Navigating nocturia care in the UK: patient experiences and gaps in clinical assessment and management: A cross-sectional study

Navigating nocturia care in the UK: patient experiences and gaps in clinical assessment and management: A cross-sectional study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Navigating nocturia care in the UK: patient experiences and gaps in clinical assessment and management: A cross-sectional study Austen El-Osta, Sami Altalib, Eva Riboli-Sasco, Marcus Drake This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8662325/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives To investigate real-world healthcare experiences of individuals in the UK who consulted health and care professionals for nocturia. The study explored the assessments, management strategies, referrals and follow-up patterns received by patients experiencing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), as well as their level of satisfaction with those. The association of socio-demographic factors with these patterns was also analysed. Design a cross-sectional online survey. ​ Setting Community-based, United Kingdom. Participants From 2,012 completers, 453 (22.5%) reported consulting healthcare professionals for LUTS (55.0% female, 75.5% White; aged 18–65+; convenience sampling via online panels/networks). Interventions None (observational survey study). Primary and secondary outcome measures Healthcare provider consulted; assessments (e.g., history, bladder diary, exams, tests); management (e.g., behavioural, pharmacological); referrals/follow-up; satisfaction; associations via chi-square tests and regression (planned and as executed). Results General Practitioners (GPs) were the most consulted providers (73.1%), but guideline-recommended tools such as bladder diaries were underutilised (13.9%). Only 12.1% were referred to specialists. Satisfaction with care was mixed: 59% were satisfied with assessment and 54% with treatment, but dissatisfaction was common around referrals, follow-up and cause explanation. LTCs and disability were associated with greater unmet needs. Participants consistently called for more accessible information, clinician training and better self-management support. Conclusions Even among help-seeking individuals, care for nocturia is fragmented, inconsistent and often suboptimal. Significant improvements are needed in the clinical assessment of nocturia, including greater use of validated tools, better communication and person-centred care pathways. Findings highlight the importance of embedding bladder health into routine care, expanding non-physician roles and ensuring equity in access and quality of LUTS care. Urology & Nephrology Preventive Medicine LUTS nocturia urinary symptoms public awareness health literacy patient experience management strategies Strengths and Limitations of This Study Large sample (n=2,012 total; n=453 help-seekers) provides robust national insights into nocturia care experiences across healthcare professional groups. Adaptive branching survey design with CHERRIES checklist alignment minimised respondent burden while capturing detailed, tailored healthcare pathways. Comprehensive socio-demographic variables enabled exploration of equity in care access and experiences across age, sex, ethnicity, and health status. Convenience/online sampling limits representativeness, potentially over-representing digitally literate individuals and under-representing underserved groups. Self-reported data without clinical validation risks recall and social desirability biases in reporting consultations, assessments, and satisfaction. Background Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) comprise a spectrum of storage, voiding and post-micturition symptoms that can significantly impair quality of life. Among these, nocturia - defined as the number of times urine is passed during the main sleep period- having woken to pass urine for the first time, each urination must be followed by sleep or the intention to sleep. This should be checked with a bladder diary - is one of the most common and disruptive symptoms experienced across genders, ethnicities and ages – although its prevalence increases with age. Nocturia has been linked to poor sleep quality, daytime fatigue, increased risk of falls and frailty and overall reductions in health-related quality of life (HRQL) ( 1 – 4 ). Despite these consequences, nocturia is frequently under-recognised and inadequately managed in clinical practice. Although nocturia is often assumed to be a normal feature of ageing, its aetiology is multifactorial, encompassing urological conditions, systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart failure), medication side effects, lifestyle factors and even primary sleep disorders ( 5 – 8 ). Effective management therefore depends on accurate identification of underlying causes and the application of evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. International guidelines recommend a structured clinical approach involving detailed history-taking, the use of bladder diaries and validated questionnaires, targeted physical examinations and appropriate investigations (such as urinalysis or blood tests) ( 9 – 12 ). However, implementation of such practices varies widely, especially outside of specialist urology services. Existing literature points to low levels of public awareness regarding nocturia and its potential causes and limited healthcare engagement. Many individuals delay or avoid consulting a healthcare professional, often due to perceived stigma, normalisation of symptoms, or a belief that nocturia is not medically significant ( 13 , 14 ). Even when individuals do seek help, evidence suggests that they may not receive guideline-concordant assessment or management and patient satisfaction with care is often mixed ( 15 ). These findings highlight the need for research not only on public knowledge and behaviours, but also on the lived experiences of healthcare engagement and perceptions of clinical care. To address these gaps, we conducted a large cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling adults in the UK to investigate public knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and experiences relating to LUTS and nocturia. The results of this study are presented in two companion papers submitted to this journal ( El-Osta, et al., 2026 ). Paper 1 focuses on the general public’s knowledge and awareness of LUTS and nocturia, including identified causative factors, self-management strategies and advice-seeking behaviours. It highlights some deficits in public understanding of nocturia as a potentially modifiable condition, as well as limited engagement with healthcare professionals regarding this issue, especially among younger respondents. This