Assessment of knowledge about type-2 diabetes among university students in Bangladesh

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Mojibur Rahman, Shamal Chandra Karmaker, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225606/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Diabetes is a leading cause of death and disability in lower-middle-income countries, including Bangladesh, where the rising prevalence of type-2 diabetes poses a significant burden on healthcare systems and individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge about type-2 diabetes among university students in Bangladesh. Material and Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Bangladesh University of Health Sciences from October to December 2023. A total of 380 undergraduate students from three faculties participated in this study. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA to explore mean difference and multivariate logistic regression model to identify significant predictors of knowledge. Results Overall, 60.5% of students had above-average knowledge about type 2 diabetes. Factors such as gender, residence, academic performance, and family history of diabetes significantly influenced overall knowledge (P < 0.05). Domain-specific knowledge was also shaped by gender, residence, source of information, and faculty. Better academic performance (AOR:1.96, CI:1.22–3.14) and family history of diabetes (AOR:1.97, CI:1.21–3.21) were more likely to have higher knowledge than their counterparts. Conclusion A large portion of students had below average knowledge about type-2 diabetes. Targeted health education and awareness programs are crucial to address knowledge gaps, particularly among rural students and those without family exposure to diabetes. Type-2 Diabetes Knowledge University Students Bangladesh Figures Figure 1 1 Introduction Diabetes is a global public health concern that contributes to rising death and disability [ 1 , 2 ]. As of 2021, the prevalence of diabetes among adults aged 20 to 79 was 10.5%, primarily type 2 diabetes, with projections suggesting it may reach to 12.2% by 2045. About 81% of those were in middle- and low-income countries [ 1 , 2 ]. The type-2 diabetes, while most prevalent in older adults, is increasingly affecting adolescents and young adults, that can be largely prevented through lifestyle modifications [ 3 – 9 ]. A recent survey in Bangladesh revealed a growing prevalence of diabetes among young adults aged 18 to 34. The rates increased from 5–9% and 5–8% was among young women and men respectively [ 10 , 11 ]. Early onset of diabetes leads to longer exposure to hyperglycemia, increasing the risk of long-term complications and reducing quality of life [ 3 , 5 , 12 ]. Diabetes significantly affects global health expenditures, representing 11.5% of total spending [ 1 ]. In Bangladesh, the healthcare system relies heavily on out-of-pocket costs, which rose from 67–73% within 2015–2021 [ 13 ]. Individuals with diabetes face healthcare costs that are six times higher than those without the condition, spending an average of 9% of their annual household income [ 14 , 15 ]. Diabetes is a chronic illness that demands long-term treatment and can incur high costs. In the absence of universal health insurance, prioritizing prevention and cost-effective management is essential [ 14 , 16 ]. A study in Bangladesh depicted that diabetic people receive fewer preventive services and medications, leading to higher inpatient care rates [ 14 ]. Therefore, effective diabetes prevention and management are crucial for reducing healthcare costs and improving quality of life. To meet the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, we must meet the targets of reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases, including diabetes, by one-third [ 17 ]. Health-related knowledge and awareness are crucial for adopting positive habits in youth, which can lead to lifelong practices [ 18 , 19 ]. Healthy dietary choices and exercise are key for managing and preventing type 2 diabetes, as they are linked to a lower risk of the disease [ 20 – 22 ]. In Bangladesh, approximately 46 million youth aged 15–29 make up nearly one-fourth of the population with university students playing a significant role in public health advocacy [ 23 ]. Therefore, assessing their knowledge about type 2 diabetes—including its risk factors, complications, signs, and symptoms—is essential for empowering them to protect themselves and their families and communities. Research in various developing countries has examined knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of type 2 diabetes among students. While some studies indicated satisfactory basic knowledge, many students lacked understanding of signs, symptoms, and control measures [ 24 – 28 ]. Other studies reported moderate to good knowledge, positive attitudes, and high awareness [ 27 , 29 – 32 ]). Factors significantly influencing diabetes knowledge included gender [ 26 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 34 ], residence [ 24 , 27 , 34 – 36 ], field of study [ 27 , 28 , 34 , 37 , 38 ], academic performance [ 7 , 39 ], prior diabetes information [ 38 , 40 ], family history [ 7 , 26 , 28 , 30 ], and lifestyle choices like physical activity [ 28 , 41 ] and healthy diet [ 28 ]. Recent studies in Bangladesh have examined the knowledge and awareness about type-2 diabetes among diabetic patients and the general population [ 36 , 42 – 44 ]. However, there has yet to be any research focused on university students. This study aims to evaluate both overall and specific knowledge about type-2 diabetes among university students and to identify associated factors. Our findings may help develop an effective strategy to enhance knowledge of type-2 diabetes among university students. 2 Materials and Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Bangladesh University of Health Sciences from October to December 2023. Located in Mirpur-1, Dhaka, this is the country's first health sciences institution, comprising four faculties: Basic Sciences, Public Health, Health Engineering, and Allied Health Sciences. Basic Sciences, Public Health, and Health Engineering together offer twelve undergraduate and graduate programs, while Allied Health Sciences provides one graduate program. Data were collected from second to fourth-year undergraduate students, excluding foreign students. The target sample size was 403, based on a knowledge prevalence of 0.48 with a 5% non-response rate [ 37 ]. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed after reviewing relevant literature and consultation with epidemiologists and public health specialists, and it was tailored to the local context. It was pretested with eight participants to identify comprehension issues, and revisions were made based on feedback. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, yielding a value of 0.85. The questionnaire included sections on socio-demographic information, lifestyle factors, and knowledge questions. A total of 560 students were invited. Finally, 380 (68%) respondents given consent and interviewed accordingly. Knowledge about type 2 diabetes was the dependent variable. The knowledge was assessed using a 32-item questionnaire covering general knowledge, diabetes related risk factors, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. A score of '1' was given for each correct answer and '0' for incorrect answer. The study considered various socio-demographic and lifestyle factors as independent variables. These included participants' gender, residence (rural, urban, or semi-urban), living situation (with family or not), educational background, faculty (Basic Sciences, Public Health, or Health Engineering), academic performance (classified as "poor" if CGPA is below 3.50, and "good" if it is 3.50 or higher), sources of information (academic lectures, seminars, media, or others), family history of diabetes, and lifestyle factors such as regular breakfast, sleep duration, and physical activity. