRTEM image of ILGO and its crystal lattice was mentioned inside\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/e370c73b8fc8147e629a4474.jpeg"},{"id":67622573,"identity":"7d25287d-83af-42ad-aa4c-d47b580d0f13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 07:18:58","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":109595,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eC 1s XPS spectrum of GO and ILGO\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/c7e59eba8d932bf2b8f8faec.jpeg"},{"id":67622582,"identity":"2f8dac6f-ad91-49b7-8033-f7399095a822","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 07:18:58","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":155289,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFESEM image of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy after treatment with CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl medium\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/9cdde0bf672beee00f54ba7a.jpeg"},{"id":67622576,"identity":"7d65cccd-deff-46cc-828f-cf46614adc1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 07:18:58","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79248,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eContact angle of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1wt% ILGO/epoxy after treatment with CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl medium\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/d0f5b99d870e8df42fefe823.jpeg"},{"id":67622584,"identity":"acd1f175-b041-40c0-a000-782164127644","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 07:18:58","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70669,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePolarization curves of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1wt% ILGO/epoxy coating after 48 hr treatment in CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl medium\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/a08d1a0e84d528d10d1572fb.jpeg"},{"id":67622580,"identity":"261f267a-a8cd-4866-843a-e386c0c9dd35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 07:18:58","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":158437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNyquist plots of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1wt% ILGO/epoxy after a 48 hr treatment in CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl medium\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/b1b1c2f96e27ad8aed162682.jpeg"},{"id":67624287,"identity":"a4bef86e-3e05-4107-91be-79109207c73e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 07:34:58","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":78235,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBode diagram of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1wt% ILGO/epoxy after a 48 hr treatment in CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl medium\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/2eebc218cb7bfe9bebecb391.jpeg"},{"id":67622578,"identity":"150e57e2-a204-446b-8923-bdb5e818f71b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 07:18:58","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":126396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEquivalent electrical circuit model for the impedance data\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/45efe6e4aa2f9876c1198777.jpeg"},{"id":67622581,"identity":"cfed136b-3439-46e9-81b9-d44da576c434","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 07:18:58","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103096,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe electrochemical data obtained from EIS: (a) Q\u003csub\u003ec \u003c/sub\u003eand Q\u003csub\u003edl\u003c/sub\u003e (b) R\u003csub\u003epo \u003c/sub\u003eand R\u003csub\u003ect\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/ff70a96301f70a391ca1cf5d.jpeg"},{"id":75351241,"identity":"2f0feacd-13eb-4ef8-8eb4-d81cca51e4a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 16:08:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2559841,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/9fb0bf66-f3b8-459c-a620-4426b448be80.pdf"},{"id":67622579,"identity":"9173b536-dd9d-47f8-acc1-d7de0f4eaa2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-28 07:18:58","extension":"docx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":240192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplimentaryfileR1ESPRD2412411A.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5241126/v1/fb1e73d34d476e0134a52f8b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Anticorrosion properties of ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide epoxy composite coating on the carbon steel for CCUS environment","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the increase in worldwide temperature, the melting ice is leading to an increase in sea level (Yuan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e; Velpandian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Dhongde et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024b\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, an increasing number of countries are prioritizing the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) emissions in industrial sectors (Feng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). During the CCUS process, it is unavoidable for compressed solutions containing CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e gas and other organic/inorganic ions to come into contact with transportation pipelines and metal reaction equipment (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024b\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, the issue of metal equipment corrosion resulting from the CCUS process must not be overlooked.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon steels are widely used in various industrial applications, including the CCUS technology, gas storage wells, production systems for oil and gas industries, and ship construction (Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Adhikari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). They are affordable and offer numerous benefits in terms of mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties (Talukdar and Rajaraman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Talukdar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). They potentially experience severe corrosion when chlorine compounds and corrosive gases (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, etc.) are available in the production well (Zhou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Yin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e). Among various anti-corrosion measures such as cathodic protection, corrosion inhibition, corrosion-resistant alloys, and anti-corrosion coating, anti-corrosion coating are more reliable and cost-effective techniques for carbon steel protection in the corrosive environment (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and