current paper (Paper 2) builds on those findings by shifting the analytical focus from knowledge and behaviours to direct experiences of healthcare engagement. Specifically, we examine how nocturia symptoms are assessed and managed by different types of healthcare professionals, including general practitioners, nurses, pharmacists and specialists. We evaluate the extent to which assessments align with evidence-based practice, identify variations in care across professional groups and analyse patient satisfaction with the consultations, referrals and management options they received. The primary aim of this paper was to explore the experiences of individuals who consulted healthcare professionals for nocturia, drawing on self-reported data to map out the diagnostic and treatment pathways followed in real-world settings. Secondary aims include examining the frequency and type of assessments performed (e.g., symptom questionnaires, physical examinations, diagnostic tests), describing common management strategies (e.g., behavioural advice, medication, referrals) and identifying patterns of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with care. We also analyse associations between these experiences and socio-demographic characteristics such as age, sex assigned at birth, ethnicity, long-term condition status and disability. Finally, we report participants’ suggestions for improving the assessment and management of nocturia, including preferred strategies for supporting self-care and enhancing clinician communication. Taken together, these two papers offer a comprehensive picture of how nocturia is understood, managed and experienced within and outside the healthcare system. While Paper 1 emphasises public awareness, self-management practices and advice-seeking behaviours, Paper 2 centres on the quality and responsiveness of clinical care from the patient perspective. This dual focus allows for a nuanced understanding of both the individual and systemic factors that shape nocturia management in the community. By illuminating both public and patient perspectives, our findings offer valuable insights for researchers, clinicians and policymakers seeking to optimise care pathways for nocturia and reduce its burden on individuals and health systems alike. Aims and objectives The primary aim of this paper was to explore the experiences of individuals who consulted health and care professionals for LUTS, including nocturia, in the UK. These experiences were explored by examining the types of assessments and investigations received from different healthcare professionals; identifying patterns in management strategies and treatment plans provided; assessing levels of patient satisfaction with consultations, referrals and information received; and understanding how experiences varied by socio-demographic characteristics. A secondary aim of the study was to explore participants’ recommendations for improving the assessment, referral and management of nocturia in routine practice. Methods Study design and data source This paper reports a secondary analysis of data from a national cross-sectional online survey of community-dwelling adults in the United Kingdom. The survey design, recruitment procedures, sampling frame, consent process, questionnaire development and data governance are described in detail in the companion paper (Paper 1, El-Osta, et al., 2026 ). Only methods specific to the present analysis of healthcare experiences are reported here . The survey can be viewed in Supplementary File 1 . Analytic sample Of the 2,012 respondents who completed the survey, 453 reported seeking advice from a health or care professional (HCPs) for LUTS, including nocturia. These respondents constitute the analytic sample for this paper. Measures Participants who reported consulting a healthcare professional were asked detailed questions about their care experiences, including: (i) type of healthcare professional consulted (e.g. GP, nurse, pharmacist, specialist); (ii) assessment methods received (e.g. symptom questioning, bladder diary, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging); (iii) management strategies advised (e.g. behavioural advice, medication, physiotherapy, referral); (iv) referral and follow-up pathways; and (v) satisfaction with assessment, explanation of causes, treatment, referral and information provision. Sociodemographic variables included age, sex assigned at birth, ethnicity, educational attainment, long-term condition (LTC) status and disability status. Statistical analysis Analyses were primarily descriptive, summarising frequencies and percentages of assessment practices, management strategies and satisfaction outcomes across healthcare professional groups. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and care pathways (including assessment, referral and management) were examined using chi-square tests. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. All analyses were conducted using Stata version 17 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet ESurveys (CHERRIES) was used to guide reporting (16); Supplementary File 2 . Ethical Approval The Imperial College Research Ethics Committee granted ethical clearance for the study (ICREC# 6958208). All experimental protocols were approved by Imperial College London Research Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Consent for publication is not applicable. Patient and Public Involvement Members of the public were involved in the dissemination of the survey through sharing the questionnaire link via personal and professional networks, providing feedback on the questionnaire content prior to launch, and contributing to plans for disseminating study findings to wider communities. Results Demographic profile of respondents Of the 2,012 survey respondents ( El-Osta, et al., 2026 ), 453 individuals (22.5%) reported seeking advice from a healthcare professional for LUTS, including nocturia , and constitute the analytic sample for this paper. All subsequent results refer to this subgroup unless otherwise stated. Table 1 presents the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents who consulted healthcare professionals for LUTS. Healthcare-seeking respondents spanned a broad age range, with representation across all adult life stages, although help-seeking was more common among older participants. The majority were aged 35 years and above, reflecting the increasing prevalence and salience of LUTS with age. Respondents were broadly balanced by sex assigned at birth, and all identified with their assigned sex. The ethnic composition of the healthcare-seeking sample was predominantly White, though individuals from Asian, Black and mixed ethnic backgrounds were also represented. Most respondents were in employment