Culture Based Informal Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Income Growth Among Malay Women In Seberang Jambi From A Feminist Economic Perspective

Culture Based Informal Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Income Growth Among Malay Women In Seberang Jambi From A Feminist Economic Perspective | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Culture Based Informal Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Income Growth Among Malay Women In Seberang Jambi From A Feminist Economic Perspective Mayasari Mayasari, Siti Syuhada, Fachruddiansyah Muslim This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8569050/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The problem of gender inequality which is still quite high in access and control over economic resources in society, especially for Jambi Malay women in the informal sector or home industry, is an interesting thing to study using qualitative research methods through a Community-based participatory research approach involving collaborative partnerships between researchers and nonacademic stakeholders. The results of the study show 1) the economic participation of Jambi Malay women can support the family economy of the community; 2) their income in the informal sector based on culture has increased quite well in meeting family needs; 3) strategies that can increase their income in this informal sector based on culture by implementing digital-based marketing management; and 4) the participation and increase in their income from a gender perspective can help in designing more inclusive and sustainable policies, recognizing and strengthening local economic development, formulating strategies for women's access to economic resources, maintaining and promoting the cultural heritage of the Jambi Malay Tribe. Feminist Economic Greatest Income Informal Sector Culture Malay Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 INTRODUCTION In the household income and expenditure survey obtained data from developing member countries (DMC) from the Asian Development Bank Indicator in 2008 provides absolute evidence that inequality has increased in many countries in Asia that the rich are getting richer faster than the poor. To overcome poverty, the poor take informal jobs, such as informal work subsystems, side jobs, and occasional jobs. The informal sector can be defined as a sector of economic activity, both legal and illegal, carried out by households and/or micro and small businesses whose businesses are not recorded, registered, regulated and incorporated, where their income is not reported (Sirait, 2023 ). The rapid growth of informal sector workers or home industries dominated by women is inseparable from the global influence that has spread to various areas of life, especially the liberal economic ideology that brings feminist economic views. Feminist economics tends to emphasize subjective, empathetic, process-oriented, and inclusive women who have responsibilities as real women who take care of the family household, but they must also see positivism consistent with the male perspective in obtaining income, knowledge and education as well as men (Mayasari, 2019 ); (Neuman, 2014 ). Not only that, feminist economics has moved far beyond the analysis of gender inequality alone, but shows how the provision of unpaid and unappreciated health services subsidizes economic growth (Onaran, et al., 2022 ). The development of the Malay community economy in Jambi City today cannot be separated from informal sector workers who are dominated by women. They have proven successful in overcoming family economic problems by running informal sector businesses or home industries during the Covid-19 pandemic. The ability of the informal sector to help the community's economy is able to increase large incomes (greatest income) for its actors if pursued and carried out seriously. Greatest income can be interpreted as the highest income or peak income that can be achieved by a person or group in a certain period of time, this can refer to the maximum income that can be obtained from work, investment, or other businesses (Brooks & Oikonomou, 2018 ). In the context of Feminist Economics, "greatest income" can be interpreted as an effort to achieve the highest possible level of income for women in overcoming the gender and social barriers they face. Some of the problems faced by Jambi Malay women in increasing their income (greatest income) in the informal sector based on culture Seberang Jambi City include 1) limited access to resources for women often face obstacles in accessing resources such as capital, and skills training, which are needed to develop culture-based businesses; 2) gender discrimination and inequality in terms of lower wages or limited access to economic opportunities, thus hampering their ability to increase income; 3) irregular and uncertain work patterns in their income because they depend on external factors such as seasons or market demand; 4) limited access to finance for women in running businesses such as micro loans or savings, which can help them develop their businesses; 5) high burden of work in the household can hamper their ability to focus on developing their culture-based businesses; and 6) lack of support and social networks can make women feel isolated and difficult to develop businesses. The condition of the problem can be proposed several formulations of the following problems: 1) How is the economic participation of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture Seberang Jambi City?; 2) How is the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture Seberang Jambi City?; 3) What are the strategies that can increase the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture?; and 4) How is the awareness of the importance of including a gender perspective in local economic development planning? LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review used in this study is the State of The Art of this study in the form of an in-depth structural analysis of social, economic, and political conditions (Indarti & Fibrianto, 2023 ); (Mukramin, 2018 ); (Babul, 2022 ); (Adibah, 2017 ) that affect the income of Jambi Malay women. This includes understanding gender inequality, discrimination, and limited access to economic resources and capital components (Napitupulu & Ekawaty, 2022 ); (Kim et al., 2016 ); (Cuberes & Teignier, 2018 ); (Ruiters & Charteris, 2020 ); (Espinoza-Delgado & Silber, 2023 ). Recognition of Unpaid Work such as housework and care is considered a significant economic contribution but is often not counted in income measurements (Pallulungan et al., 2021); (Yuniati, 2019 ); (Shi, 2015 ). Participation and Representation of women in economic and political decision-making that can affect their income (Agusalim et al., 2023 ); (Dahlum et al., 2022 2). Structural Transformation in society to create fairer conditions for women in achieving their "greatest income" (Romli et al., 2016 ); (Rinaldi et al., 2022 ); (Ardina et al., 2022). This includes addressing gender inequities in access to economic resources and employment opportunities (Nuraeni & Suryono, 2021 ); (Verick, 2018 ); (Schaner & Das, 2016 ); (Sali, 2017 ); (Mehrotra & Sinha, 2017 ); (Effendi & Devi, 2018 ) and incomes for women from different races/ethnicities are lower than for men in the same class (Aonso-Villar & del Rio, 2023); (Posel et al., 2023 ). METHOD The approach in this study is qualitative with an action research model. The CBPR Action Research Model is carried out collaboratively between researchers and partners from the Jambi Malay community group. CBPR is carried out with dynamic and cyclical trials that are continuously evaluated and redesigned to obtain the best model and in accordance with the needs of the Jambi Malay community. CBPR does not seek meaning and does not interpret the meaning of the phenomenon, but formulates a design of something needed by the community, based on the results of their own trials in real life. The results of this research analysis use tools using the NVivo technology application which will help qualitative researchers in processing data according to the characteristics of qualitative research (Priyatni et al., 2020 ). Women who work in the informal sector here are women who run home industry businesses. Thus, this research design aims to explore; investigate and study the depth of understanding of social phenomena by basing the value of the importance of a person's subjective experience and the process of making meaning and requiring a detailed depth of understanding (Creswell & Creswell,2018) and requiring sharing of power involving collaborative partnerships between researchers and non-academic participants, for example, community members. CBPR is generally appropriate when the purpose of the research is to promote community change or action (Leavy, 2017 ). The flow diagram of this research can be seen in the following chart: In the flowchart, there are four important points that must be done in qualitative research with the CBPR approach. The four points are: Laying the foundation of the research, where at this stage it has been done relationally as well as technically . This stage is relational and technical in nature, including: building trust with the community, explaining the objectives and benefits of the research to the women’s group, establishing community research partners, agreeing upon the roles between researchers and community members, and developing a participatory protocol. This stage is essential because CBPR emphasizes equity and active community participation from the very beginning. Planning . At this stage, the activities include identifying priority issues considered important by the community, formulating research questions in a participatory manner, determining the most appropriate data collection techniques (FGDs, interviews, participatory observation), and designing the actions to be tested (action plan). The planning is carried out collaboratively so that the research design truly emerges from the needs of the Jambi Malay women. Collecting and analyzing information. This stage includes data collection through interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and field notes. The analysis is carried out repeatedly and in real time throughout the process (iterative analysis). The community is involved in the analysis phase to provide interpretations and verify the findings. At this stage, the researcher uses NVivo as an analytical tool to manage textual, audio, and field-note data; conduct coding, develop nodes, and classify themes; visualize relationships among themes; and enhance the rigor and trustworthiness of the research. The use of NVivo aligns with the characteristics of qualitative research because it enables the mapping of patterns, the creation of data matrices, and the transparent documentation of the analytical process. Acting to find what will be done during the proposed time. This stage is the core of action research and consists of implementing the initial model or intervention that has been designed, conducting small-scale trials within the community, observing the impacts and community responses, and engaging in reflection and discussion with the community regarding the implementation results. This process leads to improvements and refinements of the model. It ensures that the outcomes of the research take the form of an empowerment model, community policy recommendations, and business development strategies that