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 18. All outcome variables—including general knowledge, diabetes related risk factors, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment—were summarized using means and standard deviations (Mean ± SD). The mean differences between groups were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A multivariate binary logistic regression model identified factors influencing knowledge about diabetes. Respondents were considered knowledgeable if they answered “Yes” to more than three of six items in each domain; those who answered fewer than four were categorized as lack of knowledge. For the overall knowledge score, respondents were classified as knowledgeable if their score was above average and as lacking knowledge if below. The P-value P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Ethical declaration and consent statement : This study approved by the ethical review committee of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences with Memo No: BUHS/ERC/EA/23/57, dated on 25th October 2023. We followed each steps of Helsinki declaration regarding ethical approval and consent to participate. After sharing of purpose, risks and benefits, freedom to participate or reject, withdrawal at any time, estimated time of interview, privacy and anonymization, use of data and other relevant information according to Helsinki declaration, a written informed consent was obtained from each participant. 3 Results Out of 380 students, overall above average knowledge about type 2 diabetes rate was 60.5% than their counterpart (Fig. 1 ). Around 53%, 29%, 49% was male, from rural and urban areas respectively. A portion of respondents (22%) were from semi-urban areas. Interestingly, semi-urban residents had higher knowledge than their counterparts (P < 0.05). Among the surveyed students, 43% were from the basic science faculty, 21% from public health, and the rest of respondents were from health engineering faculty. Public health students had highest knowledge than their counterparts (P < 0.01). A positive correlation exists between academic performance and diabetes knowledge; students with CGPA 3.50 or higher demonstrated greater knowledge than those with lower CGPA (P < 0.01). The respondent’s family history of diabetes had significant impact on improving knowledge. Improved lifestyle, such as regular breakfast and physical activity, influence diabetes knowledge as well. About 50% of respondents regularly skipped breakfast, while around 41% exercised at least five days a week, with the more active individuals typically showing higher levels of knowledge about diabetes (Table 1 ). Table 1 Knowledge in various domains of diabetes associated with socio-demographic and life-style factors (Mean ± SD), n = 380 Variables % General (0–6) Risk fact. (0–6) Symptoms (0–6) Complic. (0–6) Diagnosis (0–2) Treatment (0–6) Total score (0–32) Gender Female 47.07 4.90 ± 0.84 4.89 ± 1.19 5.01 ± 1.46 4.17 ± 1.88 1.49 ± 0.65 5.50 ± 0.87 25.97 ± 4.57 Male 52.93 4.77 ± 1.14 4.66 ± 1.23 4.39 ± 1.76 4.04 ± 2.05 1.57 ± 0.63 5.15 ± 1.16 24.58 ± 5.68 P-value 0.233 0.062 < 0.01 0.526 0.249 < 0.01 < 0.01 Residence Rural 29.26 4.67 ± 1.17 4.46 ± 1.32 4.42 ± 1.69 3.95 ± 2.10 1.55 ± 0.64 5.15 ± 1.16 24.20 ± 5.82 Urban 48.94 4.83 ± 0.95 4.86 ± 1.13 4.78 ± 1.65 4.08 ± 1.98 1.51 ± 0.64 5.34 ± 1.04 25.40 ± 4.99 Semi-urban 21.81 5.05 ± 0.86 4.96 ± 1.20 4.82 ± 1.60 4.36 ± 1.77 1.56 ± 0.63 5.49 ± 0.84 26.24 ± 4.71 P-value 0.038 < 0.01 0.137 0.335 0.733 0.071 0.022 Reside with family Yes 58.78 4.79 ± 1.03 4.76 ± 1.21 4.65 ± 1.68 4.04 ± 1.97 1.49 ± 0.66 5.26 ± 1.07 24.99 ± 5.34 No 41.22 4.89 ± 0.08 4.78 ± 1.23 4.73 ± 1.62 4.19 ± 1.97 1.59 ± 0.61 5.39 ± 1.00 25.57 ± 5.05 P-value 0.352 0.872 0.636 0.447 0.161 0.231 0.287 Background education HSC 59.04 4.84 ± 0.96 4.86 ± 1.18 4.60 ± 1.68 4.00 ± 1.93 1.45 ± 0.68 5.38 ± 0.97 25.13 ± 5.07 Diploma 34.04 4.85 ± 1.05 4.60 ± 1.29 4.71 ± 1.68 4.15 ± 2.10 1.67 ± 0.56 5.24 ± 1.12 25.23 ± 5.61 Both 6.91 4.65 ± 1.23 4.81 ± 1.13 5.23 ± 1.03 4.73 ± 1.56 1.58 ± 0.50 5.15 ± 1.29 26.15 ± 4.63 P-value 0.645 0.157 0.177 0.192 < 0.01 0.358 0.638 Faculties BS 43.09 4.88 ± 0.84 4.73 ± 1.23 4.78 ± 1.62 4.12 ± 1.89 1.49 ± 0.65 5.45 ± 0.87 25.46 ± 4.87 PH 20.74 5.12 ± 0.85 5.24 ± 0.99 5.04 ± 1.52 4.50 ± 1.78 1.63 ± 0.65 5.38 ± 1.05 26.91 ± 4.75 HE 36.17 4.62 ± 1.22 4.54 ± 1.25 4.35 ± 1.71 3.85 ± 2.14 1.52 ± 0.62 5012 ± 1.20 24.00 ± 5.61 P-value 0.002 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.068 0.306 0.018 < 0.01 Academic Performance Poor 38.83 4.67 ± 1.11 4.47 ± 1.31 4.45 ± 1.67 3.82 ± 2.03 1.45 ± 0.66 5.18 ± 1.17 24.05 ± 5.50 Good 61.17 4.93 ± 0.93 4.96 ± 1.12 4.83 ± 1.63 4.28 ± 1.92 1.58 ± 0.62 5.40 ± 0.95 25.98 ± 4.91 P-value 0.013 < 0.01 0.032 0.028 0.053 0.051 < 0.01 Sources of information about diabetes AC lecture 62.23 4.86 ± 0.95 4.82 ± 1.20 4.78 ± 1.63 4.18 ± 2.00 1.59 ± 0.63 5.39 ± 0.97 25.61 ± 5.13 Seminar 7.98 4.80 ± 1.24 4.63 ± 1.30 4.57 ± 1.67 4.47 ± 1.57 1367 ± 0.55 5.43 ± 0.90 25.57 ± 4.74 Media 14.63 4.85 ± 0.99 4.76 ± 1.03 4.33 ± 1.79 4.02 ± 1.80 1.35 ± 0.67 5.07 ± 1.13 24.38 ± 5.01 Other 15.16 4.72 ± 1.14 4.65 ± 1.39 4.67 ± 1.55 3.67 ± 2.14 1.40 ± 0.65 5.19 ± 1.26 24.30 ± 5.92 P-value 0.818 0.735 0.316 0.235 0.016 0.151 0.198 Family history of diabetes No 39.36 4.73 ± 1.12 4.51 ± 1.30 4.36 ± 1.80 3.88 ± 2.09 1.49 ± 0.67 5.18 ± 1.16 24.16 ± 5.56 Yes 60.64 4.90 ± 0.92 4.93 ± 1.13 4.89 ± 1.51 4.24 ± 1.88 1.56 ± 0.62 5.40 ± 0.95 25.92 ± 4.88 P-value 0.112 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.087 0.345 0.044 < 0.01 Duration of sleep Less/excess 32.45 4.84 ± 1.14 4.86 ± 1.21 4.81 ± 1.48 4.17 ± 1.97 1.56 ± 0.62 5.16 ± 1.18 25.40 ± 5.47 Adequate 67.55 4.83 ± 0.94 4.72 ± 1.22 4.62 ± 1.73 4.07 ± 1.97 1.52 ± 0.65 5.39 ± 0.96 25.15 ± 5.11 P-value 0.961 0.309 0.288 0.629 0.593 0.049 0.662 Regular breakfast Yes 50.27 4.93 ± 1.00 4.83 ± 1.15 4.74 ± 1.69 4.13 ± 2.03 1.55 ± 0.65 5.32 ± 1.05 25.49 ± 5.26 No 49.73 4.73 ± 1.01 4.71 ± 1.28 4.63 ± 1.62 4.07 ± 1.91 1.51 ± 0.63 5.32 ± 1.04 24.97 ± 5.19 P-value 0.056 0.363 0.520 0.758 0.576 0.985 0.331 Physical activity = 5 days 40.96 4.97 ± 0.91 4.77 ± 1.17 4.79 ± 1.57 4.11 ± 1.90 1.58 ± 0.62 5.37 ± 1.02 25.60 ± 5.09 P-value 0.023 0.956 0.277 0.939 0.246 0.407 0.258 N.B. BS: Basic Science, PH: Public Health, HE: Health Engineering, AC: Academic, Complic.: Complication, Fact: Factors. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis examines the influence of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors on knowledge about type-2 diabetes among university students. According to education background, the students with both a Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) and a diploma had two times higher diabetes knowledge than those with only an HSC. Students with a cumulative GPA 3.50 or higher were more likely to be knowledgeable about diabetes than their counterparts (AOR:1.96, CI:3.14–1.22), and those with a family history of the disease were more likely to understand it (AOR:1.97, CI:3.21–1.21), both significant at the 1% level. In contrast, factors such as being from urban areas, studying in public health faculty, and maintaining healthy habits—like regularly eating breakfast and exercise for at least five days a week—showed higher levels of diabetes related knowledge, but these relationships were not statistically significant (P > 0.10). This suggests that while some socio-demographic and lifestyle factors influence health awareness, they do not lead to meaningful differences in diabetes knowledge (Table 2 .). Table 2 Overall knowledge about type-2 diabetes and its associated with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors Variables Estimate AOR SD error P-value 95% of CI of AOR Lower Upper Gender Female (ref) - 1.00 - - - - Male 0.036 1.04 0.291 0.899 0.60 1.80 Residence Rural (ref) - 1.00 - - - - Urban 0.162 1.18 0.331 0.564 0.68 2.04 Semi-urban 0.480 1.62 0.566 0.170 0.81 3.21 Faculties Basic Sciences (ref) - 1.00 - - - - Public Health 0.385 1.47 0.494 0.252 0.76 2.84 Health Engineering -0.853 0.43 0.119 0.002 0.25 0.74 Academic performance Poor (ref) - 1.00 - - - - Good 0.673 1.96 0.472 0.005 1.22 3.14 Family history of diabetes No (ref) - 1.00 - - - - Yes 0.678 1.97 0.490 0.006 1.21 3.21 N.B. SD = Standard, CI = Confidence Interval. The multivariate binary logistic regression highlighted the influence of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors on domains specific knowledge among students. Female students showed higher knowledge of diabetes symptoms (54%) and had significantly better understanding of its treatments. The urban students were generally possessing more knowledge than rural students, particularly regarding the risk factors and treatment of diabetes. Subsequently, the public health faculty and academic performance such as the respondents with CGPA of 3.50 or above exhibited better knowledge in major areas. Students with a family history of diabetes were 2.46 times more likely to understand the risk factors than their counterparts (P < 0.01) (Table 3 ). Table 3 Knowledge about type-2 diabetes and its association with socio-demographic factors. Variables Knowledge General Risk factors Symptoms Complications Diagnosis Treatment Gender Female (ref) - - - - - - Male 0.55 1.41 0.46 ** 0.96 0.87 0.34 * Residence Rural (ref) - - - - - - Urban 0.91 1.81 * 1.25 0.99 1.39 1.53 Semi-urban 2.22 2.33 ** 1.25 1.43 1.47 4.81 ** Faculties Basic Sciences (ref) - - - - - - Public Health 1.74 2.46 0.98 1.24 0.76 0.19 ** Health Engineering 0.44 * 0.75 0.76 0.63 * 1.17 0.39 Academic performance Poor (ref) - - - - - - Good 2.14 * 2.23 *** 1.52 1.51 * 1.52 3.30 ** Family history of diabetes No (ref) - - - - - - Yes 1.61 2.46 *** 1.54 * 1.55 * 2.15 * 2.21 *** p-value < 0.01; ** p-value < 0.05; * p-value < 0.10 4 Discussion Our study found around 60% of students possess above-average knowledge about type 2 diabetes. The academic lecture, diabetes related seminars, media advertisement, posters and other sources such as peers, relatives, contact with patients, newspaper and articles developed their knowledge about risk factors, symptoms, complication, diagnostic sources and treatment of diabetes. Students who obtained both Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) with a diploma prior to admission at university exhibited a greater level of current knowledge. It is noted that Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS) is a multidisciplinary university accepting students who have at least HSC degree with or without diplomas. Our finding indicates that the background education with supplementary educational diploma enhanced both academic and individual health related knowledge. Similar conclusions were drawn from a study conducted in Ethiopia [ 38 ]. Students with strong academic performance were more likely to have better knowledge about diabetes, suggesting that a studious student is brilliant everywhere. Besides the academic study, they might have diverse learning enthusiasm. Another study in China validated our findings [ 7 ]. The students with a family history of diabetes were more likely to be knowledgeable about the disease indicates the disease itself educates family members. As diabetes shaped the life-style of the family members (father, mother, elder brothers or sisters, grand-father or grand-mother) and support them to maintain healthy behavior such as avoidance of fatty food, junk food, excess food, excess carbohydrate, start walking, physical exercise, avoidance of stress and smoking, regular health checkup. By observing such changing life-style improved the knowledge and understanding other family members such as university students. Our findings were aligned with previous studies [ 7 , 28 , 30 ]. The female students exhibited comparatively a higher level of knowledge about diabetes than male students which is consistent with other studies [ 26 , 28 ]. It reinforces the notion that women generally possess better health literacy, likely due to their greater involvement in health-related discussions, exposure to information and proactive health-seeking behaviors. Furthermore, in Bangladesh context, female members particularly young members are usually involved with caring the family members according to guidance of physicians. Hence, they try to learn necessary advice of the physician, coordinate and timely inform the diseased person that he/she need to walk, or take medicine or serving required quantity of food to him/her. Hence, they gather knowledge through learning by doing. The students coming from urban areas had greater understanding of treatment options and risk factors than their counterparts. This might be attributed to the easier access to healthcare information and services available in urban environments, a trend that has been depicted in previous research [ 22 ]. The urban students have comparatively diverse sources of acquiring knowledge such as observing morning exercise, a frequent discussion issue of parents, friends or relatives, frequent mass media advertisement, health sessions within or outside the academic environment that impacts on improving knowledge about diabetes. Furthermore, students who participated in seminars or symposiums were more likely to possess knowledge related to diabetes. It means, to be healthy and to maintain healthy life-style, seminars or symposiums impacts more over formal academic learning. This study also suggests that attending these events can enhance students' comprehension of diabetes-related topics. Other studies strengthen our findings [ 36 , 38 ]. The students who engaged in regular physical activity contributes to an increased awareness of diabetes, indicating that a health-conscious lifestyle can fit them physically and mentally healthy and can reduce the risks of non-communicable diseases including diabetes [ 28 ]. Limitations and strengths of the study Comparatively low sample size and minimum variables were set in this study. Parent’s occupation, income, smoking, family size, religion and other life-style and socio-economic and socio-demographic factors were not properly explored. Furthermore, the respondents were selected using non-probability sampling that cannot generalize the overall results for all students. In light of the limited existing literature, we have also drawn upon additional studies conducted among non-diabetic adults to enrich our findings. While our approach was a convenience sampling method, we made a concerted effort to include participants from all faculties and departments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study at this university to assess knowledge of type 2 diabetes. 5 Conclusion Around 40% students had below average knowledge about diabetes. This study underscores that the education background, academic performance, and family history of diabetes improve the knowledge about Type-2 diabetes among university students. Subsequently, gender, residence, and sources of information affected the knowledge difference. These findings highlight the critical gaps in diabetes awareness among certain student groups, emphasizing the need for tailoring the interventions to address these disparities. To achieve health targets of sustainable development goals (SDG) for non-communicable diseases (NCD) including diabetes, this study recommends regularly organizing seminars, workshops, and symposiums to minimize knowledge gaps among university students. Furthermore, integrated health-related topics into broader university curricula and access to credible information sources would promote self-directed learning. Declarations Author Contributions Conceptualization : Shahrukh Rummana, Md. Abu Sayem Investigation: Md. Mojibur Rahman, Md. Abu Sayem Methodology, Statistical Analysis, Validation : Shamal Chandra Karmaker, Md. Mojibur Rahman, Md. Abu Sayem Writing - Original draft preparation : Shahrukh Rummana Writing - Review and Editing : Md. Mojibur Rahman, Md. Abu Sayem All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding information: This research didn’t receive any funding from internal or external sources. Acknowledgement : We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the students of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences for their participation in the survey and their help with data collection. We also want to thank the Ethical Review Committee for approving this study. 