The situation of homeless ındividuals in earthquakes and policy recommendations: A phenomenological study

The situation of homeless ındividuals in earthquakes and policy recommendations: A phenomenological study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The situation of homeless ındividuals in earthquakes and policy recommendations: A phenomenological study Galip Usta This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5721693/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Natural Hazards → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to examine in depth the situation of homeless individuals in earthquakes from the perspective of disaster experts and to present social policy recommendations within this scope. The study was planned qualitatively and phenomenology design was preferred. The data of the study were obtained as a result of interviews with 10 people. In the study, four themes were formed as ‘Vulnerability and Access to Basic Needs’, ‘Information and Safety’, ‘Physical and Psychological Effects’ and ‘Empowerment and Social Integration’. In the study, it was evaluated that homeless individuals have difficulties in accessing basic needs, are socially isolated and stigmatised, face more health risks than other individuals, are not sufficiently included in disaster plans, do not have access to sufficient information, have difficulties in accessing information and support services, and face more security problems than other individuals. As a result, in order to carry out an effective disaster management process in earthquakes, it is recommended to include homeless individuals in comprehensive disaster plans, to identify their special needs, to provide support services to prevent social exclusion, to prepare programmes supporting the social integration of homeless individuals and to organise information campaigns. Disaster policies Earthquake Homeless people in earthquakes Homeless individuals Figures Figure 1 1 Introduction Earthquake is a situation that occurs as a result of sudden energy discharge in the earth's crust and manifested by tremors (USGS; Xue et al. 2016 ). Earthquakes negatively affect all living things by causing various losses, especially loss of life and property, in the regions where they occur (Nakamura 1995 ; Spence 2007 ; Holzer and Savage 2013 ; Nola 2018 ). It is known that in many extraordinary situations, especially earthquakes, individuals such as children (Şalcıoğlu and Başoğlu 2008 ; Doostgharin 2009 ; Bedriye 2014 ) the elderly (Tanida 1996 ; Rafiey et al. 2016 ) women (Neumayer and Plümper 2007 ; Behrman and Weitzman 2016 ; Sohrabizadeh et al. 2016 ; Yoosefi Lebni et al. 2020 ) the disabled (Aryankhesal et al. 2018 ; Aslan and Şahinöz 2023 ) and the homeless (Every and Richardson 2018 ; Gaillard et al. 2019 ; Every et al. 2019 ) are affected at different levels than other individuals. The focus of this study is the situation of homeless individuals during earthquakes. Homeless individuals, who struggle to survive due to housing problems even in their daily lives, experience these difficulties more clearly and intensely with disasters (Walters and Gaillard 2014 ; Kidd et al. 2021 ). Homelessness can be considered as a process in which individuals' ability to withstand the negativities in their lives decreases over time (Mabhala et al. 2017 ). The limited access of homeless individuals to economic, social, health and social resources makes them a more vulnerable and risky group in the face of disasters (Every and Kirrilly Thompson 2014). Homeless people around the world are vulnerable to disasters and epidemics. For this reason, homeless people are among the groups most affected by disasters and emergencies (Leung et al. 2008 ; Gin et al. 2022 ). The factors that make homeless people vulnerable in disasters or extraordinary situations are not limited to the factors mentioned above, but can generally be stated as; communication problems (Leung et al. 2008 ) limitations/inequalities in access to services (Dorsen 2010 ; Elvrum and Wong 2012 ; John and Law 2013 ; Kim et al. 2021 ; Onapa et al. 2022 ) lack of resources (Elvrum and Wong 2012 ; Morris 2020 ) transportation problems (Morris 2020 ) housing concerns (Morris 2020 ) social exclusion (Boardman et al. 2022 ) not being sufficiently included in disaster plans/policies (Walters and Gaillard 2014 ). In addition, since homeless individuals have to live most of their lives in public spaces, they are affected by local government policies more than other people. Since they do not have private spaces, they are likely to engage in prohibited activities in public spaces. This situation causes the behaviour of homeless individuals to be perceived as a threat to public order (Iveson 1998 ; Laurenson and Collins 2007 ). Various social integration (physical, psychological, social) studies are carried out to reduce the vulnerability of homeless individuals in the face of extraordinary situations and to ensure their protection (Dickey et al. 1996 ; Ecker and Aubry 2017 ). For example, in Turkey, various projects have been implemented to provide accommodation for orphaned and homeless individuals in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and the difficulties caused by winter conditions ([CSL STYLE ERROR: reference with no printed form.]). However, it cannot be said that these efforts are sufficient in terms of action and science. Because it has been evaluated that many studies on homeless individuals generally focus on mental health needs and risk-taking behaviours rather than determining the basic needs of homeless individuals or developing policy recommendations (Wright 1990 ; Malloy et al. 1990 ; Kidd and Shahar 2008 ; Fitzpatrick-Lewis et al. 2011 ; Wagner et al. 2014 ; Lippert and Lee 2015 ; Piche et al. 2018 ; Naik et al. 2020 ; Loftus et al. 2021 ; Onapa et al. 2022 ; Smith-Grant et al. 2022 ). When these studies are taken into account, it should not be forgotten that homelessness is both a cause and a consequence of being physically and mentally unhealthy (Wright 1990 ). Therefore, it is considered an important area to investigate homeless individuals not only in terms of health or risky behaviours, but also in various aspects of the situations they face in times of disasters such as earthquakes. From this point on, there are some factors that led the researcher to conduct this study. These factors include the scientific evidence that homeless individuals are not sufficiently included in disaster plans/policies (Elvrum and Wong 2012 ; Walters and Gaillard 2014 ; Sundareswaran et al. 2015 ; Gin et al. 2022 ) the limited evidence on the behaviors, skills, needs and social exclusion of homeless individuals in disaster situations and the recommendation for further research on this issue (Elvrum and Wong 2012 ) the suggestion that vulnerable groups are more harmed by disasters as stated in the Sendai Disaster Risk Reduction Framework (2015–2030), that actions should be taken to reduce vulnerability and that within this scope, the public sector, private sector and civil society organizations as well as the academic community, scientific and research organizations should work more closely and create opportunities for cooperation and that businesses should integrate disaster risk into their own management practices (United Nations 2015 ) and the lack of qualitative research examining the situation of homeless individuals in disasters from the perspective of disaster experts. Studies have not been done sufficiently. Therefore, this study aims to examine in depth the situation of homeless individuals in earthquakes from the perspective of disaster experts and to present social policy recommendations within this scope. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Research design This study was planned qualitatively, as it aimed to examine the situation of homeless individuals in earthquakes from the perspective of disaster management experts with postgraduate education in the field of disaster management (Creswell 2018 ). The purpose of qualitative research is to develop an understanding of how individuals make sense of their lives and to describe how individuals interpret their experiences by outlining this process (Merriam and Tisdell 2015 ). Since it was aimed to obtain in-depth information in the study, phenomenological design was adopted. Phenomenological design is important in revealing the common meaning of phenomena that we are aware of but do not have an in-depth idea (Yıldırım and Şimşek 2013 ). In this way, new ideas can be generated and applicable measures can be taken for similar events in the future (Ghafari et al. 2014 ). Therefore, choosing the phenomenological design was considered an appropriate decision considering the topic chosen in this study. 2.2 Development of data collection tool Since the research involves obtaining in-depth information from the participants, a semi-structured interview form was prepared in line with the literature. In the first stage, a literature review was conducted based on homeless people in disasters, homeless people in earthquakes, homeless individuals, problems faced by homeless individuals, homelessness, and policy issues related to the homeless. As a result of the literature review, an 18-item question pool was created. The created item pool was sent to five experts working in the field of disaster management. It was evaluated that two items from the 18-item item pool would not adequately measure the subject, two items were similar, and four questions could be considered as probe questions within the other questions. Therefore, these questions were either removed from the item pool or arranged to be included in other problems. Then, a pilot interview was conducted with three people who met the inclusion criteria of the study. As a result of the pilot interview, it was decided that one more item was similar and was removed from the item pool. The pilot interviews were not included in the main study. After the pilot interviews, expert opinions and necessary evaluations, a semi-structured interview form consisting of nine questions that could examine the subject in depth was created. 2.3 Inclusion criteria Being over 18 years of age, Agreeing to participate in the study voluntarily, Having a postgraduate education in disaster management, Being an academic in the field of disaster management, Having taken part in any disaster as an institutional or volunteer. 2.4 Exclusion criteria Withdrawing at any stage of the study, Not having a postgraduate education in disaster management, Not having taken part in any disaster as an institutional or volunteer. 2.5 Analysis of data The data of the study were collected with a semi-structured interview form between November and December 2024. The use of a semi-structured interview form, which includes open-ended questions about the topic to be explored in qualitative research, allows participants to be more involved in the interview (Jamshed 2014 ). In determining the participants, maximum diversity and criterion sampling methods, which are among the purposeful sampling techniques, were preferred (Merriam and Tisdell 2016 ). Interviews were conducted when the participants were available. The data collection process continued until it was decided that enough information was obtained about the subject, that is, data saturation was reached (Namey et al. 2016 ). Although there are different opinions on sample size in phenomenological studies (Polkinghorne 1989 ; Charmaz 2006 ) it is generally considered that 10–15 people are sufficient for studies (Johnson and Christiansen 2014 ). In this study, the number of participants was constantly evaluated to understand whether data saturation was reached, because in qualitative research, excessive sampling can cause data to become complicated and lose focus (Braun and Clarke 2021 ). Interviews will be recorded with a voice recorder after obtaining participant approval. In order to ensure the confidentiality of participant identity information, codes P1-P10 were given to each participant. The research data were analyzed using the inductive thematic analysis technique (Braun and Clarke 2006 ). The data obtained during the interviews were transcribed immediately after the interviews were concluded in order to guide the subsequent interviews and the first draft codes were created. In this way, new codes obtained from the interviews and new ideas on the subject were tried to be asked as questions in the subsequent interviews and the opinions of the individuals on the subject were evaluated in depth. In this way, it was aimed to access richer data or concepts. The transcribed data was read and reviewed repeatedly. After the reading process was completed, the data was transferred to the MAXQDA 2022 licensed qualitative research program, which is frequently preferred in qualitative research and has interesting features in terms of visualization of data. After the data was transferred to the analysis program, the first coding process was carried out. Expert support was received at this stage. According to the feedback from the experts, the relevant codes were rearranged. Categories were reached from codes that were close in meaning, and themes were reached from categories. Expert support was considered important in all of these stages (Braun and Clarke 2006 ). In reporting the study data, accepted guidelines were taken into account. At this stage, COREQ criteria were taken as basis (Tong et al. 2007 ). 2.6 Validity and reliability assessment of the research Validity and reliability are important stages in qualitative research (Graneheim and Lundman 2004 ). Therefore, various steps were followed in this study to support validity and reliability. Validity in qualitative research means that the researcher observes the phenomenon as it is and as unbiased as possible (Kirk and L.Miller 1986 ). For this reason, it is stated that validity has a critical importance in scientific research, so it should be explicitly addressed by researchers and it is important to provide evidence to support validity (Maxwell 2012 ). In order to support validity in this study; detailed information about the participants was presented, the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the participants were determined, quotes from the interviews were presented, participant confirmation was obtained and data triangulation was performed. The sample size was determined based on data saturation to prevent the risk of missing the focus of the research and new ideas. Another important issue in qualitative studies is reliability (Erlandson et al. 1993 ). In this context, all stages of the research were presented clearly in order to support reliability. Expert opinions were obtained during the coding of data and the creation of themes. Participant quotes were included in the findings section. In addition, it can be said that the fact that the researcher has conducted a doctoral thesis in the field of disaster management and has conducted numerous qualitative studies will support reliability. 2.7 Ethical dimension The study received ethics committee approval from Trabzon University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee (Approval Number: E-81614018-050.04-2400058353). Participants were informed about the study and their consent was obtained before the interviews. Participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any stage. It was stated that participation was completely voluntary and that participants' identity information and interview records would not be shared with third parties. Care was taken to ensure that there was no conflict of interest between the researcher and the participants. 