are relevant, practical, and contextual for Jambi Malay women. CBPR is appropriate when the aim of the research is to generate real change within the community; when an equal partnership between researchers and community members is required; when the research demands deep understanding while remaining action-oriented; and when the community possesses direct experience that serves as the basis for research decision-making. In this study, CBPR is effective for strengthening women’s empowerment, enhancing community capacity, and designing culturally responsive intervention models. Furthermore, this research will be processed using NVivo as an analytical tool. After all stages are completed, the refined data and models will be further analyzed using NVivo to formulate the main findings, construct the final model, and validate the patterns that emerge from the data. RESULTS Field exploration related to the research problems that have been described in the introduction of the study using the interview method with Jambi Malay women and coding has been carried out using the Nvivo qualitative analysis tool (Suripto, 2022 ) which can be seen in the following image: Figure 2 is obtained from the results of in-depth interviews with five female informal sector entrepreneurs of the Jambi Malay tribe regarding their participation in the Jambi Malay culture-based economy in Seberang City. Malay women in Seberang City of Jambi participate in informal sectors such as small trade, handicrafts, traditional food catering, traditional cakes and home services. Their involvement is strongly influenced by local cultural values ​​that emphasize the role of women as supporters of the family economy. These cultural values, such as mutual cooperation and community strength, help people get jobs from these businesses and also provide an important foundation for women to engage in economic activities outside their traditional household roles. Women in this area are often the backbone of the family in the face of economic pressures. They run small businesses such as selling traditional food, becoming craftsmen, and opening small kiosks. This participation increases women's economic autonomy, albeit on a small scale, and helps ease the economic burden on families. Jambi Malay culture emphasizes the values ​​of family and community harmony. These values ​​shape patterns of women's participation in the informal sector. For example, many women are involved in family or community-based businesses, such as producing traditional foods or local crafts. In addition, concepts of honor and traditional gender roles also influence the types of work that are considered "appropriate" for women. To explore the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal, culture-based sector Seberang Jambi City, see the following image: Seberang Jambi City Jambi Malay Women Seberang Jambi City run various types of informal businesses based on culture, such as: Traditional food trade: Women sell typical Jambi Malay food, such as traditional cakes and home cooking. Income from this type of business varies, with an average range of IDR 1,000,000 - IDR 3,000,000 per month, depending on the scale of the business and the location of the sale. Furthermore, informal sector businesses Handicrafts: Women are also involved in making local crafts such as weaving, traditional fabrics, and culturally based accessories. Income from handicrafts is relatively lower compared to food trade, with an average of around IDR 500,000 - IDR 2,000,000 per month. Likewise in informal sector businesses Customary and cultural-based services: Some women are involved in services, such as doing makeup for Malay traditional brides or making traditional clothes for traditional events. Income from this sector is seasonal, depending on traditional ceremonies, weddings, or cultural holidays. Jambi Malay culture greatly influences women's work patterns and businesses in the informal sector. Cultural values, such as maintaining family honor and participating in community activities, encourage women to play a role in economic activities that are still in line with traditions and customs. Most women prefer businesses that support the sustainability of local cultural traditions. However, limited access to technology and business modernization is an obstacle to increasing their income. Education and skills play an important role in determining women’s income. Interview results show that women with higher education and who have received entrepreneurship skills training tend to earn higher incomes because they have the ability to develop products, innovate, and reach a wider market. They are also better able to use technology to market their products online. Women with less education or no formal entrepreneurship training tend to rely on local markets and sell on a small scale, which results in relatively lower incomes. Several key factors that influence women’s income in the informal, culture-based sector in Seberang Kota Jambi include: Business Capital: Women who have access to larger capital are able to start larger-scale businesses or expand existing businesses. Women with limited capital can only operate small businesses with limited income; Access to Markets: Women who have access to wider markets, such as selling products outside Jambi or through online media, tend to earn higher incomes than those who only rely on local markets; and Social and Community Networks: Support from communities and social networks, such as women’s business groups or assistance from family, also play an important role in increasing income. In many cases, women’s mutual cooperation groups help improve production and marketing efficiency, thereby increasing collective income. To explore strategies that can increase the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture, data analysis can be obtained from in-depth interviews with key informants as shown in the following figure: Some strategies that have proven effective in increasing the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture are improving entrepreneurial skills, access to business capital, product diversification, digital marketing, strengthening social networks, and partnerships with the government and private sector. Integrating cultural preservation with economic strategies is also key to empowering women in the community. Furthermore, to explore awareness of the importance of including a gender perspective in local economic development planning based on in-depth interviews with key informants, this can be seen in the following figure: The main findings obtained in terms of awareness of the importance of including a gender perspective in local development planning are: Low Awareness at the Community Level: Many informal women entrepreneurs are not yet fully aware of the importance of including a gender perspective in local economic policies. They tend to see their role in the economy as part of their domestic and community responsibilities, without considering how gender-sensitive policies can improve their welfare; Higher Awareness Among Educated Entrepreneurs: Women with higher education and those who have undergone entrepreneurship training are more likely to be aware that policies that support gender equality can provide better access to resources such as capital, training, and wider business networks. Awareness of the importance of a gender perspective in local economic development planning is still in its infancy, but it is growing, especially among more educated women and those involved in empowerment initiatives. Although there are barriers such as traditional cultural norms and lack of education, awareness can be raised through training, advocacy, and gender integration into local policies. As this awareness grows, women will be better able to take on a leading role in economic development, which will improve the well-being of individuals, families, and communities. From the results of the interviews analyzed using the help of the NVivo qualitative analysis tool, women's participation in Seberang Kota Jambi conducted on the 3 informants is that women have an active role in participating in helping their own economy. To support the description of the NVivo coding above, the researcher attaches several questions and answers from different informants regarding the participation of women's roles in Seberang Kota Jambi. From the presentation of the findings above, the results of the study discussing the Feminist Economic Perspective related to the "Greatest Income" in the informal sector based on culture for women of the Jambi Malay ethnic group Seberang Jambi City may include the following findings: The Role of Culture in Women's Work: Jambi Malay culture plays an important role in shaping women's roles and responsibilities, especially in the informal sector. Many women are involved in culturally based economic activities, such as traditional craft making, culinary specialties, or agricultural activities involving customary practices. Identifying Informal Sectors with the Highest Income: This study may identify specific informal sectors that provide the highest income for Jambi Malay women. For example, trading in traditional food, batik, or handicrafts may be the most profitable sectors. In addition, factors that influence income, such as access to markets, entrepreneurial skills, and community support, are also a major focus. Constraints and Challenges: The research may also explore the constraints faced by women in the informal sector, such as limited access to capital, education, and training. Social and cultural barriers affecting women’s roles in the economy may also be discussed. Feminist Economics Perspective: From a Feminist Economics perspective, this study may highlight how gender equality and women’s economic empowerment can be improved through strengthening the culture-based informal sector. This includes the importance of recognizing women’s economic contributions in Jambi Malay culture and efforts to reduce the economic inequalities faced by women Policy Recommendations: This study may provide policy recommendations to increase women’s income in the informal sector. Recommendations may include developing skills training, increasing access to capital, and promoting culture-based products in wider markets. The results of this study are expected to provide deeper insights into how culture-based economy can be utilized to empower women in Jambi, while strengthening their role in the local economy. DISCUSSION Jambi Malay women in running informal sector businesses cannot be separated from their goal of supporting the family economy, helping to increase family income so that they can meet family needs. In addition, in running their businesses in order to increase income, they use digital-based marketing management strategies in introducing the products they sell, from the increase in income from the informal sector for Jambi Malay women, they will be able to move towards an inclusive and sustainable economy that can strengthen regional economic development while also being able to maintain and promote the cultural heritage of the Jambi Malay tribe through informal sector businesses. Jambi Malay culture plays a crucial role in shaping women’s identities and roles in the economy. Women’s involvement in the informal sector is often influenced by cultural norms that emphasize the importance of domestic roles and social responsibilities. However, through culturally based economic activities, such as handicrafts, batik, and traditional