Molecular docking and chemical composition of commercial essential oils and their toxicity against Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Molecular docking and chemical composition of commercial essential oils and their toxicity against Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. 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E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Hugo José Gonçalves Santos Junior, Alexandra Aparecida Zorzal, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530048/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted 18 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Plants' essential oils (EOs) market is expanding, and the commercialization of these products is for the most varied purposes, such as cosmetics, medicines, aromatization of environments, and phytotherapy. Terpenes and phenylpropanoids are present in the composition of EOs and are recognized for their insecticidal activities. Here, we determined the composition of six commercial EOs and verified if they had insecticidal activity against eggs and young larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda , a worldwide important insect pest. Toxicity was compared with neem oil, a natural insecticide. The six EOs had at least 96.66% of their constituents identified, with major compounds representing from 38.63–84.39% of the composition. In the egg bioassay, 78% of S. frugiperda eggs exposed to EOs became unviable, while neem oil made 42% of the eggs unviable. In general, the EOs efficiency decreased as the larvae aged and copaiba oil was as toxic as neem oil, demonstrating the potential for insect pest control. To support the biological findings at the molecular level, in silico molecular docking simulations were performed using the crystal structure of the S. frugiperda Scavenger Receptor-C MAM domain (PDB ID: 8YT7). Major EO compounds such as β-caryophyllene, eugenol, geraniol, 1,8-cineole, and terpinen-4-ol exhibited notable binding affinities and non-covalent interactions with the target protein, indicating potential receptor-mediated mechanisms involved in their insecticidal action. Sustainable pest control botanical insecticides fall armyworm major compounds terpenes Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 INTRODUCTION Plants produce a vast array of volatile organic compounds and essential oils (EOs) that serve as major vehicles of information between organisms, mediating numerous ecological interactions (Dicke and Baldwin 2010 ; Howe and Jander 2008 ; Mithöfer and Boland 2012 ; Wu and Baldwin 2010 ). In terms of defense strategies against herbivorous insects, several different mechanisms are reported, from acting directly on the herbivore (i.e., toxic compounds or those that interfere with host selection for feeding or oviposition (Regnault-Roger et al. 2012 ) to indirectly via the attraction of organisms from other trophic levels, such as parasitoids and predators (Mithöfer and Boland 2012 ; Zebelo and Maffei 2015 ). It is of great interest to the academy to explore compounds from plants that have insecticidal activity as long as they are effective and pose lower health and environmental risks compatible with natural enemies (Tembo et al. 2018 ) than synthetic insecticides (Regnault-Roger et al. 2012 ; Lourenço et al. 2018 ). Studies in this area have been conducted for a long time (Isman 2020 ). Plant EOs are exploited in various types of industries such as food and beverage, flavour, fragrance, perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics (Sharma et al. 2021 ; Guzmán and Lucia 2021 ; Abelan et al. 2022 ). As a result, overlapping markets sometimes occur and the same oil can have more than one purpose (Brun et al. 2019 ). For example, citronella EO ( Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) has applicability as antibacterial and antioxidant agents for food and pharmaceutical (Teixeira et al. 2013 ), as inhibitors postharvest diseases (Chen et al. 2014 ), and present toxicity and repellency against medically important (Benelli and Pavela 2018 ) and agricultural importance insects (Hernandez-Lambraño et al. 2015 ). In this study, we chose six commercial and affordable (copaiba, citronella, clove, eucalyptus, paperbark, and palmarosa) EOs and tested them for Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs non-viability and larvae mortality. The fall armyworm is one of the most serious pests of maize in the Americas (Montezano et al. 2018 ; Juárez et al. 2012 ), having invaded and spread to other continents (Baloch et al. 2020 ; Maino et al. 2021; Fan et al. 2020). In addition to maize, fall armyworm attacks many other economically important crops (Montezano et al. 2018 ), therefore, could pose a risk to subsistence and cash crops in large parts of the world (Early et al. 2018). Our bioassays provide additional scientific information and give the most efficient EOs that would be suitable for further development of botanical insecticides against this continental economic pest. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bioassays were performed at the Insect Microbial Control Laboratory, Agronomy Department, at the Federal University of Espírito Santo (Alegre, ES, Brazil), and the chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed at the Natural Insecticides Laboratory, Chemical Department, at the Rural Federal University of Pernambuco (Recife, PE, Brazil). Obtaining vegetable oils Commercially available EOs (from Solua Comercial LTDA) of copaiba ( Copaifera officinalis L.), citronella ( Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle), clove ( Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb), eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globulus Labill), paperbark ( Melaleuca alternifolia Maiden and Betche, Cheel) and palmarosa ( Cymbopogon martini Roxb. Wats.) were acquired. A neem-based vegetable oil (Neenmax®) was purchased at a shop selling agricultural products, used as positive control. Chemical analysis of essential oils Quantitative gas chromatography analyses (GC) were performed using a PerkinElmer Clarus 500 GC apparatus equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a non-polar DB-5 fused silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm film thickness) (J&W Scientific). Oven temperature was programmed to rise from 60° to 240°C at a rate of 3°C. min − 1 . Injector and detector temperatures were set to 260°C. Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 ml. min − 1 in split mode (1:30). The injection volume was 0.5 µl of diluted oil solution (1/100) in n-hexane. The amount of each compound was estimated from GC-FID peak areas in the order of DB-5 column elution and expressed as a relative percentage of the total chromatogram area. Analyses were carried out three times. The qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out using a Varian 220-MS IT GC system with a mass selective detector, mass spectrometer in EI 70 eV with a scan-interval of 0.5 s, and fragments from 40 to 550 Da. fitted with the same column and temperature program as the GC-FID experiments, with the following parameters: carrier gas = helium; flow rate = 1 ml. min − 1 ; split mode (1:30); injected volume = 1 µl of diluted oil solution (1/100) in n-hexane. Identification and quantification Identification of the components was based on GC-MS retention indices concerning a homologous series of C8-C40 n-alkanes estimated using the Van den Dool and Kratz (1963) equation and by computer matching against the mass spectral library of the GC-MS data system (Nist 14 and Wiley 11th) and co-injection with authentic standards as well as other published mass spectra (Adams 2007). Area percentages were obtained from the GC-FID response without the use of an internal standard or correction factors. Insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda Fall armyworm for the bioassays came from an established colony maintained in the laboratory, reared as described by Stinguel et al. (2022). Eggs, 12-h old, and 2-, 4-, and 6-day-old S. frugiperda larvae, first, second and third instar, respectively, were used to verify the insecticidal activity of vegetable oils. For each oil, a solution containing 2% of the essential oil and the solvents acetone 2% (v. v − 1 ), Tween ® 80 0.05% (v. v − 1 ), and distilled water were prepared. As a control, we used the solvents used in the preparation of the solutions. The commercial neem oil was used as a positive control. Bioassays were performed in a climatic chamber with the following conditions: temperature, 25 ± 2°C; relative humidity, 60%; and photoperiod, 12 h. The ovicidal effect was evaluated using the immersion method, in which a clutch containing 30 eggs was immersed for 30 seconds in the solutions and then packed in acrylic containers (Gerbox® − 3 cm in diameter). Bioassay was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments (six essential oil solutions, positive e negative control) and 10 repetitions represented by clutches (n = 300/treatment). Evaluations were performed after 24 h, and the number of hatched and unhatched eggs was determined. Toxicity in S. frugiperda larvae was evaluated by spraying 1 ml of the solution of each oil with an airbrush micro sprayer (15 lb. pol − 2 pressure) on the larvae. Larvae bioassay followed the same experimental design as the ovicidal test. Here, an acrylic container (3 cm in diameter) with a piece of artificial diet (2 cm 3 ) containing first-, second-, or third-instar 5 larvae was a replicate. Treatments were replicated 10 times (n = 50), with 400 larvae quantified per instar. Larval mortality was performed 24 h after spraying. Based on the high toxicity in first instar larvae, lethal concentrations for copaiba essential oil and neem-based product were estimated. Nine concentrations were used: 0.1; 0.145; 0.211; 0.307; 0.446; 0.649; 0.944; 1.372 and 2% (v. v − 1 ). The oil solutions preparations, control treatment, replicates and spraying technique were described in the larval toxicity bioassay and targeted only to first-instar larvae. Estimates were repeated three times over time. Molecular Docking In this study, the MAM (meprin/A5-protein/PTPmu) domain of the Scavenger Receptor Class C (SR-C) protein from Spodoptera frugiperda was selected as the molecular target. SR-C receptors play crucial roles in the insect innate immune system, particularly in pathogen recognition, phagocytosis, and immune signaling. The MAM domain is an extracellular structural unit that mediates protein–protein and protein–ligand interactions, and is essential for the formation of functional binding sites. The crystal structure available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession code 8YT7 corresponds to the MAM domain of the SR-C protein derived directly from S. frugiperda , ensuring full biological relevance to the target organism. Therefore, this domain represents a meaningful and structurally resolved target for molecular docking and toxicity prediction studies. Investigating the interaction of essential oil components with this domain may provide insights into the potential mechanism of insecticidal action at the molecular level, particularly how such compounds may interfere with receptor function and innate immunity in S. frugiperda . In this study, a representative major compound was selected from each of the six commercial essential oils analyzed to establish a simplified yet informative chemical profile. During the evaluation, it was found that Geraniol was the dominant compound in both Citronella ( Cymbopogon nardus ) and