3 Results The interviews lasted between 35–60 minutes. It was observed that the participants were eight male and two female, the youngest individual was 32 years old and the oldest individual was 41 years old. Other information is presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Socio-demographic information of the participants Participant Code Gender Age Work Experience (Years) Academic Title Education Level Education Level P1 Female 33 14 Lecturer Dr. PhD P2 Female 32 14 Lecturer Dr. PhD P3 Male 38 13 Lecturer MSc P4 Male 40 18 Lecturer MSc P5 Male 38 18 Lecturer MSc P6 Male 41 19 Assistant Professor Dr. PhD P7 Male 35 11 Lecturer MSc P8 Male 34 6 Lecturer Dr. PhD P9 Male 35 13 Assistant Professor Dr. PhD P10 Male 35 8 Lecturer MSc The findings obtained from interviews with individuals who met the inclusion criteria of this study were evaluated. Four themes were created for the data: “Vulnerability and Access to Basic Needs”, “Information and Security”, “Physical and Psychological Impacts” and “Empowerment and Social Integration” (Fig. 1 ). Theme 1. Vulnerability and access to basic needs Difficulties in Access to Basic Needs It is considered that homeless individuals may experience problems in access to information, utilisation of health services, shelter, etc. during earthquakes. Other factors underlying these access limitations may be the nationality of the homeless individual, the attitude of the family members if they have a psychological condition. The participant coded as P1 explains this situation as “individuals may have problems in going to shelter areas and requesting shelter there during and after the earthquake because they already have shelter problems.” Factors Reducing or Increasing Vulnerability In this study, it is seen that there are participants who think that earthquakes increase the vulnerability of homeless individuals as well as participants who think that earthquakes are factors that contribute to reducing the vulnerability of homeless individuals. According to the comments of the participants, the factors that increase the vulnerability of homeless individuals include; difficulties in accessing information, lack of social environment, economic inadequacy, safety concerns, ongoing mental problems, nutritional problems, not being included in disaster plans, limited access to formal and informal education, and insufficient inclusion of vulnerable groups in disaster policies. Among the factors that contribute to reducing the vulnerability of homeless individuals; being used to harsh living conditions, being able to stay hungry for a long time, being able to adapt to normal life faster, being used to weather conditions, being able to benefit from more nutrition services than routine life. A participant's statement on this issue is as follows; P2 “Factors that increase vulnerability include not having a social or family environment, being economically disadvantaged compared to other individuals, having security problems, living their lives on the streets in an unsafe area, and having ongoing psychological or mental problems.” Social Isolation and Stigmatisation Homeless individuals may face the risk of being stigmatised or socially excluded by society as a result of their situation. P1 summarized the situation with the statement, “These individuals, who have limited resources, face the risk of social exclusion, social stigma and violence.” Physical Health Threats and Risks When the living conditions of homeless individuals are evaluated, it can be stated that they may face more health problems or be at greater risk for health problems compared to other individuals. Some participants' statements on this issue are as follows; P1 “Substance, alcohol and cigarette use pose risks for homeless individuals.” P3 “The difficulties they experience in accessing food, water and hygiene facilities after the earthquake can lead to health problems such as infections, malnutrition and worsening of chronic diseases.” Strategies in Aid Management : Considering the presence of homeless individuals, strategies can be developed in aid distribution and management. In this context, assessing the situation of homeless individuals in disaster plans and establishing applicable strategies from shelter to nutrition can make significant contributions to the survival struggle of homeless individuals. The participant with code P10 explained the situation with the following sentences: "The number of these individuals should be determined in all processes before, during and after the disaster, where and in which regions they live should be determined and their basic needs should be met." Theme 2. Information and security Problems Accessing Information : Homeless individuals may face various difficulties in accessing vital information during earthquakes. Factors such as inadequate information sources, not having communication devices, obtaining information indirectly, being exposed to incorrect or delayed information, and being far from information flow centers may cause problems for these individuals in accessing information. Participant coded P8 tried to explain this situation with the following statement: "Factors such as homeless individuals not having enough mobile access devices and their weak digital literacy limit their access to information." Problems of Access to Support Systems It can be said that factors such as homeless individuals' lack of a fixed address, problems with identity documents, social prejudices, lack of information and communication tools and insufficient access to support application centres may be obstacles for these individuals to benefit from support systems sufficiently. A participant's statements regarding this issue are as follows; P9 “Homeless individuals may not have adequate technological tools or digital literacy to communicate, which can make it difficult to access information.” Security Risk Failure to include homeless individuals in disaster plans, being seen as crime-prone individuals, not having sufficient access to basic needs such as shelter and nutrition, and being exposed to social exclusion may expose both homeless individuals and the society they live in to security risks. Some participants' statements on this issue are as follows; P3 “Not including homeless individuals in disaster plans makes it difficult for them to access their basic needs, endangers their physical safety and leads to them being deprived of psychosocial support.” P8 "Homeless individuals are seen as socially unsafe individuals. This affects other individuals' concerns about safety." Theme 3. Physical and psychological effects Physical Impact The lack of safe shelter for homeless individuals puts them at greater physical risk. In the event of a major disaster such as an earthquake, homeless individuals may be more likely to face negative consequences such as injury, disability, and even death due to unsafe living conditions compared to other individuals. Bu konuya ilişkin bazı katılımcıların ifadeleri şu şekildedir; P4 “Homeless individuals already experience psychological problems. Disasters can deepen this situation." P8 “Homeless individuals can be deeply affected by the effects of disasters, both physically and psychologically." Psychological Impact Homeless individuals may face greater difficulties after an earthquake, even as they struggle with mental health issues in their daily lives. An earthquake can make trauma reactions more apparent in these individuals, in the form of sensory, cognitive and behavioral changes. In addition, chronic mental health problems such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and additional problems such as alcohol and substance abuse can also be frequently seen in homeless individuals. Earthquakes can exacerbate existing psychological disorders, which makes the recovery process of homeless individuals even more difficult. P7 explains this situation as "These individuals are at risk of death, injury, infectious diseases, disability, and worsening of chronic diseases. They may also experience anger and violence due to social exclusion." Theme 4. Empowerment and community ıntegration Developing Applicable Policies In order to reduce the vulnerability of homeless individuals during earthquakes and support their survival, it can be said that individuals and teams such as local governments, civil society organizations and volunteers, especially the central administration, can implement many projects from meeting the basic needs of homeless individuals to ensuring their safety. In this regard, it can be said that managers can develop policies specific to homeless individuals and support the process. Some participants' statements on this issue are as follows; P7 “I believe that the number of homeless individuals at the local level is not being tracked with sufficient precision. This makes it difficult to reach them after an earthquake. I believe that the numbers of these individuals should be tracked.” P10"A policy should be developed to create sustainable housing areas" Providing Social and Psychological Support : Psychological support units can be established to reduce the traumatic effects that homeless individuals have experienced and will continue to experience and to support them mentally. This can accelerate the social participation processes of homeless individuals. Participant coded as P10 explained the situation with the following statement: "The fact that homeless individuals are seen as socially stigmatized and unsafe individuals may be an obstacle to psychosocial support services." Providing Social and Psychological Support Psychological support units can be established to reduce the traumatic effects that homeless individuals have experienced and will continue to experience and to support them mentally. This can accelerate the social participation processes of homeless individuals. Some participants' statements on this issue are as follows; P4 “The current psychological state of homeless individuals is already problematic. Disasters such as earthquakes can worsen this situation. Therefore, psychological support and counseling centers should be established and services should be provided to these individuals, as is the case with other individuals.” P8 “Providing special psychosocial counseling services to homeless individuals contributes to the social adaptation of these individuals.” Inclusion in Disaster Plans It can be said that homeless individuals are not sufficiently included in disaster plans created at national or local levels or that a clear policy is not implemented in this direction. However, creating actions for homeless individuals in the preparation processes of disaster plans can reduce vulnerabilities and support a successful disaster management process. Some participants' statements on this issue are as follows; P3 “The inclusion of homeless individuals in disaster plans is an extremely important issue in terms of social equality and human rights. However, unfortunately, these individuals are often overlooked in disaster plans and their fragility deepens.” P5 “One of the reasons why homeless individuals are not included in disaster plans is that they are constantly moving. Since they do not have a fixed location, they may not be identified” P6 “Including homeless individuals in disaster plans can reduce their vulnerability. However, the fact that homeless individuals do not have a fixed residence can negatively affect this situation.” 4 Discussion In this study, which examined the situation of homeless individuals in earthquakes in depth from the perspective of disaster experts, it was evaluated that homeless individuals have difficulty in accessing basic needs during earthquakes, are socially isolated and stigmatized, and face more health risks than other individuals. Homeless individuals are at greater risk of contracting various diseases than other individuals (Breakey et al. 1989 ; Hwang 2001 ; Snyder and Eisner 2004 ). Homeless individuals often face diseases such as tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis (Martens 2001 ). These situations may become more evident in times of disasters. Even in their daily lives, homeless individuals lack medication, physical assistance and various resources to be utilised (Vickery 2018 ). Homeless individuals are vulnerable to everyday hazards such as inadequate access to water and sanitation (Walters and Gaillard 2014 ). Social inequalities and social stigma make people more vulnerable to disasters (Fothergill and Peek 2004 ). Factors affecting the vulnerability of homeless individuals include social exclusion (Walters and Gaillard 2014 ). Some of the factors that push homeless individuals into social exclusion are that they are unhygienic, smell bad and are considered dangerous (Akyıldız 2022 ). Homeless individuals are less likely to face the risk of social exclusion than other individuals due to living conditions etc (Hodgetts et al. 2012 ). Disasters can cause homeless individuals to lose many of their valuable belongings (Vickery 2018 ). It can be said that insufficient financial resources, substance use, health, transportation and communication problems also contribute to vulnerability (Morris 2020 ). Another factor that increases the vulnerability of homeless individuals is the frequency of exposure to events that trigger their current traumatic situation (Mendez 2010 ). However, efforts by authorities to include these people in disaster preparedness processes can contribute to reducing vulnerability (Brookfield and Fitzgerald 2018 ). Homeless individuals can develop various strategies to survive in disaster situations, but their identity problems along with social pressure can negatively affect this situation (Walters and Gaillard 2014 ). In this context, the data of our study supports the previous literature data. In this study, it has been accepted that homeless people may experience many limitations or problems in disasters, from access to information to security issues. For example, homeless individuals spending their daily lives in unsafe places may cause individual and social security problems (Walters and Gaillard 2014 ). It can be said that this situation becomes even more obvious and dangerous during times of disaster. In order to overcome the difficulties that homeless individuals have in accessing disaster information, it is important to establish teams that will resolve the access problem (Morris 2020 ). Individuals losing their homes for any reason causes security problems (Every et al. 2019 ). Homeless individuals have more limited access to shelter, transportation, and communication resources than other individuals (Wexler and Smith 2015 ). It can be said that many problems experienced by homeless individuals in daily life may become more apparent during disaster periods. In this study, it was evaluated that homeless individuals may face serious physical and mental problems in disasters with a great destructive effect such as earthquakes. It was evaluated that the events experienced may make the existing trauma reactions of homeless individuals more apparent in the form of sensory, cognitive and behavioral changes. Homelessness is a factor affecting mental problems and suicidal ideation (Yoder et al. 1998 ). It is stated that mental and psychiatric problems are more common among homeless individuals (Wexler and Smith 2015 ). There is evidence that homeless individuals experience many physical and psychological problems and that these problems increase their risk of premature death (Martens 2001 ). There is evidence that extreme weather conditions have significant impacts on the physical and emotional health of homeless individuals (Every and Richardson 2018 ; Every et al. 2019 ). Many studies in the literature support that homeless individuals are at greater risk than other individuals (Breakey et al. 1989 ; Lippert and Lee 2015 ; Romaszko et al. 2017 ; Zhang et al. 2019 ). This situation is similar in our study. In this study, it was evaluated that actions are needed for social and psychological support services to strengthen homeless individuals, that these individuals should be included in disaster plans, and that the needs of special groups should be determined. It is important to prepare comprehensive disaster plans that take into account the needs of vulnerable groups in disasters (Brookfield and Fitzgerald 2018 ). Policies that take homeless individuals into account should be developed (Sundareswaran et al. 2015 ). Creating disaster plans that prioritize the basic needs and safety of homeless individuals is important for successful process management (Gin et al. 2021 ). Allowing homeless individuals to express themselves in the preparation of disaster plans and including them in this process can reduce the vulnerability of these individuals and support a successful disaster management process (Walters and Gaillard 2014 ). Housing support has been attempted to protect homeless individuals and reduce their vulnerability, but sufficient progress has not been made. One of the factors affecting this situation is the social isolation of homeless individuals (Tsai et al. 2012 ). It is important to provide homeless individuals with the same opportunities provided to other individuals to support their social integration (Thulien et al. 2018 ). Provision of psychosocial support services and protective support services can contribute to the social integration of homeless individuals (Marshall et al. 2020 ). Another aspect that helps homeless individuals integrate is peer support (Boisvert et al. 2008 ; Stewart et al. 2009 ; Schon 2010 ). It has been evaluated that there are many actions that will ensure the social integration of homeless individuals, and at this point, it has been seen that the data of our study is supported by previous literature data. 5 Conclusion and recommendations It has been assessed that homeless individuals have difficulty accessing basic needs during earthquakes, are socially isolated and stigmatized, and face greater health risks than other individuals. The establishment and implementation of social support programs can reduce the risk of homeless individuals being socially stigmatized. It is important to prepare plans that prioritize specific individuals in solving the problems of homeless individuals accessing basic needs. It has been assessed that homeless individuals do not have access to sufficient information, have difficulty accessing information and support services, and face more security problems compared to other individuals. Creating policies that ensure the integration of homeless individuals into society can reduce the security risk of homeless individuals and society. Creating an information network is important in solving problems of access to information. It has been assessed that homeless individuals may face serious physical and mental problems in disasters with a great destructive effect, such as earthquakes. It is important to establish physical and mental counseling programs. It has been assessed that homeless individuals are not sufficiently included in disaster plans. It is thought that disaster plans should be created in which the priorities of homeless individuals are determined. Declarations Funding This research did not receive any grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or notfor-profit sectors. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding Financial support was not received at any stage of the study Acknowledgment The author thanks the participants References Akyıldız Y (2022) Evsiz Bireylerin Sosyal Hayatı Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: Türkiye Örneği. Kent Akad 15:1502–1521. https://doi.org/10.35674/KENT.1049630 Aryankhesal A, Pakjouei S, Kamali M (2018) Safety Needs of People With Disabilities During Earthquakes. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 12:615–621. https://doi.org/10.1017/DMP.2017.121 Aslan R, Şahinöz S (2023) The experiences of people with disabilities in the 2020 Izmir earthquake: A phenomenological research. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 95:103868. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2023.103868 Bedriye Ak (2014) Determination and Evaluation of Effects of Earthquake on School Age Children’s (6–12 Years Old) Behaviours. Procedia - Soc Behav Sci 152:845–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2014.09.332 Behrman JA, Weitzman A (2016) Effects of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake on Women’s Reproductive Health. Stud Fam Plann 47:3–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1728-4465.2016.00045.X Boardman J, Killaspy H, Mezey G (2022) Social Exclusion in Specific Social Groups and Individuals with Mental Health Conditions. Soc Incl Ment Heal 299–320. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781911623601.018 Boisvert RA, Martin LM, Grosek M, Clarie AJ (2008) Effectiveness of a peer-support community in addiction recovery: participation as intervention. Occup Ther Int 15:205–220. https://doi.org/10.1002/OTI.257 Braun V, Clarke V (2021) Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. Themat Anal Pract Guid 1–100 Braun V, Clarke V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 3:77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706QP063OA Breakey WR, Fischer PJ, Kramer M et al (1989) Health and Mental Health Problems of Homeless Men and Women in Baltimore. JAMA 262:1352–1357. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.1989.03430100086034 Brookfield S, Fitzgerald L (2018) Homelessness and natural disasters: The role of community service organisations. Aust J Emerg Manag 33:62–68 Charmaz K (2006) Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage Creswell JW (2018) Nitel araştırma yöntemleri: Beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni, 4. bs. Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara Dickey B, Gonzalez O, Latimer E et al (1996) Use of mental health services by formerly homeless adults residing in group and independent housing. Psychiatr Serv 47:152–158. https://doi.org/10.1176/PS.47.2.152 Doostgharin T (2009) Children affected by earthquakes and their immediate emotional needs. Int Soc Work 52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872808093346 Dorsen C (2010) Vulnerability in homeless adolescents: concept analysis. J Adv Nurs 66:2819–2827. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2648.2010.05375.X Ecker J, Aubry T (2017) A mixed methods analysis of housing and neighbourhood impacts on community integration among vulnerably housed and homeless individuals. J Community Psychol 45:528–542. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCOP.21864 Elvrum P, Wong WY (2012) A study of the disadvantages of the homeless in Tokyo in disaster situations. 66 Erlandson AD, Harris LE, Skipper LB, Allen DS (1993) Doing naturalistic inquiry: A guide to methods. SAGE Every D, Kirrilly T (2014) Disaster resilience: Can the homeless afford it? Aust J Emerg Manag 29:52–56 Every D, Richardson J (2018) A framework for disaster resilience education with homeless communities. Disaster Prev Manag Int J 27:146–158. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-08-2017-0196/FULL/PDF Every D, Richardson J, Osborn E (2019) There’s nowhere to go: counting the costs of extreme weather to the homeless community. Disasters 43:799–817. https://doi.org/10.1111/DISA.12400 Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Ganann R, Krishnaratne S et al (2011) Effectiveness of interventions to improve the health and housing status of homeless people: A rapid systematic review. BMC Public Health 11:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-638/FIGURES/1 Fothergill A, Peek LA (2004) Poverty and disasters in the United States: A review of recent sociological findings. Nat Hazards 32:89–110. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000026792.76181.D9/METRICS Gaillard JC, Walters V, Rickerby M, Shi Y (2019) Persistent Precarity and the Disaster of Everyday Life: Homeless People’s Experiences of Natural and Other Hazards. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 10:332–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13753-019-00228-Y/METRICS Ghafari S, Fallahi-Khoshknab M, Norouzi K, Mohamadi E (2014) Experiences of hospitalization in patients with multiple sclerosis: A qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 19:255 Gin JL, Balut MD, Der-Martirosian C, Dobalian A (2021) Managing the unexpected: The role of homeless service providers during the 2017–2018 California wildfires. J Community Psychol 49:2532–2547. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCOP.22653 Gin JL, Levine CA, Canavan D, Dobalian A (2022) Including Homeless Populations in Disaster Preparedness, Planning, and Response: A Toolkit for Practitioners. J Public Heal Manag Pract 28:E62–E72. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001230 Graneheim UH, Lundman B (2004) Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today 24:105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEDT.2003.10.001 Hodgetts D, Stolte O, Waimarie Nikora L, Groot S (2012) Drifting Along or Dropping into Homelessness: A Class Analysis of Responses to Homelessness. Antipode 44:1209–1226. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-8330.2011.00977.X Holzer TL, Savage JC (2013) Global earthquake fatalities and population. Earthq Spectra 29:155–175. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000106/SUPPL_FILE . /EQS-042911EQS109M_ES1-ES2_ONLINE.PDF Hwang SW (2001) Homelessness and health. CMAJ 164 Iveson K (1998) Putting the public back into public space. Urban Policy Res 16:21–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111149808727745 Jamshed S (2014) Qualitative research method-interviewing and observation. J Basic Clin Pharm 5:87. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.141942 John W, Law K (2013) Addressing the health needs of the homeless. Br J Community Nurs 16:134–139. https://doi.org/10.12968/BJCN.2011.16.3.134 Johnson B, Christiansen L (2014) Eğitim Araştırmaları Nicel, Nitel ve Karma Yaklaşımlar. Eğitien Kitap, Ankara Kidd S, Shahar G (2008) Resilience in Homeless Youth: The Key Role of Self-Esteem. Am J Orthopsychiatry 78:163–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.78.2.163 Kidd SA, Greco S, McKenzie K (2021) Global Climate Implications for Homelessness: A Scoping Review. J Urban Heal 98:385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11524-020-00483-1/FIGURES/3 Kim M, Kim K, Kim E (2021) Problems and Implications of Shelter Planning Focusing on Habitability: A Case Study of a Temporary Disaster Shelter after the Pohang Earthquake in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Heal 2021 18:182868. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18062868 Kirk J, L.Miller M (1986) Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. Reliab Validity Qual Res. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985659 Laurenson P, Collins D (2007) Beyond Punitive Regulation? New Zealand Local Governments’ Responses to Homelessness. Antipode 39:649–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-8330.2007.00545.X Leung CS, Ho MM, Kiss A et al (2008) Homelessness and the response to emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS. J Urban Heal 85:402–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11524-008-9270-2/TABLES/1 Lippert AM, Lee BA (2015) Stress, Coping, and Mental Health Differences among Homeless People. Sociol Inq 85:343–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/SOIN.12080 Loftus EI, Lachaud J, Hwang SW, Mejia-Lancheros C (2021) Food insecurity and mental health outcomes among homeless adults: a scoping review. Public Health Nutr 24:1766–1777. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020001998 Mabhala MA, Yohannes A, Griffith M (2017) Social conditions of becoming homelessness: Qualitative analysis of life stories of homeless peoples. Int J Equity Health 16:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12939-017-0646-3/FIGURES/1 Malloy C, Christ MA, Hohloc FJ (1990) The Homeless: Social Isolates. J Community Health Nurs 7:25–36. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327655JCHN0701_3 Marshall CA, Boland L, Westover LA et al (2020) Effectiveness of interventions targeting community integration among individuals with lived experiences of homelessness: A systematic review. Health Soc Care Community 28:1843–1862. https://doi.org/10.1111/HSC.13030 Martens WHJ (2001) A review of physical and mental health in homeless persons. Public Health Rev 29:13–33 Maxwell JA (2012) Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Sage Mendez TB (2010) Disaster planning for vulnerable populations: Mental health. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 22:493–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2010.10.001 Merriam BS, Tisdell JE (2016) Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. Wiley, San Francisco Merriam SB, Tisdell EJ (2015) Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (Fourth Edition). Jossey Bass, San Fransisco Morris SC (2020) Disaster Planning for Homeless Populations: Analysis and Recommendations for Communities. Prehosp Disaster Med 35:322–325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X20000278 Naik SS, Gowda GS, Shivaprakash P et al (2020) Homeless people with mental illness in India and COVID-19. Lancet Psychiatry 7:e51–e52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30286-8 Nakamura H (1995) Overview of the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake disaster. Pediatr Int 37:713–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1442-200X.1995.TB03412.X Namey E, Guest G, McKenna K, Chen M (2016) Evaluating Bang for the Buck: A Cost-Effectiveness Comparison Between Individual Interviews and Focus Groups Based on Thematic Saturation Levels. Am J Eval 37:425–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214016630406/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/10.1177_1098214016630406-FIG5.GIF Neumayer E, Plümper T (2007) The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 97:551–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-8306.2007.00563.X Nola IA (2018) Earthquakes and their environmental, medical and public health impacts. Salud Publica Mex 60:16–22. https://doi.org/10.21149/9212 Onapa H, Sharpley CF, Bitsika V et al (2022) The physical and mental health effects of housing homeless people: A systematic review. Health Soc Care Community 30:448–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/HSC.13486 Piche J, Kaylegian J, Smith D, Hunter SJ (2018) The Relationship between Self-Reported Executive Functioning and Risk-Taking Behavior in Urban Homeless Youth. Behav Sci 2018, Vol 8, Page 6 8:6. https://doi.org/10.3390/BS8010006 Polkinghorne DE (1989) Phenomenological Research Methods. Existent Perspect Psychol 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6989-3_3 Rafiey H, Momtaz YA, Alipour F et al (2016) Are older people more vulnerable to long-term impacts of disasters? Clin Interv Aging 11:1791–1795. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S122122 Romaszko J, Cymes I, Dragańska E et al (2017) Mortality among the homeless: Causes and meteorological relationships. PLoS ONE 12:e0189938. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0189938 Şalcıoğlu E, Başoğlu M (2008) Psychological effects of earthquakes in children: Prospects for brief behavioral treatment. World J Pediatr 4:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12519-008-0032-8/METRICS Schon UK (2010) The power of identification: peer support in recovery from mental illness. Scand J Disabil Res 12:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/15017410903478956 Smith-Grant J, Kilmer G, Brener N et al (2022) Risk Behaviors and Experiences Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness—Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 23 U.S. States and 11 Local School Districts, 2019. J Community Health 47:324–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10900-021-01056-2/TABLES/6 Snyder LD, Eisner MD (2004) Obstructive Lung Disease Among the Urban Homeless. Chest 125:1719–1725. https://doi.org/10.1378/CHEST.125.5.1719 Sohrabizadeh S, Tourani S, Khankeh HR (2016) Women and health consequences of natural disasters: Challenge or opportunity? Women Health 56:977–993. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1176101 Spence R (2007) Saving lives in earthquakes: Successes and failures in seismic protection since 1960. Bull Earthq Eng 5:139–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10518-006-9028-8/METRICS Stewart M, Reutter L, Letourneau N, Makwarimba E (2009) A Support Intervention to Promote Health and Coping Among Homeless Youths. Can J Nurs Res Arch 54–78 Sundareswaran M, Ghazzawi A, O’Sullivan TL (2015) Upstream Disaster Management to Support People Experiencing Homelessness. PLoS Curr 7:ecurrents.dis.95f6. https://doi.org/10.1371/CURRENTS.DIS.95F6B76789CE910BAE08B6DC1F252C7D . b76789ce910bae08b6dc1f252c7d Tanida N (1996) What happened to elderly people in the great Hanshin earthquake. BMJ 313:1133–1135. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.313.7065.1133 Thulien NS, Gastaldo D, Hwang SW, McCay E (2018) The elusive goal of social integration: A critical examination of the socio-economic and psychosocial consequences experienced by homeless young people who obtain housing. Can J Public Heal 109:89–98. https://doi.org/10.17269/S41997-018-0029-6/TABLES/2 Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J (2007) Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Heal care J Int Soc Qual Heal Care 19:349–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/INTQHC/MZM042 Tsai J, Mares AS, Rosenheck RA (2012) Does housing chronically homeless adults lead to social integration? Psychiatr Serv 63:427–434. https://doi.org/10.1176/APPI.PS.201100047/ASSET . /IMAGES/LARGE/PSS6305_0427_FIG004.JPEG United Nations (2015) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 | UNDRR. https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030 . Accessed 14 Jan 2023 USGS The Science of Earthquakes https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science-earthquakes . Accessed 18 Nov 2024 Vickery J (2018) Using an intersectional approach to advance understanding of homeless persons’ vulnerability to disaster. Environ Sociol 4:136–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2017.1408549 Wagner J, Diehl K, Mutsch L et al (2014) Health status and utilisation of the healthcare system by homeless and non-homeless people in Vienna. Health Soc Care Community 22:300–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/HSC.12083 Walters V, Gaillard JC (2014) Disaster risk at the margins: Homelessness, vulnerability and hazards. Habitat Int 44:211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HABITATINT.2014.06.006 Wexler B, Smith ME (2015) Disaster response and people experiencing homelessness: Addressing challenges of a population with limited resources. J Emerg Manag (Weston Mass) 13:195–200. https://doi.org/10.5055/JEM.2015.0233 Wright JD (1990) Poor People, Poor Health: The Health Status of the Homeless. J Soc Issues 46:49–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1540-4560.1990.TB01798.X Xue L, Yang X, Xie Z (2016) Rapid loss assessment of population in seismic disasters. Int Conf Geoinformatics 2016-January. https://doi.org/10.1109/GEOINFORMATICS.2015.7378578 Yıldırım A, Şimşek H (2013) Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Genişletilmiş 9. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara Yoder KA, Hoyt DR, Whitbeck LB (1998) Suicidal behavior among homeless and runaway adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 27:753–771. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022813916476/METRICS Yoosefi Lebni J, Khorami F, Ebadi Fard Azar F et al (2020) Experiences of rural women with damages resulting from an earthquake in Iran: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health 20:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-020-08752-Z/TABLES/4 Zhang P, Wiens K, Wang R et al (2019) Cold Weather Conditions and Risk of Hypothermia Among People Experiencing Homelessness: Implications for Prevention Strategies. Int J Environ Res Public Heal 2019 16:3259. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16183259 T.C. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı. https://www.csgb.gov.tr/haberler/bakan-selcuk-evsizlerin-konaklatilmasi-projemiz-ile-81-il-mudurlugumuz-kimsesizlerin-konaklama-ihtiyaclarini-gideriyor/ . Accessed 17 Nov 2024 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Natural Hazards → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 15 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jan, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Jan, 2025 Editor invited by journal 05 Jan, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Dec, 2024 First submitted to journal 27 Dec, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5721693","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":402060592,"identity":"61eda3dd-3cee-435b-a36c-9ad16f56bc26","order_by":0,"name":"Galip Usta","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5oYDYJq9gYGBsQEiJoFfCyNYiwQDz2EULQZ4tUAUSSQTqUXe/WDj4cK2ujr+me+Pffi5o07OnIH54G0ehj/5uLQYnklsODyz7bCExO1k5pm9Z9iMLRvYkq15GAwsG3BpaQBq4W07IMEA1MLA28aTuOEAj5k0UAtOlxn2PwRpqZOQv3mYmfFvmwRQC/83vFrkJcC2MEsY3GBmZuZtMwDZwoZXi4EE0JYZ5w5LbjyTbMwseybB2OAw0D9zDIxx29KffPhzQVkdv9zxg48Z3wJDzOB488MbbyrkcNtyABj/qEJgLp6YlG/A0DIKRsEoGAWjAA0AAAy5UzOOyOawAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Trabzon Üniversitesi: Trabzon Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Galip","middleName":"","lastName":"Usta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-27 12:58:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5721693/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5721693/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07235-x","type":"published","date":"2025-03-19T15:57:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73988875,"identity":"c7ef2016-7040-4834-b1cb-9b2dbad2851b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-16 16:36:36","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":98966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEarthquake and homeless- themes and sub-themes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5721693/v1/83257e4cf9e7a15d5546c720.png"},{"id":79120624,"identity":"89a2bd3a-f666-479b-b4f4-fd71d78d7949","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-24 16:10:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":820294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5721693/v1/7561630e-fbc9-4bd7-9a2a-94321bcabf11.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"The situation of homeless ındividuals in earthquakes and policy recommendations: A phenomenological study","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEarthquake is a situation that occurs as a result of sudden energy discharge in the earth's crust and manifested by tremors (USGS; Xue et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Earthquakes negatively affect all living things by causing various losses, especially loss of life and property, in the regions where they occur (Nakamura \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Spence \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Holzer and Savage \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Nola \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). It is known that in many extraordinary situations, especially earthquakes, individuals such as children (Şalcıoğlu and Başoğlu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Doostgharin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Bedriye \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) the elderly (Tanida \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Rafiey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) women (Neumayer and Pl\u0026uuml;mper \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Behrman and Weitzman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Sohrabizadeh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Yoosefi Lebni et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) the disabled (Aryankhesal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Aslan and Şahin\u0026ouml;z \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and the homeless (Every and Richardson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Gaillard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Every et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) are affected at different levels than other individuals. The focus of this study is the situation of homeless individuals during earthquakes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomeless individuals, who struggle to survive due to housing problems even in their daily lives, experience these difficulties more clearly and intensely with disasters (Walters and Gaillard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kidd et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Homelessness can be considered as a process in which individuals' ability to withstand the negativities in their lives decreases over time (Mabhala et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The limited access of homeless individuals to economic, social, health and social resources makes them a more vulnerable and risky group in the face of disasters (Every and Kirrilly Thompson 2014). Homeless people around the world are vulnerable to disasters and epidemics. For this reason, homeless people are among the groups most affected by disasters and emergencies (Leung et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Gin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The factors that make homeless people vulnerable in disasters or extraordinary situations are not limited to the factors mentioned above, but can generally be stated as; communication problems (Leung et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) limitations/inequalities in access to services (Dorsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Elvrum and Wong \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; John and Law \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Onapa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) lack of resources (Elvrum and Wong \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Morris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) transportation problems (Morris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) housing concerns (Morris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) social exclusion (Boardman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) not being sufficiently included in disaster plans/policies (Walters and Gaillard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, since homeless individuals have to live most of their lives in public spaces, they are affected by local government policies more than other people. Since they do not have private spaces, they are likely to engage in prohibited activities in public spaces. This situation causes the behaviour of homeless individuals to be perceived as a threat to public order (Iveson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Laurenson and Collins \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Various social integration (physical, psychological, social) studies are carried out to reduce the vulnerability of homeless individuals in the face of extraordinary situations and to ensure their protection (Dickey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Ecker and Aubry \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). For example, in Turkey, various projects have been implemented to provide accommodation for orphaned and homeless individuals in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and the difficulties caused by winter conditions ([CSL STYLE ERROR: reference with no printed form.]). However, it cannot be said that these efforts are sufficient in terms of action and science. Because it has been evaluated that many studies on homeless individuals generally focus on mental health needs and risk-taking behaviours rather than determining the basic needs of homeless individuals or developing policy recommendations (Wright \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Malloy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Kidd and Shahar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Fitzpatrick-Lewis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Wagner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Lippert and Lee \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Piche et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Naik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Loftus et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Onapa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Smith-Grant et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). When these studies are taken into account, it should not be forgotten that homelessness is both a cause and a consequence of being physically and mentally unhealthy (Wright \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, it is considered an important area to investigate homeless individuals not only in terms of health or risky behaviours, but also in various aspects of the situations they face in times of disasters such as earthquakes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom this point on, there are some factors that led the researcher to conduct this study. These factors include the scientific evidence that homeless individuals are not sufficiently included in disaster plans/policies (Elvrum and Wong \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Walters and Gaillard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Sundareswaran et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Gin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) the limited evidence on the behaviors, skills, needs and social exclusion of homeless individuals in disaster situations and the recommendation for further research on this issue (Elvrum and Wong \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) the suggestion that vulnerable groups are more harmed by disasters as stated in the Sendai Disaster Risk Reduction Framework (2015\u0026ndash;2030), that actions should be taken to reduce vulnerability and that within this scope, the public sector, private sector and civil society organizations as well as the academic community, scientific and research organizations should work more closely and create opportunities for cooperation and that businesses should integrate disaster risk into their own management practices (United Nations \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and the lack of qualitative research examining the situation of homeless individuals in disasters from the perspective of disaster experts. Studies have not been done sufficiently. Therefore, this study aims to examine in depth the situation of homeless individuals in earthquakes from the perspective of disaster experts and to present social policy recommendations within this scope.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Research design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was planned qualitatively, as it aimed to examine the situation of homeless individuals in earthquakes from the perspective of disaster management experts with postgraduate education in the field of disaster management (Creswell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The purpose of qualitative research is to develop an understanding of how individuals make sense of their lives and to describe how individuals interpret their experiences by outlining this process (Merriam and Tisdell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Since it was aimed to obtain in-depth information in the study, phenomenological design was adopted. Phenomenological design is important in revealing the common meaning of phenomena that we are aware of but do not have an in-depth idea (Yıldırım and Şimşek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In this way, new ideas can be generated and applicable measures can be taken for similar events in the future (Ghafari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, choosing the phenomenological design was considered an appropriate decision considering the topic chosen in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Development of data collection tool\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince the research involves obtaining in-depth information from the participants, a semi-structured interview form was prepared in line with the literature. In the first stage, a literature review was conducted based on homeless people in disasters, homeless people in earthquakes, homeless individuals, problems faced by homeless individuals, homelessness, and policy issues related to the homeless. As a result of the literature review, an 18-item question pool was created. The created item pool was sent to five experts working in the field of disaster management. It was evaluated that two items from the 18-item item pool would not adequately measure the subject, two items were similar, and four questions could be considered as probe questions within the other questions. Therefore, these questions were either removed from the item pool or arranged to be included in other problems. Then, a pilot interview was conducted with three people who met the inclusion criteria of the study. As a result of the pilot interview, it was decided that one more item was similar and was removed from the item pool. The pilot interviews were not included in the main study. After the pilot interviews, expert opinions and necessary evaluations, a semi-structured interview form consisting of nine questions that could examine the subject in depth was created.