cuisine, women can find a way to contribute to the family and community economy. The study identified the most profitable informal sectors for Jambi Malay women, focusing on sectors that are closely linked to local traditions and culture. Sectors such as the making and selling of traditional foods, the production of Jambi batik, or traditional handicrafts can be significant sources of income. In this context, Feminist Economics highlights the importance of evaluating these sectors not only in terms of economic contribution but also in terms of empowerment and recognition of women’s roles in the cultural economy. Research findings also support the Feminist Economics argument that measures of success must go beyond purely economic outputs (Balasubramanian et al., 2024 ); that the recognition and valuation of women’s cultural labor are essential (Hoque, 2024 ); that support in the form of access to capital and digital marketing training improves both economic outcomes and social empowerment (Nur et al., 2023); and that women’s entrepreneurship is positively correlated with economic growth, although the contribution of women-dominated informal cultural sectors remains undervalued unless accompanied by legal recognition and market access (Chikh-Amnache & Mekhzoumi, 2023 ). In discussing the constraints faced by women, the Feminist Economic Perspective emphasizes how existing social and economic structures can limit women’s access to essential resources such as education, training, and capital. These constraints are often compounded by cultural norms that may limit women’s mobility in the workforce. For example, women in Seberang Kota Jambi may face challenges in obtaining capital to expand their businesses or in accessing wider markets due to limitations in mobility or technology. The informal sector plays a significant role in providing employment for women in developing countries. Studies in Ethiopia show that although the informal sector absorbs a large number of women and helps reduce household poverty, women working in informal employment continue to face substantial structural barriers that limit their long-term socio-economic advancement (Lemma & Sharma, 2025 ). Financial inclusion also remains a major challenge for informal entrepreneurs, particularly women, as access to capital and formal financial services is often limited (Simatele & Kabange, 2022 ). In several cities in Indonesia, there are almost similar experiences related to women who are entrepreneurs in the informal sector, where it was found that: a combination of economic capital, local cultural knowledge, and empowerment strategies can enhance the income and business sustainability of informal women entrepreneurs in Jambi (Mayasari et al., 2024). Many women choose informal work due to specific sociodemographic characteristics and structural conditions (Huzaimi & Arisetyawan, 2024 ). The determinants of income among female informal-sector workers highlight the specific factors influencing earnings levels, offering valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and advocates seeking to promote gender equality and improve economic conditions in this sector (Syafitri et al., 2023 ). The role of women in the informal sector is crucial for household welfare because income from informal activities significantly contributes to meeting daily needs, saving, and increasing overall household stability (Wahita & Yusuf, 2024). To improve women's entrepreneurship, policies and training are needed that support the role of women in entrepreneurship, including the Effectiveness of Entrepreneurship Training and the Role of Government Policy. Effectiveness of Entrepreneurship Training as training programs designed for women in the informal sector have been shown to improve business management skills, self-confidence, and the ability to access wider market. Entrepreneurship training can enhance women’s capabilities in business planning, financial record-keeping, and marketing, enabling women business owners to better manage daily operations, improve business stability, and reduce the risk of business failure (Kabeer, 2018 ); ( Bhakuni et al., 2023 ); (Rashid et al., 2015 ). These skills have been shown to have a direct impact on increasing women’s income and the sustainability of their businesses. Meanwhile, the Role of Government Policy as policies that support women's entrepreneurship, such as micro-credit programs and skills training, contribute to increasing women's income and business development in the informal sector (Abebe & Kegne, 2023 ). Programs that combine training with access to capital (credit/grants), technical assistance, marketing support, or legal facilitation tend to produce stronger economic outcomes compared to single interventions. Proactive government policies that facilitate such bundled services increase the likelihood of business growth among women in the informal sector (Dina & Dewaranu, 2022 ). Feminist Economics promotes the importance of empowering women by providing better access to resources, training, and education. Entrepreneurship training for women in rural areas, when accompanied by skill development, innovation, and access to resources, increases the resilience of women-owned businesses, although social structures and infrastructure barriers still pose significant challenges (Ramos et al., 2024). Thus, women can more effectively manage and develop their businesses in the informal sector, as well as increase their income. This empowerment is not only seen from an economic perspective, but also from a social perspective, where women are encouraged to claim a greater role in economic decision-making in their communities. As women are encouraged to claim a greater role in economic decision-making in their communities, Women will explore how to empower women in the informal sector, as previous research findings include: Contribution to Local Economies: The informal sector is considered the backbone of the economy in many African countries, with women playing a leading role as traders, artisans and service providers; Structural Barriers: Women in the informal sector face barriers in terms of access to credit, technology and business training, which limit the growth potential of their businesses; and Innovative Solutions: A range of solutions, such as the formation of savings and loans groups and community-based training programmes, have been identified as effective ways to build the capacity of women in the informal sector (Bhatt, 2016 ). The impact that is felt if women play an important role in informal sector entrepreneurship can be seen from the Covid-19 pandemic several years ago, where it was found that: Decrease in Income: Most women entrepreneurs in the informal sector experienced a significant decrease in income due to decreased demand during the pandemic; Innovation and Adaptation: Many women showed resilience by innovating, such as shifting their businesses to online platforms or changing the products they offer to suit the needs of the pandemic (for example, producing cloth masks or ready-to-eat food); and Important Support from Government Programs: Direct cash assistance programs and online training provided by the government during the pandemic helped some women maintain their businesses amid economic challenges (Oly & Agarwal, 2014). The view of western feminism or gender mainstreaming where women's roles want to be recognized in all areas, not only taking care of household matters, they want to be recognized for their gender equality with men as expressed below: Feminist economics is a field that includes both studies of gender roles in the economy from a liberatory perspective and critical work directed at biases in the content and methodology of the economics discipline” (Budiarti & Hardati, 2020 ). It is very clear what the views of Western feminists or gender mainstreaming are, where their emphasis is that women also need to recognize gender equality with men. From the phenomena found regarding the reality of the economic life of the Jambi Malay tribe, researchers have found a theoretical concept of feminist economics that is different from western feminist economics, namely the role of women as a complement carried out by housewives without forgetting their nature as housewives in carrying out their economic activities, not only covering household economic activities but also labor market activities and teaching economics to their children from generation to generation. This discussion underlines the importance of understanding the economic dynamics of women in the informal sector from a Feminist Economics perspective, which emphasizes justice, empowerment, and recognition of women's contributions to a culture-based economy. CONCLUSION The conclusion of the study related to the Feminist Economic Perspective on the "Greatest Income" in the informal sector based on culture for Jambi Malay women Seberang Jambi City can be summarized as follows: 1) Significant Contribution of Women in the Culture-Based Economy: Jambi Malay women Seberang Jambi City play an important role in the informal sector based on culture, such as the production of handicrafts, batik, and traditional cuisine. These sectors are not only the main source of income for women but also maintain and preserve local cultural heritage. 2) Recognition of Women's Economic Role: From a Feminist Economic perspective, this study emphasizes the need for greater recognition of women's contributions to the local economy. Although women's economic activities are often invisible or ignored in formal economic statistics, their contributions are very important for the welfare of families and communities; 3) Constraints Faced by Women in the Informal Sector: Women in the informal sector based on culture face various constraints, including limited access to capital, education, and training. These constraints are exacerbated by cultural norms that limit women's roles and space for movement in the economy; 4) Economic Empowerment and Justice: The main conclusion from the Feminist Economics perspective is the importance of women's empowerment efforts to address inequalities in access to economic resources. This empowerment includes increasing women's access to capital, training, technology, and markets, as well as protecting their economic rights. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of a gender-based approach in supporting and strengthening the role of women in the culture-based informal sector, as well as the need for inclusive policies to achieve economic justice for women Seberang Jambi City. Implication From a policy perspective, this discussion may recommend a more inclusive approach to supporting women’s culturally-based informal sector enterprises. This could include entrepreneurship training programs, access to technology and markets, and policies that encourage women’s participation in the local economy. In addition, the need for policies that specifically support cultural sectors that are the main source of income for Jambi Malay women is also an important concern. Limitation and Future Direction Limitations of this study can be seen from 1) Data and Representation Limitations: This study is limited to a relatively small sample or specific to a certain area in Seberang Jambi City, so the results may not fully represent the experiences of all Jambi Malay women in various social and economic contexts. And data collection may also be limited to qualitative methods, such as interviews and observations, which can produce in-depth understanding but may not cover the full range of experiences in the wider population. 