Palmarosa ( Cymbopogon martini ) essential oils. Since the presence of the same compound in two different plant sources could lead to redundancy in the analysis, Palmarosa oil was excluded to maintain chemical uniqueness and ensure that a distinct compound represented each essential oil. As a result, five major compounds, each corresponding uniquely to a specific plant source and representing different chemical classes, were selected: β-caryophyllene from Copaifera officinalis (copaiba oil), geraniol from C. nardus (citronella oil), eugenol from Eugenia caryophyllata (clove oil), 1,8-cineole from Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus oil), and terpinen-4-ol from Melaleuca alternifolia (paperbark/tea tree oil). This selection enhances the biological representativeness of the study while preserving chemical diversity, providing a solid foundation for subsequent molecular analyses. Protein preparation was performed using AutoDock Tools version 1.5.7. All non-essential molecules, including crystallographic water molecules and co-crystallized ligands, were removed from the structure. Polar hydrogen atoms were subsequently added, and Gasteiger partial charges were assigned to all atoms. The prepared macromolecular structure was then converted into PDBQT format, which is required for docking simulations. Ligand structures were manually drawn using ChemDraw and subsequently converted into three-dimensional conformations. These structures were imported into AutoDock Tools, where torsional degrees of freedom were defined and atomic charges were calculated. All ligands were saved in PDBQT format for compatibility with the docking software. Docking simulations were performed using AutoDock Vina version 1.2.0. The grid box was centered on the MAM domain binding pocket, with the grid center coordinates set to X = 49, Y = 13, Z = 60. The box dimensions were adjusted to fully encompass the selected binding region. The exhaustiveness parameter was set to 8 to ensure adequate conformational sampling. Following the docking procedure, the resulting binding poses were evaluated based on binding affinity (kcal/mol) and molecular orientation. Detailed interaction analyses, including hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic contacts, and π-interactions, were carried out and visualized using Discovery Studio Visualizer 2021 (Trott and Olson 2010). Data analysis The experimental model adopted was comprised of a completely randomized design, mortality data subjected to the generalized linear model with Poisson distribution (GLM-Poisson; p < 0.05), inflated zeros, and mean comparison by the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05). Data on the mortality of lethal concentrations of copaiba essential oil and neem-based were subjected to Probit analysis. The software used in all analyses was the R statistical program. RESULTS Essential oils chemical characterization The chromatographic analysis of the commercial essential oils showed a standard chemical composition, with monoterpenes mostly, except for C. officinalis oil and E. caryophyllata oil in which sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoids were predominant, respectively (Table 1 ; Fig. 1 ). The essential oils had at least 96.66% of their composition determined and 78 compounds were present (Table 1 ). Major compounds had a remarkable representation in the composition of essential oils, ranging from 38.63–84.39% (Table 1 ; Fig. 1 ). Geraniol was predominant in the Cymbopogon genus, constituting 44.60% and 80.87% of citronella and palmarosa oils, respectively. Eugenol, 1.8-cineole, β-caryophyllene, and terpinen-4-ol complete the list of major compounds and are predominant in the composition of E. caryophyllata, E. globulus, C. officinalis , and M. alternifolia oils, respectively. Table 1 Chemical profile of copaiba ( Copaifera officinalis ), citronella ( Cymbopogon nardus ), clove ( Eugenia caryophyllata ), eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globulus ), paperbark ( Melaleuca alternifolia ) and palmarosa ( Cymbopogon martini ) essential oils. Compound RI (cal) RI (lit) Copaiba Citronella Clove Eucalyptus Paperbark Palmarosa α-pinene 928 932 - - - 5.15 - 0.22 α-fenchene 950 945 - - - - 2.74 - β-pinene 970 974 - - - 0.76 0.77 0.08 Sabinene 971 969 - - - - 0.67 - Myrcene 990 988 - - - - 0.79 0.11 α-phellandrene 1002 1002 - - - - 0.69 - Iso-sylvestrene 1008 1007 0.23 - - - - 0.54 α-terpinene 1013 1013 - - - 1.29 6 - P-cymene - - - 6.90 3.73 Sylvestrene 1023 1025 - - - 1.31 4 - 1.8-cineole 1026 1026 0.64 - - 84.39 - - (E)-β-ocimene 1042 1044 0.19 - - 5.60 - - γ-terpinene 1059 1054 - - - - 15.57 - Terpinolene 1085 1086 - - - 0.02 3.44 - Citronellal 1143 1148 - 23.62 - - - - Isopulegol 1150 1155 - 0.34 - - - - (Z)-isocitral 1156 1160 - 0.35 - - - - Neo-menthol 1157 1161 - - - 0.15 - - Terpinen-4-ol 1177 1174 - - - - 38.63 - α-terpineol 1188 1186 - 0.53 - - 3.64 - Citronellol 1220 1223 - 15.31 - - - - Neral 1231 1235 - 3.62 - - - - Geraniol 1246 1249 - 44.60 - - - 80.87 Linalyl acetate 1257 1254 1.35 - - - - - Geranial 1260 1264 - 4.84 - - - - Trans-ascaridol glycol 1269 1266 - - - - 0.29 - Citronellyl formate 1270 1271 - 0.19 - - - - 2-ethyl-isomenthone 1294 1293 - - - - 0.33 - Methyl geranate 1324 1322 - - - - - 0.84 8-hydroxy-neo-menthol 1324 1328 - 0.29 - - - - (E)-patchenol 1328 1328 - 0.69 - - - - α-cubebene 1348 1345 - - - 0.47 Eugenol 1351 1356 - - 83.68 - - - Neryl acetate 1355 1359 - 1.67 - - - - Geranyl acetate 1381 1379 - - - - - 10.37 2-epi-α-funebrene 1382 1380 6.29 - - - - - β-panasinsene 1384 1381 - - - - 0.70 - Iso-longifolene 1390 1389 - - - - 2.38 - 7-epi-sesquithujene 1391 1390 1.99 - - - - - Sibirene 1400 1400 - - - - 0.32 - β-longipinene 1402 1400 - - - - 0.22 3.04 α-gurjunene 1409 1409 0.52 - - - - - α-cis-bergamotene 1412 1411 - - - - 0.28 - β-caryophyllene 1415 1417 42.46 1.12 11.41 - 1.02 - β-cedrene 1420 1419 2 - - - - - β-duprezianene 1422 1421 7.43 - - - - - 4.8-β-epoxy-caryophyllane 1424 1423 0.45 - - - - - β-copaene 1431 1430 1.12 - - - 0.56 - β-gurjunene 1433 1431 - 0.48 - - 0.49 - Aromadendrene 1441 1439 8.42 - - - - - (Z)-β-farnesene 1438 1440 - 0.19 - - - - Cis-muurola-3.5-diene 1450 1448 2.85 - - - - - Trans-muurola-3.5-diene 1450 1451 - 0.24 - - - - α-humulene 1451 1452 - - 3.22 - - - α-neo-clovene 1454 1452 1.26 - - - - - Neryl propanoate 1454 1452 0.87 - - - - - Khusimene 1455 1453 - - - - 1.56 - Allo-aromadendrene 1460 1458 0.78 - - - 0.72 - Dehidro-aromadendrene 1462 1460 - - - - 0.24 - Cis-cadina-1(6).4-diene 1463 1461 0.41 - - - - - Linalyl isovalerate 1468 1466 0.49 - - - - - Dauca-5.8-diene 1472 1471 2.13 - - - - - γ-muurolene 1479 1478 - - - - 2.18 - Air-curcumene 1480 1479 - - - - 0.68 - Germacrene D 1485 1484 - 0.56 0.24 - 0.38 - Neryl isobutanoate 1491 1490 4.90 - - - - - Cis-β-guaiene 1491 1492 1.10 0.28 - - - - Trans-muurola-4(14).5 diene 1493 1493 4.17 - - - - - β-bisabolene 1505 1505 0.80 - - - - - Cubebol 1516 1514 - 0.30 0.23 - - - Eugenol acetate 1525 1521 - - 0.19 - - - Cis-calamenene 1528 1528 - - 0.13 - - - α-cadinene 1538 1537 0.46 - - - - - Germacrene B 1555 1559 - - 0.43 - - - Davanone B 1566 1564 0.33 - - - - - Caryophyllene oxide 1583 1582 2.16 - - - - - Humulene epoxide II 1608 1608 0.23 - - - - - Junenol 1619 1618 0.77 - - - - - Monoterpenes 2.81 95.84 - 98.67 84.46 86.39 Sesquiterpenes 94.39 3.17 15.66 - 12.20 13.41 Phenylpropanoids - - 83.87 - - - Total 97.20 99.22 99.53 98.67 96.66 99.80 RI (cal) = retention indices calculated from retention times in relation to those of a C 8 -C 40 series of n-alkanes on a 30 m DB-5 capillary column; RI (lit) = retention indices from the literature. Insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda The application of essential oils to S. frugiperda eggs and larvae exhibited promising results for controlling this pest. For the egg bioassay, a significant difference was observed between treatments (F 7, 72 = 26.23; P < 0.0001) (Fig. 2 ). The EOs from C. martini, M. alternifolia , and C. nardus made all eggs unviable and in conjunction with E. caryophyllata EO (98.33% eggs unviable) were the most efficient. At least 78% of S. frugiperda eggs exposed to EOs became unviable while the neem-based product made 47.33% of the eggs unviable. In the bioassays with larvae, the number of dead larvae differed between treatments to first (F 7, 72 = 75.69; P < 0.0001), second (F 7, 72 = 27.39; P < 0.0001), and third (F 7, 72 = 18.35; P < 0.0105) instar (Fig. 2 B). Although sprays with the oils caused mortality, the susceptibility of the larvae reduced as they developed. Copaiba oil reduced about 94% of the population of first instar S. frugiperda larvae and its effect was similar to the neem-based product. Results from the concentration-mortality bioassay were suitable for the probit model, which allowed the estimation of LC 50 e LC 95 to copaiba EO of 0.57% and 3.44% v. v − 1 , respectively, while for neem these values were 0.23% v. v − 1 and 1.94% v. v − 1 (Table 2 ). Table 2 Lethal concentration (LC 50 and LC 95 ) of the copaiba ( Copaifera officinalis ) essential oil and neem-based commercial product against first instar Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. Vegetable oils N Slope ± SE LC 50 LC 95 ꭓ 2 p df Copaiba a 667 2.10 ± 0.21 0.57 (0.49–0.66) 3.44 (2.53–5.21) 14.17 0.951 7 Neem a 659 1.79 ± 0.18 0.23 (0.19–0.28) 1.94 (1.41–3.05) 10.44 0.835 7 a Units LC 50 and LC 95 = v. v − 1 ; N = no. of insects used in bioassay; ꭓ² = chi-squared test; df = degree of freedom; values in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval. Predicted binding results from molecular docking Molecular docking analyses were performed using the 8YT7 crystal structure, which corresponds to the MAM domain of the S. frugiperda Scavenger Receptor-C protein, to investigate the interaction potential of the major constituents found in the commercial essential oils tested in the bioassays (Table 3 ). Among the compounds evaluated, β-caryophyllene exhibited the highest binding affinity with a docking score of − 5.2 kcal/mol, followed by eugenol (− 5.0 kcal/mol), terpinen-4-ol (− 4.8 kcal/mol), geraniol (− 4.6 kcal/mol), and 1,8-cineole (− 4.2 kcal/mol). Ligand Efficiency (LE) values, calculated by normalizing binding energy to the number of heavy atoms, were 0.387 for eugenol, 0.343 for terpinen-4-ol, 0.328 for geraniol, 0.350 for 1,8-cineole, and 0.260 for β-caryophyllene. These values suggest that smaller or less branched molecules may engage more efficiently with the binding surface of the target domain. Despite its lower LE, β-caryophyllene showed a strong theoretical inhibitory potential, with a Ki value of 123.455 µM, indicating a potentially effective interaction at lower molar concentrations. Fit Quality (FQ) analysis revealed that eugenol and geraniol had the most balanced efficiency relative to their molecular size and geometry. Overall, the docking results align with the bioassay findings, where essential oils rich in β-caryophyllene, eugenol, or geraniol demonstrated significant ovicidal and larvicidal activity against S. frugiperda . These computational results provide molecular-level support for the observed biological effects and suggest that the major oil constituents may exert their toxic actions through specific interactions with key recognition domains in the pest organism. Table 3 Binding Energies and Ligand Efficiency Metrics of Major Essential Oil Compounds Docked to the Spodoptera frugiperda SR-C MAM Domain (PDB: 8YT7) Binding Energy (kcal/mol) LE FQ BEI Ki (µM) β-Caryophyllene -5.2 0.347 0.633 0.025 123.455 Geraniol -4.2 0.420 0.676 