or retired and a high proportion had completed university-level education, consistent with the overall survey profile. Notably, LTCs and disability were more prevalent in this subgroup than in the overall survey sample , indicating that individuals with greater health complexity were more likely to seek professional advice for LUTS. Approximately one in five healthcare-seeking respondents reported at least one LTC, and a smaller but important minority reported living with a disability. Table 1: Participants’ socio-demographics Overall (N=453) N (%) Age 18-34 164 (36.2%) 35-49 152 (33.6%) 50-64 104 (23.0%) 65+ 33 (7.3%) Assigned sex at birth Female 249 (55.0%) Male 204 (45.0%) Do you identify with the sex you were assigned at birth? Yes 444 (98.0%) No 8 (1.8%) Prefer not to say 1 (0.2%) How do you identify? (N=8) Non-binary 3 (37.5%) Trans man / trans masculine 1 (12.5%) Trans woman / trans fem 3 (37.5%) Other (please specify) 1 (12.5%) Ethnic Background White 342 (75.5%) Asian or Asian British 49 (10.8%) Black, Black British, Caribbean or African 29 (6.4%) Mixed or multiple ethnic groups 18 (4.0%) Other 11 (2.4%) Prefer not to say 4 (0.9%) Employment Status Employed full-time 255 (56.3%) Employed part-time 96 (21.2%) Student 21 (4.6%) Retired 46 (10.2%) Unemployed 28 (6.2%) Prefer not to say 7 (1.5%) Highest level of education Secondary school 54 (11.9%) A levels / college 102 (22.5%) University degree or higher 296 (65.3%) Prefer not to say 1 (0.2%) Long-term condition Yes 117 (25.8%) No 306 (67.5%) Prefer not to say 30 (6.6%) Disability Yes 39 (8.6%) No 392 (86.5%) Prefer not to say 22 (4.9%) Healthcare professionals’ assessments and investigations The most consulted provider was a general practitioner (73.1%, n=331), followed by nurses (23.6%, n=107), specialists (12.4%, n=56) and pharmacists (11.3%, n=51). Across all professional groups, clinical assessments varied in depth and adherence to guideline-recommended practices. Asking questions to assess the potential causes and severity of the patient’s symptoms was the most common assessment method across HCPs. This was reported by 71.4% (n=40) of those consulting a specialist, 60.4% (n=200) with GPs, 65.4% (n=70) with nurses and 51% (n=26) with pharmacists. With GPs and nurses, the second most common method was blood or urinary testing reported by 55.0% (n=182) and 46.7% (n=50) respectively of respondents consulting them. Physical examinations were most common in specialist consultations (58.9%), and were less frequently reported in GP (32.9%) and nurse consultations (30.8%). Only 13.9% of patients were asked to complete a bladder diary. Only 17.2% of patients received imaging such as an ultrasound or X-ray. Nurses were more likely than doctors to request the use of bladder diaries (25.2%). Referral to a specialist occurred in 12.1% of cases and a “wait and see” approach was recommended to 14.2% of respondents. Specialist consultations tended to be more comprehensive, with higher use of physical examinations (58.9%), bladder diaries (35.7%) and imaging (50.0%). Finally, half of the respondents who consulted a pharmacist reported being asked questions to assess the potential causes and severity of their nocturia symptoms and almost a third (31.4%) were referred to a GP ( Table 2 ). Management strategies and follow-up Among respondents whose nocturia was confirmed (n=143), the majority (84.6%) reported receiving a treatment or management plan. Pharmacological treatment was the most common recommendation (62.0%), followed closely by behavioural advice, such as reducing fluid or caffeine intake before bed (61.2%). Around a quarter were advised to undertake pelvic floor exercises or physiotherapy (24.8%), while 6.6% reported changes to existing medication. These approaches align with international guidelines, which advocate for lifestyle modification and behavioural interventions as first-line management, followed by pharmacological therapy and, when necessary, surgical intervention for refractory cases. Despite these management efforts, few participants reported receiving long-term follow-up or structured care pathways and only 12.1% were referred to a specialist for further assessment ( Table 2 ). Satisfaction with assessment and management Overall satisfaction with the healthcare experience varied. Among those who engaged with healthcare professionals, 59.1% reported being somewhat or very satisfied with the assessment process. Satisfaction with treatment and management was similar, with 54.1% expressing a positive response. However, a notable proportion of respondents remained neutral or dissatisfied: 21.7% felt unsatisfied with assessment, 26.3% with treatment and management and 28.3% were neutral or dissatisfied with the identification of the cause of their symptoms. Satisfaction with referral processes was particularly low, with only 40.2% expressing satisfaction and over one-third reporting dissatisfaction or ambivalence indicating potential areas for improvement in communication, follow-up and the provision of information ( Table 2 ). When asked about the adequacy of information provided, 56.5% of respondents were satisfied, but over 23% felt the information was insufficient. These findings suggest gaps not only in clinical processes but also in communication and information-sharing, which may influence patient understanding, engagement and adherence to management plans. Access to information about urinary symptoms also influenced satisfaction. Of those who evaluated the information available, 38.0% were somewhat satisfied and 18.5% were very satisfied, but 11.8% were very unsatisfied and 11.2% were somewhat unsatisfied. About one-fifth (20.5%) felt neutral regarding the adequacy of information provided ( Table 2 ). Table 2: Main Survey findings Overall (N=453) N (%) Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms is the general name given to a group of symptoms. Which of the following symptoms had you previously heard about before starting this survey?* Nocturia (waking up at least once at night to go urinate) 287 (63.4%) Urinary Incontinence (unintentional passing of urine) 312 (68.9%) Slow urinary stream 177 (39.1%) Urinary dribbling or leaking after urinating 269 (59.4%) Increased urinary frequency 353 (77.9%) Urgency (sudden urgent urge to urinate) 325 (71.7%) Which of the following factors & health conditions do you think may cause Nocturia?* Age 395 (87.2%) Brain trauma or injury 116 (25.6%) Childbirth, pregnancy or menopause 278 (61.4%) Diabetes 234 (51.7%) Heart disease or congestive heart failure 58 (12.8%) High Blood Pressure 77 (17%) Pelvic organ prolapse 221 (48.8%) Prostate disorders (eg: prostate obstruction) 263 (58.1%) Restless legs syndrome 39 (8.6%) Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea 117 (25.8%) Swollen legs (oedema) 55 (12.1%) Other 12 (2.6%) Which of the following behaviours and habits do you think could cause Nocturia?