2) Gender Perspective Limitations: Although this study focuses on the Feminist Economics perspective, limitations in incorporating broader gender perspectives, such as intersectionality, may reduce understanding of how other factors such as age, social class, or education level affect women's economic experiences; 3) Contextual Limitations: External factors such as policy changes, national economic situations, or the impact of globalization may not be fully integrated into the analysis, limiting understanding of how the broader context affects the culture-based informal sector. 4) Limitations in Measuring Economic Impact: Measuring the economic impact of informal culture-based activities may be limited to indicators that are difficult to measure, such as increases in subjective well-being or changes in women's social status, which are not always visible in quantitative data. Future Directions This research is aimed at 1) Developing Longitudinal Studies: Future research could explore long-term changes in the economic roles and contributions of Jambi Malay women in the informal, culture-based sector. Longitudinal studies would allow researchers to observe economic and social dynamics over time as well as the impact of policy interventions. 2) Intersectionality Approach: Integrating an intersectionality perspective would provide a more holistic understanding of how factors such as gender, class, ethnicity, and social status affect women in the informal sector. This would help identify the most vulnerable groups and formulate more effective empowerment strategies; 3) Exploring Technology and Digitalization: Future research could explore how technology and digitalization can be used to improve the incomes of women in the informal, culture-based sector. This includes leveraging e-commerce platforms, social media, and other digital tools to expand market access and improve production efficiency. 4) Evaluation of Empowerment Policies and Programs: Research that focuses on evaluating empowerment policies and programs that have been implemented in the region would be useful. This could include analyzing the effectiveness of skills training programs, access to microcredit, and marketing initiatives targeted at women in the informal sector. To overcome these limitations and direct future research in a more inclusive and comprehensive direction, it is hoped that a deeper understanding and more effective solutions for women's economic empowerment in the informal, culture-based sector in Seberang Kota Jambi and other areas can be obtained. Declarations Funding The researcher expresses gratitude to the Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service, Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia for providing research funding in 2024 through the BIMA fundamental research program, based on Decree Number 1703/UN21/PT/2024 and Agreement/Contract Number 1618/UN21.11/PT.01.05/SPK/2024, for the research budget entitled “Feminist Economic Perspective: Greatest Income in the Culture-Based Informal Sector for Malay Women in Seberang Jambi ". Ethic Statement The Ethics Committee of the Research Center at Universitas Jambi has waived ethical approval for the study. This decision is based on the study's minimal risk to participants, adherence to ethical standards, and use of anonymized data. The research ensures confidentiality, informed consent, and compliance with institutional guidelines. The waiver allows timely research progress while maintaining transparency, accountability, and alignment with Universitas Jambi's ethical policies. Accordance Statement This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human participants, including respect for autonomy, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. The research procedures followed the ethical standards and regulations established by the relevant institutional ethics committee, as stated in the ethics approval section. Consent to participate Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participation was voluntary, and the right to withdraw at any time was guaranteed Clinical trial number Not applicable. Consent to Publish declaration Not applicable. 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Mehrotra S, Sinha S. (2017). Explaining falling female employment during a high growth period. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 52. No.39, P: 54–62. Mukramin S. (2018). Strategi bertahan hidup: Masyarakat pesisir Suku Bajo di Kabupaten Kolaka Utara (Survival strategy: Coastal community of Bajo Tribe in North Kolaka Regency). Walasuji: Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya, Vol. 9, No. 1, P: 175–186. https://doi.org/10.36869/wjsb.v9i1.29 Napitupulu F, dan Ekawaty M. Ketimpangan Gender Dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi: Studi Kasus Pada Negara-Negara Asia Timur Dan Pasifik. J Dev Economic Social Stud. 2022;1(1):29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/jdess.2022.01.1.4 . Neuman WL. (2014). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. 7th edition. Essex, UK: Pearson Education Limited. Nur Asrofi DA, Pratomo DS, Pangestuty FW. Internet utilization and Indonesian female entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cogent Social Sci. 2023;9(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2273347 . Nuraeni Y, dan Suryono IL. (2021). Analisis Kesetaraan Gender dalam Bidang Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia. Nakhoda: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Vol. 20, No. 01, P: 68–79. Oly Ndubisi N, Agarwal J. Quality performance of SMEs in a developing economy: direct and indirect effects of service innovation and entrepreneurial orientation. J Bus Industrial Mark. 2014;29(6):454–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-07-2013-0146 . Onaran Özlem, Oyvat C, Fotopoulou E. Gendering macroeconomic analysis and development policy: a theoretical model. Fem Econ. 2022;28(3):1–33. Palullungan J, Warongan JDL, dan, Latjandu LD. (2021). Analisis Pengakuan Pendapatan Berdasarkan Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Nomor 72 Pada Pt. Favora Raja Maya. Jurnal EMBA: Vo. 9, No. 4, p:1494–1502. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v9i4 Posel D, Gelo D, Casale D, Oyenubi A. Sorting the Gender Earnings Gap: Heterogeneity in the South African Labor Market. Feminst Econ. 2023;30(1):106–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2279227 . Priyatni ET, Suryani AW, Fachrunnisa R, Supriyanto A, dan, Zakaria I. (2020). Pemanfaatan NVivo dalam Penelitian Kualitatif (NVivo untuk Kajian Pustaka, Analisis Data, dan Triangulasi. Malang: Pusat Pendidikan Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (LP2M) Universitas Negeri Malang (UM). Ramos Farroñán EV, Arbulú Ballesteros MA, Mogollón García FS, Heredia Llatas FD, Farfán Chilicaus GC. Guzmán Valle MdlÁ, García Juárez HD, Silva León PM, Arbulú Castillo JC. (2024). Sustainability and Rural Empowerment: Developing Women’s Entrepreneurial Skills Through Innovation. Sustainability. 16(23):10226. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310226 Rashid F, John M, Consolatta N, Stephen S. Impact of microfinance institutions on economic empowerment of women entrepreneurs in developing countries. J Int Bus Res Mark. 2015;1(10):45–55. 10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.110.1004 . Rinaldi N, Erfit, dan, Rosmeli. (2022). Transformasi Struktural Perekonomian Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Aktual, Vol. 1, No.3, P:117–126. https://doi.org/10.53867/jea.v1i3.19 Romli MS, Hutagol MP, dan Priyarsono DS. Transformasi Struktural: Faktor-Faktor Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Disparitas Pendapatan Di Madura. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pembangunan. 2016;5(1):25–44. Ruiters M, Charteris A. Gender equality in labour force participation, economic growth and development in South Africa. Dev South Afr. 2020;37:997–1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.20 20.1772042 . Sali S. (2017). Pelindungan Hak Pekerja Perempuan dalam Perspektif Feminisme. Aspirasi: Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Sosial, Vol. 8, No. 2, P: 207–222. Schaner S, Das S. (2016). Female Labor Force Participation in Asia: Indonesia Country Study. In ADB Economics Working Paper Series Female. Asian Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2737842 Shi Y. What Drive Females‘ Labor Force Participation in China? A Study Comparing Urban and Rural Area. Washington DC, USA: Georgetown University; 2015. Simatele M, Kabange M. Financial Inclusion and Intersectionality: A Case of Business Funding in the South African Informal Sector. J Risk Financial Manage. 2022;15(9):380. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15090380 . Sirait RA. (2023). Pengaruh Pekerja Sektor Informal Terhadap Penerimaan Perpajakan dan Penerimaan Pajak Penghasilan. Jurnal Budget: Isu dan Masalah Keuangan Negara, Vol. 8, No.1, P: 35–51. Suripto. Program Aplikasi New Nvivo. Yogyakarta: UGM; 2022. Syafitri W, Fitanto B, Setyanti AM, Izza N. Income Determinants of Women in East Java's Informal Labor Market. Microdata Approach; 2023. Verick S. Female Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries. IZA World of Labor; 2018. Wahita Sari I, Yusuf Y. Peran Perempuan Pekerja Sektor Informal dalam Meningkatkan Ekonomi Keluarga (Studi pada Pedagang Kaki Lima Perempuan di Jalan Suka Karya, Kelurahan Sialang Munggu Kota Pekanbaru). Innovative: J Social Sci Res. 2024;4(4):4487–96. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v4i4.13601 . Yuniati M. (2019). Profil Tenaga Kerja Perempuan Berdasarkan Umur, Tingkat Pendidikan, Sektor Formal, Informal Di Provinsi Ntb Tahun 2016–2018 Beserta Analisis Ekonominya. Jurnal Bina Ilmiah Vol. 13, No. 12, P: 1855–61. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8569050","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":598466881,"identity":"2ed4d90d-c1bc-455f-8ee6-ed094d57e7d7","order_by":0,"name":"Mayasari Mayasari","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADHn4gYQBmMkNpglokG0jVwmBwAImNV6Vu+xnDjz9q7skY38g9UPCDwU6egZ15A14tZmdyjKV5jhXzmN3ISzDsYUg2bGBmK8Cv5UCOgTQDWwJQS46BAQ8DcwIDMw9+h5mdf2P888e/BB7jGTkGhn8Y6onQciPHTIK3LYHHQCLHwJiH4TAxWp6VWfP2JfBInHljYCxjcNywjaBfzidvvvnjW4I9f3uOmeGbimp5fv7D+EOMgYED7gw2A1CMsBFQDwTsD2As5ge41IyCUTAKRsHIBgAtZjvOpD9ivQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Jambi University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mayasari","middleName":"","lastName":"Mayasari","suffix":""},{"id":598466885,"identity":"355df215-db13-48f2-9501-e8254dcf94b2","order_by":1,"name":"Siti Syuhada","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jambi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Siti","middleName":"","lastName":"Syuhada","suffix":""},{"id":598466887,"identity":"ee9ff9c2-0b7a-4a51-9550-9334424c31a6","order_by":2,"name":"Fachruddiansyah 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Flowchart\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8569050/v1/bef5c7023ed3e3d49a7165c1.png"},{"id":103725840,"identity":"1db98c06-1450-42d0-9be3-3f44a15401a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 08:13:12","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":555124,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic participation of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture Seberang Jambi City\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8569050/v1/4ea2dd3951b262c2a20758c4.png"},{"id":103725796,"identity":"44ef5b57-cb9d-44c9-a010-54cc89173f72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 08:13:06","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":708392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture Seberang Jambi City\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8569050/v1/5928d0c0fda9d80b734c9390.png"},{"id":103725836,"identity":"999c3267-dbbd-42cf-ab55-6153cfe1bf79","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 08:13:10","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":232591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estrategies that can increase the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8569050/v1/22004efef14422867103eac9.png"},{"id":103725795,"identity":"5523e018-b5f7-40bf-a8a4-bdb09d7d43b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 08:13:06","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":175630,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAwareness of the importance of including a gender perspective in local economic development planning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8569050/v1/80d9eef1ca3261d89955aed0.png"},{"id":106602074,"identity":"90485802-34d5-4522-a4e4-70af4943a4b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-10 10:28:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2810845,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8569050/v1/d56233ce-5491-4aa0-a36f-f979b511094f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Culture Based Informal Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Income Growth Among Malay Women In Seberang Jambi From A Feminist Economic Perspective","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the household income and expenditure survey obtained data from developing member countries (DMC) from the Asian Development Bank Indicator in 2008 provides absolute evidence that inequality has increased in many countries in Asia that the rich are getting richer faster than the poor. To overcome poverty, the poor take informal jobs, such as informal work subsystems, side jobs, and occasional jobs. The informal sector can be defined as a sector of economic activity, both legal and illegal, carried out by households and/or micro and small businesses whose businesses are not recorded, registered, regulated and incorporated, where their income is not reported (Sirait, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rapid growth of informal sector workers or home industries dominated by women is inseparable from the global influence that has spread to various areas of life, especially the liberal economic ideology that brings feminist economic views. Feminist economics tends to emphasize subjective, empathetic, process-oriented, and inclusive women who have responsibilities as real women who take care of the family household, but they must also see positivism consistent with the male perspective in obtaining income, knowledge and education as well as men (Mayasari, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e); (Neuman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Not only that, feminist economics has moved far beyond the analysis of gender inequality alone, but shows how the provision of unpaid and unappreciated health services subsidizes economic growth (Onaran, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe development of the Malay community economy in Jambi City today cannot be separated from informal sector workers who are dominated by women. They have proven successful in overcoming family economic problems by running informal sector businesses or home industries during the Covid-19 pandemic. The ability of the informal sector to help the community's economy is able to increase large incomes (greatest income) for its actors if pursued and carried out seriously. Greatest income can be interpreted as the highest income or peak income that can be achieved by a person or group in a certain period of time, this can refer to the maximum income that can be obtained from work, investment, or other businesses (Brooks \u0026amp; Oikonomou, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In the context of Feminist Economics, \"greatest income\" can be interpreted as an effort to achieve the highest possible level of income for women in overcoming the gender and social barriers they face.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome of the problems faced by Jambi Malay women in increasing their income (greatest income) in the informal sector based on culture Seberang Jambi City include 1) limited access to resources for women often face obstacles in accessing resources such as capital, and skills training, which are needed to develop culture-based businesses; 2) gender discrimination and inequality in terms of lower wages or limited access to economic opportunities, thus hampering their ability to increase income; 3) irregular and uncertain work patterns in their income because they depend on external factors such as seasons or market demand; 4) limited access to finance for women in running businesses such as micro loans or savings, which can help them develop their businesses; 5) high burden of work in the household can hamper their ability to focus on developing their culture-based businesses; and 6) lack of support and social networks can make women feel isolated and difficult to develop businesses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe condition of the problem can be proposed several formulations of the following problems: 1) How is the economic participation of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture Seberang Jambi City?; 2) How is the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture Seberang Jambi City?; 3) What are the strategies that can increase the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture?; and 4) How is the awareness of the importance of including a gender perspective in local economic development planning?\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"LITERATURE REVIEW","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe literature review used in this study is the State of The Art of this study in the form of an in-depth structural analysis of social, economic, and political conditions (Indarti \u0026amp; Fibrianto, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e); (Mukramin, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e); (Babul, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e); (Adibah, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) that affect the income of Jambi Malay women. This includes understanding gender inequality, discrimination, and limited access to economic resources and capital components (Napitupulu \u0026amp; Ekawaty, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e); (Kim et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e); (Cuberes \u0026amp; Teignier, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e); (Ruiters \u0026amp; Charteris, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e); (Espinoza-Delgado \u0026amp; Silber, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Recognition of Unpaid Work such as housework and care is considered a significant economic contribution but is often not counted in income measurements (Pallulungan et al., 2021); (Yuniati, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e); (Shi, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Participation and Representation of women in economic and political decision-making that can affect their income (Agusalim et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e); (Dahlum et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e2). Structural Transformation in society to create fairer conditions for women in achieving their \"greatest income\" (Romli et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e); (Rinaldi et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e); (Ardina et al., 2022). This includes addressing gender inequities in access to economic resources and employment opportunities (Nuraeni \u0026amp; Suryono, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e); (Verick, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e); (Schaner \u0026amp; Das, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e); (Sali, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e); (Mehrotra \u0026amp; Sinha, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e); (Effendi \u0026amp; Devi, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and incomes for women from different races/ethnicities are lower than for men in the same class (Aonso-Villar \u0026amp; del Rio, 2023); (Posel et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"METHOD","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe approach in this study is qualitative with an action research model. The CBPR Action Research Model is carried out collaboratively between researchers and partners from the Jambi Malay community group. CBPR is carried out with dynamic and cyclical trials that are continuously evaluated and redesigned to obtain the best model and in accordance with the needs of the Jambi Malay community. CBPR does not seek meaning and does not interpret the meaning of the phenomenon, but formulates a design of something needed by the community, based on the results of their own trials in real life. The results of this research analysis use tools using the NVivo technology application which will help qualitative researchers in processing data according to the characteristics of qualitative research (Priyatni et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen who work in the informal sector here are women who run home industry businesses. Thus, this research design aims to explore; investigate and study the depth of understanding of social phenomena by basing the value of the importance of a person's subjective experience and the process of making meaning and requiring a detailed depth of understanding (Creswell \u0026amp; Creswell,2018) and requiring sharing of power involving collaborative partnerships between researchers and non-academic participants, for example, community members. CBPR is generally appropriate when the purpose of the research is to promote community change or action (Leavy, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The flow diagram of this research can be seen in the following chart:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the flowchart, there are four important points that must be done in qualitative research with the CBPR approach. The four points are:\u003c/p\u003e\u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLaying the foundation of the research, where at this stage it has been done relationally as well as technically\u003c/b\u003e. This stage is relational and technical in nature, including: building trust with the community, explaining the objectives and benefits of the research to the women’s group, establishing community research partners, agreeing upon the roles between researchers and community members, and developing a participatory protocol. This stage is essential because CBPR emphasizes equity and active community participation from the very beginning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePlanning\u003c/b\u003e. At this stage, the activities include identifying priority issues considered important by the community, formulating research questions in a participatory manner, determining the most appropriate data collection techniques (FGDs, interviews, participatory observation), and designing the actions to be tested (action plan). The planning is carried out collaboratively so that the research design truly emerges from the needs of the Jambi Malay women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCollecting and analyzing information.