0.027 659.777 Eugenol -4.5 0.450 0.714 0.027 472.448 1,8-Cineole -4.3 0.430 0.692 0.028 590.562 Terpinen-4-ol -4.4 0.440 0.709 0.029 553.019 * BEI : Binding Efficiency Index, FQ : Fit Quality, Ki : Estimated Inhibition Constant, LE : Ligand Efficiency. Molecular docking analyses revealed detailed interaction profiles between the major essential oil constituents and the MAM domain of the S. frugiperda Scavenger Receptor-C protein (Table 4 ). β-Caryophyllene did not form conventional hydrogen bonds but established one Pi–Sigma interaction with HIS325 and multiple hydrophobic contacts, including LEU260 (Alkyl), PHE262 (Pi–Alkyl), HIS323 (Pi–Alkyl ×2), and HIS325 (Pi–Alkyl ×2) (Fig. 3 ). Geraniol formed a conventional hydrogen bond with GLU263 through its H18 atom and exhibited hydrophobic interactions with MET319 (Alkyl), as well as Pi–Alkyl interactions involving PHE262, HIS323, HIS324, and HIS325 (Fig. 4). Eugenol showed a more complex interaction profile, forming one conventional hydrogen bond with HIS323 (via O2), two C–H bonds with HIS324 (via O1 and O2), and an additional C–H interaction with LEU261. It also engaged in Pi–Pi stacking and Pi–Sigma interactions with HIS325 (Fig. 5 ). In contrast, 1,8-cineole did not form any hydrogen bonds or π-interactions but displayed extensive hydrophobic interactions with PHE262 (Pi–Alkyl ×2), HIS323 (Pi–Alkyl ×2), and HIS325 (Pi–Alkyl ×4) (Fig. 6 ). Terpinen-4-ol formed a Pi–Sigma interaction with HIS325 and multiple hydrophobic contacts, including LEU260 (Alkyl), PHE262 (Pi–Alkyl), HIS323 (Pi–Alkyl ×2), and HIS325 (Pi–Alkyl ×2) (Fig. 7 ). These findings demonstrate that each compound interacts with the target protein through distinct combinations of hydrogen bonding, π-interactions, and hydrophobic contacts, reflecting structural differences in their chemical scaffolds. Table 4 Predicted Binding Interactions with SR-C MAM Domain Compounds H-Bond π-Stacking / π-Electrostatic Alkyl / π-Alkyl Interactions β-Caryophyllene - HIS325 (Pi–Sigma) LEU260 (Alkyl), PHE262 (Pi–Alkyl), HIS323 (Pi–Alkyl ×2), HIS325 (Pi–Alkyl ×2) Geraniol GLU263–H18 (Conventional) - MET319 (Alkyl), PHE262 (Pi–Alkyl), HIS323 (Pi–Alkyl), HIS324 (Pi–Alkyl), HIS325 (Pi–Alkyl) Eugenol HIS323–O2 (Conventional) HIS324–O1 (C–H) HIS324–O2 (C–H) LEU261–H10 (C–H) HIS325 (Pi–Pi Stacked) LEU260 (Alkyl), HIS325 (Pi–Sigma) 1,8-Cineole - - PHE262 (Pi–Alkyl ×2), HIS323 (Pi–Alkyl ×2), HIS325 (Pi–Alkyl ×4) Terpinen-4-ol - HIS325 (Pi–Sigma) LEU260 (Alkyl), PHE262 (Pi–Alkyl), HIS323 (Pi–Alkyl ×2), HIS325 (Pi–Alkyl ×2) DISCUSSION In the present study, we demonstrated that commercial essential oils used for pharmaceutical purposes also exhibit insecticidal activity. The chemical profiles for such oils were previously reported in other research with chromatographic studies, and our chromatograms, although showing some variations, follow the chemical patterns previously presented. The intraspecific variation in the EOs chemical constitution may be related to the plant features (i.e., the origin of the material, part and age of the plant, harvest time (Chen et al. 2014 ; Kakaraparthi et al. 2014; Hussain et al. 2010) and abiotic factors (i.e., clime). For citronella oil, the literature records an alternation in the major compounds, with geraniol, citronellal, and citronellal, appearing with similar percentages and sometimes one or the other being the one with the highest composition (Hernandez-Lambraño et al. 2015 ; Kakaraparthi et al. 2014; Kaur and Kaur 2021; Caballero-Gallardo et al. 2021). For the remaining essential oils, related research agrees on the major compounds. Eugenol in E. caryophyllata oil (Matos et al. 2020; Mahboubi and Mahboubi 2015; Yang et al. 2003; Parl and Shin 2005), 1,8-cineole in E. globulus oil (Vieira et al. 2017; Tyagu and Malik 2011; Harkat-Madouri et al. 2015; Luís et al. 2016), terpinen-4-ol in M. alternifolia oil (Borovotá et al. 2022; Hammer et al. 2006; Liao et al. 2017), and geraniol in C. martini oil (Nirmal et al. 2007; Rajeswara et al. 2009; Kakaraparthi et al. 2015). There is also consensus that β-caryophyllene is the main component in C. officinalis oil (Arruda et al. 2019; Silva et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2009). Commercial EOs tested here exhibited promising results for control of the fall armyworm, as they caused deleterious effects on eggs and larvae. Research that shows the lethal effect of bioinsecticides on S. frugiperda has been reported (Lourenço et al. 2018 ; Dutra et al. 2020; Oliveira et al. 2018; Lima et al. 2020). All EOs were efficient to make the eggs non-viable mainly C. nardus , C. martini, M. alternifolia , and E. caryophyllata . The ovicidal effect of oils extracted from Cymbopogon has not been previously reported for S. frugiperda , however, for other pest species the effect is known (Nyamador et al. 2010; Warikoo et al. 2011). The same occurs for E. caryophyllata (Yang et al. 2003) and M. alternifolia (Benelli et al. 2013). Some studies suggest and prove that the insecticidal activity of the oils is attributed to the major compounds (Oliveira et al. 2018; Lima et al. 2020). However, other conditions may influence, for example, the method used to treat eggs and physical characteristics of the oils. Turchen et al. (2016) observed higher percentage of unviable eggs in the immersion method, when compared to contamination by the contact method since the surface contact is greater and allows the compounds to enter the chorion layers. Besides that, EOs abundant in monoterpenes exhibit significant lipophilicity and thus facilitate the passage of compounds across biological barriers (Gonzalez-Audino et al. 2011). In tests on S. frugiperda larvae, C. officinalis and neem-based product were highly toxic to first-instar larvae. Oily solutions at 0.57% v. v − 1 and 0.23% v. v − 1 , respectively, were able to kill 50% of the population. As suggested for ovicidal action, the larval toxicity of copaiba may be associated with its major compound. In bioassays with the isolated β-caryophyllene compound, Cárdenas-Ortega et al. (Cárdenas-Ortega et al. 2015). described that 1000 µg. mL − 1 cause mortality in 95% of S. frugiperda first instar larvae. Thus, it is inferred that the toxicity of copaiba oil is attributed to the presence of β-caryophyllene. As the larvae aged, a notable reduction in susceptibility was observed. As the larvae develop, they are able to produce a greater amount of detoxifying enzymes (Yu 1983), and consequently their survival increases. Thus, higher concentrations will be necessary to overcome the larvae's defenses. The toxicity of copaiba oil and the neem-based product for second instar larvae were similar, while the effect of neem oil lasted until the third instar. As a commercial bioinsecticide, neem oil has constituents in its formulation that increase its stability. The toxicity of neem and copaiba has already been confirmed against S. frugiperda previously (Sâmia et al 2016; Shu et al. 2021). Like neem, which is already commercialized to control several pests, copaiba oil has great potential for the integrated management of fall armyworm. However, the use of botanical insecticides is hindered by the lack of technologies or products that translate them from theory to practice, from the laboratory to the farm, in addition to regulatory barriers. Overcoming these barriers will allow efficient essential oils that are already on the market to be suitable and available to producers in the management of insect pests. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study demonstrate that commercial essential oils, traditionally used for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes, exhibit significant insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda , acting both on egg viability and larval mortality. Among the oils tested, copaiba oil proved to be as effective as the commercial neem-based product, especially in controlling first-instar larvae. The standardized chemical composition and high content of major compounds, such as β-caryophyllene, eugenol, and geraniol, were decisive factors in the observed efficacy. In silico analyses corroborated the biological data, indicating stable interactions between these compounds and the MAM domain of the Scavenger-C receptor of S. frugiperda , suggesting a possible molecular mechanism of action. These findings reinforce the potential of essential oils as sustainable bioinsecticides with low environmental impact, underscoring the need for advancements in formulation, regulatory, and field application stages to facilitate their use in integrated pest management programs. Declarations Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Declaration of interest statement The authors declare no potential conflict of interest. Author Contribution H.J.G.S.J. and M.F.C.S. wrote the main manuscript text. A.A.Z., L.P.D., H.B.Z., V.Z., E.C.A., and A.V.M. conducted the bioassays and laboratory experiments. C.A.G.C. and M.M.M. performed the chemical analyses. Figures and tables were prepared by H.J.G.S.J., A.A.Z., and M.F.C.S. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":479801,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelative percentage of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoid present in commercial essential oils of Copaiba (\u003cem\u003eCopaifera officinalis\u003c/em\u003e)\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e Citronella\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eCymbopogon nardus\u003c/em\u003e)\u003cem\u003e, \u003c/em\u003eClove (\u003cem\u003eEugenia caryophyllata\u003c/em\u003e)\u003cem\u003e, \u003c/em\u003eEucalyptus\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e)\u003cem\u003e, \u003c/em\u003ePaperbark\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eMelaleuca alternifolia\u003c/em\u003e) and Palmarosa\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eCymbopogon martini\u003c/em\u003e). The major compounds are highlighted in the bars, and the hatches represent their percentage in the essential oils.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530048/v1/a56f7dc842a3e989f723a426.jpeg"},{"id":96444391,"identity":"1d4fceb4-24a8-4766-88f1-0eefc9ed167b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 07:43:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":296547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean (± SE) of unviable eggs (A) and mortality of first-, second-, and third- instar \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e larvae (B) treated with commercial essential oils of \u003cem\u003eCopaifera officinalis, Cymbopogon nardus, Eugenia caryophyllata, Eucalyptus globulus, Melaleuca alternifolia \u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e Cymbopogon martini\u003c/em\u003e and commercial neem oil\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e Bars with the same letter at the top do not differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test (P \u0026lt; 0.05) (Note: comparisons within the same larval instar).