All-Photonic 2xN Cluster States in Frequency, Time and Polarization

All-Photonic 2xN Cluster States in Frequency, Time and Polarization | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article All-Photonic 2xN Cluster States in Frequency, Time and Polarization Alexander Gaeta, Miri Blau, Xingchen Ji, Michal Lipson This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6696161/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Complex and multi-dimensional cluster states of light are a critical resource for one-way quantum computers. We exploit the frequency, time and polarization domains to generate all-photonic cluster-states in a two-dimensional, 2N qubit, in a 2xN configuration. Cluster states of two dimensions or higher can serve as a resource for universal measurement-based quantum computation, and our approach allows for the realization of measurement-based two-qubit operations in an all-photonic platform. To generate the cluster states, we employ a process in which we construct dual-rail cluster states in time, frequency and polarization, as sequences of dual-color photon pairs encoded in polarization. The demonstrated discrete-variable, multi-photon, 4- and 6-qubit 2xN cluster states are shown to have high lower-bound fidelities of 0.84 and 0.57, respectively. By implementing more frequency bins the cluster state can be extended further, as well as the use of additional photonic degrees of freedom (like spatial modes) for higher dimensional cluster-states. Physical sciences/Physics/Quantum physics/Quantum information Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Applied optics/Integrated optics Physical sciences/Physics/Quantum physics/Single photons and quantum effects Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics/Quantum optics Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology/Nanoscale devices/Quantum information Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6696161","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":459003724,"identity":"5b6187f3-b842-47ac-bf7a-b88473f0025d","order_by":0,"name":"Alexander Gaeta","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdgbGBx8M/ssxMDA3MDA2SIDEDPBrYWZgNpxRwWzMAFRPtBY2aZ4zzIkNEC0MhLXwN7NfkOBtY0vvb29sk7q5w0Kegb15mwQ+LRKHeQoMJNt4cmecOdgmnXtGwrCB51gZXi0Mh3kSEgzbJHI3SCQCtbRJAL2TY4ZXizxQy4HENoN0A6gW+wb5N/i1GBxmP9hw4ExCAkxLYoMED34thod5mBkbKg4YAv3SbA30S3IbT1qxBT4tcsfbn//+Y3BAnr+9+eDt3B11tv3shzfewKeFgYEHLRbY8CsHAfYHhNWMglEwCkbByAYANIlJRYHcXRIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Columbia University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexander","middleName":"","lastName":"Gaeta","suffix":""},{"id":459003725,"identity":"2af8708c-2515-4c51-b06d-f4254955b8ca","order_by":1,"name":"Miri Blau","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8833-8986","institution":"Columbia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miri","middleName":"","lastName":"Blau","suffix":""},{"id":459003726,"identity":"af82687e-2505-4553-a157-a490871faae4","order_by":2,"name":"Xingchen Ji","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0284-0818","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xingchen","middleName":"","lastName":"Ji","suffix":""},{"id":459003727,"identity":"ed7004a3-fc71-4743-906f-482bec7c6cc3","order_by":3,"name":"Michal Lipson","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2903-3765","institution":"Columbia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michal","middleName":"","lastName":"Lipson","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-19 07:35:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6696161/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6696161/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85950537,"identity":"f705ad6d-d627-40a2-90ab-2cc13024d6a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-03 13:48:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3939857,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"AllPhotonic2xNClusterStatesinFrequencyTimeandPolarizationfinal.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6696161/v1_covered_defc44a0-57ed-43c1-b28a-7f032238e993.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"All-Photonic 2xN Cluster States in Frequency, Time and Polarization","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6696161/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6696161/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Complex and multi-dimensional cluster states of light are a critical resource for one-way quantum computers. 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