NaCl) (Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e; Yin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn epoxy-based coating is the most favourable for carbon steel protection in corrosive environment (Henriques and Soares \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The epoxy resins are highly compressible substances with exceptional resistance to corrosion, high tensile strength, durability against physical damage, and superior fatigue resistance (Diraki and Omanovic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Cui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). However, the service life of the epoxy-based coating is limed. Furthermore, to enhance the resistance to corrosion and prolong the lifespan of the epoxy-based coating, multiple fillers were employed (Balakrishnan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Dhongde et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, numerous modified fillers were used in the epoxy coating to increase the lifespan and anti-corrosive property (Sasidharan and Anand \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Diraki and Omanovic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are various types of fillers, including polymer-based, lubricant fillers, carbon-based, metallic, ceramic, and mineral silicates. In recent years, researchers are working on modified carbon-based fillers(Randis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most popular fillers for the epoxy coating (Oliveira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The phenomenon of graphene oxidation has garnered significant attention in recent times, primarily driven by the potential utilization of GO as a means to achieve cost-effective synthesis of substantial quantities of graphene (Ashok Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the majority of studies have focused on the conventional Hummers' method for synthesizing GO due to its high efficiency and satisfactory safety during the reaction (Yu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, the oxidation process utilized in these preparation methods results in the emission of hazardous gases like NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, which presents an added difficulty in eliminating the residual \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Na}^{+}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{NO}_{3}^{-}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ions from the waste generated during the GO production procedures (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Dhongde et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e; Patil et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; AlHumaidan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the improved Hummers' method was chosen instead of the conventional Hummer's method for synthesizing GO. The improved method, developed by \u003cb\u003eMarcano et al\u003c/b\u003e. (Marcano et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), is more environmentally friendly as it eliminates the use of NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, increases the amount of KMnO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and involves a reaction with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e in a 9:1 ratio (by volume). This improvement effectively increased the reaction yield and easily reduced the generation of harmful gases by controlling the reaction temperature. Nevertheless, the potential uses of GO are limited due to its inadequate ability to disperse in epoxy matrices and solvents. Over the years, several techniques have been devised to enhance the ability of GO to disperse and to improve its compatibility with polymers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIonic liquids (IL) are considered to be highly favorable options for a wide range of applications, including corrosion inhibition, supercapacitors, and electrochemical devices (Dutta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Dhongde et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023c\u003c/span\u003e). Researchers have shown great interest in synthesizing nanomaterials that are functionalized with IL due to their remarkable solubility, lack of volatility, and environmentally advantageous properties (Yu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Lavin-Lopez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Functionalized GO has been extensively studied in academic, government, and commercial research settings (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eChengbao et al\u003c/b\u003e (Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e), examined the IL (amino-terminated) modified with GO/epoxy coating for the corrosive protection application in 3.5 wt% NaCl. \u003cb\u003eY Wu et al\u003c/b\u003e. (Wu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), prepared fluorinated reduced GO via modified Hummer\u0026rsquo;s method and then modified with acrizidinium IL for corrosive protection application in 3.5 wt% NaCl. \u003cb\u003eDhongde et al.\u003c/b\u003e (Dhongde et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e), employed the alkyl imidazolium IL for the modification of GO (improved Hummer\u0026rsquo;s method) and used for the anticorrosive application in 3.5 wt% NaCl. However, the utilization of IL modified GO composite (ILGO) as fillers for epoxy coating in CCUS applications remains unexplored.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly few works were reported for anti-corrosive applications of epoxy-based coating for CCUS. \u003cb\u003eQianqian Yin et al\u003c/b\u003e(Yin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e) prepared poly (α-cyanoethyl acrylate) on mica filler for epoxy coating and anticorrosion performance was measured after immersion in the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Pressure: 1.5 MPa). \u003cb\u003eYue Sun et al\u003c/b\u003e (Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). synthesized g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (Graphitic carbon nitride) and epoxy silane oligomer to shield carbon steel from CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Pressure: 3.0 MPa) in CCUS technology. \u003cb\u003eYue Sun et al\u003c/b\u003e (Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e). have successfully grown C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (Nanosheet) and CeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Nanorod) on the surface of a micron sheet basalt). This coating was used in CCUS technology to protect metal surfaces. Thus, to the best of the author\u0026rsquo;s knowledge, ionic liquids have not been explored as a filler in epoxy coating for the protection of carbon steel in CCUS applications till now.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this work. specifically, triethylsulfonium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-imide IL which have relatively low melting point and low viscosity has been considered as a filler. \u003cb\u003eTomoko Sugizaki et al.