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530048/v1/a9fad8681020a165d97df646.jpeg"},{"id":96444393,"identity":"e0a7a848-8b3a-4fc5-b170-aed6ff65f416","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 07:43:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":369909,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) interaction diagrams illustrating the binding mode of β-Caryophyllene within the active region of the \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e Scavenger Receptor-C MAM domain (PDB ID: 8YT7)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530048/v1/e9f33fab55e5e8e84c17859a.jpeg"},{"id":96455335,"identity":"55fc5fc0-295d-484e-a18f-44f10cdb605c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:03:58","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 4 is not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"placeholderimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530048/v1/37f1c7e8d2127e3c638f037b.png"},{"id":96455645,"identity":"93377124-6027-4e7a-9c9e-99fb8dd72700","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:04:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":369736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) interaction diagrams illustrating the binding mode of Eugenol within the active region of the \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e Scavenger Receptor-C MAM domain (PDB ID: 8YT7)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530048/v1/0c96cf2e0bd18017f3206203.jpeg"},{"id":96444400,"identity":"213e18f0-0b20-43c7-957c-c67b06ba4e79","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 07:43:10","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":868011,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) interaction diagrams illustrating the binding mode of 1,8-Cineole within the active region of the \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003eScavenger Receptor-C MAM domain (PDB ID: 8YT7)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530048/v1/8d9075cdc0015eb6fca8b368.png"},{"id":96455356,"identity":"f8318778-1c6a-4e72-92bf-821305583d2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 10:04:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":445166,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) interaction diagrams illustrating the binding mode of Terpinen-4-ol within the active region of the \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003eScavenger Receptor-C MAM domain (PDB ID: 8YT7)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530048/v1/b3ce84e5f339022600395117.jpeg"},{"id":104739318,"identity":"a2b6ddff-bf9f-4278-b32c-9041d2b03938","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 16:01:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4473894,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530048/v1/c765c2f6-3c9b-429f-8a44-8158c8210b02.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Molecular docking and chemical composition of commercial essential oils and their toxicity against Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlants produce a vast array of volatile organic compounds and essential oils (EOs) that serve as major vehicles of information between organisms, mediating numerous ecological interactions (Dicke and Baldwin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Howe and Jander \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Mith\u0026ouml;fer and Boland \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Wu and Baldwin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In terms of defense strategies against herbivorous insects, several different mechanisms are reported, from acting directly on the herbivore (i.e., toxic compounds or those that interfere with host selection for feeding or oviposition (Regnault-Roger et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) to indirectly via the attraction of organisms from other trophic levels, such as parasitoids and predators (Mith\u0026ouml;fer and Boland \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Zebelo and Maffei \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). It is of great interest to the academy to explore compounds from plants that have insecticidal activity as long as they are effective and pose lower health and environmental risks compatible with natural enemies (Tembo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) than synthetic insecticides (Regnault-Roger et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Louren\u0026ccedil;o et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Studies in this area have been conducted for a long time (Isman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant EOs are exploited in various types of industries such as food and beverage, flavour, fragrance, perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics (Sharma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Guzm\u0026aacute;n and Lucia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Abelan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, overlapping markets sometimes occur and the same oil can have more than one purpose (Brun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). For example, citronella EO (\u003cem\u003eCymbopogon nardus\u003c/em\u003e L. Rendle) has applicability as antibacterial and antioxidant agents for food and pharmaceutical (Teixeira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), as inhibitors postharvest diseases (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), and present toxicity and repellency against medically important (Benelli and Pavela \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and agricultural importance insects (Hernandez-Lambra\u0026ntilde;o et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we chose six commercial and affordable (copaiba, citronella, clove, eucalyptus, paperbark, and palmarosa) EOs and tested them for \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs non-viability and larvae mortality. The fall armyworm is one of the most serious pests of maize in the Americas (Montezano et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ju\u0026aacute;rez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), having invaded and spread to other continents (Baloch et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Maino et al. 2021; Fan et al. 2020). In addition to maize, fall armyworm attacks many other economically important crops (Montezano et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), therefore, could pose a risk to subsistence and cash crops in large parts of the world (Early et al. 2018). Our bioassays provide additional scientific information and give the most efficient EOs that would be suitable for further development of botanical insecticides against this continental economic pest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eBioassays were performed at the Insect Microbial Control Laboratory, Agronomy Department, at the Federal University of Esp\u0026iacute;rito Santo (Alegre, ES, Brazil), and the chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed at the Natural Insecticides Laboratory, Chemical Department, at the Rural Federal University of Pernambuco (Recife, PE, Brazil).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObtaining vegetable oils\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommercially available EOs (from Solua Comercial LTDA) of copaiba (\u003cem\u003eCopaifera officinalis\u003c/em\u003e L.), citronella (\u003cem\u003eCymbopogon nardus\u003c/em\u003e L. Rendle), clove (\u003cem\u003eEugenia caryophyllata\u003c/em\u003e Thunb), eucalyptus (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e Labill), paperbark (\u003cem\u003eMelaleuca alternifolia\u003c/em\u003e Maiden and Betche, Cheel) and palmarosa (\u003cem\u003eCymbopogon martini\u003c/em\u003e Roxb. Wats.) were acquired. A neem-based vegetable oil (Neenmax\u0026reg;) was purchased at a shop selling agricultural products, used as positive control.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChemical analysis of essential oils\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuantitative gas chromatography analyses (GC) were performed using a PerkinElmer Clarus 500 GC apparatus equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a non-polar DB-5 fused silica capillary column (30 m \u0026times; 0.25 mm \u0026times; 0.25 \u0026micro;m film thickness) (J\u0026amp;W Scientific). Oven temperature was programmed to rise from 60\u0026deg; to 240\u0026deg;C at a rate of 3\u0026deg;C. min \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Injector and detector temperatures were set to 260\u0026deg;C. Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 ml. min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in split mode (1:30). The injection volume was 0.5 \u0026micro;l of diluted oil solution (1/100) in n-hexane. The amount of each compound was estimated from GC-FID peak areas in the order of DB-5 column elution and expressed as a relative percentage of the total chromatogram area. Analyses were carried out three times. The qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out using a Varian 220-MS IT GC system with a mass selective detector, mass spectrometer in EI 70 eV with a scan-interval of 0.5 s, and fragments from 40 to 550 Da. fitted with the same column and temperature program as the GC-FID experiments, with the following parameters: carrier gas\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;helium; flow rate\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 ml. min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e; split mode (1:30); injected volume\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 \u0026micro;l of diluted oil solution (1/100) in n-hexane.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIdentification and quantification\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIdentification of the components was based on GC-MS retention indices concerning a homologous series of C8-C40 n-alkanes estimated using the Van den Dool and Kratz (1963) equation and by computer matching against the mass spectral library of the GC-MS data system (Nist 14 and Wiley 11th) and co-injection with authentic standards as well as other published mass spectra (Adams 2007). Area percentages were obtained from the GC-FID response without the use of an internal standard or correction factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInsecticidal activity against\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFall armyworm for the bioassays came from an established colony maintained in the laboratory, reared as described by Stinguel et al. (2022). Eggs, 12-h old, and 2-, 4-, and 6-day-old \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e larvae, first, second and third instar, respectively, were used to verify the insecticidal activity of vegetable oils. For each oil, a solution containing 2% of the essential oil and the solvents acetone 2% (v. v\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), Tween \u0026reg; 80 0.05% (v. v\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and distilled water were prepared. As a control, we used the solvents used in the preparation of the solutions. The commercial neem oil was used as a positive control. Bioassays were performed in a climatic chamber with the following conditions: temperature, 25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C; relative humidity, 60%; and photoperiod, 12 h.