* Drinking too much fluid before bedtime 396 (87.4%) Drinking a lot of caffeinated beverages 331 (73.1%) Taking certain medications 351 (77.5%) High salt consumption 189 (41.7%) LUTS can be divided into three categories: Storage symptoms: including incontinence, needing to urinate more frequently, urgency & needing to get up at night to urinate (nocturia) Voiding symptoms: including poor stream & hesitancy Post-micturition symptoms: including incomplete emptying of the bladder & experiencing a dribble after passing urine Based on this, have you ever experienced any of the above symptoms?* Yes, I have experienced storage symptoms 284 (62.7%) Yes, I have experienced voiding symptoms 132 (29.1%) Yes, I have experienced postmicturition symptoms 179 (39.5%) No, I have never experienced any of the above 90 (19.9%) Do you know someone close to you (family member or friend for example) who has ever experienced any of the above symptoms? Yes 355 (78.4%) No 98 (21.6%) Nocturia is present when someone wakes up at least once during the night to pass urine, do you experience Nocturia? (N=284) N-Miss 1 Yes 211 (74.6%) No 72 (25.4%) How often do you experience Nocturia symptoms? (N=211) Every night 103 (48.8%) At least once a week 76 (36.0%) Occasionally (less than once a week) 32 (15.2%) On nights where you do experience Nocturia, how often to you need to get up to pass urine on average? (N=211) Only once 72 (34.1%) Up to twice 95 (45.0%) Up to three times or more 44 (20.9%) Do you do any of the following to self-manage your nocturia symptoms?* (N=211) Drinking less prior to going to bed 144 (68.2%) Not drinking anything 2 hours before bed 65 (30.8%) Reducing your caffeinated beverages 102 (48.3%) Other 7 (3.3%) I don't do anything 34 (16.1%) Where did you seek information and advice from regarding these LUTS symptoms?* From a healthcare professional (doctor, nurse, pharmacists, etc) 453 (100%) From family & friends 94 (20.8%) From local community groups 10 (2.2%) From a library 5 (1.1%) Online on the NHS website 229 (50.6%) Online using Google and other search engines 181 (40%) Online by reading forums and discussions with other people experiencing similar symptoms 57 (12.6%) Other 1 (0.2%) I have not sought any information or advice 3 (0.7%) Which healthcare professional did you discuss your symptoms with?* A nurse 107 (23.6%) A doctor/GP 331 (73.1%) A pharmacist 51 (11.3%) A specialist 56 (12.4%) What happened when you discussed your symptoms with your doctor/GP?* (N=331) I was asked several questions to assess the potential causes and severity of my Nocturia symptoms 200 (60.4%) I was asked to fill in a bladder diary 46 (13.9%) They carried out a physical examination (e.g., measuring my blood pressure) 109 (32.9%) Some tests were done (blood or urinary tests) 182 (55%) Some imaging and scans were done (e.g., ultrasound. X-ray...etc) 57 (17.2%) I was referred to a specialist (please specify) 40 (12.1%) I was told to "wait and see" 47 (14.2%) Other 19 (5.7%) What happened when you discussed your symptoms with your nurse?* (N=107) I was asked several questions to assess the potential causes and severity of my Nocturia symptoms 70 (65.4%) I was asked to fill in a bladder diary 27 (25.2%) They carried out a physical examination (e.g., measuring my blood pressure) 33 (30.8%) Some tests were done (blood or urinary tests) 50 (46.7%) Some imaging and scans were done (e.g., ultrasound. X-ray...etc) 11 (10.3%) I was referred to a GP 15 (14%) I was referred to a specialist (please specify) 3 (2.8%) I was told to "wait and see" 18 (16.8%) Other 2 (1.9%) What happened when you discussed your symptoms with your pharmacist?* (N=51) I was asked several questions to assess the potential causes and severity of my Nocturia symptoms 26 (51%) I was asked to fill in a bladder diary 6 (11.8%) They carried out a physical examination (e.g., measuring my blood pressure) 7 (13.7%) Some tests were done (blood or urinary tests) 6 (11.8%) Some imaging and scans were done (e.g., ultrasound. X-ray...etc) 1 (2%) I was referred to a GP 16 (31.4%) I was referred to a specialist (please specify) 1 (2%) I was told to "wait and see" 10 (19.6%) Other 5 (9.8%) What happened when you discussed your symptoms with a specialist?* (N=56) I was asked several questions to assess the potential causes and severity of my Nocturia symptoms 40 (71.4%) I was asked to fill in a bladder diary 20 (35.7%) They carried out a physical examination (e.g., measuring my blood pressure) 33 (58.9%) Some tests were done (blood or urinary tests) 35 (62.5%) Some imaging and scans were done (e.g., ultrasound. X-ray...etc) 28 (50%) I was referred to another specialist (please specify) 3 (5.4%) I was told to "wait and see" 2 (3.6%) Other 11 (19.6%) Was your Nocturia confirmed? N-Miss 3 Yes 143 (31.8%) No 307 (68.2%) Was the confirmation of Nocturia followed up by a treatment or management plan (e.g. medication, behaviour change recommendations, lifestyle modifications, etc)?* (N=143) Yes 121 (84.6%) No 22 (15.4%) If not, why not?* (N=22) I wasn't aware of any treatment or management options 8 (36.4%) The healthcare professional did not suggest any treatment or management plan for my symptoms 12 (54.5%) I did not accept or follow the treatment or management planned suggested by my healthcare professional 1 (4.5%) Nocturia symptoms resolved spontaneously 3 (13.6%) Other 2 (9.1%) What was the treatment or management plan you were advised to follow?* (N=121) Medical treatment (e.g. a drug prescription) 75 (62%) Behavioural advice (eg: avoid drinking prior to going to bed, reducing my consumption of caffeinated beverages) 74 (61.2%) Physiotherapy (eg: Pelvic floor exercise, Kegel exercise) 30 (24.8%) Change in my previous medication 8 (6.6%) Other 6 (5%) How satisfied were you with the assessment of my urinary symptoms by HCPs in general Not applicable 6 Very unsatisfied 39 (8.7%) Somewhat unsatisfied 58 (13.0%) Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 86 (19.2%) Somewhat satisfied 180 (40.3%) Very satisfied 84 (18.8%) How satisfied were you with the adequacy of the referral to a specialist Not applicable 80 Very unsatisfied 40 (10.7%) Somewhat unsatisfied 57 (15.3%) Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 96 (25.7%) Somewhat satisfied 111 (29.8%) Very satisfied 69 (18.5%) How satisfied were you with the identification of what caused my symptoms Not applicable 18 Very unsatisfied 47 (10.8%) Somewhat unsatisfied 76 (17.5%) Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 90 (20.7%) Somewhat satisfied 134 (30.8%) Very satisfied 88 (20.2%) How satisfied were you with the treatment & management options I received Not applicable 20 Very unsatisfied 49 (11.3%) Somewhat unsatisfied 65 (15.0%) Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 85 (19.6%) Somewhat satisfied 151 (34.9%) Very satisfied 83 (19.2%) How satisfied were you with the information available (printed or online) on urinary symptoms Not applicable 14 Very unsatisfied 52 (11.8%) Somewhat unsatisfied 49 (11.2%) Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 90 (20.5%) Somewhat satisfied 167 (38.0%) Very satisfied 81 (18.5%) If you were to experience any of these symptoms in the future, where & whom would you seek information from?