\u003c/b\u003e (Sugizaki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). used triethylsulfonium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-imide IL in electrolytes for Li metal batteries (Li-ion batteries application) and reported IL have relatively low melting point and low viscosity. Therefore, the primary objective of the present work is to analyses the corrosion protection behavior of the ILGO filler in epoxy coating after immersion in CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl medium.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental work","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraphite powder (particle size\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;100 mesh), Triethylsulfonium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-imide, 4\u0026ndash;4\u0026rsquo;-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADE) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Additional chemical reagents such as sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium permanganate (KMnO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), hydrogen peroxide (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (35%), ortho-phosphoric acid (88%), and sulfuric acid (98%) used in this work are all of analytical grade. The carbon steel metal (Fabricated from Aries Engineers Pvt. Ltd., Maharashtra, India) was used as a coating substrate with the dimension of 13 \u0026times; 3 mm. The chemical compositions of the carbon steel are presented in \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition (wt.%) of the carbon steel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWt.%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Synthesis of GO via improved Hummer\u0026rsquo;s method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 ml of sulfuric acid (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) and 10 ml of ortho-phosphoric acid (H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) were combined in a ratio of 9:1. The mixture was rigorously mixed in a round bottom flask using a magnetic stirrer (Tarsons Products Limited, India) for 20 min at a speed of 800 rpm. The H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e served as an intercalator in the graphite, while H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e was employed to augment the intercalation process. Subsequently, a cumulative quantity of graphite (2 gm) was incrementally added to the agitating mixture, in minute portions. After stirring the solution for an additional 15 min, 6 gm. of KMnO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e were added and agitated for approximately 1 hr. During this phase, the temperature was consistently kept within the range of 1\u0026ndash;4\u0026deg;C. Afterward, the mixture was thoroughly mixed for a period of 12 hr. at 25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C. Afterward, 100 mL of DI water were added incrementally, with one drop being added at a time. Ultimately, the process of oxidation was stopped by introducing 20 mL of hydrogen peroxide (30%). The GO was synthesised by centrifuging the suspension, then washing with HCl (1 M) and DI water several times. The GO was then dehydrated in a vacuum oven at a temperature below 60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C until it converted into powdered GO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Preparation of ILGO\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe uniform distribution was achieved by dissolving 1 gm of GO in DI water using ultrasonication for a duration of 1 hr. 0.2 gm of IL and 0.5 gm of KOH were added to the solution, which was then subjected to ultrasonic processing for a duration of 60 min. The uniform solution was vigorously stirred at a temperature of 90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 ⁰C for a duration of 36 hr to produce the ILGO composite. After undergoing multiple centrifugation cycles with deionized water and ethanol, the resulting ILGO solution was subsequently dried in a vacuum oven at temperatures below 60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C. The ILGO composite was stored at a temperature range of 2\u0026ndash;6\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 ILGO coatings on carbon steel substrate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mixture consists of 1.25 mg of ILGO and 150 mg of hardener. It is combined with 10 mL of DI water and stirred on a magnetic stirrer for 30 min at room temperature. After that, it is sonicated for 90 min. Subsequently, 100 mg of epoxy was introduced into sonicated mixture to create a 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy solution. The resulting solution was then subjected to magnetic stirring for a duration of 2 hr. to ensure thorough blending. To prevent the occurrence of defects during the coating procedure, the epoxy was subjected to a 30 min vacuum-drying process in an oven. The carbon steel substrate underwent grinding with silicon carbide (SiC) sheets of increasing grades (180, 320, 600, and 1000), followed by polishing via alumina powder (1.0 \u0026micro;m and 0.3 \u0026micro;m). Following the cleaning of carbon steel with DI water, any particles that had attached to the substrate were removed using ultrasonication. Lastly, employing compressed air any remaining moisture was eliminated. A carbon steel substrate was then coated with a precise thickness of 50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3 \u0026micro;m using a four-sided thin film applicator. Ultimately, a duration of 5 days was allocated for the process of curing. The carbon steel was coated with 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy using the same method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe surface morphology of GO and ILGO was studied using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, Zesis, Sigma 300) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (FETEM, JEOL 2100). The chemical composition of GO and ILGO was determined through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (PHI5000VersaProbe III, ULVAC-PHI, INC) employing monochromatic Al K-α source at a take-off angle of 45⁰. The XPS spectra were obtained utilizing the SmartSoft-XPS v2.0 (PHI) software. The water contact angle was measured utilizing a goniometer (Holmarc Opto-Mechatronics, model: HO-IAD-CAM-01B) with a DI water droplet volume of 3 \u0026micro;L at the ambient temperature (28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 ⁰C) and a relative humidity of 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Corrosion tests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially, the coated carbon steel sample was inserted in the Parr Autoclave reactor. The coating samples were exposed to the corrosive environment of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (1.5 MPa) at a temperature of 30 ℃ and 3.5 wt.% NaCl (300 ml). Following a 48 hr treatment in the Parr Autoclave reactor, the coated carbon steel sample was cleaned with DI water to eliminate any corrosive substances or residue from the coating's surface.