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ovicidal effect was evaluated using the immersion method, in which a clutch containing 30 eggs was immersed for 30 seconds in the solutions and then packed in acrylic containers (Gerbox\u0026reg; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3 cm in diameter). Bioassay was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments (six essential oil solutions, positive e negative control) and 10 repetitions represented by clutches (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300/treatment). Evaluations were performed after 24 h, and the number of hatched and unhatched eggs was determined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eToxicity in \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e larvae was evaluated by spraying 1 ml of the solution of each oil with an airbrush micro sprayer (15 lb. pol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e pressure) on the larvae. Larvae bioassay followed the same experimental design as the ovicidal test. Here, an acrylic container (3 cm in diameter) with a piece of artificial diet (2 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) containing first-, second-, or third-instar 5 larvae was a replicate. Treatments were replicated 10 times (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50), with 400 larvae quantified per instar. Larval mortality was performed 24 h after spraying.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the high toxicity in first instar larvae, lethal concentrations for copaiba essential oil and neem-based product were estimated. Nine concentrations were used: 0.1; 0.145; 0.211; 0.307; 0.446; 0.649; 0.944; 1.372 and 2% (v. v\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). The oil solutions preparations, control treatment, replicates and spraying technique were described in the larval toxicity bioassay and targeted only to first-instar larvae. Estimates were repeated three times over time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMolecular Docking\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the MAM (meprin/A5-protein/PTPmu) domain of the Scavenger Receptor Class C (SR-C) protein from Spodoptera frugiperda was selected as the molecular target. SR-C receptors play crucial roles in the insect innate immune system, particularly in pathogen recognition, phagocytosis, and immune signaling. The MAM domain is an extracellular structural unit that mediates protein\u0026ndash;protein and protein\u0026ndash;ligand interactions, and is essential for the formation of functional binding sites. The crystal structure available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession code 8YT7 corresponds to the MAM domain of the SR-C protein derived directly from \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e, ensuring full biological relevance to the target organism. Therefore, this domain represents a meaningful and structurally resolved target for molecular docking and toxicity prediction studies. Investigating the interaction of essential oil components with this domain may provide insights into the potential mechanism of insecticidal action at the molecular level, particularly how such compounds may interfere with receptor function and innate immunity in \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a representative major compound was selected from each of the six commercial essential oils analyzed to establish a simplified yet informative chemical profile. During the evaluation, it was found that Geraniol was the dominant compound in both Citronella (\u003cem\u003eCymbopogon nardus\u003c/em\u003e) and Palmarosa (\u003cem\u003eCymbopogon martini\u003c/em\u003e) essential oils. Since the presence of the same compound in two different plant sources could lead to redundancy in the analysis, Palmarosa oil was excluded to maintain chemical uniqueness and ensure that a distinct compound represented each essential oil. As a result, five major compounds, each corresponding uniquely to a specific plant source and representing different chemical classes, were selected: β-caryophyllene from \u003cem\u003eCopaifera officinalis\u003c/em\u003e (copaiba oil), geraniol from \u003cem\u003eC. nardus\u003c/em\u003e (citronella oil), eugenol from \u003cem\u003eEugenia caryophyllata\u003c/em\u003e (clove oil), 1,8-cineole from Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus oil), and terpinen-4-ol from Melaleuca alternifolia (paperbark/tea tree oil). This selection enhances the biological representativeness of the study while preserving chemical diversity, providing a solid foundation for subsequent molecular analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtein preparation was performed using AutoDock Tools version 1.5.7. All non-essential molecules, including crystallographic water molecules and co-crystallized ligands, were removed from the structure. Polar hydrogen atoms were subsequently added, and Gasteiger partial charges were assigned to all atoms. The prepared macromolecular structure was then converted into PDBQT format, which is required for docking simulations. Ligand structures were manually drawn using ChemDraw and subsequently converted into three-dimensional conformations. These structures were imported into AutoDock Tools, where torsional degrees of freedom were defined and atomic charges were calculated. All ligands were saved in PDBQT format for compatibility with the docking software. Docking simulations were performed using AutoDock Vina version 1.2.0. The grid box was centered on the MAM domain binding pocket, with the grid center coordinates set to X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49, Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13, Z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60. The box dimensions were adjusted to fully encompass the selected binding region. The exhaustiveness parameter was set to 8 to ensure adequate conformational sampling. Following the docking procedure, the resulting binding poses were evaluated based on binding affinity (kcal/mol) and molecular orientation. Detailed interaction analyses, including hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic contacts, and π-interactions, were carried out and visualized using Discovery Studio Visualizer 2021 (Trott and Olson 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experimental model adopted was comprised of a completely randomized design, mortality data subjected to the generalized linear model with Poisson distribution (GLM-Poisson; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), inflated zeros, and mean comparison by the Scott-Knott test (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Data on the mortality of lethal concentrations of copaiba essential oil and neem-based were subjected to Probit analysis. The software used in all analyses was the R statistical program.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEssential oils chemical characterization\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe chromatographic analysis of the commercial essential oils showed a standard chemical composition, with monoterpenes mostly, except for \u003cem\u003eC. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e oil and \u003cem\u003eE. caryophyllata\u003c/em\u003e oil in which sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoids were predominant, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The essential oils had at least 96.66% of their composition determined and 78 compounds were present (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Major compounds had a remarkable representation in the composition of essential oils, ranging from 38.63\u0026ndash;84.39% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Geraniol was predominant in the \u003cem\u003eCymbopogon\u003c/em\u003e genus, constituting 44.60% and 80.87% of citronella and palmarosa oils, respectively. Eugenol, 1.8-cineole, β-caryophyllene, and terpinen-4-ol complete the list of major compounds and are predominant in the composition of \u003cem\u003eE. caryophyllata, E. globulus, C. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eM. alternifolia\u003c/em\u003e oils, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical profile of copaiba (\u003cem\u003eCopaifera officinalis\u003c/em\u003e), citronella (\u003cem\u003eCymbopogon nardus\u003c/em\u003e), clove (\u003cem\u003eEugenia caryophyllata\u003c/em\u003e), eucalyptus (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e), paperbark (\u003cem\u003eMelaleuca alternifolia\u003c/em\u003e) and palmarosa (\u003cem\u003eCymbopogon martini\u003c/em\u003e) essential oils.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompound\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(cal)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(lit)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCopaiba\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCitronella\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClove\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEucalyptus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePaperbark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePalmarosa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-pinene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e928\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e932\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-fenchene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e950\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e945\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-pinene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e970\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e974\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSabinene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e971\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e969\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMyrcene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e990\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e988\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-phellandrene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIso-sylvestrene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-terpinene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-cymene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSylvestrene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8-cineole\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(E)-β-ocimene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1044\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eγ-terpinene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTerpinolene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1085\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1086\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCitronellal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1148\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsopulegol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Z)-isocitral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1156\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeo-menthol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1161\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTerpinen-4-ol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1177\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-terpineol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCitronellol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1231\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeraniol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1246\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinalyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1257\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1254\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeranial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1260\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1264\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrans-ascaridol glycol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1266\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCitronellyl formate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1271\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2-ethyl-isomenthone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1293\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethyl geranate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1324\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8-hydroxy-neo-menthol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1324\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(E)-patchenol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-cubebene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1348\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1345\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEugenol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1351\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1356\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeryl acetate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1355\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1359\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeranyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2-epi-α-funebrene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1382\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1380\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-panasinsene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIso-longifolene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1390\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1389\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7-epi-sesquithujene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1391\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1390\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSibirene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-longipinene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-gurjunene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1409\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1409\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-cis-bergamotene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1412\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1411\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-caryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1415\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1417\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-cedrene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1419\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-duprezianene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1421\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8-β-epoxy-caryophyllane\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1424\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1423\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-copaene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1431\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1430\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-gurjunene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1431\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAromadendrene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1441\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1439\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Z)-β-farnesene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1438\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1440\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCis-muurola-3.5-diene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1450\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1448\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrans-muurola-3.5-diene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1450\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1451\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-humulene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1451\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1452\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-neo-clovene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1454\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1452\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeryl propanoate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1454\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1452\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKhusimene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1455\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1453\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAllo-aromadendrene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1460\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1458\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDehidro-aromadendrene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1462\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1460\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCis-cadina-1(6).4-diene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1463\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1461\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinalyl isovalerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1468\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1466\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDauca-5.8-diene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1472\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1471\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eγ-muurolene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1479\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1478\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAir-curcumene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1480\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1479\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGermacrene D\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1484\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeryl isobutanoate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1490\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCis-β-guaiene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrans-muurola-4(14).5 diene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-bisabolene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1505\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1505\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCubebol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1516\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEugenol acetate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1525\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1521\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCis-calamenene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1528\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1528\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα-cadinene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1538\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1537\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGermacrene B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1555\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1559\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDavanone B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1566\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1564\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaryophyllene oxide\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1583\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1582\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumulene epoxide II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1608\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1608\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJunenol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1619\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1618\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonoterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e95.84\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e98.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e84.46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e86.39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSesquiterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e94.39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhenylpropanoids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e83.87\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e97.20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e99.22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e99.53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e98.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e96.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e99.80\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRI \u003csub\u003e(cal)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;retention indices calculated from retention times in relation to those of a C\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003e series of n-alkanes on a 30 m DB-5 capillary column; RI \u003csub\u003e(lit)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;retention indices from the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInsecticidal activity against\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe application of essential oils to S. frugiperda eggs and larvae exhibited promising results for controlling this pest. For the egg bioassay, a significant difference was observed between treatments (F\u003csub\u003e7, 72\u003c/sub\u003e = 26.23; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The EOs from \u003cem\u003eC. martini, M. alternifolia\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. nardus\u003c/em\u003e made all eggs unviable and in conjunction with \u003cem\u003eE. caryophyllata\u003c/em\u003e EO (98.33% eggs unviable) were the most efficient. At least 78% of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e eggs exposed to EOs became unviable while the neem-based product made 47.33% of the eggs unviable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the bioassays with larvae, the number of dead larvae differed between treatments to first (F\u003csub\u003e7, 72\u003c/sub\u003e = 75.69; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), second (F\u003csub\u003e7, 72\u003c/sub\u003e = 27.39; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), and third (F\u003csub\u003e7, 72\u003c/sub\u003e = 18.35; P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0105) instar (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB). Although sprays with the oils caused mortality, the susceptibility of the larvae reduced as they developed. Copaiba oil reduced about 94% of the population of first instar \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e larvae and its effect was similar to the neem-based product.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults from the concentration-mortality bioassay were suitable for the probit model, which allowed the estimation of LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e e LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e to copaiba EO of 0.57% and 3.44% v. v\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, while for neem these values were 0.23% v. v\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1.94% v. v\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLethal concentration (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e) of the copaiba (\u003cem\u003eCopaifera officinalis\u003c/em\u003e) essential oil and neem-based commercial product against first instar \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e larvae.