Physical simulation experiment for raindrop splash erosion characteristics of shallow loess in hilly and gully region of Yan'an

Physical simulation experiment for raindrop splash erosion characteristics of shallow loess in hilly and gully region of Yan'an | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Physical simulation experiment for raindrop splash erosion characteristics of shallow loess in hilly and gully region of Yan'an Mingming Qiu, Xiaomin Li, Haifeng Zhao, Meng Yang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162547/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Rainfall is an important factor that induces erosion and deformation damage on the slope surface in loess gully area. Taking the primary loess in Yan'an area as the research object, using the self-designed physical simulation test platform of normal-head single-droplet soil spallation, we systematically study the evolution of spallation of primary loess under different rainfall characteristics, soil water content and surface slope conditions. The experimental results show that the spattering depth increases exponentially with the rainfall duration, and the maximum spattering depth, spattering volume and raindrop frequency show linear and exponential growth, respectively. The influence of raindrop diameter and drop height on soil spallation deformation is more significant, and the soil is more prone to spallation damage under small rainfall intensity and large rainfall intensity. The soil is more susceptible to spallation damage in the case of small rainfall with high moisture content and large rainfall with low moisture content. The maximum spallation depth decreased linearly with the surface slope, while the spallation volume decreased and then increased with the surface slope. Based on the experimental results, an empirical expression for predicting the characteristic indexes of raindrop spallation of in-situ loess was proposed. Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences/Environmental impact loess hilly and gully region rainfall undisturbed loess splash erosion characteristics evolvement rules influence factor Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6162547","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":436711910,"identity":"47f1b045-c0d9-441a-a05e-d7c08ac79228","order_by":0,"name":"Mingming Qiu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yan'an University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mingming","middleName":"","lastName":"Qiu","suffix":""},{"id":436711911,"identity":"bd808105-1a31-4106-9933-ec2ffdff522d","order_by":1,"name":"Xiaomin Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNv7mgw8+VPzj4WdmPvggoaKGsBY+iWPJhjPOHJCRbGdLNnhw5hhhLXIMOWbSvC0HbAzO85hJPmxhJsJhDAeMjXkb7vAwHOYxq0hsYGPgb+9OwK+FuSHx4dwdz3gYm9nKbiTukGGQOHN2AyFbDhu8PcPMw8zMvO1G4hk2BgOJXEJaEtskeNuYediYGcwKEtuYidGSzCbJ23aYh4eZxYyBOC0Sx5iBgZzGI8HMliyRcOYYD0G/yPf3fwRGpY29/fnDBz/+qKiR42/vxa8FA/CQpnwUjIJRMApGAVYAAIAGSW4gtcEzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Yan'an University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaomin","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":436711912,"identity":"cf7382b4-f87d-4747-a6c5-14adbb6dc73f","order_by":2,"name":"Haifeng Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yan'an University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haifeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":436711913,"identity":"e222ecb9-fc90-4869-84b5-cb4c77d58280","order_by":3,"name":"Meng Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yan'an University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meng","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-05 12:23:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162547/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162547/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81206280,"identity":"36639147-429c-4ba6-9bf1-5b44cd9b1797","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-23 12:17:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1605329,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"scientificreports2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6162547/v1_covered_4aec3153-ebcb-4bc4-8a7b-48347e3fe8a5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Physical simulation experiment for raindrop splash erosion characteristics of shallow loess in hilly and gully region of Yan'an","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"loess hilly and gully region, rainfall, undisturbed loess, splash erosion characteristics, evolvement rules, influence factor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162547/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162547/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRainfall is an important factor that induces erosion and deformation damage on the slope surface in loess gully area. Taking the primary loess in Yan'an area as the research object, using the self-designed physical simulation test platform of normal-head single-droplet soil spallation, we systematically study the evolution of spallation of primary loess under different rainfall characteristics, soil water content and surface slope conditions. The experimental results show that the spattering depth increases exponentially with the rainfall duration, and the maximum spattering depth, spattering volume and raindrop frequency show linear and exponential growth, respectively. The influence of raindrop diameter and drop height on soil spallation deformation is more significant, and the soil is more prone to spallation damage under small rainfall intensity and large rainfall intensity. The soil is more susceptible to spallation damage in the case of small rainfall with high moisture content and large rainfall with low moisture content. The maximum spallation depth decreased linearly with the surface slope, while the spallation volume decreased and then increased with the surface slope. Based on the experimental results, an empirical expression for predicting the characteristic indexes of raindrop spallation of in-situ loess was proposed.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Physical simulation experiment for raindrop splash erosion characteristics of shallow loess in hilly and gully region of Yan'an","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-03 18:29:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6162547/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"841805ae-3405-4c29-a08d-c123a3fd77b8","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":46499499,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards"},{"id":46499500,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":46499501,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences/Environmental impact"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-23T12:08:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-03 18:29:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6162547","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6162547","identity":"rs-6162547","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}