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrochemical activity of coated sample exposed to CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e environment has measured using an electrochemical workstation (Gamry Interface 1010E). For all electrochemical tests, a 300 mL fresh solution of 3.5 wt% NaCl was used as an electrolyte. A three-electrode system has employed for the electrochemical measurements and consists of a working electrode (coated carbon steel electrode with an exposed area of 0.78 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), a counter electrode (platinum wire), and a reference electrode (Ag/AgCl 3 M KCl). Electrochemical measurements were conducted exclusively once the open circuit potential (OCP) had attained a stable value. The potentiodynamic polarisation analysis were carried out from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;250 to 250 mV w.r.t OCP at a scan rate of 1 mV/s. At OCP, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis with a frequency range of 10 kHz to 10 mHz and a sinusoidal perturbation of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10 mV amplitude were performed. The ZSimpWin software was used to fit the EIS data using an electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Morphology of GO and ILGO:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe morphology of GO and ILGO were presented in FESEM \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;1)\u003c/strong\u003e. The lamellar structure is evident in both GO and ILGO. In particular, the FESEM image of ILGO \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;1b)\u003c/strong\u003e reveals the connection of multiple monolayers to form larger sheets. The presence of small lamellae in the ILGO (Marked inside \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;1b\u003c/strong\u003e) indicates that the GO lamellae have been fragmented into multiple distinct layers as a result of the van der Waals interaction (Liu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e; Shen et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The FESEM result demonstrated that the modification of GO by IL was effective.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe TEM image of GO and ILGO were presented in the \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;2(a and b)\u003c/strong\u003e. In the TEM picture of GO \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;2a)\u003c/strong\u003e, the sheet that was seen was unfortunately made up of several layers. After the modification with IL, thin layer structure and translucent is observed, which a clear evidence from the successful modification of GO sheet with IL. Finally, the HRTEM image with the lattice fringes were presented in the \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;2c\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe surface composition of the ILGO was analysed by XPS. Figure\u0026nbsp;3 gives the high-resolution C 1s spectra of the GO and ILGO. The C1s spectrum of GO shows carbon bonds at 284.6 eV, 286.7 eV, and 287.8 eV, resulting from the C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C (sp\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e bonded carbons), C-O (epoxy/hydroxyls), C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O (carbonyl), respectively. This outcome provides additional validation that they possess similar levels of oxidation. It is important to mention that the oxidation levels of GO products differ depending on the conditions under which they are synthesized. The results from FESEM, TEM, and XPS confirmed the successful synthesis of GO using an improved Hummers method, resulting in a higher level of purity. The C1s spectra of ILGO shows four carbon components at 284.7 eV (C-C), 285.2 eV (C-N), 286.8 eV (C-O), and 288.1 eV (N-C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O) (Liu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e; Dhongde et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). More precisely, the presence of the N-C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O bond, indicates that amide bonds were formed between the amino group of IL and the carboxylic acid groups of GO. The existence of a C-N bond demonstrates the attachment of an IL to GO nanosheets through a ring opening reaction (Liu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e; Dhongde et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Characterization of coating:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1 Morphology analysis by FESEM measurements:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe cross-sectional morphology of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coatings was characterized using FESEM after 48 hr treatment in the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl. As depicted in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;4a\u003c/strong\u003e, the epoxy coating shows the ununiform and brittle fractures surface. \u003cstrong\u003eFig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e (Supplementary File)\u003c/strong\u003e displays the FESEM image of the 1 wt% GO/epoxy coating subsequent to treatment with a CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl medium. The aggregation of the GO in the epoxy resulted in an uneven surface. The existence of holes and pores in the epoxy and 1 wt% GO/epoxy coatings indicates that the corrosive solution (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl) has infiltrated the barrier coating and engages with the carbon steel. Upon incorporating 0.5 and 1 wt% ILGO into the epoxy, no holes or pores were detected on the surface, leading to a more compact surface, as depicted in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;4b-c\u003c/strong\u003e. The even distribution of ILGO within the epoxy resulted in a sleek surface and improved the coating\u0026apos;s density. This suggests that the interfacial interaction between ILGO and epoxy is more robust (Wu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Cheng et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, ILGO enhanced the relationship between the hardener and epoxy. The results of the FESEM analysis indicated that the superior dispersion characteristics of the ILGO composite could improve the anticorrosion properties of coatings.