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Knowledge attitude and practice regarding diabetes mellitus among Nondiabetic and diabetic study participants in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–10. Khosa Z, Mehboob M, Zubair M, Sana H. Knowledge Assessment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in First Professional Medical Students. Asian J Med Heal. 2019;16(2):1–6. Alemayehu AM, Dagne H, Dagnew B. Knowledge and associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among adult non-diabetic community members of Gondar city, Ethiopia 2019. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):1–12. Zhang J, Peng C, Chen C. Mental health and academic performance of college students: Knowledge in the field of mental health, self-control, and learning in college. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2024;248:104351. Kassahun CW, Mekonen AG. Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among non diabetes community members of Bale Zone administrative towns, South East Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):1–18. Ramachandran HJ, Wu VX, He HG, Jiang Y, Wang W. Awareness, knowledge, healthy lifestyle behaviors, and their correlates to coronary heart disease among working women in Singapore. Hear Lung. 2016;45(4):341–9. Mumu SJ, Saleh F, Ara F, Haque MR, Ali L. Awareness regarding risk factors of type 2 diabetes among individuals attending a tertiary-care hospital in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1). Saleh F, Mumu SJ, Ara F, Begum HA, Ali L. Knowledge and self-care practices regarding diabetes among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012;12(1):1. Islam A. Health System in Bangladesh: Challenges and Opportunities. Am J Heal Res. 2014;2(6):366. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7225606","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":508639657,"identity":"1463ef63-23da-4ee4-af08-3847eca4c768","order_by":0,"name":"Shahrukh Rummana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shahrukh","middleName":"","lastName":"Rummana","suffix":""},{"id":508639658,"identity":"f640fbd0-5980-4bbf-99c2-60a1a9e20e48","order_by":1,"name":"Md. Mojibur Rahman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Mojibur","lastName":"Rahman","suffix":""},{"id":508639659,"identity":"30139864-783c-478b-b773-0e9aa21a7f0e","order_by":2,"name":"Shamal Chandra Karmaker","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dhaka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shamal","middleName":"Chandra","lastName":"Karmaker","suffix":""},{"id":508639660,"identity":"cefe9f2a-23d9-43f6-adfd-fd79bcdda551","order_by":3,"name":"Md. Abu Sayem","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNACg/9ybMzsBx8wMBwgVksFszE/e0+yAQlazjAnzuw5YCZBlBb59jOGj262sTFuuJGQVs1Tc0eOn4H54aMbeLQYnMkxNs5t42E2uJF47DbPsWfGkg1sxsY5+LQw5JhJ57ZJsBkAbbnNw3Y4ccMBHjZpfFrk+9+Y/85tM+ABajEr5vlHhBaGGzlmzDlnEiQkgd5n5m0jQovBjWfF0jkVBwxAgSw5t++wsWQzAb/I9ydv/JxjcKC+DRiVH958OyzHz9788DFehzFwGMCZTDwgkhmvchBgfwBnMv4gqHoUjIJRMApGIgAAq99Q277Mtl0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rajshahi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Abu","lastName":"Sayem","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-27 10:23:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225606/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225606/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90528190,"identity":"12a4efc0-5372-4bf4-8cfe-d7dc0076964a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-03 17:32:44","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage of overall knowledge about type 2 diabetes among the study participants.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225606/v1/328cbcd05e1a31536b50e6d8.png"},{"id":90529801,"identity":"6f317996-307b-441b-a7d6-9926af9e29cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-03 17:56:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1020378,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225606/v1/d34bc50d-83ee-49ce-97e9-439e6bf01ded.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of knowledge about type-2 diabetes among university students in Bangladesh","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes is a global public health concern that contributes to rising death and disability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. As of 2021, the prevalence of diabetes among adults aged 20 to 79 was 10.5%, primarily type 2 diabetes, with projections suggesting it may reach to 12.2% by 2045. About 81% of those were in middle- and low-income countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The type-2 diabetes, while most prevalent in older adults, is increasingly affecting adolescents and young adults, that can be largely prevented through lifestyle modifications [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. A recent survey in Bangladesh revealed a growing prevalence of diabetes among young adults aged 18 to 34. The rates increased from 5\u0026ndash;9% and 5\u0026ndash;8% was among young women and men respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Early onset of diabetes leads to longer exposure to hyperglycemia, increasing the risk of long-term complications and reducing quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Diabetes significantly affects global health expenditures, representing 11.5% of total spending [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In Bangladesh, the healthcare system relies heavily on out-of-pocket costs, which rose from 67\u0026ndash;73% within 2015\u0026ndash;2021 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Individuals with diabetes face healthcare costs that are six times higher than those without the condition, spending an average of 9% of their annual household income [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Diabetes is a chronic illness that demands long-term treatment and can incur high costs. In the absence of universal health insurance, prioritizing prevention and cost-effective management is essential [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. A study in Bangladesh depicted that diabetic people receive fewer preventive services and medications, leading to higher inpatient care rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, effective diabetes prevention and management are crucial for reducing healthcare costs and improving quality of life. To meet the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, we must meet the targets of reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases, including diabetes, by one-third [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth-related knowledge and awareness are crucial for adopting positive habits in youth, which can lead to lifelong practices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Healthy dietary choices and exercise are key for managing and preventing type 2 diabetes, as they are linked to a lower risk of the disease [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. In Bangladesh, approximately 46\u0026nbsp;million youth aged 15\u0026ndash;29 make up nearly one-fourth of the population with university students playing a significant role in public health advocacy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, assessing their knowledge about type 2 diabetes\u0026mdash;including its risk factors, complications, signs, and symptoms\u0026mdash;is essential for empowering them to protect themselves and their families and communities. Research in various developing countries has examined knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of type 2 diabetes among students. While some studies indicated satisfactory basic knowledge, many students lacked understanding of signs, symptoms, and control measures [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25 CR26 CR27\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Other studies reported moderate to good knowledge, positive attitudes, and high awareness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR30 CR31\" citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]). Factors significantly influencing diabetes knowledge included gender [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], residence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR35\" citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], field of study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], academic performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], prior diabetes information [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e], family history [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], and lifestyle choices like physical activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] and healthy diet [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent studies in Bangladesh have examined the knowledge and awareness about type-2 diabetes among diabetic patients and the general population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR43\" citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there has yet to be any research focused on university students. This study aims to evaluate both overall and specific knowledge about type-2 diabetes among university students and to identify associated factors. Our findings may help develop an effective strategy to enhance knowledge of type-2 diabetes among university students.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe cross-sectional study was conducted at the Bangladesh University of Health Sciences from October to December 2023. Located in Mirpur-1, Dhaka, this is the country's first health sciences institution, comprising four faculties: Basic Sciences, Public Health, Health Engineering, and Allied Health Sciences. Basic Sciences, Public Health, and Health Engineering together offer twelve undergraduate and graduate programs, while Allied Health Sciences provides one graduate program. Data were collected from second to fourth-year undergraduate students, excluding foreign students. The target sample size was 403, based on a knowledge prevalence of 0.48 with a 5% non-response rate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA semi-structured questionnaire was developed after reviewing relevant literature and consultation with epidemiologists and public health specialists, and it was tailored to the local context. It was pretested with eight participants to identify comprehension issues, and revisions were made based on feedback. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, yielding a value of 0.85. The questionnaire included sections on socio-demographic information, lifestyle factors, and knowledge questions. A total of 560 students were invited. Finally, 380 (68%) respondents given consent and interviewed accordingly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge about type 2 diabetes was the dependent variable. The knowledge was assessed using a 32-item questionnaire covering general knowledge, diabetes related risk factors, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. A score of '1' was given for each correct answer and '0' for incorrect answer. The study considered various socio-demographic and lifestyle factors as independent variables. These included participants' gender, residence (rural, urban, or semi-urban), living situation (with family or not), educational background, faculty (Basic Sciences, Public Health, or Health Engineering), academic performance (classified as \"poor\" if CGPA is below 3.50, and \"good\" if it is 3.50 or higher), sources of information (academic lectures, seminars, media, or others), family history of diabetes, and lifestyle factors such as regular breakfast, sleep duration, and physical activity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 18. All outcome variables\u0026mdash;including general knowledge, diabetes related risk factors, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment\u0026mdash;were summarized using means and standard deviations (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD). The mean differences between groups were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A multivariate binary logistic regression model identified factors influencing knowledge about diabetes. Respondents were considered knowledgeable if they answered \u0026ldquo;Yes\u0026rdquo; to more than three of six items in each domain; those who answered fewer than four were categorized as lack of knowledge. For the overall knowledge score, respondents were classified as knowledgeable if their score was above average and as lacking knowledge if below. The P-value P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered as significant.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthical declaration and consent statement\u003c/b\u003e: This study approved by the ethical review committee of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences with Memo No: BUHS/ERC/EA/23/57, dated on 25th October 2023. We followed each steps of Helsinki declaration regarding ethical approval and consent to participate. After sharing of purpose, risks and benefits, freedom to participate or reject, withdrawal at any time, estimated time of interview, privacy and anonymization, use of data and other relevant information according to Helsinki declaration, a written informed consent was obtained from each participant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eOut of 380 students, overall above average knowledge about type 2 diabetes rate was 60.5% than their counterpart (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAround 53%, 29%, 49% was male, from rural and urban areas respectively. A portion of respondents (22%) were from semi-urban areas. Interestingly, semi-urban residents had higher knowledge than their counterparts (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Among the surveyed students, 43% were from the basic science faculty, 21% from public health, and the rest of respondents were from health engineering faculty. Public health students had highest knowledge than their counterparts (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). A positive correlation exists between academic performance and diabetes knowledge; students with CGPA 3.50 or higher demonstrated greater knowledge than those with lower CGPA (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The respondent\u0026rsquo;s family history of diabetes had significant impact on improving knowledge. Improved lifestyle, such as regular breakfast and physical activity, influence diabetes knowledge as well. About 50% of respondents regularly skipped breakfast, while around 41% exercised at least five days a week, with the more active individuals typically showing higher levels of knowledge about diabetes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge in various domains of diabetes associated with socio-demographic and life-style factors (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD), n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;380\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRisk fact.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSymptoms\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiagnosis (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal score\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0\u0026ndash;32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.526\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSemi-urban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.733\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReside with family\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.872\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.636\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.447\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBackground education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHSC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.645\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.358\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.638\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFaculties\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5012\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.306\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic Performance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSources of information about diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAC lecture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeminar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1367\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily history of diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuration of sleep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess/excess\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdequate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.629\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.662\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegular breakfast\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.520\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.758\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.576\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;= 5 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.956\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.277\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.939\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.246\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.407\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN.B. BS: Basic Science, PH: Public Health, HE: Health Engineering, AC: Academic, Complic.: Complication, Fact: Factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe multivariate binary logistic regression analysis examines the influence of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors on knowledge about type-2 diabetes among university students. According to education background, the students with both a Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) and a diploma had two times higher diabetes knowledge than those with only an HSC. Students with a cumulative GPA 3.50 or higher were more likely to be knowledgeable about diabetes than their counterparts (AOR:1.96, CI:3.14\u0026ndash;1.22), and those with a family history of the disease were more likely to understand it (AOR:1.97, CI:3.21\u0026ndash;1.21), both significant at the 1% level. In contrast, factors such as being from urban areas, studying in public health faculty, and maintaining healthy habits\u0026mdash;like regularly eating breakfast and exercise for at least five days a week\u0026mdash;showed higher levels of diabetes related knowledge, but these relationships were not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.10). This suggests that while some socio-demographic and lifestyle factors influence health awareness, they do not lead to meaningful differences in diabetes knowledge (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall knowledge about type-2 diabetes and its associated with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% of CI of AOR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.899\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.564\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSemi-urban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFaculties\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBasic Sciences (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic Health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth Engineering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.853\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic performance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.673\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily history of diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.678\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN.B. SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence Interval.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe multivariate binary logistic regression highlighted the influence of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors on domains specific knowledge among students. Female students showed higher knowledge of diabetes symptoms (54%) and had significantly better understanding of its treatments. The urban students were generally possessing more knowledge than rural students, particularly regarding the risk factors and treatment of diabetes. Subsequently, the public health faculty and academic performance such as the respondents with CGPA of 3.50 or above exhibited better knowledge in major areas. Students with a family history of diabetes were 2.46 times more likely to understand the risk factors than their counterparts (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge about type-2 diabetes and its association with socio-demographic factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRisk factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSymptoms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.81\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSemi-urban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.81\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFaculties\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBasic Sciences (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic Health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth Engineering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic performance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily history of diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo (ref)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.46\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.54\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.55\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.15\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003ep-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003ep-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003ep-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study found around 60% of students possess above-average knowledge about type 2 diabetes. The academic lecture, diabetes related seminars, media advertisement, posters and other sources such as peers, relatives, contact with patients, newspaper and articles developed their knowledge about risk factors, symptoms, complication, diagnostic sources and treatment of diabetes. Students who obtained both Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) with a diploma prior to admission at university exhibited a greater level of current knowledge. It is noted that Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS) is a multidisciplinary university accepting students who have at least HSC degree with or without diplomas. Our finding indicates that the background education with supplementary educational diploma enhanced both academic and individual health related knowledge. Similar conclusions were drawn from a study conducted in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Students with strong academic performance were more likely to have better knowledge about diabetes, suggesting that a studious student is brilliant everywhere. Besides the academic study, they might have diverse learning enthusiasm. Another study in China validated our findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The students with a family history of diabetes were more likely to be knowledgeable about the disease indicates the disease itself educates family members. As diabetes shaped the life-style of the family members (father, mother, elder brothers or sisters, grand-father or grand-mother) and support them to maintain healthy behavior such as avoidance of fatty food, junk food, excess food, excess carbohydrate, start walking, physical exercise, avoidance of stress and smoking, regular health checkup. By observing such changing life-style improved the knowledge and understanding other family members such as university students. Our findings were aligned with previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe female students exhibited comparatively a higher level of knowledge about diabetes than male students which is consistent with other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. It reinforces the notion that women generally possess better health literacy, likely due to their greater involvement