Experimental Investigation of Thermal Contact Resistance at Flat/Curved Surface Interfaces under various temperature, pressure and surface roughness levels

Experimental Investigation of Thermal Contact Resistance at Flat/Curved Surface Interfaces under various temperature, pressure and surface roughness levels | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Experimental Investigation of Thermal Contact Resistance at Flat/Curved Surface Interfaces under various temperature, pressure and surface roughness levels Guoqing Jiang, Wanhua Chen, Jianye Chen, Wenguo Yang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7609829/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Thermal Contact Resistance (TCR) is a critical factor in heat transfer processes across diverse engineering applications. Existing theoretical models and empirical correlations for TCR prediction remain insufficient for diverse operating conditions, experimental investigation is required for specific geometries and environments. This study systematically investigates TCR for two typical contact configurations, i.e. flat and hinge-type curved surface contact, under varying temperatures, pressures, and surface roughness levels. A high-precision steady-state heat flux experimental system was designed, integrating heating, cooling, and pressure-loading subsystems to ensure controlled operation conditions. Experimental results revealed that TCR decreases with rising contact temperature and pressure, while increases significantly with surface roughness. And the surface roughness exerting the most dominant influence. The effect of pressure on TCR is relatively minor at smaller surface roughness, whereas the pressure dependence becomes more significant at larger roughness. Empirical correlations for TCR as functions of contact pressure, roughness, and temperature were formulated for both flat and curved surface contacts based on the experimental data. The maximum fitting errors of the correlations are 6% for flat surface contact and 9.2% for curved surface contact, which demonstrates the reliability of the fitting results. These relationships enable the theoretical calculation of TCR for both flat and curved surface contacts under varying operating conditions. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Thermal Contact Resistance Flat Surface Contact Hinge-Type Curved Surface Contact Experimental Investigation Correlation Fitting Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7609829","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":524239163,"identity":"7765c2c4-7836-4209-8d73-a6861b2f708f","order_by":0,"name":"Guoqing Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guoqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":524239164,"identity":"0a85874e-199c-4090-b174-53afd391966a","order_by":1,"name":"Wanhua Chen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAygtx8befIA0LcZ8PMcSSNOSOE8iR4E4LebsZx8+Lqi4l97GkMPA8KNiG2Etlj3pxsYzzhTntjGcPcDYc+Y2EQ47kMYmzduWkNvG2JfAzNhGjJbzz9h/8/5LSGdj5jEgUsuNNDZm3oaEBDY2YrVYznjGLA0MX8M2HraEg0T5xZw/jfEzT02CvPz8xwcf/KggQgsKOECi+lEwCkbBKBgFuAAAnKk146/U0AEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wanhua","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":524239165,"identity":"65fbee45-a290-4aec-a0f6-d03af7285194","order_by":2,"name":"Jianye Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianye","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":524239166,"identity":"b80a0aa1-ab87-48c2-872b-5aacedce194f","order_by":3,"name":"Wenguo Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenguo","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-14 01:23:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7609829/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7609829/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92949290,"identity":"c2305eb8-453e-4182-be1f-fdf63baa5d18","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 13:02:10","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4924205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptrevised.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/fb87de9842e4faa43161431a.docx"},{"id":92947573,"identity":"f15dabfc-92d0-4c06-9362-69eb91d6b3c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:12","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"158ffd8d326f460fa4e4cbad2b325bd0.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/5848ac3fb026e8e05d7dc6ca.json"},{"id":92949315,"identity":"19d18d29-a6cf-4ce3-bdd6-2840a6047020","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 13:02:14","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":137958,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"158ffd8d326f460fa4e4cbad2b325bd01enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/d46d8a05380ee2a47cc49808.xml"},{"id":92947757,"identity":"e3e7a874-12bb-4476-876c-8ba174e62ae4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":822992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/1a4bb842ec02df86ac302d4a.jpeg"},{"id":92947675,"identity":"a519866d-6623-4b08-baa5-f196b4f46657","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":163459,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/e7433f17abea30e4a00fdcda.jpeg"},{"id":92947665,"identity":"7f562688-abf6-46d4-af48-e8244026b776","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:14","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":78480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/51dda042635b45b88bc37a54.jpeg"},{"id":92947654,"identity":"9a940422-b53a-4509-9ec4-5458e2f30e57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":137382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/0f25c8619e9a9077ebabedff.jpeg"},{"id":92947525,"identity":"cfb3311d-b3c1-4fc5-818e-13cb449c9e64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:08","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":173984,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/f98368bc27ca7223968903cf.jpeg"},{"id":92947322,"identity":"8b019d77-722f-42e0-a59f-cb0c60ead23d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":171844,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/0b6774cbf399445a80950462.jpeg"},{"id":92947712,"identity":"11e629d5-9987-4ecc-a2bd-0daefd8eee46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:20","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":188574,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/2e67505ece2c9791164eee36.jpeg"},{"id":92947691,"identity":"11cdad10-f671-43d4-82de-d5c528f2085a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":820830,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/1a25b8f4a0203df30aa51ce6.jpeg"},{"id":92947313,"identity":"da20d85d-07c2-4743-b807-20b8e3a56b34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:53:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":66138,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/7de9efa8a00e72b47ca91d59.jpeg"},{"id":92947909,"identity":"abde5628-be9c-4b3c-a874-b41d2b2e8cfc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:31","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":365742,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/920a86d6dd74ae394221fb38.jpeg"},{"id":92947628,"identity":"90fe6cb2-91d9-4f88-b179-387b91d2cf0a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":712870,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/54f005c6b6c82bb5ea93daca.jpeg"},{"id":92947555,"identity":"ff376fec-f395-4c5c-8c4c-6bad22801ab5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":434846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/e6f85659029f0424b3d6be1c.jpeg"},{"id":92947755,"identity":"9a8c7d5c-169b-44c9-bf4b-592fb5cdaf2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":463970,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/e9e8f0855107818746795bf1.jpeg"},{"id":92947862,"identity":"b6974401-6c48-4167-84bb-a15b21c9c754","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":78628,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/d5933f6553cc3ef9ce2062c1.jpeg"},{"id":92947719,"identity":"4b5602ec-8e5b-42ad-bf32-b3948f390150","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":134172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/7f07cb55da807f1953801ac7.jpeg"},{"id":92947580,"identity":"b7288297-2267-4455-93a9-2d66d7bbf3ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:12","extension":"wmf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":922,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image10.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/2ea964fcc2c50b40c041f2e3.wmf"},{"id":92947561,"identity":"b25b17e5-68eb-498f-b829-ca11e223d3cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:11","extension":"wmf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image11.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/fef28b754b4fb2788b7b96d6.wmf"},{"id":92947682,"identity":"634bd58e-08ad-4a0e-8c40-1378b3fc02c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:16","extension":"wmf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1766,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image13.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/783a63fd437d841349827b27.wmf"},{"id":92947528,"identity":"d7c568ef-69b4-4520-ae73-7b42219ff7fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:08","extension":"wmf","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1984,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image14.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/f0a4b7679b2ca17f975216f6.wmf"},{"id":92947548,"identity":"f1ccae62-c024-447d-b1ab-48de1b770153","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:10","extension":"wmf","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1808,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image15.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/f5c50d277225929dd0bf10d5.wmf"},{"id":92947538,"identity":"9b474869-c1dc-42c4-8c89-31ec7ba5b3a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:10","extension":"wmf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1808,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image16.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/e7f65394584df22ae55d4ecd.wmf"},{"id":92947557,"identity":"76288d2e-9260-44f0-98cf-40e8404ad654","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:11","extension":"wmf","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image18.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/9352717bfd7ee6c584a1a6ec.wmf"},{"id":92947531,"identity":"c20ccb5c-406e-4c0f-98d6-eb8c1e595b17","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:09","extension":"wmf","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image19.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/f91871e564bc3d1800c5870a.wmf"},{"id":92947546,"identity":"d9e2dc70-f0ad-49d3-8b24-d95dfd54d377","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:10","extension":"wmf","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1718,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image20.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/dedb872530a1a4e2c06c9a5a.wmf"},{"id":92947567,"identity":"9500d274-1faf-4d92-8bcd-6144e72f9ed9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:11","extension":"wmf","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1718,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image21.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/8f2714f58e1c950bec76ac27.wmf"},{"id":92947722,"identity":"1250a537-6497-41bc-bc69-08deae9eba0f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:21","extension":"wmf","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2170,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image5.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/8c641d46ab3cbef8dced6216.wmf"},{"id":92947717,"identity":"121ad278-020c-487e-94b1-3805b3bfb2be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:21","extension":"wmf","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image6.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/d42361d3a71fffe7084d0827.wmf"},{"id":92949324,"identity":"61a3e2b1-b91f-4ade-9ee7-fcc48d9e5178","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 13:02:19","extension":"wmf","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image7.