* (N=90) From a healthcare professional (GP, nurse, pharmacist, etc) 82 (91.1%) From family & friends 10 (11.1%) From local community groups 1 (1.1%) From a library 1 (1.1%) Online on the NHS website 42 (46.7%) Online using Google and other search engines 21 (23.3%) Online by reading forums and discussions with other people experiencing similar symptoms 12 (13.3%) I would not seek any advice or information 4 (4.4%) Which healthcare professional would you feel comfortable discussing your symptoms with?* A doctor/GP 81 (17.9%) A nurse 48 (10.6%) A pharmacist 22 (4.9%) A specialist 13 (2.9%) Do you have any specific recommendation to improve the assessment, referral and management of LUTS by healthcare professionals?* Improve the knowledge & training of healthcare professionals regarding LUTS 230 (50.8%) Make more information accessible to the public regarding LUTS 255 (56.3%) Public health campaigns on LUTS 182 (40.2%) Better support patients in filling in the questionnaire and / or bladder diary 99 (21.9%) Improve the follow up by healthcare professionals 212 (46.8%) Improve the referral pathway 167 (36.9%) Create & use a proper assessment tool 121 (26.7%) Better support self-management 156 (34.4%) Other 4 (0.9%) Demographic associations with assessment and referral Inferential analysis revealed several significant associations between participant characteristics and the clinical care received. Males were more likely than females to receive a physical examination (p=0.024), while age and LTC status were both associated with referral to a specialist (p=0.020 and p=0.001 respectively). No significant associations were observed between these socio-demographic characteristics and the likelihood of undergoing testing, imaging, or being asked to complete a bladder diary. Disability status was associated with a lower likelihood of receiving some assessments, but these differences did not reach statistical significance in most cases ( Table 3 ). Socio-demographic differences in recommendations for improving LUTS care Table 4 summarises socio-demographic differences in participants’ recommendations for improving LUTS care (n=2,012). Overall, the most frequently endorsed priorities were making information more accessible to the public (61.5%), improving healthcare professional training (36.3%), and supporting self-management (34.4%). Age was significantly associated with recommendations to improve the knowledge and training of healthcare professionals (p<0.001) with younger respondents more likely to recommend this. Assigned sex at birth was significantly associated with suggestions to improve healthcare professional knowledge and training (p<0.001) and to increase public information (p=0.025), both recommendations being more prevalent among females than males. Having an LTC was significantly associated with recommendations for better support in filling in questionnaires or bladder diaries (p=0.033), as well as improvements in follow-up (p=0.001), referral pathways (p<0.001) and the use of proper assessment tools (p=0.014). Disability status was significantly associated with recommendations for better support in filling in questionnaires or bladder diaries (p=0.029), better support for self-management (p=0.001) and the development and use of proper assessment tools (p=0.024). Association Between Experiencing LUTS and Preferences for Recommendations for the Future Participants who had experienced LUTS were significantly more likely to support making more information accessible to the public (76.6% vs. 70.1%, p=0.001), endorse public health campaigns on LUTS (76.9% vs. 72.0%, p=0.013), advocate for the creation and use of a proper assessment tool (78.9% vs. 72.3%, p=0.003) and favour better support for self-management (80.9% vs. 70.4%, p<0.001), compared to those who had not experienced LUTS. These results indicate that individuals with personal experience of LUTS are particularly likely to prioritise public information, self-management support and improved assessment tools as key areas for future improvement ( Table 5 ). Table 3 : Association Between Age, Sex, Ethnicity, Long-Term Condition (LTC) and Disability Status and Assessment and Management Options by HCPs (n=331) Variables I was asked several questions to assess the potential causes & severity of my Nocturia symptoms I was asked to fill in a bladder diary They carried out a physical examination Some tests were done (blood or urinary tests) Some imaging and scans were done (e.g., ultrasound, X-ray...etc) I was referred to a specialist I was told to "wait and see" Total No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value Age 18-34 48 (39.7%) 73 (60.3%) 0.952 104 (86.0%) 17 (14.0%) 0.915 86 (71.1%) 35 (28.9%) 0.529 51 (42.2%) 70 (57.8%) 0.598 105 (86.8%) 16 (13.2%) 0.330 115 (95.0%) 6 (5.0%) 0.020 96 (79.3%) 25 (20.7%) 0.084 121 35-49 43 (37.7%) 71 (62.3%) 100 (87.7%) 14 (12.3%) 73 (64.0%) 41 (36.0%) 57 (50.0%) 57 (50.0%) 94 (82.5%) 20 (17.5%) 97 (85.1%) 17 (14.9%) 102 (89.5%) 12 (10.5%) 114 50-64 30 (41.7%) 42 (58.3%) 61 (84.7%) 11 (15.3%) 49 (68.1%) 23 (31.9%) 30 (41.7%) 42 (58.3%) 55 (76.4%) 17 (23.6%) 60 (83.3%) 12 (16.7%) 64 (88.9%) 8 (11.1%) 72 65+ 10 (41.7%) 14 (58.3%) 20 (83.3%) 4 (16.7%) 14 (58.3%) 10 (41.7%) 11 (45.8%) 13 (54.2%) 20 (83.3%) 4 (16.7%) 19 (79.2%) 5 (20.8%) 22 (91.7%) 2 (8.3%) 24 S ex Male 60 (35.7%) 108 (64.3%) 0.145 148 (88.1%) 20 (11.9%) 0.287 103 (61.3%) 65 (38.7%) 0.024 78 (46.4%) 90 (53.6%) 0.600 135 (80.4%) 33 (19.6%) 0.236 146 (86.9%) 22 (13.1%) 0.567 143 (85.1%) 25 (14.9%) 0.718 168 Female 71 (43.6%) 92 (56.4%) 137 (84.1%) 26 (15.9%) 119 (73.0%) 44 (27.0%) 71 (43.6%) 92 (56.4%) 139 (85.3%) 24 (14.7%) 145 (89.0%) 18 (11.0%) 141 (86.5%) 22 (13.5%) 163 Ethnicity White 99 (40.4%) 146 (59.6%) 0.027 207 (84.5%) 38 (15.5%) 0.388 167 (68.2%) 78 (31.8%) 0.557 106 (43.3%) 139 (56.7%) 0.477 206 (84.1%) 39 (15.9%) 0.259 213 (86.9%) 32 (13.1%) 0.297 209 (85.3%) 36 (14.7%) 0.978 245 Asian or Asian British 20 (48.8%) 21 (51.2%) 38 (92.7%) 3 (7.3%) 24 (58.5%) 17 (41.5%) 20 (48.8%) 21 (51.2%) 33 (80.5%) 8 (19.5%) 39 (95.1%) 2 (4.9%) 35 (85.4%) 6 (14.6%) 41 Black, Black British 3 (14.3%) 18 (85.7%) 20 (95.2%) 1 (4.8%) 15 (71.4%) 6 (28.6%) 13 (61.9%) 8 (38.1%) 18 (85.7%) 3 (14.3%) 19 (90.5%) 2 (9.5%) 19 (90.5%) 2 (9.5%) 21 Mixed or multiple ethnic 3 (21.4%) 11 (78.6%) 11 (78.6%) 3 (21.4%) 8 (57.1%) 6 (42.9%) 5 (35.7%) 9 (64.3%) 11 (78.6%) 3 (21.4%) 12 (85.7%) 2 (14.3%) 12 (85.7%) 2 (14.3%) 14 Other 4 (66.7%) 2 (33.3%) 5 (83.3%) 1 (16.7%) 5 (83.3%) 1 (16.7%) 3 (50.0%) 3 (50.0%) 3 (50.0%) 3 (50.0%) 4 (66.7%) 2 (33.3%) 5 (83.3%) 1 (16.7%) 6 Missing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 Lon Term Condition No 92 (40.5%) 135 (59.5%) 0.390 198 (87.2%) 29 (12.8%) 0.643 158 (69.6%) 69 (30.4%) 0.134 103 (45.4%) 124 (54.6%) 0.962 194 (85.5%) 33 (14.5%) 0.177 209 (92.1%) 18 (7.9%) 0.001 190 (83.7%) 37 (16.3%) 0.261 227 Yes 33 (40.7%) 48 (59.3%) 69 (85.2%) 12 (14.8%) 49 (60.5%) 32 (39.5%) 37 (45.7%) 44 (54.3%) 64 (79.0%) 17 (21.0%) 64 (79.0%) 17 (21.0%) 72 (88.9%) 9 (11.1%) 81 Missing 6 17 6 17 6 17 6 17 6 17 6 17 6 17 23 Disability No 112 (38.8%) 177 (61.2%) 0.023 248 (85.8%) 41 (14.2%) 0.423 194 (67.1%) 95 (32.9%) 0.963 124 (42.9%) 165 (57.1%) 0.063 240 (83.0%) 49 (17.0%) 0.629 257 (88.9%) 32 (11.1%) 0.409 250 (86.5%) 39 (13.5%) 0.123 289 Yes 15 (62.5%) 9 (37.5%) 22 (91.7%) 2 (8.3%) 16 (66.7%) 8 (33.3%) 15 (62.5%) 9 (37.5%) 19 (79.2%) 5 (20.8%) 20 (83.3%) 4 (16.7%) 18 (75.0%) 6 (25.0%) 24 Missing 4 14 4 14 4 14 4 14 4 14 4 14 4 14 18 Total 131 (39.6%) 200 (60.4%) 285 (86.1%) 46 (13.9%) 222 (67.1%) 109 (32.9%) 149 (45.0%) 182 (55.0%) 274 (82.8%) 57 (17.2%) 291 (87.9%) 40 (12.1%) 284 (85.8%) 47 (14.2%) 331 Table 4: Association Between age, sex, long-term health condition and disability status and future recommendations suggested by participants (n=2,012) Variables Improve the knowledge & training of healthcare professionals regarding LUTS Make more information accessible to the public regarding LUTS Public health campaigns on LUTS Better support patients in filling in the questionnaire and / or bladder diary Improve the follow up by healthcare professionals Improve the referral pathway Create & use a proper assessment tool Better support self-management Total No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value No Yes P-value Age 18-34 394 (55.8%) 312 (44.2%) <0.001 271 (38.4%) 435 (61.6%) 0.024 409 (57.9%) 297 (42.1%) 0.515 554 (78.5%) 152 (21.5%) 0.515 487 (69.0%) 219 (31.0%) 0.410 505 (71.5%) 201 (28.5%) 0.681 503 (71.3%) 203 (28.7%) 0.031 496 (70.3%) 210 (29.7%) <0.001 706 35-49 467 (65.5%) 246 (34.5%) 302 (42.4%) 411 (57.6%) 408 (57.2%) 305 (42.8%) 583 (81.8%) 130 (18.2%) 515 (72.2%) 198 (27.7%) 526 (73.8%) 187 (26.2%) 530 (74.3%) 183 (25.7%) 452 (63.4%) 261 (36.6%) 713 50-64 333 (69.5%) 146 (30.5%) 162 (33.8%) 317 (66.2%) 260 (54.3%) 219 (45.7%) 404 (84.3%) 75 (15.7%) 350 (73.1%) 129 (26.9%) 340 (71.0%) 139 (29.0%) 332 (69.3%) 147 (30.7%) 285 (59.5%) 194 (40.5%) 479 65+ 88 (77.2%) 26 (22.8%) 40 (35.1%) 74 (64.9%) 69 (60.5%) 45 (39.5%) 96 (84.2%) 18 (15.8%) 81 (71.1%) 33 (28.9%) 84 (73.7%) 30 (26.3%) 93 (81.6%) 21 (18.4%) 63 (55.3%) 51 (44.7%) 114 S ex Male 678 (67.7%) 323 (32.3%) <0.001 410 (41.0%) 591 (59.0%) 0.025 557 (55.6%) 444 (44.4%) 0.236 833 (83.2%) 168 (16.8%) 0.061 757 (75.6%) 244 (24.4%) <0.001 756 (75.5%) 245 (24.5%) 0.001 730 (72.9%) 271 (27.1%) 0.644 674 (67.3%) 327 (32.7%) 0.007 1,001 Female 604 (59.7%) 407 (40.3%) 365 (36.1%) 646 (63.9%) 589 (58.3%) 422 (41.7%) 804 (79.5%) 207 (20.5%) 676 (66.9%) 335 (33.1%) 699 (69.1%) 312 (30.9%) 728 (72.0%) 283 (28.0%) 622 (61.5%) 389 (38.5%) 1,011 Long Term Condition No 988 (64.2%) 551 (35.8%) 0.369 581 (37.8%) 958 (62.2%) 0.783 876 (56.9%) 663 (43.1%) 0.674 1,264 (82.1%) 275 (17.9%) 0.033 1,123 (73.0%) 416 (27.0%) 0.001 1,146 (74.5%) 393 (25.5%) <0.001 1,134 (73.7%) 405 (26.3%) 0.014 1,015 (66.0%) 524 (34.0%) 0.004 1,539 Yes 253 (63.3%) 147 (36.7%) 154 (38.5%) 246 (61.5%) 223 (55.8%) 177 (44.2%) 311 (77.8%) 89 (22.2%) 258 (64.5%) 142 (35.5%) 260 (65.0%) 140 (35.0%) 270 (67.5%) 130 (32.0%) 233 (58.3%) 167 (41.7%) 400 Missing 41 32 41 32 41 32 41 32 41 32 41 32 41 32 41 32 23 Disability No 1,177 (64.2%) 655 (35.8%) 0.206 698 (38.1%) 1,134 (61.9%) 0.848 1,052 (57.4%) 780 (42.6%) 0.034 1,499 (81.8%) 333 (18.2%) 0.029 1,319 (72.0%) 513 (28.0%) 0.003 1,341 (73.2%) 491 (26.8%) 0.008 1,340 (73.1%) 492 (26.9%) 0.024 1,191 (65.0%) 641 (35.0%) 0.001 1,832 Yes 69 (58.5%) 49 (41.5%) 46 (39.0%) 72 (61.0%) 56 (47.5%) 62 (52.5%) 87 (73.7%) 31 (26.3%) 70 (59.3%) 48 (40.7%) 73 (61.9%) 45 (38.1%) 75 (63.6%) 43 (36.4%) 58 (49.2%) 60 (50.8%) 118 Missing 36 26 36 26 36 26 36 26 36 26 36 26 36 26 36 26 62 Total 1,282 (63.7%) 730 (36.3%) 775 (38.5%) 1,237 (61.5%) 1,146 (57.0%) 866 (43.0%) 1,637 (81.4%) 375 (18.6%) 1,433 (71.2%) 579 (28.8%) 1,455 (72.3%) 557 (27.7%) 1,458 (72.5%) 554 (27.5%) 1,458 (72.5%) 554 (27.5%) Table 5: Association Between Experiencing LUTS and Preferences for Recommendations for the future Variable Have you ever experienced any of the symptoms of LUTS? P-value Total Yes No Improve the knowledge & training of healthcare professionals regarding LUTS 0.091 Yes 525 (71.9%) 205 (28.1%) 730 No 966 (75.3%) 316 (24.6%) 1282 Make more information accessible to the public regarding LUTS 0.001 Yes 948 (76.6%) 289 (23.4%) 1237 No 543 (70.1%) 232 (29.9%) 775 Public health campaigns on LUTS 0.013 Yes 666 (76.9%) 200 (23.1%) 866 No 825 (72.0%) 321 (28.0%) 1146 Better support patients in filling in the questionnaire and / or bladder diary 0.907 Yes 277 (73.9%) 98 (26.1%) 375 No 1214 (74.2%) 423 (25.8%) 1637 Improve the follow up by healthcare professionals 0.055 Yes 412 (71.2%) 167 (28.8%) 579 No 1079 (75.3%) 354 (24.7%) 1433 Improve the referral pathway 0.841 Yes 411 (73.8%) 146 (26.2%) 557 No 1080 (74.2%) 375 (25.8%) 1455 Create & use a proper assessment tool 0.003 Yes 437 (78.9%) 117 (21.1%) 554 No 1054 (72.3%) 404 (27.7%) 1458 Better support self-management <0.001 Yes 579 (80.9%) 137 (19.1%) 716 No 912 (70.4%) 384 (29.6%) 1296 Other 0.828 Yes 43 (72.9%) 16 (27.1%) 59 No 1448 (74.1%) 505 (25.9%) 1953 Discussion Summary of main findings This study examined how individuals experiencing LUTS, particularly nocturia, are assessed and managed within UK healthcare settings, focusing on those who actively sought professional help. Drawing on a large national survey, the findings reveal substantial variation in the content and quality of care received, with frequent departures from guideline-recommended practice. Although most respondents reported being asked symptom-related questions and undergoing basic investigations such as blood or urine tests, structured assessment tools, including bladder diaries, were rarely used, particularly in primary care (17). Physical examinations, imaging and specialist referrals were also uncommon outside specialist consultations, indicating limited depth of assessment in routine care. While general practitioners were the predominant point of contact, nurses and pharmacists were less frequently involved, despite evidence that these