\u003c/b\u003e This stage includes data collection through interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and field notes. The analysis is carried out repeatedly and in real time throughout the process (iterative analysis). The community is involved in the analysis phase to provide interpretations and verify the findings. At this stage, the researcher uses NVivo as an analytical tool to manage textual, audio, and field-note data; conduct coding, develop nodes, and classify themes; visualize relationships among themes; and enhance the rigor and trustworthiness of the research. The use of NVivo aligns with the characteristics of qualitative research because it enables the mapping of patterns, the creation of data matrices, and the transparent documentation of the analytical process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eActing to find what will be done during the proposed time.\u003c/b\u003e This stage is the core of action research and consists of implementing the initial model or intervention that has been designed, conducting small-scale trials within the community, observing the impacts and community responses, and engaging in reflection and discussion with the community regarding the implementation results. This process leads to improvements and refinements of the model. It ensures that the outcomes of the research take the form of an empowerment model, community policy recommendations, and business development strategies that are relevant, practical, and contextual for Jambi Malay women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003eCBPR is appropriate when the aim of the research is to generate real change within the community; when an equal partnership between researchers and community members is required; when the research demands deep understanding while remaining action-oriented; and when the community possesses direct experience that serves as the basis for research decision-making. In this study, CBPR is effective for strengthening women’s empowerment, enhancing community capacity, and designing culturally responsive intervention models.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, this research will be processed using NVivo as an analytical tool. After all stages are completed, the refined data and models will be further analyzed using NVivo to formulate the main findings, construct the final model, and validate the patterns that emerge from the data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eField exploration related to the research problems that have been described in the introduction of the study using the interview method with Jambi Malay women and coding has been carried out using the Nvivo qualitative analysis tool (Suripto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) which can be seen in the following image:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e is obtained from the results of in-depth interviews with five female informal sector entrepreneurs of the Jambi Malay tribe regarding their participation in the Jambi Malay culture-based economy in Seberang City. Malay women in Seberang City of Jambi participate in informal sectors such as small trade, handicrafts, traditional food catering, traditional cakes and home services. Their involvement is strongly influenced by local cultural values ​​that emphasize the role of women as supporters of the family economy. These cultural values, such as mutual cooperation and community strength, help people get jobs from these businesses and also provide an important foundation for women to engage in economic activities outside their traditional household roles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen in this area are often the backbone of the family in the face of economic pressures. They run small businesses such as selling traditional food, becoming craftsmen, and opening small kiosks. This participation increases women's economic autonomy, albeit on a small scale, and helps ease the economic burden on families.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJambi Malay culture emphasizes the values ​​of family and community harmony. These values ​​shape patterns of women's participation in the informal sector. For example, many women are involved in family or community-based businesses, such as producing traditional foods or local crafts. In addition, concepts of honor and traditional gender roles also influence the types of work that are considered \"appropriate\" for women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo explore the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal, culture-based sector Seberang Jambi City, see the following image:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSeberang Jambi City\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJambi Malay Women Seberang Jambi City run various types of informal businesses based on culture, such as: Traditional food trade: Women sell typical Jambi Malay food, such as traditional cakes and home cooking. Income from this type of business varies, with an average range of IDR 1,000,000 - IDR 3,000,000 per month, depending on the scale of the business and the location of the sale. Furthermore, informal sector businesses Handicrafts: Women are also involved in making local crafts such as weaving, traditional fabrics, and culturally based accessories. Income from handicrafts is relatively lower compared to food trade, with an average of around IDR 500,000 - IDR 2,000,000 per month. Likewise in informal sector businesses Customary and cultural-based services: Some women are involved in services, such as doing makeup for Malay traditional brides or making traditional clothes for traditional events. Income from this sector is seasonal, depending on traditional ceremonies, weddings, or cultural holidays.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJambi Malay culture greatly influences women's work patterns and businesses in the informal sector. Cultural values, such as maintaining family honor and participating in community activities, encourage women to play a role in economic activities that are still in line with traditions and customs. Most women prefer businesses that support the sustainability of local cultural traditions. However, limited access to technology and business modernization is an obstacle to increasing their income.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation and skills play an important role in determining women\u0026rsquo;s income. Interview results show that women with higher education and who have received entrepreneurship skills training tend to earn higher incomes because they have the ability to develop products, innovate, and reach a wider market. They are also better able to use technology to market their products online. Women with less education or no formal entrepreneurship training tend to rely on local markets and sell on a small scale, which results in relatively lower incomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral key factors that influence women\u0026rsquo;s income in the informal, culture-based sector in Seberang Kota Jambi include: Business Capital: Women who have access to larger capital are able to start larger-scale businesses or expand existing businesses. Women with limited capital can only operate small businesses with limited income; Access to Markets: Women who have access to wider markets, such as selling products outside Jambi or through online media, tend to earn higher incomes than those who only rely on local markets; and Social and Community Networks: Support from communities and social networks, such as women\u0026rsquo;s business groups or assistance from family, also play an important role in increasing income. In many cases, women\u0026rsquo;s mutual cooperation groups help improve production and marketing efficiency, thereby increasing collective income.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo explore strategies that can increase the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture, data analysis can be obtained from in-depth interviews with key informants as shown in the following figure:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome strategies that have proven effective in increasing the income of Jambi Malay women in the informal sector based on culture are improving entrepreneurial skills, access to business capital, product diversification, digital marketing, strengthening social networks, and partnerships with the government and private sector. Integrating cultural preservation with economic strategies is also key to empowering women in the community.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, to explore awareness of the importance of including a gender perspective in local economic development planning based on in-depth interviews with key informants, this can be seen in the following figure:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main findings obtained in terms of awareness of the importance of including a gender perspective in local development planning are: Low Awareness at the Community Level: Many informal women entrepreneurs are not yet fully aware of the importance of including a gender perspective in local economic policies. They tend to see their role in the economy as part of their domestic and community responsibilities, without considering how gender-sensitive policies can improve their welfare; Higher Awareness Among Educated Entrepreneurs: Women with higher education and those who have undergone entrepreneurship training are more likely to be aware that policies that support gender equality can provide better access to resources such as capital, training, and wider business networks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAwareness of the importance of a gender perspective in local economic development planning is still in its infancy, but it is growing, especially among more educated women and those involved in empowerment initiatives. Although there are barriers such as traditional cultural norms and lack of education, awareness can be raised through training, advocacy, and gender integration into local policies. As this awareness grows, women will be better able to take on a leading role in economic development, which will improve the well-being of individuals, families, and communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the results of the interviews analyzed using the help of the NVivo qualitative analysis tool, women's participation in Seberang Kota Jambi conducted on the 3 informants is that women have an active role in participating in helping their own economy. To support the description of the NVivo coding above, the researcher attaches several questions and answers from different informants regarding the participation of women's roles in Seberang Kota Jambi.