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3.4 Contact angle measurement:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;5\u003c/strong\u003e displays the results of the water contact angle measurements on the prepared coatings. The water contact angle of various coating was recorded after 48 hr treatment in CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl medium. The lowest water contact angle was recorded for the pure epoxy (60.68⁰). The water contact angle for 0.5 and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy, coating was 67.91⁰ and 75.31⁰ observed. Due to the addition of 0.5 and 1 wt% ILGO in the epoxy contact angle values increase but not significantly. The water contact angle results suggest that the surface exhibits water repellent characteristics (Ziat et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Sun et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Corrosion test of the coating:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1 Potentiodynamic polarisation test\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA potentiodynamic polarisation analysis was employed to assess the anti-corrosion performance of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1wt% ILGO/epoxy coating after 48 hr, of treatment with CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl medium. Fresh 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was used as an electrolyte solution (300 mL) for the potentiodynamic polarisation test. The results obtained from potentiodynamic polarisation analysis are presented in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;6\u003c/strong\u003e. A significant drop in the anodic current density and anodic current density is observed for the coated substrates in the order epoxy\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 wt% ILGO/epoxy. The presence of 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating significantly slow down the rates at which oxygen is reduced (cathodic reaction) and carbon steel dissolves (anodic reaction). The values of corrosion potential (\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecorr\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), corrosion current density (\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecorr\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), anodic Tafel slope (\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), and cathodic Tafel slope (\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) obtained from these plots are documented in \u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/strong\u003e. Additionally, the polarisation resistance (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and protection efficiency (\u003cem\u003ePE\u003c/em\u003e) were calculated using the Stern-Geary equation provided below (Li et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar and Das \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Farhat et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ1\" class=\"mathdisplay\"\u003e$$\\:{R}_{p}\\left(\\text{k}{\\Omega\\:}\\:{\\text{c}\\text{m}}^{2}\\right)=\\frac{{\\beta\\:}_{a}{\\beta\\:}_{c\\:\\:}}{{{2.303(\\beta\\:}_{a}+{\\beta\\:}_{c\\:\\:})i}_{corr}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ2\" class=\"mathdisplay\"\u003e$$\\:\\text{P}\\text{E}\\left(\\text{\\%}\\right)=\\frac{{i}_{corr,o}-{i}_{corr,i}}{{i}_{corr.o}}\\times\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecorr,o\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecorr,i\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e denote the corrosion current density (A/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) of the without and with coated carbon steel substrate, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectrochemical parameters obtained from the polarization curves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-E\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecorr\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(V) versus Ag/AgCl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e \u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecorr\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;A/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;a\u003c/em\u003e (V/dec)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u0026beta;c\u003c/em\u003e (V/dec)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (kΩ cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePE\u003c/em\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEpoxy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5wt% ILGO/epoxy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1088\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1wt% ILGO/epoxy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2817.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe lower value for \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecorr\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (0.06 \u0026micro;A/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and higher value for \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecorr\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (-0.59 V) for the 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating suggest the corrosion-inhibiting performance was better against the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The PE (%) for 0.5 and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating was measured to be 86.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55 and 92.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83 (%), respectively. Typically, a higher \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e value indicates a higher level of anticorrosive properties in the coating. The highest \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e value (2817.05 kΩ cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) was noted for the 1wt% ILGO/epoxy coating. This suggests that the addition of just 1wt% ILGO significantly improves the anti-corrosion properties of epoxy coating in corrosive environments. However, the lowest \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e value (62.40 kΩ cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) was observed for the epoxy coating. When coating is subjected to pressure, a portion of the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e molecules in the solution undergoes a reaction with water molecules, resulting in the formation of ionizable carbonic acid (El-Fattah et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024c\u003c/span\u003e; Yin et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e). This reaction also leads to the production of mixed corrosion species in the solution. While the curing process of pure epoxy coating occurs, the formation of small voids inside the coating occurs as a result of the alteration of internal and external stresses. CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e molecules infiltrate the surface of the carbon steel substrate alongside carbonic acid molecules within the coating, propelled by pressure (Sun et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e; Zargarnezhad et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Fan et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The carbonic acid molecules undergo a chemical reaction with the steel substrate as a result of significant polarization, leading to carbon steel corrosion (Sun et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The 0.5 and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating does not exhibit any visible pores or flakes in the coating, as shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e. This lack of pores and flakes hinders the absorption of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e gas and the prevention of chloride ions, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, and other corrosive solutions from penetrating the coating. When compared to epoxy coating, both the concentrations of ILGO (0.5 wt% and 1 wt%) demonstrate higher levels of protection efficiency. This suggests that the ILGO are evenly distributed throughout the epoxy matrix without any noticeable clumping. The experiment was also conducted using a 1.5 wt% ILGO /epoxy mixture. Nevertheless, the decline in potential energy was detected as a result of the accumulation of ILGO in the epoxy matrix.