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Inclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeing over 18 years of age,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgreeing to participate in the study voluntarily,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaving a postgraduate education in disaster management,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeing an academic in the field of disaster management,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaving taken part in any disaster as an institutional or volunteer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Exclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithdrawing at any stage of the study,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot having a postgraduate education in disaster management,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot having taken part in any disaster as an institutional or volunteer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Analysis of data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data of the study were collected with a semi-structured interview form between November and December 2024. The use of a semi-structured interview form, which includes open-ended questions about the topic to be explored in qualitative research, allows participants to be more involved in the interview (Jamshed \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In determining the participants, maximum diversity and criterion sampling methods, which are among the purposeful sampling techniques, were preferred (Merriam and Tisdell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Interviews were conducted when the participants were available. The data collection process continued until it was decided that enough information was obtained about the subject, that is, data saturation was reached (Namey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Although there are different opinions on sample size in phenomenological studies (Polkinghorne \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Charmaz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) it is generally considered that 10\u0026ndash;15 people are sufficient for studies (Johnson and Christiansen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the number of participants was constantly evaluated to understand whether data saturation was reached, because in qualitative research, excessive sampling can cause data to become complicated and lose focus (Braun and Clarke \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Interviews will be recorded with a voice recorder after obtaining participant approval. In order to ensure the confidentiality of participant identity information, codes P1-P10 were given to each participant. The research data were analyzed using the inductive thematic analysis technique (Braun and Clarke \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The data obtained during the interviews were transcribed immediately after the interviews were concluded in order to guide the subsequent interviews and the first draft codes were created. In this way, new codes obtained from the interviews and new ideas on the subject were tried to be asked as questions in the subsequent interviews and the opinions of the individuals on the subject were evaluated in depth. In this way, it was aimed to access richer data or concepts. The transcribed data was read and reviewed repeatedly. After the reading process was completed, the data was transferred to the MAXQDA 2022 licensed qualitative research program, which is frequently preferred in qualitative research and has interesting features in terms of visualization of data. After the data was transferred to the analysis program, the first coding process was carried out. Expert support was received at this stage. According to the feedback from the experts, the relevant codes were rearranged. Categories were reached from codes that were close in meaning, and themes were reached from categories. Expert support was considered important in all of these stages (Braun and Clarke \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). In reporting the study data, accepted guidelines were taken into account. At this stage, COREQ criteria were taken as basis (Tong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Validity and reliability assessment of the research\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eValidity and reliability are important stages in qualitative research (Graneheim and Lundman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, various steps were followed in this study to support validity and reliability. Validity in qualitative research means that the researcher observes the phenomenon as it is and as unbiased as possible (Kirk and L.Miller \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). For this reason, it is stated that validity has a critical importance in scientific research, so it should be explicitly addressed by researchers and it is important to provide evidence to support validity (Maxwell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In order to support validity in this study; detailed information about the participants was presented, the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the participants were determined, quotes from the interviews were presented, participant confirmation was obtained and data triangulation was performed. The sample size was determined based on data saturation to prevent the risk of missing the focus of the research and new ideas. Another important issue in qualitative studies is reliability (Erlandson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, all stages of the research were presented clearly in order to support reliability. Expert opinions were obtained during the coding of data and the creation of themes. Participant quotes were included in the findings section. In addition, it can be said that the fact that the researcher has conducted a doctoral thesis in the field of disaster management and has conducted numerous qualitative studies will support reliability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Ethical dimension\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study received ethics committee approval from Trabzon University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee (Approval Number: E-81614018-050.04-2400058353). Participants were informed about the study and their consent was obtained before the interviews. Participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any stage. It was stated that participation was completely voluntary and that participants' identity information and interview records would not be shared with third parties. Care was taken to ensure that there was no conflict of interest between the researcher and the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe interviews lasted between 35\u0026ndash;60 minutes. It was observed that the participants were eight male and two female, the youngest individual was 32 years old and the oldest individual was 41 years old. Other information is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic information of the participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipant Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWork Experience (Years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic Title Education Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLecturer Dr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLecturer Dr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLecturer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLecturer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLecturer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssistant Professor Dr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLecturer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLecturer Dr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssistant Professor Dr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLecturer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMSc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings obtained from interviews with individuals who met the inclusion criteria of this study were evaluated. Four themes were created for the data: \u0026ldquo;Vulnerability and Access to Basic Needs\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Information and Security\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Physical and Psychological Impacts\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Empowerment and Social Integration\u0026rdquo; (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheme 1. Vulnerability and access to basic needs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDifficulties in Access to Basic Needs\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is considered that homeless individuals may experience problems in access to information, utilisation of health services, shelter, etc. during earthquakes. Other factors underlying these access limitations may be the nationality of the homeless individual, the attitude of the family members if they have a psychological condition. The participant coded as P1 explains this situation as \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;individuals may have problems in going to shelter areas and requesting shelter there during and after the earthquake because they already have shelter problems.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFactors Reducing or Increasing Vulnerability\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it is seen that there are participants who think that earthquakes increase the vulnerability of homeless individuals as well as participants who think that earthquakes are factors that contribute to reducing the vulnerability of homeless individuals. According to the comments of the participants, the factors that increase the vulnerability of homeless individuals include; difficulties in accessing information, lack of social environment, economic inadequacy, safety concerns, ongoing mental problems, nutritional problems, not being included in disaster plans, limited access to formal and informal education, and insufficient inclusion of vulnerable groups in disaster policies. Among the factors that contribute to reducing the vulnerability of homeless individuals; being used to harsh living conditions, being able to stay hungry for a long time, being able to adapt to normal life faster, being used to weather conditions, being able to benefit from more nutrition services than routine life. A participant's statement on this issue is as follows;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP2 \u0026ldquo;Factors that increase vulnerability include not having a social or family environment, being economically disadvantaged compared to other individuals, having security problems, living their lives on the streets in an unsafe area, and having ongoing psychological or mental problems.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSocial Isolation and Stigmatisation\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomeless individuals may face the risk of being stigmatised or socially excluded by society as a result of their situation. P1 summarized the situation with the statement, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;These individuals, who have limited resources, face the risk of social exclusion, social stigma and violence.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Health Threats and Risks\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the living conditions of homeless individuals are evaluated, it can be stated that they may face more health problems or be at greater risk for health problems compared to other individuals. Some participants' statements on this issue are as follows;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP1 \u0026ldquo;Substance, alcohol and cigarette use pose risks for homeless individuals.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP3 \u0026ldquo;The difficulties they experience in accessing food, water and hygiene facilities after the earthquake can lead to health problems such as infections, malnutrition and worsening of chronic diseases.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eStrategies in Aid Management\u003c/em\u003e: Considering the presence of homeless individuals, strategies can be developed in aid distribution and management. In this context, assessing the situation of homeless individuals in disaster plans and establishing applicable strategies from shelter to nutrition can make significant contributions to the survival struggle of homeless individuals. The participant with code P10 explained the situation with the following sentences: \u003cem\u003e\"The number of these individuals should be determined in all processes before, during and after the disaster, where and in which regions they live should be determined and their basic needs should be met.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheme 2. Information and security\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eProblems Accessing Information\u003c/em\u003e: Homeless individuals may face various difficulties in accessing vital information during earthquakes. Factors such as inadequate information sources, not having communication devices, obtaining information indirectly, being exposed to incorrect or delayed information, and being far from information flow centers may cause problems for these individuals in accessing information. Participant coded P8 tried to explain this situation with the following statement: \u003cem\u003e\"Factors such as homeless individuals not having enough mobile access devices and their weak digital literacy limit their access to information.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eProblems of Access to Support Systems\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can be said that factors such as homeless individuals' lack of a fixed address, problems with identity documents, social prejudices, lack of information and communication tools and insufficient access to support application centres may be obstacles for these individuals to benefit from support systems sufficiently. A participant's statements regarding this issue are as follows;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP9 \u0026ldquo;Homeless individuals may not have adequate technological tools or digital literacy to communicate, which can make it difficult to access information.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSecurity Risk\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFailure to include homeless individuals in disaster plans, being seen as crime-prone individuals, not having sufficient access to basic needs such as shelter and nutrition, and being exposed to social exclusion may expose both homeless individuals and the society they live in to security risks. Some participants' statements on this issue are as follows;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP3 \u0026ldquo;Not including homeless individuals in disaster plans makes it difficult for them to access their basic needs, endangers their physical safety and leads to them being deprived of psychosocial support.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP8 \"Homeless individuals are seen as socially unsafe individuals. This affects other individuals' concerns about safety.