professionals often delivered relatively structured assessments when consulted. Management was initiated for most individuals whose nocturia was confirmed, most commonly through pharmacological treatment and behavioural advice, broadly aligning with guideline recommendations. However, care pathways were often fragmented, with limited follow-up and infrequent referral to specialist services. Patient satisfaction reflected this inconsistency: although around half of respondents were satisfied with assessment and treatment, dissatisfaction was common regarding referrals, follow-up and explanations of symptom causes. Importantly, individuals with long-term conditions and disabilities reported greater unmet needs and prioritised improved information, tailored support and better self-management resources. Together, these findings suggest that even among help-seeking individuals, nocturia care remains inconsistent, insufficiently structured and variably patient-centred, highlighting clear opportunities for improvement across assessment, management and communication. Comparison with existing literature Our findings align with and extend previous research on nocturia, reinforcing the observation that it remains both under-recognised and under-managed in primary care settings. International studies have long documented the underutilisation of structured diagnostic tools in routine practice, including bladder diaries and validated symptom scoring systems (1-3). In our study, despite guideline recommendations, less than 14% of patients consulting a GP were asked to complete a bladder diary, an essential tool for distinguishing nocturnal polyuria from other causes. Nurses, while less frequently involved overall, were more likely to request bladder diaries, suggesting opportunities for expanding their role in structured assessment. The limited use of imaging and specialist referral also reflects longstanding concerns that nocturia is often normalised or trivialised, particularly in older adults (5). Our findings that only 12.1% of symptomatic individuals were referred to specialists support this interpretation and suggest missed opportunities for upstream management of potentially serious underlying conditions. This is especially important considering that nocturia is associated not only with urological pathology but also with systemic conditions such as diabetes, heart failure and sleep apnoea (6-8). Consistent with prior qualitative research, patients reported mixed experiences of care, with dissatisfaction often linked to perceived dismissiveness, lack of explanation, or insufficient follow-up (9, 10, 17). These findings mirror those in the wider literature on symptom-related stigma and the challenges of addressing ‘embarrassing’ topics in brief consultations (11). Paper 1 in this series found that only 27% of individuals with nocturia sought professional advice and over 40% had never sought any information at all. In the current study, we show that even among help-seekers, the quality and completeness of care remain variable, reinforcing the dual problem of low engagement and inconsistent service delivery. A novel contribution of our study is the identification of demographic gradients in care experiences. Males were more likely to receive physical examinations; older adults and those with LTCs were more likely to be referred; and individuals with disabilities or LTCs expressed greater needs for support with assessment tools and self-management. These findings speak to broader structural inequities in how urinary symptoms are addressed and suggest the need for more inclusive, personalised approaches. Implications for research and policy Nocturia often results from multifactorial, interacting underlying causes that are important to determine in order that efficacious treatment can be initiated. To do so, appropriate tools and guidance must be created to better support GPs and patients in their assessment of nocturia symptoms, severity, causes and potential management options. While tools and guidance exist, their accessibility, adequacy and usability remain limited which hinders their actual impact on people experiencing nocturia symptoms. As exemplified in this study, the use of a bladder diary remains rare despite its demonstrated usefulness in supporting the identification of the severity and causes of nocturia symptoms and thus guiding the choice of the most adequate and efficient management strategies (18). Healthcare providers, particularly in primary care, should receive additional training on evidence-based nocturia assessment and management. The implications of this study span clinical practice, service design and health policy. At the clinical level, the underutilisation of evidence-based assessment methods points to a pressing need for training and capacity building, particularly among general practitioners who serve as the first point of contact for most patients. Introducing structured LUTS assessment protocols, including digital bladder diaries and validated symptom scales, into electronic health records could prompt more consistent evaluations. Moreover, integrating these tools into community pharmacy settings could enable earlier detection and empower pharmacists to play a more active role in triage and education. From a service delivery perspective, patients are clearly calling for more accessible information, more structured support for self-care and better-coordinated follow-up. The use of patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) specific to nocturia and LUTS could help monitor and improve quality of care across settings. Tailoring assessment pathways to individual risk profiles considering factors such as age, disability and multimorbidity, may also improve efficiency and equity. This aligns with the broader shift toward personalised and proactive models of care embedded in NHS long-term planning. Public health campaigns are also urgently needed to address persistent stigma and normalisation of LUTS. Respondents in both this and the companion paper repeatedly expressed a desire for greater awareness and normalisation of conversations around nocturia. Health literacy interventions targeting men, younger adults and minority ethnic groups may be especially valuable, as these groups were both less likely to seek care and more likely to receive variable treatment. At the policy level, nocturia should be repositioned not merely as a benign symptom but as a potential sentinel for broader health risks. Its inclusion in routine health checks, especially for older adults and those with LTCs, could facilitate early diagnosis and preventive action. Policymakers should also explore funding models that incentivise multidisciplinary, guideline-concordant care such as enhanced roles for nurse specialists