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVegetable oils\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlope\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eꭓ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCopaiba\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e667\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57 (0.49\u0026ndash;0.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.44 (2.53\u0026ndash;5.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.951\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeem\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e659\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23 (0.19\u0026ndash;0.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94 (1.41\u0026ndash;3.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Units LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;v. v\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no. of insects used in bioassay; ꭓ\u0026sup2; = chi-squared test; df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;degree of freedom; values in parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePredicted binding results from molecular docking\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMolecular docking analyses were performed using the 8YT7 crystal structure, which corresponds to the MAM domain of the \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e Scavenger Receptor-C protein, to investigate the interaction potential of the major constituents found in the commercial essential oils tested in the bioassays (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Among the compounds evaluated, β-caryophyllene exhibited the highest binding affinity with a docking score of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5.2 kcal/mol, followed by eugenol (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5.0 kcal/mol), terpinen-4-ol (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.8 kcal/mol), geraniol (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.6 kcal/mol), and 1,8-cineole (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.2 kcal/mol). Ligand Efficiency (LE) values, calculated by normalizing binding energy to the number of heavy atoms, were 0.387 for eugenol, 0.343 for terpinen-4-ol, 0.328 for geraniol, 0.350 for 1,8-cineole, and 0.260 for β-caryophyllene. These values suggest that smaller or less branched molecules may engage more efficiently with the binding surface of the target domain. Despite its lower LE, β-caryophyllene showed a strong theoretical inhibitory potential, with a Ki value of 123.455 \u0026micro;M, indicating a potentially effective interaction at lower molar concentrations. Fit Quality (FQ) analysis revealed that eugenol and geraniol had the most balanced efficiency relative to their molecular size and geometry. Overall, the docking results align with the bioassay findings, where essential oils rich in β-caryophyllene, eugenol, or geraniol demonstrated significant ovicidal and larvicidal activity against \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e. These computational results provide molecular-level support for the observed biological effects and suggest that the major oil constituents may exert their toxic actions through specific interactions with key recognition domains in the pest organism.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinding Energies and Ligand Efficiency Metrics of Major Essential Oil Compounds Docked to the \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e SR-C MAM Domain (PDB: 8YT7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinding Energy \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(kcal/mol)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKi (\u0026micro;M)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-Caryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.633\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123.455\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeraniol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.676\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e659.777\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEugenol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.450\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.714\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e472.448\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,8-Cineole\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.430\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e590.562\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTerpinen-4-ol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.440\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e553.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e* \u003cb\u003eBEI\u003c/b\u003e: Binding Efficiency Index, \u003cb\u003eFQ\u003c/b\u003e: Fit Quality,\u0026emsp;\u003cb\u003eKi\u003c/b\u003e: Estimated Inhibition Constant,\u0026emsp;\u003cb\u003eLE\u003c/b\u003e: Ligand Efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMolecular docking analyses revealed detailed interaction profiles between the major essential oil constituents and the MAM domain of the \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e Scavenger Receptor-C protein (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). β-Caryophyllene did not form conventional hydrogen bonds but established one Pi\u0026ndash;Sigma interaction with HIS325 and multiple hydrophobic contacts, including LEU260 (Alkyl), PHE262 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl), HIS323 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2), and HIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Geraniol formed a conventional hydrogen bond with GLU263 through its H18 atom and exhibited hydrophobic interactions with MET319 (Alkyl), as well as Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl interactions involving PHE262, HIS323, HIS324, and HIS325 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4). Eugenol showed a more complex interaction profile, forming one conventional hydrogen bond with HIS323 (via O2), two C\u0026ndash;H bonds with HIS324 (via O1 and O2), and an additional C\u0026ndash;H interaction with LEU261. It also engaged in Pi\u0026ndash;Pi stacking and Pi\u0026ndash;Sigma interactions with HIS325 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, 1,8-cineole did not form any hydrogen bonds or π-interactions but displayed extensive hydrophobic interactions with PHE262 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2), HIS323 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2), and HIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;4) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Terpinen-4-ol formed a Pi\u0026ndash;Sigma interaction with HIS325 and multiple hydrophobic contacts, including LEU260 (Alkyl), PHE262 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl), HIS323 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2), and HIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). These findings demonstrate that each compound interacts with the target protein through distinct combinations of hydrogen bonding, π-interactions, and hydrophobic contacts, reflecting structural differences in their chemical scaffolds.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePredicted Binding Interactions with SR-C MAM Domain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH-Bond\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eπ-Stacking / π-Electrostatic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlkyl / π-Alkyl Interactions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-Caryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Sigma)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEU260 (Alkyl), PHE262 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl), HIS323 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2), HIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeraniol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGLU263\u0026ndash;H18 (Conventional)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMET319 (Alkyl), PHE262 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl), HIS323 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl), HIS324 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl), HIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEugenol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHIS323\u0026ndash;O2 (Conventional)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHIS324\u0026ndash;O1 (C\u0026ndash;H)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHIS324\u0026ndash;O2 (C\u0026ndash;H)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEU261\u0026ndash;H10 (C\u0026ndash;H)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Pi Stacked)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEU260 (Alkyl), HIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Sigma)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,8-Cineole\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePHE262 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2), HIS323 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2), HIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTerpinen-4-ol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Sigma)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEU260 (Alkyl), PHE262 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl), HIS323 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2), HIS325 (Pi\u0026ndash;Alkyl \u0026times;2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, we demonstrated that commercial essential oils used for pharmaceutical purposes also exhibit insecticidal activity. The chemical profiles for such oils were previously reported in other research with chromatographic studies, and our chromatograms, although showing some variations, follow the chemical patterns previously presented. The intraspecific variation in the EOs chemical constitution may be related to the plant features (i.e., the origin of the material, part and age of the plant, harvest time (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kakaraparthi et al. 2014; Hussain et al. 2010) and abiotic factors (i.e., clime). For citronella oil, the literature records an alternation in the major compounds, with geraniol, citronellal, and citronellal, appearing with similar percentages and sometimes one or the other being the one with the highest composition (Hernandez-Lambra\u0026ntilde;o et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kakaraparthi et al. 2014; Kaur and Kaur 2021; Caballero-Gallardo et al. 2021). For the remaining essential oils, related research agrees on the major compounds. Eugenol in \u003cem\u003eE. caryophyllata\u003c/em\u003e oil (Matos et al. 2020; Mahboubi and Mahboubi 2015; Yang et al. 2003; Parl and Shin 2005), 1,8-cineole in \u003cem\u003eE. globulus\u003c/em\u003e oil (Vieira et al. 2017; Tyagu and Malik 2011; Harkat-Madouri et al. 2015; Lu\u0026iacute;s et al. 2016), terpinen-4-ol in \u003cem\u003eM. alternifolia\u003c/em\u003e oil (Borovot\u0026aacute; et al. 2022; Hammer et al. 2006; Liao et al. 2017), and geraniol in \u003cem\u003eC. martini\u003c/em\u003e oil (Nirmal et al. 2007; Rajeswara et al. 2009; Kakaraparthi et al. 2015). There is also consensus that β-caryophyllene is the main component in \u003cem\u003eC. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e oil (Arruda et al. 2019; Silva et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2009).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommercial EOs tested here exhibited promising results for control of the fall armyworm, as they caused deleterious effects on eggs and larvae. Research that shows the lethal effect of bioinsecticides on \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e has been reported (Louren\u0026ccedil;o et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Dutra et al. 2020; Oliveira et al. 2018; Lima et al. 2020). All EOs were efficient to make the eggs non-viable mainly \u003cem\u003eC. nardus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. martini, M. alternifolia\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eE. caryophyllata\u003c/em\u003e. The ovicidal effect of oils extracted from \u003cem\u003eCymbopogon\u003c/em\u003e has not been previously reported for \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e, however, for other pest species the effect is known (Nyamador et al. 2010; Warikoo et al. 2011). The same occurs for \u003cem\u003eE. caryophyllata\u003c/em\u003e (Yang et al. 2003) and \u003cem\u003eM. alternifolia\u003c/em\u003e (Benelli et al. 2013). Some studies suggest and prove that the insecticidal activity of the oils is attributed to the major compounds (Oliveira et al. 2018; Lima et al. 2020). However, other conditions may influence, for example, the method used to treat eggs and physical characteristics of the oils. Turchen et al. (2016) observed higher percentage of unviable eggs in the immersion method, when compared to contamination by the contact method since the surface contact is greater and allows the compounds to enter the chorion layers. Besides that, EOs abundant in monoterpenes exhibit significant lipophilicity and thus facilitate the passage of compounds across biological barriers (Gonzalez-Audino et al. 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn tests on \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e larvae, \u003cem\u003eC. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e and neem-based product were highly toxic to first-instar larvae. Oily solutions at 0.57% v. v\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.23% v. v\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, were able to kill 50% of the population. As suggested for ovicidal action, the larval toxicity of copaiba may be associated with its major compound. In bioassays with the isolated β-caryophyllene compound, C\u0026aacute;rdenas-Ortega et al. (C\u0026aacute;rdenas-Ortega et al. 2015). described that 1000 \u0026micro;g. mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e cause mortality in 95% of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e first instar larvae. Thus, it is inferred that the toxicity of copaiba oil is attributed to the presence of β-caryophyllene. As the larvae aged, a notable reduction in susceptibility was observed. As the larvae develop, they are able to produce a greater amount of detoxifying enzymes (Yu 1983), and consequently their survival increases. Thus, higher concentrations will be necessary to overcome the larvae's defenses. The toxicity of copaiba oil and the neem-based product for second instar larvae were similar, while the effect of neem oil lasted until the third instar. As a commercial bioinsecticide, neem oil has constituents in its formulation that increase its stability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe toxicity of neem and copaiba has already been confirmed against \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e previously (S\u0026acirc;mia et al 2016; Shu et al. 2021). Like neem, which is already commercialized to control several pests, copaiba oil has great potential for the integrated management of fall armyworm. However, the use of botanical insecticides is hindered by the lack of technologies or products that translate them from theory to practice, from the laboratory to the farm, in addition to regulatory barriers. Overcoming these barriers will allow efficient essential oils that are already on the market to be suitable and available to producers in the management of insect pests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results obtained in this study demonstrate that commercial essential oils, traditionally used for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes, exhibit significant insecticidal activity against \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e, acting both on egg viability and larval mortality. Among the oils tested, copaiba oil proved to be as effective as the commercial neem-based product, especially in controlling first-instar larvae. The standardized chemical composition and high content of major compounds, such as β-caryophyllene, eugenol, and geraniol, were decisive factors in the observed efficacy. In silico analyses corroborated the biological data, indicating stable interactions between these compounds and the MAM domain of the Scavenger-C receptor of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e, suggesting a possible molecular mechanism of action. These findings reinforce the potential of essential oils as sustainable bioinsecticides with low environmental impact, underscoring the need for advancements in formulation, regulatory, and field application stages to facilitate their use in integrated pest management programs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interest statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eH.J.G.S.J. and M.F.C.S. wrote the main manuscript text. A.A.Z., L.P.D., H.B.Z., V.Z., E.C.A., and A.V.M. conducted the bioassays and laboratory experiments. C.A.G.C. and M.M.M. performed the chemical analyses. Figures and tables were prepared by H.J.G.S.J., A.A.Z., and M.F.C.S. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was financially supported by the CAPES Foundation (Brazilian Ministry of Education; Financial Code 001); Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-code no. 459790/2014-5); Foundation for Research and Innovation Support of Esp\u0026iacute;rito Santo (FAPES-no 0587/2015); and the Foundation for Support to Science and Technology of Pernambuco (FACEPE) (APQ-1008-1.06/15).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbelan US, de Oliveira AC, Cacoci \u0026Eacute;SP, Martins TEA, Giacon VM, Velasco MVR, Lima CRRC (2022) Potential use of essential oils in cosmetic and dermatological hair products: a review. 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Annu Rev Genet 44:1\u0026ndash;24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-102209-163500\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZebelo SA, Maffei ME (2015) Role of early signalling events in plant\u0026ndash;insect interactions. J Exp Bot 66(2):435\u0026ndash;448. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru480\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Sustainable pest control, botanical insecticides, fall armyworm, major compounds, terpenes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530048/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530048/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePlants' essential oils (EOs) market is expanding, and the commercialization of these products is for the most varied purposes, such as cosmetics, medicines, aromatization of environments, and phytotherapy. Terpenes and phenylpropanoids are present in the composition of EOs and are recognized for their insecticidal activities. Here, we determined the composition of six commercial EOs and verified if they had insecticidal activity against eggs and young larvae of \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e, a worldwide important insect pest. Toxicity was compared with neem oil, a natural insecticide. The six EOs had at least 96.66% of their constituents identified, with major compounds representing from 38.63\u0026ndash;84.39% of the composition. In the egg bioassay, 78% of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e eggs exposed to EOs became unviable, while neem oil made 42% of the eggs unviable. In general, the EOs efficiency decreased as the larvae aged and copaiba oil was as toxic as neem oil, demonstrating the potential for insect pest control. To support the biological findings at the molecular level, \u003cem\u003ein silico\u003c/em\u003e molecular docking simulations were performed using the crystal structure of the \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e Scavenger Receptor-C MAM domain (PDB ID: 8YT7). Major EO compounds such as β-caryophyllene, eugenol, geraniol, 1,8-cineole, and terpinen-4-ol exhibited notable binding affinities and non-covalent interactions with the target protein, indicating potential receptor-mediated mechanisms involved in their insecticidal action.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Molecular docking and chemical composition of commercial essential oils and their toxicity against Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-21 07:43:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530048/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-02T12:03:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-27T09:17:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-25T15:48:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-23T15:45:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T17:59:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T16:08:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"289685322820349247202766559886704603716","date":"2025-11-17T11:38:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"254337805439626628365983152779794084334","date":"2025-11-15T19:57:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-14T14:48:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"262489676402106902402751426716176679137","date":"2025-11-14T14:39:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"45309716446515658427609461899338026758","date":"2025-11-12T18:00:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"297588894159706669571721464282793457967","date":"2025-11-11T10:31:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"139807560919428177204233175719027848879","date":"2025-11-11T00:56:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"139651169232808689714950416681265010536","date":"2025-11-10T21:44:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T15:44:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-10T08:34:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-10T08:33:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","date":"2025-09-03T20:06:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5e87123c-257b-4290-bd56-ff3081f49cd5","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T16:01:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7530048","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-026-01787-6","journal":{"identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isVorOnly":false,"title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-11 15:57:47","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 11th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-21 07:43:05","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s42690-026-01787-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-026-01787-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7530048","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7530048","identity":"rs-7530048","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}