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2 EIS measurements:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe EIS test was used to measure the anticorrosion properties of ILGO/epoxy coating. Figures\u0026nbsp;7 \u003cstrong\u003eand 8\u003c/strong\u003e show the Nyquist and Bode plots of the epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating in the NaCl solution (3.5 wt%). The solid continuous curve in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;7\u003c/strong\u003e denotes the results of fitting the EIS data with the electrical equivalent circuit. The experimental findings that were recorded are represented by the dotted curve in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;7\u003c/strong\u003e. The Nyquist diagram (\u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;7)\u003c/strong\u003e of the coatings, following a 48-hour treatment in a CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl corrosion environment, exhibited a significant semicircular capacitive arc, which suggests a high level of effectiveness in preventing corrosion. The low-frequency impedance modulus (|Z|\u003csub\u003e0.01 Hz\u003c/sub\u003e) can serve as an indicator for assessing the corrosion resistance of different coatings (Wang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e; Zargarnezhad et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). After 48 hr of immersion in a CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl corrosion environment, the |Z|\u003csub\u003e0.01 Hz\u003c/sub\u003e values of pure epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coatings were 4.91 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\times\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e 10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.45 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\times\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e, and 4.03 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\times\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e 10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e (Ω cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) respectively. The |Z|\u003csub\u003e0.01 Hz\u003c/sub\u003e value for the coatings containing 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% of ILGO in an epoxy matrix was increased compared to the coatings without ILGO. The ILGO filler enhanced the reinforcement and compactness of the epoxy matrix, resulting in an increased anticorrosion property of the coating. Ultimately, the even and consistent distribution of the ILGO fillers within the epoxy matrix effectively hindered the penetration of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl and water into the coating. Prolonged exposure to a corrosive solution (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl) induces alterations associated with the carbonation of ILGO composite within the epoxy matrix and the formation of micropores (Zargarnezhad et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These modifications encompass the fluctuation in Z\u0026rsquo; and |Z|\u003csub\u003e0.01 Hz\u003c/sub\u003e., as depicted in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;8\u003c/strong\u003e. The Bode plot (\u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;8\u003c/strong\u003e) clearly demonstrates the superior anticorrosion performance of 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coatings compared to epoxy coating.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe EEC modelling technique was employed to quantitatively evaluate the anticorrosion properties of epoxy, 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy, and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating. The EEC parameters were estimated using the ZSimpWin software. The chosen comparable circuit \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;9)\u003c/strong\u003e exhibits a high level of accuracy, as indicated by its best fit quality (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The variables \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003epore\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003edl\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eand R\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e in the model correspond to the solution resistance, capacitance, pore resistance, double layer capacitance, and charge transfer resistance, respectively. The development of pores in the outer layer (denoted by \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cem\u003eand Q\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and the elevated impedance of the intact inner layer (indicated by \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003edl\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) can be discerned through an Equivalent Electrical Circuit (EEC) to analyze the system\u0026apos;s behavior (\u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;9\u003c/strong\u003e). This representation remains valid until a significant coating failure occurs (Trentin et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zargarnezhad et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The similar EEC circuit with \u003cem\u003eQc\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eQdl\u003c/em\u003e was also used in previous studies (Wang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Yuan et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e; Sun et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024b\u003c/span\u003e). Instead of using an ideal capacitor, it is suggested to use a constant-phase element (CPE, Q) to achieve more accurate fitting outcomes. The given equation represents the impedance of CPE.