in health-related discussions, exposure to information and proactive health-seeking behaviors. Furthermore, in Bangladesh context, female members particularly young members are usually involved with caring the family members according to guidance of physicians. Hence, they try to learn necessary advice of the physician, coordinate and timely inform the diseased person that he/she need to walk, or take medicine or serving required quantity of food to him/her. Hence, they gather knowledge through learning by doing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe students coming from urban areas had greater understanding of treatment options and risk factors than their counterparts. This might be attributed to the easier access to healthcare information and services available in urban environments, a trend that has been depicted in previous research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The urban students have comparatively diverse sources of acquiring knowledge such as observing morning exercise, a frequent discussion issue of parents, friends or relatives, frequent mass media advertisement, health sessions within or outside the academic environment that impacts on improving knowledge about diabetes. Furthermore, students who participated in seminars or symposiums were more likely to possess knowledge related to diabetes. It means, to be healthy and to maintain healthy life-style, seminars or symposiums impacts more over formal academic learning. This study also suggests that attending these events can enhance students' comprehension of diabetes-related topics. Other studies strengthen our findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The students who engaged in regular physical activity contributes to an increased awareness of diabetes, indicating that a health-conscious lifestyle can fit them physically and mentally healthy and can reduce the risks of non-communicable diseases including diabetes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLimitations and strengths of the study\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparatively low sample size and minimum variables were set in this study. Parent\u0026rsquo;s occupation, income, smoking, family size, religion and other life-style and socio-economic and socio-demographic factors were not properly explored. Furthermore, the respondents were selected using non-probability sampling that cannot generalize the overall results for all students. In light of the limited existing literature, we have also drawn upon additional studies conducted among non-diabetic adults to enrich our findings. While our approach was a convenience sampling method, we made a concerted effort to include participants from all faculties and departments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study at this university to assess knowledge of type 2 diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAround 40% students had below average knowledge about diabetes. This study underscores that the education background, academic performance, and family history of diabetes improve the knowledge about Type-2 diabetes among university students. Subsequently, gender, residence, and sources of information affected the knowledge difference. These findings highlight the critical gaps in diabetes awareness among certain student groups, emphasizing the need for tailoring the interventions to address these disparities.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo achieve health targets of sustainable development goals (SDG) for non-communicable diseases (NCD) including diabetes, this study recommends regularly organizing seminars, workshops, and symposiums to minimize knowledge gaps among university students. Furthermore, integrated health-related topics into broader university curricula and access to credible information sources would promote self-directed learning.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eShahrukh Rummana, Md. Abu Sayem\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInvestigation: Md. Mojibur Rahman, Md. Abu Sayem\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethodology, Statistical Analysis, Validation\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Shamal Chandra Karmaker, Md. Mojibur Rahman, Md. Abu Sayem\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting - Original draft preparation\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Shahrukh Rummana\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting - Review and Editing\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Md. Mojibur Rahman, Md. Abu Sayem\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding information:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research didn\u0026rsquo;t receive any funding from internal or external sources.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e: We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the students of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences for their participation in the survey and their help with data collection. We also want to thank the Ethical Review Committee for approving this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData and data file is available with corresponding author.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInternational Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 2021. https://diabetesatlas.org/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. Diabetes Key Facts 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCopeland, Kenneth C., Janet Silverstein, Kelly R. Moore, Greg E. Prazar, Terry Raymer RNS, Springer SC, Thaker V V., Anderson M, Spann SJ, Flinn SK. Management of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ( T2DM ) in Children and Adolescents abstract. 2013; 131 (2):364-82.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization\u0026lrm;. Diabetes Action Now: an initiative of the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation. World Health Organization, \u0026lrm;2004. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42934\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfroz A, Alam K, Ali L, Karim A, Alramadan MJ, Habib SH, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: A prevalence based cost-of-illness study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):1\u0026ndash;12. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSayeed MA, Rhaman MM, Fayzunnessa N, Khanam PA, Begum T, Mahtab H, et al. Childhood diabetes in a Bangladeshi population. J Diabetes Mellit. 2013;03(01):33\u0026ndash;7. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXu Y, Zhang D, Liu K, Guo Y, Yang Y. 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Sustainable Development Goals Bangladesh Progress Report. 2022. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKatulanda P, Constantine GR, Weerakkody MI, Perera YS, Jayawardena MG, Wijegoonawardena P, et al. Can we bridge the gap? Knowledge and practices related to Diabetes Mellitus among general practitioners in a developing country: A cross sectional study. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2011;10(1):1\u0026ndash;6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan N, Gomathi KG, Shehnaz SI, Muttappallymyalil J. Diabetes mellitus-related knowledge among university students in Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2012;12(3):306\u0026ndash;14. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsif M. The prevention and control the type-2 diabetes by changing lifestyle and dietary pattern. J Educ Health Promot. 2014;3(1):1. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDunkley AJ, Bodicoat DH, Greaves CJ, Russell C, Yates T, Davies MJ, et al. 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Knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus amongst arts, science and commerce college students of Latur city, Maharashtra. Int J Community Med Public Heal. 2019;6(2):520. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSiddique K, Malik R. Evaluation of Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes among University Students in Punjab, Pakistan. Rev Educ Adm LAW. 2021;4(3):675\u0026ndash;88. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSitaula D, Shrestha N, Timalsina S, Pokharel B, Sapkota S, Acharya S, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding diabetes and hypertension among school students of Nepal: A rural vs. urban study. PLOS ONE 17 (8):e0270186\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmankwah-Poku M. A cross-sectional study of knowledge and awareness of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a student population in Ghana: do demographics and lifestyle make a difference. Heal Psychol Behav Med, 2019;7(1):234\u0026ndash;52. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePage RM, Stones E, Taylor O, Braudt K. Awareness and perceptions of type 2 diabetes risk factors, preventability, and complications among college students in Visakhapatnam, India. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2016;37(1):27\u0026ndash;32. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGazzaz ZJ. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diabetes mellitus among university students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:5071\u0026ndash;8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKharono B, Nabisere R, Kiddu Persis N, Nakakeeto J, Openy A, Bakeera Kitaka S. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceived Risks Related to Diabetes Mellitus Among University Students in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study. East African Heal Res J. 2017;1(2):105\u0026ndash;12. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaphaella R, Sari MI. Knowledge and attitude of medical students at the universitas sumatera utara toward lifestyle that contributes to type 2 diabetes. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2021;9(E):273\u0026ndash;7. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeeks A, Lombard C, Michelmore J, Teede H. The effects of gender and age on health related behaviors. BMC Public Health. 2009:9(1):213. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsmar I, Almahmoud O, Qoud B, Assaf M, Saleh AD, Alyan A, et al. Diabetes knowledge, attitudes and practices among university students in a developing country. J Diabetes Nurs 2024;28(3):1\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAljassim N, Ostini R. Health literacy in rural and urban populations: A systematic review. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(10):2142\u0026ndash;54. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFatema K, Hossain S, Natasha K, Chowdhury HA, Akter J, Khan T, et al. Knowledge attitude and practice regarding diabetes mellitus among Nondiabetic and diabetic study participants in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1\u0026ndash;10. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhosa Z, Mehboob M, Zubair M, Sana H. Knowledge Assessment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in First Professional Medical Students. Asian J Med Heal. 2019;16(2):1\u0026ndash;6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlemayehu AM, Dagne H, Dagnew B. Knowledge and associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among adult non-diabetic community members of Gondar city, Ethiopia 2019. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):1\u0026ndash;12. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang J, Peng C, Chen C. Mental health and academic performance of college students: Knowledge in the field of mental health, self-control, and learning in college. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2024;248:104351. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKassahun CW, Mekonen AG. Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among non diabetes community members of Bale Zone administrative towns, South East Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):1\u0026ndash;18. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamachandran HJ, Wu VX, He HG, Jiang Y, Wang W. Awareness, knowledge, healthy lifestyle behaviors, and their correlates to coronary heart disease among working women in Singapore. Hear Lung. 2016;45(4):341\u0026ndash;9. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMumu SJ, Saleh F, Ara F, Haque MR, Ali L. Awareness regarding risk factors of type 2 diabetes among individuals attending a tertiary-care hospital in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaleh F, Mumu SJ, Ara F, Begum HA, Ali L. Knowledge and self-care practices regarding diabetes among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012;12(1):1. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIslam A. Health System in Bangladesh: Challenges and Opportunities. Am J Heal Res. 2014;2(6):366. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Type-2 Diabetes, Knowledge, University Students, Bangladesh","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225606/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225606/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiabetes is a leading cause of death and disability in lower-middle-income countries, including Bangladesh, where the rising prevalence of type-2 diabetes poses a significant burden on healthcare systems and individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge about type-2 diabetes among university students in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaterial and Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Bangladesh University of Health Sciences from October to December 2023. A total of 380 undergraduate students from three faculties participated in this study. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA to explore mean difference and multivariate logistic regression model to identify significant predictors of knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, 60.5% of students had above-average knowledge about type 2 diabetes. Factors such as gender, residence, academic performance, and family history of diabetes significantly influenced overall knowledge (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Domain-specific knowledge was also shaped by gender, residence, source of information, and faculty. Better academic performance (AOR:1.96, CI:1.22\u0026ndash;3.14) and family history of diabetes (AOR:1.97, CI:1.21\u0026ndash;3.21) were more likely to have higher knowledge than their counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA large portion of students had below average knowledge about type-2 diabetes. Targeted health education and awareness programs are crucial to address knowledge gaps, particularly among rural students and those without family exposure to diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of knowledge about type-2 diabetes among university students in Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-03 17:32:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225606/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-17T18:23:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-07T03:14:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-04T06:01:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-31T07:12:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"71275041477004997996564228100271218733","date":"2025-08-31T02:51:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"245290122293794864122639160608352749121","date":"2025-08-28T05:31:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"166744184242961819867381039855907079534","date":"2025-08-27T19:49:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-27T14:37:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T17:32:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T15:47:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Public Health","date":"2025-08-25T15:44:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5981c12a-3ced-424e-a5a3-8a1f90800f97","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-23T10:09:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-03 17:32:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7225606","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7225606","identity":"rs-7225606","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}