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/6dcad3fa52198e23f32ce170.wmf"},{"id":92947865,"identity":"effad765-bca8-4f5f-a09e-495e97d150d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:27","extension":"wmf","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1808,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image8.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/21963f5ef46a7cb8cd26b5b3.wmf"},{"id":92947690,"identity":"f8a8bc0a-3a4e-4a7c-97e1-238e2ce1f175","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:17","extension":"wmf","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1808,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image9.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/6533fe38eb84ed64fd9390af.wmf"},{"id":92949286,"identity":"6e64d025-779f-4890-9a79-f56433469bf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 13:02:10","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83014,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/40ca28142b225d1cc9bb703f.png"},{"id":92947894,"identity":"c2adf4cc-cf2d-4f79-bf32-ad48a5b0c13e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:30","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":74047,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/dabaf6d37ae7c9b8722888b7.png"},{"id":92947702,"identity":"65d4791b-4a63-4446-9884-5f5553978b6d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:19","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/5c3de3c5c9119c4387eec113.png"},{"id":92947554,"identity":"78a9ed33-3c16-4d24-9002-db6c097dcf63","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:10","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":63022,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/7cd284f94a92f7c77f871a98.png"},{"id":92947705,"identity":"5903cdb4-a8b4-47a8-85e4-be4a5a807107","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:19","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":85080,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/725f32561e87dae1b5219f45.png"},{"id":92947708,"identity":"e932ef6b-5f06-4bac-bbd1-8265aa45d7b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:19","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/d6cbb728495263906869e576.png"},{"id":92947661,"identity":"dd15c6a7-fb39-43d1-9fb8-c2166e5226c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:14","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83780,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/10ef8c9c1ab75d01e9806e52.png"},{"id":92949296,"identity":"b31e8e47-fc83-4fa0-bae6-71211ea891be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 13:02:11","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":82683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/6da0ff70dcd45fc640eb8684.png"},{"id":92947351,"identity":"8b590b06-8c10-443b-a4a3-7c99520885f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:03","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/cbeb293ccc4deaf27cfe4654.png"},{"id":92947725,"identity":"d8cac781-2b5f-4960-af0c-949bff939458","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:21","extension":"png","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47958,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/62c7d64b849b1abf5436929d.png"},{"id":92949294,"identity":"9c2208af-032f-4cc8-aa57-fe76863ed38e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 13:02:11","extension":"png","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/aaea43acfaa3493599558d29.png"},{"id":92947704,"identity":"417274d4-49f7-4155-b818-90c2f0905fca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:19","extension":"png","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55581,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/cd66686656b880035647d327.png"},{"id":92947571,"identity":"98974bf4-9040-4b0a-bf4d-ee8d5f791a38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:11","extension":"png","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/023e2fff3ccdf85186391ff6.png"},{"id":92947859,"identity":"d34e63b4-8785-4c6e-b40e-c47c3b72675b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:26","extension":"png","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14543,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/2fde071ec1a89d0e4cdb741c.png"},{"id":92947534,"identity":"f826a352-7529-4782-a56a-102d23bbbc60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:09","extension":"png","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/8a5d2c04aa38ea6a89b71ce4.png"},{"id":92947536,"identity":"6d86986f-93e6-4e12-97cb-8c439ec03971","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:09","extension":"png","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/5b1bc00ecb7e85b9dc648fd0.png"},{"id":92947556,"identity":"f4d2700b-95de-46cc-aa12-54b0f54b419a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:11","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":607,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/0aaf1f240ad00c18bd7fb9b6.png"},{"id":92949307,"identity":"a6263ba9-3c11-4af4-8baf-22a68ce21337","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 13:02:12","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1181,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/f93c6e65eecfd0452d74ca1d.png"},{"id":92947551,"identity":"f70a4114-5ba5-4c73-a994-a2b517c7d841","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:10","extension":"png","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1288,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/dbf6754c5885dae1cfb1ccee.png"},{"id":92947839,"identity":"f62fdbcc-1fbf-4234-9bff-5b76dfc54869","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:25","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/1311639531c207935b48d78d.png"},{"id":92947686,"identity":"739f7c72-05c9-4536-a910-e8f60208f194","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:16","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1064,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/5bd110aaea89882d01b2119d.png"},{"id":92947726,"identity":"0a0d4a14-61e1-49c2-b54c-b290ee69a2e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:21","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1099,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/3f3fd658419bcc1df64ba063.png"},{"id":92949272,"identity":"f4553c95-344d-42c7-a546-245dd93b4dd2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 