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ3\" class=\"mathdisplay\"\u003e$$\\:Z=\\frac{{\\left(j\\omega\\:\\right)}^{-n}}{{Y}_{0}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ4\" class=\"mathdisplay\"\u003e$$\\:Q={Y}_{0}({{\\omega\\:}_{max})}^{n-1}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u0026omega;\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e represents the angular frequency, \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e represents the CPE parameter, and \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e represents the imaginary root. The \u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003emax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e represents the frequency that is linked to the highest \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eimag\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e value. When the value of n is 1, the CPE is corresponding to an ideal capacitor, whereas when n is 0, it represents a resistor. The value of n varies from 1 as a result of the heterogeneities present on the electrode surface(Cheng et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Dhongde et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e). Figure\u0026nbsp;1\u003cstrong\u003e0(a-b)\u003c/strong\u003e shows the obtained significant EEC values. Reduced values of \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003edl\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e point to lower porosity and improve resistance to corrosive fluid intrusion. In \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;10(a)\u003c/strong\u003e, the values of \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003edl\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e for 0.5 wt% ILGO/epoxy (4.81\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/sup\u003e Fcm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003eS\u003csup\u003en\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 8.01\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/sup\u003e Fcm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003eS\u003csup\u003en\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy (5.47\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/sup\u003e Fcm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003eS\u003csup\u003en\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 9.10\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/sup\u003e Fcm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003eS\u003csup\u003en\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e) were very low compared to pure epoxy (4.61\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e Fcm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003eS\u003csup\u003en\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 3.21\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e Fcm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003eS\u003csup\u003en\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e). In previous studies (Liu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018b\u003c/span\u003e; Ye et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Henriques et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), similar trends of \u003cem\u003eQc\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eQdl\u003c/em\u003e were observed. In general, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003epore\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is important for the evaluation of film/coating compactness, and \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e represents the anticorrosion performance of the carbon steel substrate (Liu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003epore\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e/ R\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e values of the system are high, which signifies the good anticorrosion property. In \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;10(b)\u003c/strong\u003e, the 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coatings exhibited higher \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003epore\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e values, measuring 3.41\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e (Ωcm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and 7.33\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e (Ω cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), respectively. The EEC results demonstrate that the inclusion of 1 wt% ILGO filler in the epoxy provides effective protection for the carbon steel substrate in the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl system. Ultimately, the ILGO/epoxy coating acted as a nanosheet barrier, preventing the penetration of corrosive fluid through the coating and effectively separating the carbon steel from the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl solution. The electrochemical results are consistent with our characterization (FESEM and contact angle analysis) of coating results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Corrosion protection mechanism:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e molecules react with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO in the solution and form ionizable carbonic acid. Although carbonic acid is relatively mild in comparison to other acids, it can induce corrosion depending on the chemical makeup of the material (Rizzo et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Tiny gaps are formed inside the pure epoxy coating during the curing process as a result of the shift in internal and external tension. CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e molecules, along with carbonic acid (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) molecules, penetrate the surface of the carbon steel substrate due to pressure-driven diffusion. This interaction facilitates the diffusion of corrosive agents through the protective coating, potentially leading to localized corrosion of the substrate (Zhou et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Yin et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024b\u003c/span\u003e). H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e molecules react with the carbon steel substrate due to high polarization, causing carbon steel corrosion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIL formed a covalent bond with the GO surface, reducing the \u0026pi;\u0026ndash;\u0026pi; interactions between the oxygen-containing functional groups in GO, reducing the agglomeration of GO (Yang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). ILGO composite exhibits exceptional hydrophobic characteristics, effectively obstructing corrosive substances from reaching the surface of the carbon steel substrate. After IL modification of GO with IL, ILGO composite could be better integrated into the epoxy matrix, thus improving corrosion resistance. Finally, the grafted triethylsulfonium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-imide IL boosts the anticorrosive capabilities by organizing interaction with the carbon steel substrate, which further improves the service life of the composite coatings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the recent year researches are focusing on the sustainability and cost-effectiveness synthesis of various ionic liquids (Hussain et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Lejeune et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Ikeuba et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). A cost analysis of ILGO/epoxy coatings for commercialization, as