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the presentation of the findings above, the results of the study discussing the Feminist Economic Perspective related to the \"Greatest Income\" in the informal sector based on culture for women of the Jambi Malay ethnic group Seberang Jambi City may include the following findings:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Role of Culture in Women's Work: Jambi Malay culture plays an important role in shaping women's roles and responsibilities, especially in the informal sector. Many women are involved in culturally based economic activities, such as traditional craft making, culinary specialties, or agricultural activities involving customary practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying Informal Sectors with the Highest Income: This study may identify specific informal sectors that provide the highest income for Jambi Malay women. For example, trading in traditional food, batik, or handicrafts may be the most profitable sectors. In addition, factors that influence income, such as access to markets, entrepreneurial skills, and community support, are also a major focus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstraints and Challenges: The research may also explore the constraints faced by women in the informal sector, such as limited access to capital, education, and training. Social and cultural barriers affecting women\u0026rsquo;s roles in the economy may also be discussed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeminist Economics Perspective: From a Feminist Economics perspective, this study may highlight how gender equality and women\u0026rsquo;s economic empowerment can be improved through strengthening the culture-based informal sector. This includes the importance of recognizing women\u0026rsquo;s economic contributions in Jambi Malay culture and efforts to reduce the economic inequalities faced by women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolicy Recommendations: This study may provide policy recommendations to increase women\u0026rsquo;s income in the informal sector. Recommendations may include developing skills training, increasing access to capital, and promoting culture-based products in wider markets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study are expected to provide deeper insights into how culture-based economy can be utilized to empower women in Jambi, while strengthening their role in the local economy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eJambi Malay women in running informal sector businesses cannot be separated from their goal of supporting the family economy, helping to increase family income so that they can meet family needs. In addition, in running their businesses in order to increase income, they use digital-based marketing management strategies in introducing the products they sell, from the increase in income from the informal sector for Jambi Malay women, they will be able to move towards an inclusive and sustainable economy that can strengthen regional economic development while also being able to maintain and promote the cultural heritage of the Jambi Malay tribe through informal sector businesses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJambi Malay culture plays a crucial role in shaping women\u0026rsquo;s identities and roles in the economy. Women\u0026rsquo;s involvement in the informal sector is often influenced by cultural norms that emphasize the importance of domestic roles and social responsibilities. However, through culturally based economic activities, such as handicrafts, batik, and traditional cuisine, women can find a way to contribute to the family and community economy. The study identified the most profitable informal sectors for Jambi Malay women, focusing on sectors that are closely linked to local traditions and culture. Sectors such as the making and selling of traditional foods, the production of Jambi batik, or traditional handicrafts can be significant sources of income.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, Feminist Economics highlights the importance of evaluating these sectors not only in terms of economic contribution but also in terms of empowerment and recognition of women\u0026rsquo;s roles in the cultural economy. Research findings also support the Feminist Economics argument that measures of success must go beyond purely economic outputs (Balasubramanian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e); that the recognition and valuation of women\u0026rsquo;s cultural labor are essential (Hoque, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e); that support in the form of access to capital and digital marketing training improves both economic outcomes and social empowerment (Nur et al., 2023); and that women\u0026rsquo;s entrepreneurship is positively correlated with economic growth, although the contribution of women-dominated informal cultural sectors remains undervalued unless accompanied by legal recognition and market access (Chikh-Amnache \u0026amp; Mekhzoumi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn discussing the constraints faced by women, the Feminist Economic Perspective emphasizes how existing social and economic structures can limit women\u0026rsquo;s access to essential resources such as education, training, and capital. These constraints are often compounded by cultural norms that may limit women\u0026rsquo;s mobility in the workforce. For example, women in Seberang Kota Jambi may face challenges in obtaining capital to expand their businesses or in accessing wider markets due to limitations in mobility or technology. The informal sector plays a significant role in providing employment for women in developing countries. Studies in Ethiopia show that although the informal sector absorbs a large number of women and helps reduce household poverty, women working in informal employment continue to face substantial structural barriers that limit their long-term socio-economic advancement (Lemma \u0026amp; Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Financial inclusion also remains a major challenge for informal entrepreneurs, particularly women, as access to capital and formal financial services is often limited (Simatele \u0026amp; Kabange, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn several cities in Indonesia, there are almost similar experiences related to women who are entrepreneurs in the informal sector, where it was found that: a combination of economic capital, local cultural knowledge, and empowerment strategies can enhance the income and business sustainability of informal women entrepreneurs in Jambi (Mayasari et al., 2024). Many women choose informal work due to specific sociodemographic characteristics and structural conditions (Huzaimi \u0026amp; Arisetyawan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The determinants of income among female informal-sector workers highlight the specific factors influencing earnings levels, offering valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and advocates seeking to promote gender equality and improve economic conditions in this sector (Syafitri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The role of women in the informal sector is crucial for household welfare because income from informal activities significantly contributes to meeting daily needs, saving, and increasing overall household stability (Wahita \u0026amp; Yusuf, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo improve women's entrepreneurship, policies and training are needed that support the role of women in entrepreneurship, including the Effectiveness of Entrepreneurship Training and the Role of Government Policy. \u003cb\u003eEffectiveness of Entrepreneurship Training\u003c/b\u003e as training programs designed for women in the informal sector have been shown to improve business management skills, self-confidence, and the ability to access wider market. Entrepreneurship training can enhance women\u0026rsquo;s capabilities in business planning, financial record-keeping, and marketing, enabling women business owners to better manage daily operations, improve business stability, and reduce the risk of business failure (Kabeer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e); (\u003c/b\u003eBhakuni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e); (Rashid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). These skills have been shown to have a direct impact on increasing women\u0026rsquo;s income and the sustainability of their businesses. Meanwhile, the \u003cb\u003eRole of Government Policy\u003c/b\u003e as policies that support women's entrepreneurship, such as micro-credit programs and skills training, contribute to increasing women's income and business development in the informal sector (Abebe \u0026amp; Kegne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Programs that combine training with access to capital (credit/grants), technical assistance, marketing support, or legal facilitation tend to produce stronger economic outcomes compared to single interventions. Proactive government policies that facilitate such bundled services increase the likelihood of business growth among women in the informal sector (Dina \u0026amp; Dewaranu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeminist Economics promotes the importance of empowering women by providing better access to resources, training, and education. Entrepreneurship training for women in rural areas, when accompanied by skill development, innovation, and access to resources, increases the resilience of women-owned businesses, although social structures and infrastructure barriers still pose significant challenges (Ramos et al., 2024). Thus, women can more effectively manage and develop their businesses in the informal sector, as well as increase their income. This empowerment is not only seen from an economic perspective, but also from a social perspective, where women are encouraged to claim a greater role in economic decision-making in their communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs women are encouraged to claim a greater role in economic decision-making in their communities, Women will explore how to empower women in the informal sector, as previous research findings include: Contribution to Local Economies: The informal sector is considered the backbone of the economy in many African countries, with women playing a leading role as traders, artisans and service providers; Structural Barriers: Women in the informal sector face barriers in terms of access to credit, technology and business training, which limit the growth potential of their businesses; and Innovative Solutions: A range of solutions, such as the formation of savings and loans groups and community-based training programmes, have been identified as effective ways to build the capacity of women in the informal sector (Bhatt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact that is felt if women play an important role in informal sector entrepreneurship can be seen from the Covid-19 pandemic several years ago, where it was found that: Decrease in Income: Most women entrepreneurs in the informal sector experienced a significant decrease in income due to decreased demand during the pandemic; Innovation and Adaptation: Many women showed resilience by innovating, such as shifting their businesses to online platforms or changing the products they offer to suit the needs of the pandemic (for example, producing cloth masks or ready-to-eat food); and Important Support from Government Programs: Direct cash assistance programs and online training provided by the government during the pandemic helped some women maintain their businesses amid economic challenges (Oly \u0026amp; Agarwal, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe view of western feminism or gender mainstreaming where women's roles want to be recognized in all areas, not only taking