13:02:08","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/4f6caa6d2acfca6e0bd0e9e0.png"},{"id":92947720,"identity":"330fba9d-a0c8-4875-b07d-f77e924d67fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:21","extension":"png","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/8b052a42a6f31130165d90c5.png"},{"id":92947732,"identity":"36da6848-a2e5-44c1-94a3-8a2fdc74078b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:21","extension":"png","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/133b2c91cb4f2f800fcd4612.png"},{"id":92947565,"identity":"cd1ebc01-59f8-49ab-b867-084d63f85aad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:11","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1456,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/1cacf6b6377403487af9347d.png"},{"id":92947553,"identity":"8099bf46-13f5-444e-a134-a6076025e7db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:10","extension":"png","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1586,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/bb04ac1b974b13e7b034f8d4.png"},{"id":92947914,"identity":"cccd15ea-ba6e-4ddd-9dc9-b5368df1abe8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:31","extension":"png","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":625,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/704260033c6ad9780cd70c74.png"},{"id":92947917,"identity":"4aca975a-7b2f-432f-8d6d-a75f4166e979","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:31","extension":"png","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/3ea154b606d9cd2814af2516.png"},{"id":92947672,"identity":"88a3ee7a-ed64-48b5-b054-3964c3e896cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:15","extension":"png","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1062,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/9731f939fc550d59f0b808e2.png"},{"id":92947541,"identity":"c4dbdb14-d2b4-43f7-abdc-b0b780b80ed5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:10","extension":"xml","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":137160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"158ffd8d326f460fa4e4cbad2b325bd01structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/79bacdc16665d22fbf7b5d33.xml"},{"id":92947558,"identity":"9bcb0d00-9ac2-4cee-bbfd-b0017c05983a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 12:54:11","extension":"html","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":145478,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1/ea680eae9447810fbd1e082d.html"},{"id":95657861,"identity":"59daa7aa-daba-4c4d-a04a-248342e48169","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 16:22:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1321278,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptrevised.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7609829/v1_covered_ccbeaae7-636d-4582-b1ab-71938e3e57b2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Experimental Investigation of Thermal Contact Resistance at Flat/Curved Surface Interfaces under various temperature, pressure and surface roughness levels","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Thermal Contact Resistance, Flat Surface Contact, Hinge-Type Curved Surface Contact, Experimental Investigation, Correlation Fitting","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7609829/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7609829/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThermal Contact Resistance (TCR) is a critical factor in heat transfer processes across diverse engineering applications. Existing theoretical models and empirical correlations for TCR prediction remain insufficient for diverse operating conditions, experimental investigation is required for specific geometries and environments. This study systematically investigates TCR for two typical contact configurations, i.e. flat and hinge-type curved surface contact, under varying temperatures, pressures, and surface roughness levels. A high-precision steady-state heat flux experimental system was designed, integrating heating, cooling, and pressure-loading subsystems to ensure controlled operation conditions. Experimental results revealed that TCR decreases with rising contact temperature and pressure, while increases significantly with surface roughness. And the surface roughness exerting the most dominant influence. The effect of pressure on TCR is relatively minor at smaller surface roughness, whereas the pressure dependence becomes more significant at larger roughness. Empirical correlations for TCR as functions of contact pressure, roughness, and temperature were formulated for both flat and curved surface contacts based on the experimental data. The maximum fitting errors of the correlations are 6% for flat surface contact and 9.2% for curved surface contact, which demonstrates the reliability of the fitting results. These relationships enable the theoretical calculation of TCR for both flat and curved surface contacts under varying operating conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental Investigation of Thermal Contact Resistance at Flat/Curved Surface Interfaces under various temperature, pressure and surface roughness levels","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-07 12:29:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7609829/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"72b64c98-e22d-4aa4-9314-7c4bed77785e","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":55722191,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":55722192,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-11T11:10:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-07 12:29:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7609829","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7609829","identity":"rs-7609829","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}