\"\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheme 3. Physical and psychological effects\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Impact\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lack of safe shelter for homeless individuals puts them at greater physical risk. In the event of a major disaster such as an earthquake, homeless individuals may be more likely to face negative consequences such as injury, disability, and even death due to unsafe living conditions compared to other individuals. Bu konuya ilişkin bazı katılımcıların ifadeleri şu şekildedir;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP4 \u0026ldquo;Homeless individuals already experience psychological problems. Disasters can deepen this situation.\"\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP8 \u0026ldquo;Homeless individuals can be deeply affected by the effects of disasters, both physically and psychologically.\"\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePsychological Impact\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomeless individuals may face greater difficulties after an earthquake, even as they struggle with mental health issues in their daily lives. An earthquake can make trauma reactions more apparent in these individuals, in the form of sensory, cognitive and behavioral changes. In addition, chronic mental health problems such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and additional problems such as alcohol and substance abuse can also be frequently seen in homeless individuals. Earthquakes can exacerbate existing psychological disorders, which makes the recovery process of homeless individuals even more difficult. P7 explains this situation as \"These individuals are at risk of death, injury, infectious diseases, disability, and worsening of chronic diseases. They may also experience anger and violence due to social exclusion.\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheme 4. Empowerment and community ıntegration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDeveloping Applicable Policies\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to reduce the vulnerability of homeless individuals during earthquakes and support their survival, it can be said that individuals and teams such as local governments, civil society organizations and volunteers, especially the central administration, can implement many projects from meeting the basic needs of homeless individuals to ensuring their safety. In this regard, it can be said that managers can develop policies specific to homeless individuals and support the process. Some participants' statements on this issue are as follows;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP7 \u0026ldquo;I believe that the number of homeless individuals at the local level is not being tracked with sufficient precision. This makes it difficult to reach them after an earthquake. I believe that the numbers of these individuals should be tracked.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP10\"A policy should be developed to create sustainable housing areas\"\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eProviding Social and Psychological Support\u003c/em\u003e: Psychological support units can be established to reduce the traumatic effects that homeless individuals have experienced and will continue to experience and to support them mentally. This can accelerate the social participation processes of homeless individuals. Participant coded as P10 explained the situation with the following statement: \u003cem\u003e\"The fact that homeless individuals are seen as socially stigmatized and unsafe individuals may be an obstacle to psychosocial support services.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eProviding Social and Psychological Support\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological support units can be established to reduce the traumatic effects that homeless individuals have experienced and will continue to experience and to support them mentally. This can accelerate the social participation processes of homeless individuals. Some participants' statements on this issue are as follows;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP4 \u0026ldquo;The current psychological state of homeless individuals is already problematic. Disasters such as earthquakes can worsen this situation. Therefore, psychological support and counseling centers should be established and services should be provided to these individuals, as is the case with other individuals.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP8 \u0026ldquo;Providing special psychosocial counseling services to homeless individuals contributes to the social adaptation of these individuals.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInclusion in Disaster Plans\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can be said that homeless individuals are not sufficiently included in disaster plans created at national or local levels or that a clear policy is not implemented in this direction. However, creating actions for homeless individuals in the preparation processes of disaster plans can reduce vulnerabilities and support a successful disaster management process. Some participants' statements on this issue are as follows;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP3 \u0026ldquo;The inclusion of homeless individuals in disaster plans is an extremely important issue in terms of social equality and human rights. However, unfortunately, these individuals are often overlooked in disaster plans and their fragility deepens.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP5 \u0026ldquo;One of the reasons why homeless individuals are not included in disaster plans is that they are constantly moving. Since they do not have a fixed location, they may not be identified\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP6 \u0026ldquo;Including homeless individuals in disaster plans can reduce their vulnerability. However, the fact that homeless individuals do not have a fixed residence can negatively affect this situation.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, which examined the situation of homeless individuals in earthquakes in depth from the perspective of disaster experts, it was evaluated that homeless individuals have difficulty in accessing basic needs during earthquakes, are socially isolated and stigmatized, and face more health risks than other individuals. Homeless individuals are at greater risk of contracting various diseases than other individuals (Breakey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Hwang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Snyder and Eisner \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Homeless individuals often face diseases such as tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis (Martens \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). These situations may become more evident in times of disasters. Even in their daily lives, homeless individuals lack medication, physical assistance and various resources to be utilised (Vickery \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Homeless individuals are vulnerable to everyday hazards such as inadequate access to water and sanitation (Walters and Gaillard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Social inequalities and social stigma make people more vulnerable to disasters (Fothergill and Peek \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Factors affecting the vulnerability of homeless individuals include social exclusion (Walters and Gaillard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Some of the factors that push homeless individuals into social exclusion are that they are unhygienic, smell bad and are considered dangerous (Akyıldız \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Homeless individuals are less likely to face the risk of social exclusion than other individuals due to living conditions etc (Hodgetts et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Disasters can cause homeless individuals to lose many of their valuable belongings (Vickery \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). It can be said that insufficient financial resources, substance use, health, transportation and communication problems also contribute to vulnerability (Morris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Another factor that increases the vulnerability of homeless individuals is the frequency of exposure to events that trigger their current traumatic situation (Mendez \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). However, efforts by authorities to include these people in disaster preparedness processes can contribute to reducing vulnerability (Brookfield and Fitzgerald \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Homeless individuals can develop various strategies to survive in disaster situations, but their identity problems along with social pressure can negatively affect this situation (Walters and Gaillard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, the data of our study supports the previous literature data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it has been accepted that homeless people may experience many limitations or problems in disasters, from access to information to security issues. For example, homeless individuals spending their daily lives in unsafe places may cause individual and social security problems (Walters and Gaillard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). It can be said that this situation becomes even more obvious and dangerous during times of disaster. In order to overcome the difficulties that homeless individuals have in accessing disaster information, it is important to establish teams that will resolve the access problem (Morris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals losing their homes for any reason causes security problems (Every et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Homeless individuals have more limited access to shelter, transportation, and communication resources than other individuals (Wexler and Smith \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). It can be said that many problems experienced by homeless individuals in daily life may become more apparent during disaster periods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was evaluated that homeless individuals may face serious physical and mental problems in disasters with a great destructive effect such as earthquakes. It was evaluated that the events experienced may make the existing trauma reactions of homeless individuals more apparent in the form of sensory, cognitive and behavioral changes. Homelessness is a factor affecting mental problems and suicidal ideation (Yoder et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). It is stated that mental and psychiatric problems are more common among homeless individuals (Wexler and Smith \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). There is evidence that homeless individuals experience many physical and psychological problems and that these problems increase their risk of premature death (Martens \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). There is evidence that extreme weather conditions have significant impacts on the physical and emotional health of homeless individuals (Every and Richardson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Every et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Many studies in the literature support that homeless individuals are at greater risk than other individuals (Breakey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Lippert and Lee \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Romaszko et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This situation is similar in our study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was evaluated that actions are needed for social and psychological support services to strengthen homeless individuals, that these individuals should be included in disaster plans, and that the needs of special groups should be determined. It is important to prepare comprehensive disaster plans that take into account the needs of vulnerable groups in disasters (Brookfield and Fitzgerald \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Policies that take homeless individuals into account should be developed (Sundareswaran et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Creating disaster plans that prioritize the basic needs and safety of homeless individuals is important for successful process management (Gin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Allowing homeless individuals to express themselves in the preparation of disaster plans and including them in this process can reduce the vulnerability of these individuals and support a successful disaster management process (Walters and Gaillard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Housing support has been attempted to protect homeless individuals and reduce their vulnerability, but sufficient progress has not been made. One of the factors affecting this situation is the social isolation of homeless individuals (Tsai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). It is important to provide homeless individuals with the same opportunities provided to other individuals to support their social integration (Thulien et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Provision of psychosocial support services and protective support services can contribute to the social integration of homeless individuals (Marshall et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Another aspect that helps homeless individuals integrate is peer support (Boisvert et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Stewart et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Schon \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). It has been evaluated that there are many actions that will ensure the social integration of homeless individuals, and at this point, it has been seen that the data of our study is supported by previous literature data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5 Conclusion and recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt has been assessed that homeless individuals have difficulty accessing basic needs during earthquakes, are socially isolated and stigmatized, and face greater health risks than other individuals. The establishment and implementation of social support programs can reduce the risk of homeless individuals being socially stigmatized. It is important to prepare plans that prioritize specific individuals in solving the problems of homeless individuals accessing basic needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been assessed that homeless individuals do not have access to sufficient information, have difficulty accessing information and support services, and face more security problems compared to other individuals. Creating policies that ensure the integration of homeless individuals into society can reduce the security risk of homeless individuals and society. Creating an information network is important in solving problems of access to information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been assessed that homeless individuals may face serious physical and mental problems in disasters with a great destructive effect, such as earthquakes. It is important to establish physical and mental counseling programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been assessed that homeless individuals are not sufficiently included in disaster plans. It is thought that disaster plans should be created in which the priorities of homeless individuals are determined.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or notfor-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial support was not received at any stage of the study\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author thanks the participants\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkyıldız Y (2022) Evsiz Bireylerin Sosyal Hayatı \u0026Uuml;zerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: T\u0026uuml;rkiye \u0026Ouml;rneği. Kent Akad 15:1502\u0026ndash;1521. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.35674/KENT.1049630\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.35674/KENT.1049630\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAryankhesal A, Pakjouei S, Kamali M (2018) Safety Needs of People With Disabilities During Earthquakes. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 12:615\u0026ndash;621. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/DMP.2017.121\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/DMP.2017.121\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAslan R, Şahin\u0026ouml;z S (2023) The experiences of people with disabilities in the 2020 Izmir earthquake: A phenomenological research. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 95:103868. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2023.103868\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/J.IJDRR.2023.103868\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBedriye Ak (2014) Determination and Evaluation of Effects of Earthquake on School Age Children\u0026rsquo;s (6\u0026ndash;12 Years Old) Behaviours. Procedia - Soc Behav Sci 152:845\u0026ndash;851. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2014.09.332\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2014.09.332\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBehrman JA, Weitzman A (2016) Effects of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake on Women\u0026rsquo;s Reproductive Health. Stud Fam Plann 47:3\u0026ndash;17. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/J.1728-4465.2016.00045.X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/J.1728-4465.2016.00045.X\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoardman J, Killaspy H, Mezey G (2022) Social Exclusion in Specific Social Groups and Individuals with Mental Health Conditions. Soc Incl Ment Heal 299\u0026ndash;320. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/9781911623601.018\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/9781911623601.018\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoisvert RA, Martin LM, Grosek M, Clarie AJ (2008) Effectiveness of a peer-support community in addiction recovery: participation as intervention. Occup Ther Int 15:205\u0026ndash;220. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/OTI.257\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/OTI.257\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBraun V, Clarke V (2021) Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. Themat Anal Pract Guid 1\u0026ndash;100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBraun V, Clarke V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 3:77\u0026ndash;101. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706QP063OA\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1191/1478088706QP063OA\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBreakey WR, Fischer PJ, Kramer M et al (1989) Health and Mental Health Problems of Homeless Men and Women in Baltimore. JAMA 262:1352\u0026ndash;1357. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.1989.03430100086034\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1001/JAMA.1989.03430100086034\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrookfield S, Fitzgerald L (2018) Homelessness and natural disasters: The role of community service organisations. Aust J Emerg Manag 33:62\u0026ndash;68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCharmaz K (2006) Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCreswell JW (2018) Nitel araştırma y\u0026ouml;ntemleri: Beş yaklaşıma g\u0026ouml;re nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni, 4. bs. Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDickey B, Gonzalez O, Latimer E et al (1996) Use of mental health services by formerly homeless adults residing in group and independent housing. Psychiatr Serv 47:152\u0026ndash;158. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1176/PS.47.2.152\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1176/PS.47.2.152\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDoostgharin T (2009) Children affected by earthquakes and their immediate emotional needs. Int Soc Work 52. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/0020872808093346\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/0020872808093346\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDorsen C (2010) Vulnerability in homeless adolescents: concept analysis. J Adv Nurs 66:2819\u0026ndash;2827. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2648.2010.05375.X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/J.1365-2648.2010.05375.X\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEcker J, Aubry T (2017) A mixed methods analysis of housing and neighbourhood impacts on community integration among vulnerably housed and homeless individuals. J Community Psychol 45:528\u0026ndash;542. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/JCOP.21864\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/JCOP.21864\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eElvrum P, Wong WY (2012) A study of the disadvantages of the homeless in Tokyo in disaster situations. 66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eErlandson AD, Harris LE, Skipper LB, Allen DS (1993) Doing naturalistic inquiry: A guide to methods. SAGE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEvery D, Kirrilly T (2014) Disaster resilience: Can the homeless afford it? Aust J Emerg Manag 29:52\u0026ndash;56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEvery D, Richardson J (2018) A framework for disaster resilience education with homeless communities. Disaster Prev Manag Int J 27:146\u0026ndash;158. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-08-2017-0196/FULL/PDF\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1108/DPM-08-2017-0196/FULL/PDF\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEvery D, Richardson J, Osborn E (2019) There\u0026rsquo;s nowhere to go: counting the costs of extreme weather to the homeless community. Disasters 43:799\u0026ndash;817. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/DISA.12400\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/DISA.12400\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFitzpatrick-Lewis D, Ganann R, Krishnaratne S et al (2011) Effectiveness of interventions to improve the health and housing status of homeless people: A rapid systematic review. BMC Public Health 11:1\u0026ndash;14. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-638/FIGURES/1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/1471-2458-11-638/FIGURES/1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFothergill A, Peek LA (2004) Poverty and disasters in the United States: A review of recent sociological findings. Nat Hazards 32:89\u0026ndash;110. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000026792.76181.D9/METRICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000026792.76181.D9/METRICS\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGaillard JC, Walters V, Rickerby M, Shi Y (2019) Persistent Precarity and the Disaster of Everyday Life: Homeless People\u0026rsquo;s Experiences of Natural and Other Hazards. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 10:332\u0026ndash;342. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/S13753-019-00228-Y/METRICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/S13753-019-00228-Y/METRICS\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhafari S, Fallahi-Khoshknab M, Norouzi K, Mohamadi E (2014) Experiences of hospitalization in patients with multiple sclerosis: A qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 19:255\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGin JL, Balut MD, Der-Martirosian C, Dobalian A (2021) Managing the unexpected: The role of homeless service providers during the 2017\u0026ndash;2018 California wildfires. J Community Psychol 49:2532\u0026ndash;2547. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/JCOP.22653\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/JCOP.22653\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGin JL, Levine CA, Canavan D, Dobalian A (2022) Including Homeless Populations in Disaster Preparedness, Planning, and Response: A Toolkit for Practitioners. J Public Heal Manag Pract 28:E62\u0026ndash;E72. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001230\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1097/PHH.0000000000001230\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGraneheim UH, Lundman B (2004) Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today 24:105\u0026ndash;112. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEDT.2003.10.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/J.NEDT.2003.10.001\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHodgetts D, Stolte O, Waimarie Nikora L, Groot S (2012) Drifting Along or Dropping into Homelessness: A Class Analysis of Responses to Homelessness. Antipode 44:1209\u0026ndash;1226. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-8330.2011.00977.X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/J.1467-8330.2011.00977.X\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHolzer TL, Savage JC (2013) Global earthquake fatalities and population. Earthq Spectra 29:155\u0026ndash;175. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000106/SUPPL_FILE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1193/1.4000106/SUPPL_FILE\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e/EQS-042911EQS109M_ES1-ES2_ONLINE.PDF\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http:///EQS-042911EQS109M_ES1-ES2_ONLINE.PDF\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHwang SW (2001) Homelessness and health. CMAJ 164\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIveson K (1998) Putting the public back into public space. Urban Policy Res 16:21\u0026ndash;33. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/08111149808727745\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/08111149808727745\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJamshed S (2014) Qualitative research method-interviewing and observation. J Basic Clin Pharm 5:87. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.141942\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/0976-0105.141942\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohn W, Law K (2013) Addressing the health needs of the homeless. Br J Community Nurs 16:134\u0026ndash;139. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.12968/BJCN.2011.16.3.134\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.12968/BJCN.2011.16.3.134\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohnson B, Christiansen L (2014) Eğitim Araştırmaları Nicel, Nitel ve Karma Yaklaşımlar. Eğitien Kitap, Ankara\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKidd S, Shahar G (2008) Resilience in Homeless Youth: The Key Role of Self-Esteem. Am J Orthopsychiatry 78:163\u0026ndash;172. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.78.2.163\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1037/0002-9432.78.2.163\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKidd SA, Greco S, McKenzie K (2021) Global Climate Implications for Homelessness: A Scoping Review. J Urban Heal 98:385\u0026ndash;393. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/S11524-020-00483-1/FIGURES/3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/S11524-020-00483-1/FIGURES/3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKim M, Kim K, Kim E (2021) Problems and Implications of Shelter Planning Focusing on Habitability: A Case Study of a Temporary Disaster Shelter after the Pohang Earthquake in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Heal 2021 18:182868. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18062868\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/IJERPH18062868\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKirk J, L.Miller M (1986) Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. Reliab Validity Qual Res. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985659\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4135/9781412985659\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLaurenson P, Collins D (2007) Beyond Punitive Regulation? New Zealand Local Governments\u0026rsquo; Responses to Homelessness. Antipode 39:649\u0026ndash;667. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-8330.2007.00545.X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/J.1467-8330.2007.00545.X\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeung CS, Ho MM, Kiss A et al (2008) Homelessness and the response to emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS. J Urban Heal 85:402\u0026ndash;410. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/S11524-008-9270-2/TABLES/1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/S11524-008-9270-2/TABLES/1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLippert AM, Lee BA (2015) Stress, Coping, and Mental Health Differences among Homeless People. Sociol Inq 85:343\u0026ndash;374. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/SOIN.12080\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/SOIN.12080\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLoftus EI, Lachaud J, Hwang SW, Mejia-Lancheros C (2021) Food insecurity and mental health outcomes among homeless adults: a scoping review. Public Health Nutr 24:1766\u0026ndash;1777. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020001998\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S1368980020001998\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMabhala MA, Yohannes A, Griffith M (2017) Social conditions of becoming homelessness: Qualitative analysis of life stories of homeless peoples. Int J Equity Health 16:1\u0026ndash;16. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/S12939-017-0646-3/FIGURES/1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/S12939-017-0646-3/FIGURES/1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMalloy C, Christ MA, Hohloc FJ (1990) The Homeless: Social Isolates. J Community Health Nurs 7:25\u0026ndash;36. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1207/S15327655JCHN0701_3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1207/S15327655JCHN0701_3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarshall CA, Boland L, Westover LA et al (2020) Effectiveness of interventions targeting community integration among individuals with lived experiences of homelessness: A systematic review. Health Soc Care Community 28:1843\u0026ndash;1862. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/HSC.13030\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/HSC.13030\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMartens WHJ (2001) A review of physical and mental health in homeless persons. Public Health Rev 29:13\u0026ndash;33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaxwell JA (2012) Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Sage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMendez TB (2010) Disaster planning for vulnerable populations: Mental health. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 22:493\u0026ndash;500. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2010.10.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ccell.2010.10.001\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMerriam BS, Tisdell JE (2016) Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. Wiley, San Francisco\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMerriam SB, Tisdell EJ (2015) Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (Fourth Edition). Jossey Bass, San Fransisco\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMorris SC (2020) Disaster Planning for Homeless Populations: Analysis and Recommendations for Communities. Prehosp Disaster Med 35:322\u0026ndash;325. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X20000278\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S1049023X20000278\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNaik SS, Gowda GS, Shivaprakash P et al (2020) Homeless people with mental illness in India and COVID-19. Lancet Psychiatry 7:e51\u0026ndash;e52. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30286-8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30286-8\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNakamura H (1995) Overview of the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake disaster. Pediatr Int 37:713\u0026ndash;716. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/J.1442-200X.1995.TB03412.X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/J.1442-200X.1995.TB03412.X\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNamey E, Guest G, McKenna K, Chen M (2016) Evaluating Bang for the Buck: A Cost-Effectiveness Comparison Between Individual Interviews and Focus Groups Based on Thematic Saturation Levels. Am J Eval 37:425\u0026ndash;440. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098214016630406/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/10.1177_1098214016630406-FIG5.GIF\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/1098214016630406/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/10.1177_1098214016630406-FIG5.GIF\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNeumayer E, Pl\u0026uuml;mper T (2007) The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981\u0026ndash;2002. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 97:551\u0026ndash;566. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-8306.2007.00563.X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/J.1467-8306.2007.00563.X\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNola IA (2018) Earthquakes and their environmental, medical and public health impacts. Salud Publica Mex 60:16\u0026ndash;22. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.21149/9212\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.21149/9212\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOnapa H, Sharpley CF, Bitsika V et al (2022) The physical and mental health effects of housing homeless people: A systematic review. Health Soc Care Community 30:448\u0026ndash;468. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/HSC.13486\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/HSC.13486\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePiche J, Kaylegian J, Smith D, Hunter SJ (2018) The Relationship between Self-Reported Executive Functioning and Risk-Taking Behavior in Urban Homeless Youth. Behav Sci 2018, Vol 8, Page 6 8:6. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/BS8010006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/BS8010006\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePolkinghorne DE (1989) Phenomenological Research Methods. Existent Perspect Psychol 41\u0026ndash;60. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6989-3_3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/978-1-4615-6989-3_3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRafiey H, Momtaz YA, Alipour F et al (2016) Are older people more vulnerable to long-term impacts of disasters? Clin Interv Aging 11:1791\u0026ndash;1795. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S122122\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2147/CIA.S122122\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRomaszko J, Cymes I, Dragańska E et al (2017) Mortality among the homeless: Causes and meteorological relationships. PLoS ONE 12:e0189938. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0189938\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0189938\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eŞalcıoğlu E, Başoğlu M (2008) Psychological effects of earthquakes in children: Prospects for brief behavioral treatment. World J Pediatr 4:165\u0026ndash;172. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/S12519-008-0032-8/METRICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/S12519-008-0032-8/METRICS\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchon UK (2010) The power of identification: peer support in recovery from mental illness. Scand J Disabil Res 12:83\u0026ndash;90. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/15017410903478956\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/15017410903478956\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmith-Grant J, Kilmer G, Brener N et al (2022) Risk Behaviors and Experiences Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness\u0026mdash;Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 23 U.S. States and 11 Local School Districts, 2019. J Community Health 47:324\u0026ndash;333. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/S10900-021-01056-2/TABLES/6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/S10900-021-01056-2/TABLES/6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSnyder LD, Eisner MD (2004) Obstructive Lung Disease Among the Urban Homeless. Chest 125:1719\u0026ndash;1725. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1378/CHEST.125.5.1719\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1378/CHEST.125.5.1719\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSohrabizadeh S, Tourani S, Khankeh HR (2016) Women and health consequences of natural disasters: Challenge or opportunity? Women Health 56:977\u0026ndash;993. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1176101\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/03630242.2016.1176101\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpence R (2007) Saving lives in earthquakes: Successes and failures in seismic protection since 1960. Bull Earthq Eng 5:139\u0026ndash;251. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/S10518-006-9028-8/METRICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/S10518-006-9028-8/METRICS\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStewart M, Reutter L, Letourneau N, Makwarimba E (2009) A Support Intervention to Promote Health and Coping Among Homeless Youths. Can J Nurs Res Arch 54\u0026ndash;78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSundareswaran M, Ghazzawi A, O\u0026rsquo;Sullivan TL (2015) Upstream Disaster Management to Support People Experiencing Homelessness. PLoS Curr 7:ecurrents.dis.95f6. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/CURRENTS.DIS.95F6B76789CE910BAE08B6DC1F252C7D\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1371/CURRENTS.DIS.95F6B76789CE910BAE08B6DC1F252C7D\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. b76789ce910bae08b6dc1f252c7d\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTanida N (1996) What happened to elderly people in the great Hanshin earthquake. BMJ 313:1133\u0026ndash;1135. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.313.7065.1133\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1136/BMJ.313.7065.1133\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThulien NS, Gastaldo D, Hwang SW, McCay E (2018) The elusive goal of social integration: A critical examination of the socio-economic and psychosocial consequences experienced by homeless young people who obtain housing. Can J Public Heal 109:89\u0026ndash;98. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.17269/S41997-018-0029-6/TABLES/2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.17269/S41997-018-0029-6/TABLES/2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J (2007) Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Heal care J Int Soc Qual Heal Care 19:349\u0026ndash;357. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/INTQHC/MZM042\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/INTQHC/MZM042\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsai J, Mares AS, Rosenheck RA (2012) Does housing chronically homeless adults lead to social integration? Psychiatr Serv 63:427\u0026ndash;434. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1176/APPI.PS.201100047/ASSET\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1176/APPI.PS.201100047/ASSET\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e/IMAGES/LARGE/PSS6305_0427_FIG004.JPEG\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http:///IMAGES/LARGE/PSS6305_0427_FIG004.JPEG\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUnited Nations (2015) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015\u0026ndash;2030 | UNDRR. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed 14 Jan 2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUSGS The Science of Earthquakes \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science-earthquakes\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science-earthquakes\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed 18 Nov 2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVickery J (2018) Using an intersectional approach to advance understanding of homeless persons\u0026rsquo; vulnerability to disaster. Environ Sociol 4:136\u0026ndash;147. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2017.1408549\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/23251042.2017.1408549\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWagner J, Diehl K, Mutsch L et al (2014) Health status and utilisation of the healthcare system by homeless and non-homeless people in Vienna. Health Soc Care Community 22:300\u0026ndash;307. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/HSC.12083\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/HSC.12083\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWalters V, Gaillard JC (2014) Disaster risk at the margins: Homelessness, vulnerability and hazards. Habitat Int 44:211\u0026ndash;219. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/J.HABITATINT.2014.06.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/J.HABITATINT.2014.06.006\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWexler B, Smith ME (2015) Disaster response and people experiencing homelessness: Addressing challenges of a population with limited resources. J Emerg Manag (Weston Mass) 13:195\u0026ndash;200. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5055/JEM.2015.0233\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5055/JEM.2015.0233\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWright JD (1990) Poor People, Poor Health: The Health Status of the Homeless. J Soc Issues 46:49\u0026ndash;64. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/J.1540-4560.1990.TB01798.X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/J.1540-4560.1990.TB01798.X\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXue L, Yang X, Xie Z (2016) Rapid loss assessment of population in seismic disasters. Int Conf Geoinformatics 2016-January. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1109/GEOINFORMATICS.2015.7378578\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1109/GEOINFORMATICS.2015.7378578\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYıldırım A, Şimşek H (2013) Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Y\u0026ouml;ntemleri. Genişletilmiş 9. Baskı. Se\u0026ccedil;kin Yayıncılık, Ankara\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYoder KA, Hoyt DR, Whitbeck LB (1998) Suicidal behavior among homeless and runaway adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 27:753\u0026ndash;771. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022813916476/METRICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1023/A:1022813916476/METRICS\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYoosefi Lebni J, Khorami F, Ebadi Fard Azar F et al (2020) Experiences of rural women with damages resulting from an earthquake in Iran: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health 20:1\u0026ndash;13. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-020-08752-Z/TABLES/4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/S12889-020-08752-Z/TABLES/4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang P, Wiens K, Wang R et al (2019) Cold Weather Conditions and Risk of Hypothermia Among People Experiencing Homelessness: Implications for Prevention Strategies. Int J Environ Res Public Heal 2019 16:3259. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16183259\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/IJERPH16183259\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eT.C. \u0026Ccedil;alışma ve Sosyal G\u0026uuml;venlik Bakanlığı. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.csgb.gov.tr/haberler/bakan-selcuk-evsizlerin-konaklatilmasi-projemiz-ile-81-il-mudurlugumuz-kimsesizlerin-konaklama-ihtiyaclarini-gideriyor/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.csgb.gov.tr/haberler/bakan-selcuk-evsizlerin-konaklatilmasi-projemiz-ile-81-il-mudurlugumuz-kimsesizlerin-konaklama-ihtiyaclarini-gideriyor/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed 17 Nov 2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"natural-hazards","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nhaz","sideBox":"Learn more about [Natural Hazards](https://www.springer.com/journal/11069)","snPcode":"11069","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11069/3","title":"Natural Hazards","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Disaster policies, Earthquake, Homeless people in earthquakes, Homeless individuals","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5721693/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5721693/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to examine in depth the situation of homeless individuals in earthquakes from the perspective of disaster experts and to present social policy recommendations within this scope. The study was planned qualitatively and phenomenology design was preferred. The data of the study were obtained as a result of interviews with 10 people. In the study, four themes were formed as \u0026lsquo;Vulnerability and Access to Basic Needs\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;Information and Safety\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;Physical and Psychological Effects\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;Empowerment and Social Integration\u0026rsquo;. In the study, it was evaluated that homeless individuals have difficulties in accessing basic needs, are socially isolated and stigmatised, face more health risks than other individuals, are not sufficiently included in disaster plans, do not have access to sufficient information, have difficulties in accessing information and support services, and face more security problems than other individuals. As a result, in order to carry out an effective disaster management process in earthquakes, it is recommended to include homeless individuals in comprehensive disaster plans, to identify their special needs, to provide support services to prevent social exclusion, to prepare programmes supporting the social integration of homeless individuals and to organise information campaigns.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The situation of homeless ındividuals in earthquakes and policy recommendations: A phenomenological study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-16 16:36:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5721693/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2025-02-15T17:22:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-01-14T14:36:22+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-14T14:33:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Natural Hazards","date":"2025-01-05T18:09:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-12-28T13:43:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Natural Hazards","date":"2024-12-27T07:57:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"natural-hazards","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nhaz","sideBox":"Learn more about [Natural Hazards](https://www.springer.com/journal/11069)","snPcode":"11069","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11069/3","title":"Natural Hazards","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3679295e-73d3-4999-a22c-774960e46b6d","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-24T16:06:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5721693","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07235-x","journal":{"identity":"natural-hazards","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Natural Hazards"},"publishedOn":"2025-03-19 15:57:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 19th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-16 16:36:31","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11069-025-07235-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07235-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5721693","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5721693","identity":"rs-5721693","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}