care of household matters, they want to be recognized for their gender equality with men as expressed below:\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eFeminist economics is a field that includes both studies of gender roles in the economy from a liberatory perspective and critical work directed at biases in the content and methodology of the economics discipline\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (Budiarti \u0026amp; Hardati, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is very clear what the views of Western feminists or gender mainstreaming are, where their emphasis is that women also need to recognize gender equality with men. From the phenomena found regarding the reality of the economic life of the Jambi Malay tribe, researchers have found a theoretical concept of feminist economics that is different from western feminist economics, namely the role of women as a complement carried out by housewives without forgetting their nature as housewives in carrying out their economic activities, not only covering household economic activities but also labor market activities and teaching economics to their children from generation to generation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis discussion underlines the importance of understanding the economic dynamics of women in the informal sector from a Feminist Economics perspective, which emphasizes justice, empowerment, and recognition of women's contributions to a culture-based economy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe conclusion of the study related to the Feminist Economic Perspective on the \"Greatest Income\" in the informal sector based on culture for Jambi Malay women Seberang Jambi City can be summarized as follows: 1) Significant Contribution of Women in the Culture-Based Economy: Jambi Malay women Seberang Jambi City play an important role in the informal sector based on culture, such as the production of handicrafts, batik, and traditional cuisine. These sectors are not only the main source of income for women but also maintain and preserve local cultural heritage. 2) Recognition of Women's Economic Role: From a Feminist Economic perspective, this study emphasizes the need for greater recognition of women's contributions to the local economy. Although women's economic activities are often invisible or ignored in formal economic statistics, their contributions are very important for the welfare of families and communities; 3) Constraints Faced by Women in the Informal Sector: Women in the informal sector based on culture face various constraints, including limited access to capital, education, and training. These constraints are exacerbated by cultural norms that limit women's roles and space for movement in the economy; 4) Economic Empowerment and Justice: The main conclusion from the Feminist Economics perspective is the importance of women's empowerment efforts to address inequalities in access to economic resources. This empowerment includes increasing women's access to capital, training, technology, and markets, as well as protecting their economic rights.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, this study emphasizes the importance of a gender-based approach in supporting and strengthening the role of women in the culture-based informal sector, as well as the need for inclusive policies to achieve economic justice for women Seberang Jambi City.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImplication\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a policy perspective, this discussion may recommend a more inclusive approach to supporting women\u0026rsquo;s culturally-based informal sector enterprises. This could include entrepreneurship training programs, access to technology and markets, and policies that encourage women\u0026rsquo;s participation in the local economy. In addition, the need for policies that specifically support cultural sectors that are the main source of income for Jambi Malay women is also an important concern.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Limitation and Future Direction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLimitations of this study can be seen from 1) Data and Representation Limitations: This study is limited to a relatively small sample or specific to a certain area in Seberang Jambi City, so the results may not fully represent the experiences of all Jambi Malay women in various social and economic contexts. And data collection may also be limited to qualitative methods, such as interviews and observations, which can produce in-depth understanding but may not cover the full range of experiences in the wider population. 2) Gender Perspective Limitations: Although this study focuses on the Feminist Economics perspective, limitations in incorporating broader gender perspectives, such as intersectionality, may reduce understanding of how other factors such as age, social class, or education level affect women's economic experiences; 3) Contextual Limitations: External factors such as policy changes, national economic situations, or the impact of globalization may not be fully integrated into the analysis, limiting understanding of how the broader context affects the culture-based informal sector. 4) Limitations in Measuring Economic Impact: Measuring the economic impact of informal culture-based activities may be limited to indicators that are difficult to measure, such as increases in subjective well-being or changes in women's social status, which are not always visible in quantitative data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture Directions This research is aimed at 1) Developing Longitudinal Studies: Future research could explore long-term changes in the economic roles and contributions of Jambi Malay women in the informal, culture-based sector. Longitudinal studies would allow researchers to observe economic and social dynamics over time as well as the impact of policy interventions. 2) Intersectionality Approach: Integrating an intersectionality perspective would provide a more holistic understanding of how factors such as gender, class, ethnicity, and social status affect women in the informal sector. This would help identify the most vulnerable groups and formulate more effective empowerment strategies; 3) Exploring Technology and Digitalization: Future research could explore how technology and digitalization can be used to improve the incomes of women in the informal, culture-based sector. This includes leveraging e-commerce platforms, social media, and other digital tools to expand market access and improve production efficiency. 4) Evaluation of Empowerment Policies and Programs: Research that focuses on evaluating empowerment policies and programs that have been implemented in the region would be useful. This could include analyzing the effectiveness of skills training programs, access to microcredit, and marketing initiatives targeted at women in the informal sector.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo overcome these limitations and direct future research in a more inclusive and comprehensive direction, it is hoped that a deeper understanding and more effective solutions for women's economic empowerment in the informal, culture-based sector in Seberang Kota Jambi and other areas can be obtained.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researcher expresses gratitude to the Directorate of Research, Technology, and Community Service, Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia for providing research funding in 2024 through the BIMA fundamental research program, based on Decree Number 1703/UN21/PT/2024 and Agreement/Contract Number 1618/UN21.11/PT.01.05/SPK/2024, for the research budget entitled \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Feminist Economic Perspective: Greatest Income in the Culture-Based Informal Sector for Malay Women in Seberang Jambi\u003c/em\u003e\u0026quot;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eEthic Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ethics Committee of the Research Center at Universitas Jambi has waived ethical approval for the study. This decision is based on the study\u0026apos;s minimal risk to participants, adherence to ethical standards, and use of anonymized data. The research ensures confidentiality, informed consent, and compliance with institutional guidelines. The waiver allows timely research progress while maintaining transparency, accountability, and alignment with Universitas Jambi\u0026apos;s ethical policies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAccordance Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human participants, including respect for autonomy, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. The research procedures followed the ethical standards and regulations established by the relevant institutional ethics committee, as stated in the ethics approval section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participation was voluntary, and the right to withdraw at any time was guaranteed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by Discover, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbebe A, Kegne M. (2023). 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Jurnal Bina Ilmiah Vol. 13, No. 12, P: 1855\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Feminist Economic, Greatest Income, Informal Sector, Culture Malay","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8569050/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8569050/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe problem of gender inequality which is still quite high in access and control over economic resources in society, especially for Jambi Malay women in the informal sector or home industry, is an interesting thing to study using qualitative research methods through a Community-based participatory research approach involving collaborative partnerships between researchers and nonacademic stakeholders. The results of the study show 1) the economic participation of Jambi Malay women can support the family economy of the community; 2) their income in the informal sector based on culture has increased quite well in meeting family needs; 3) strategies that can increase their income in this informal sector based on culture by implementing digital-based marketing management; and 4) the participation and increase in their income from a gender perspective can help in designing more inclusive and sustainable policies, recognizing and strengthening local economic development, formulating strategies for women's access to economic resources, maintaining and promoting the cultural heritage of the Jambi Malay Tribe.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Culture Based Informal Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Income Growth Among Malay Women In Seberang Jambi From A Feminist Economic Perspective","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-02 08:12:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8569050/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"75d96dc6-26ff-4f1f-a6dc-23a3894aecb7","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 2nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-10T10:25:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-02 08:12:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8569050","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8569050","identity":"rs-8569050","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}