Ultra Low Loss Dual Microchannel Incorporated SPR Based PCF Sensor for Malaria Diagnosis

Ultra Low Loss Dual Microchannel Incorporated SPR Based PCF Sensor for Malaria Diagnosis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ultra Low Loss Dual Microchannel Incorporated SPR Based PCF Sensor for Malaria Diagnosis Praveena S, Senthilnathan K This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5152072/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Plasmonics → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this paper, we present a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor for diagnosing deadly malaria. The proposed structure adapts an external sensing scheme that enables the malaria parasite-infected blood sample to be detected easily. We have incorporated dual microchannel in our model to obtain high sensitivity by orienting the plasmonic layer closer to the core region. The flat surface of the microchannel is coated with a silver plasmonic metal and an overlayer of 2D material is coated onto the plasmonic layer. We compare the sensitivity obtained from the 2D MoS 2 and graphene layer coating onto the silver layer. We find that MoS 2 provides better sensitivity than the uncoated or graphene-coated models. Further, the number of layers of MoS 2 has been optimized to be 5 layers of thickness 3.25 nm. After the set of parameters optimization, the proposed sensor exhibits the maximum sensitivities of 7758 nm/RIU, 9210 nm/RIU, and 12,428 nm/RIU, with the maximum spectral resolution of 1.29× 10 − 5 , 1.09× 10 − 5 , 8.04× 10 − 6 RIU for the schizont, trophozoite, and ring phases, respectively. Besides, we also compute the amplitude sensitivities and they are 354.57, 387.71, and 339.34 RIU − 1 with the maximum amplitude resolution of 8.2× 10 − 6 ,4.9× 10 − 6 , and 2.06× 10 − 6 for the schizont, trophozoite, and ring phases, respectively. Further, we also investigate the other important characteristics of the proposed sensor such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), full-width half maximum (FWHM) of the peak, and figure of merit (FOM). In addition to the high sensitivity, the proposed structure also exhibits ultra-low loss for detection. Hence, it can be driven using a low-power source through which the experimental implementation is simplified. Thus, the numerical results corroborate that the proposed sensor is better than existing ones in terms of good sensing performance, cost-effective fabrication, and ultra-low power consumption. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Plasmonics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 10 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 09 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Oct, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 01 Oct, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 26 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Sep, 2024 First submitted to journal 25 Sep, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5152072","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":366320454,"identity":"80445d26-fc13-4afc-a54b-028a37880a3c","order_by":0,"name":"Praveena S","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Praveena","middleName":"","lastName":"S","suffix":""},{"id":366320455,"identity":"35e7246a-80b3-46fb-a80c-230012d75d7a","order_by":1,"name":"Senthilnathan K","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAw0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZiCWAzEOPCBSB2MzkDAGa0kgRUtiA4hJlBb59t7jjwsqbNLnhx1+CLTFTk63gYAWgzPnEptnnEnL3Xg7zQCoJdnY7AAhLRI5hs28bYdzN85OAGk5kLiNkBb5+W+AWv79Tzecnf6BOC0MN3iAWhoOJMhL5xBpi8GZHMPZPMeSDTdI5xQcSDAgwi/y7WcMPvPU2MnLz07f/OFDhZ0cQS0I68AqDYhVDraugRTVo2AUjIJRMKIAAK5uRkh3iKqhAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Senthilnathan","middleName":"","lastName":"K","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-25 12:38:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5152072/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5152072/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-024-02663-0","type":"published","date":"2024-11-20T15:57:10+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69835120,"identity":"93eaaa85-b4d8-487d-8bf7-3845a4fa6354","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-25 16:12:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1286229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"UltraLowLossDualMicrochannelIncorporatedSPRBasedPCFSensorforMalariaDiagnosis.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5152072/v1_covered_cb2b9d20-758f-4a60-80f6-774c8050751f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Ultra Low Loss Dual Microchannel Incorporated SPR Based PCF Sensor for Malaria Diagnosis","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plasmonics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plasmonics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11468)","snPcode":"11468","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11468/3","title":"Plasmonics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5152072/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5152072/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we present a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor for diagnosing deadly malaria. The proposed structure adapts an external sensing scheme that enables the malaria parasite-infected blood sample to be detected easily. We have incorporated dual microchannel in our model to obtain high sensitivity by orienting the plasmonic layer closer to the core region. The flat surface of the microchannel is coated with a silver plasmonic metal and an overlayer of 2D material is coated onto the plasmonic layer. We compare the sensitivity obtained from the 2D MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and graphene layer coating onto the silver layer. We find that MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e provides better sensitivity than the uncoated or graphene-coated models. Further, the number of layers of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e has been optimized to be 5 layers of thickness 3.25 nm. After the set of parameters optimization, the proposed sensor exhibits the maximum sensitivities of 7758 nm/RIU, 9210 nm/RIU, and 12,428 nm/RIU, with the maximum spectral resolution of 1.29\u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.09\u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e, 8.04\u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e RIU for the schizont, trophozoite, and ring phases, respectively. Besides, we also compute the amplitude sensitivities and they are 354.57, 387.71, and 339.34 RIU\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e with the maximum amplitude resolution of 8.2\u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e,4.9\u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e, and 2.06\u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e for the schizont, trophozoite, and ring phases, respectively. Further, we also investigate the other important characteristics of the proposed sensor such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), full-width half maximum (FWHM) of the peak, and figure of merit (FOM). In addition to the high sensitivity, the proposed structure also exhibits ultra-low loss for detection. Hence, it can be driven using a low-power source through which the experimental implementation is simplified. Thus, the numerical results corroborate that the proposed sensor is better than existing ones in terms of good sensing performance, cost-effective fabrication, and ultra-low power consumption.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ultra Low Loss Dual Microchannel Incorporated SPR Based PCF Sensor for Malaria Diagnosis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-13 11:01:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5152072/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-15T13:08:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-10T04:50:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-09T18:34:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"46460209147093014801946167859158568867","date":"2024-10-02T04:44:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"321477468781443989591313880846075177289","date":"2024-10-02T02:54:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"155380916728515190688250662937430198380","date":"2024-10-01T21:02:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-10-01T19:07:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-26T09:52:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-26T09:50:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plasmonics","date":"2024-09-25T12:28:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plasmonics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plasmonics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11468)","snPcode":"11468","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11468/3","title":"Plasmonics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0f717831-2e48-45c2-a7da-bbbad8747485","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-25T16:05:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5152072","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-024-02663-0","journal":{"identity":"plasmonics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Plasmonics"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-20 15:57:10","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 20th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-13 11:01:35","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11468-024-02663-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-024-02663-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5152072","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5152072","identity":"rs-5152072","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}