well as an evaluation of their mechanical properties, is essential for their application in CCUS industrial settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study demonstrates an efficient strategy for controlling corrosion, specifically through the use of an anti-corrosive coating, to protect carbon steel in the CCUS technology. This paper describes the preparation of GO using an improved Hummers method, followed by functionalization with an IL. The characterization results, including FESEM, TEM, and XPS, confirmed the successful preparation of the ILGO filler. The ILGO filler is added to the epoxy matrix at two different weight percentages (0.5% and 1%) and coated on the carbon steel with a thickness of 50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3 \u0026micro;m. The results obtained from the FESEM and water contact angle measurements indicated a surface that is free from fractures and pores and has the ability to repel corrosive fluids. Further, electrochemical tests were conducted to analyse the anticorrosion behaviour of the ILGO/epoxy coating in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The potentiodynamic polarisation results indicate a significantly high R\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e value (2817.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.22 Ω cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and PE (92.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83%) for the 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating. The results from EIS and EEC analysis demonstrate the effective ability of the 1 wt% ILGO/epoxy coating to prevent corrosion in the presence of the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl system. The results of this article provide valuable insights for choosing an ILGO as an appropriate filler for the epoxy coating in CCUS industrial applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthors Contributions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNikhil Rahul Dhongde\u003c/b\u003e: Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Writing \u0026ndash;original draft, Visualization, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization, Software. \u003cb\u003eSayani Adhikari\u003c/b\u003e: Data curation, Formal analysis, Software. \u003cb\u003ePrasanna Venkatesh Rajaraman\u003c/b\u003e: Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to acknowledge the analytical facilities provided by the Central Instruments Facility (CIF) of the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India, Aries Engineer, Maharashtra, India for metal fabrication, Also, acknowledge Meso scale engineering and soft materials lab, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India for providing goniometer to perform contact angle measurements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdhikari S, Dhongde NR, Talukdar MK et al (2024) Investigation of Carbon Steels (API 5L X52 and API 5L X60) Dissolution CO2\u0026ndash;H2S Solutions in the Presence of Acetic Acid: Mechanistic Reaction Pathway and Kinetics. 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J Alloys Compd 820:153380. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153380\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153380\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"carbon steel, ionic liquid, graphene oxide, CO2, epoxy coating, electrochemical studies","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5241126/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5241126/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe adoption of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology is increasingly prevalent, driven by the global initiative to conserve energy and reduce emissions. Nevertheless, CCUS has the potential to induce corrosion in equipment, particularly in high-pressure environments containing CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. Therefore, anti-corrosion protection is necessary for the metal utilized for CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e production and storage equipment. Herein, an ionic liquid (Triethylsulfonium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-imide) was used to functionalize graphene oxide (prepared via improved Hummers method). FESEM, TEM, and XPS confirmed ionic liquids (IL) were successfully attached to the GO lattice. Afterwards, 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% IL-GO composites were separately incorporated into the epoxy and coated on the carbon steel substrate with a thickness of 50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u0026micro;m. The surface examinations demonstrated a consistent distribution of the ILGO composite in the epoxy matrix and achieved a uniform surface. Anti-corrosive property of 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% IL-GO/epoxy coatings was evaluated using electrochemical tests such as potentiodynamic polarisation, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) after immersion in the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (1.5 MPa) and 3.5 wt% NaCl system. After 48 h of immersion in a corrosion environment (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-NaCl), the protection efficiency of 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% IL-GO/epoxy coatings are 86.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55 and 92.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83%, respectively. The findings of this study demonstrated that the ILGO composite reinforced epoxy coating exhibited exceptional corrosion resistance when exposed to CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Anticorrosion properties of ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide epoxy composite coating on the carbon steel for CCUS environment","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-28 07:18:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5241126/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2024-11-18T05:25:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-10-24T14:09:22+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-10-24T13:01:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-10-14T04:07:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2024-10-11T00:05:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2641f8bd-6fc0-48c8-9ec3-12820efc2c0f","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-03T16:01:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5241126","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-35984-6","journal":{"identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-29 15:57:33","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-28 07:18:53","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11356-025-35984-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-35984-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5241126","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5241126","identity":"rs-5241126","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}