and community pharmacists. Finally, future research should explore the longitudinal outcomes of different care pathways for nocturia, including whether structured assessment leads to improved symptom control or reduced downstream costs. Implementation studies may also be warranted to evaluate how best to embed bladder health assessments into routine care workflows. Given the expressed desire for more personalised and accessible resources, co-designed interventions involving patients, clinicians and public health experts should be prioritised. Strengths and limitations This study benefits from several methodological and conceptual strengths. It represents one of the largest UK-based surveys focused on the public’s healthcare experiences of nocturia and associated LUTS, with over 2,000 respondents and more than 450 individuals reporting clinical encounters. The survey was designed using adaptive branching logic, which allowed for tailored questioning based on prior responses, thereby increasing relevance and minimising respondent fatigue. The questionnaire was also aligned with the CHERRIES checklist to ensure best practice in internet survey reporting. Importantly, the study complements a companion paper (Paper 1) that examined public knowledge and attitudes, enabling a comprehensive view of both awareness and engagement with the healthcare system. The demographic breadth of the sample is another strength, with representation across age, sex, ethnicity and health status. This enabled us to explore variation in clinical experiences by key socio-demographic variables. Furthermore, the inclusion of patient-centred outcomes such as satisfaction and future care preferences adds depth and policy relevance to the analysis. Nevertheless, the study has limitations that must be acknowledged. First, recruitment was based on convenience sampling, primarily via Prolific Academic and personal networks, which may limit the representativeness of the findings. Participants with internet access and digital literacy may be overrepresented and those with low health literacy or from underserved groups may be underrepresented. Second, all data were self-reported and thus subject to recall bias, particularly concerning the content of medical consultations. There was no clinical validation of nocturia diagnoses, nor linkage with health records to corroborate reported investigations or treatments. Third, as with all cross-sectional studies, causal relationships cannot be inferred. For example, while dissatisfaction was associated with fewer assessments or explanations, we cannot determine whether inadequate care directly caused lower satisfaction. Finally, cultural and linguistic barriers may have further influenced response rates and interpretation of symptom terminology, though this was not explicitly assessed. Conclusions This study highlights key gaps in the assessment and management of nocturia within UK healthcare settings. While many individuals received some form of evaluation, guideline-recommended tools such as bladder diaries and structured assessments were underutilised, particularly outside specialist care. Satisfaction with healthcare encounters was mixed, with notable concerns around referrals, follow-up and communication. Participants consistently called for better information, improved clinician training and enhanced self-management support—especially among those with long-term conditions or disabilities. These findings, alongside those from our companion paper on public awareness, point to systemic barriers on both the patient and provider sides. Addressing nocturia effectively will require integrated, patient-centred approaches that treat it as a meaningful symptom with wider health implications. Future efforts should focus on standardising care, broadening the role of non-physician professionals and embedding bladder health into routine care and public health initiatives. Abbreviations • HCP health and care professional • HQRL health-related quality of life • ICS International Continence Society • LUTS lower urinary tract symptoms • NHS National Health Service • UK United Kingdom • USA United States of America Declarations Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank Mr Aos Alaa for supporting the development of the ethics submission pack for this study. Conflicts of interest The authors declare they have no other competing interests. Ethical Approval The Imperial College Research Ethics Committee granted ethical clearance for the study (ICREC# 6958208). All experimental protocols were approved by Imperial College London Research Ethics Committee. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Consent for publication is not applicable. Availability of data and materials All relevant data are provided within the manuscript. Funding The NET ImpACT project was funded by the Rosetrees Trust/John Black Charitable Foundation (grant number PGL21/10038). Austen El-Osta is supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) Northwest London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS or the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. Author Contributors AEO: Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, led planning with support from co-authors, contributed to data acquisition and interpretation, supported data analysis, approved the final version, and serves as guarantor. ERS: Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, contributed to data acquisition, performed data analysis with support from AEO and MD, contributed to interpretation, and approved the final version. SA: Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, contributed to data acquisition, performed data analysis with support from AEO and MD, contributed to interpretation, and approved the final version. MD: Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, contributed to data acquisition, interpretation, and supported data analysis, and approved the final version. Twitter: @austenelosta @ImperialSCARU References Drake MJ (2018) Fundamentals of terminology in lower urinary tract function. Neurourol Urodyn 37(S6):S13–s9 Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Thompson CL, Milsom I, Irwin D, Kopp ZS et al (2009) The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the USA, the UK and Sweden: results from the Epidemiology of LUTS (EpiLUTS) study. BJU Int 104(3):352–360 Madhu C, Coyne K, Hashim H, Chapple C, Milsom I, Kopp Z (2015) Nocturia: risk factors and associated comorbidities; findings from the EpiLUTS study. Int J Clin Pract 69(12):1508–1516 Hashim H, Blanker MH, Drake MJ, Djurhuus JC, Meijlink J, Morris V et al (2019) International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for nocturia and nocturnal lower urinary tract function. Neurourol Urodyn 38(2):499–508 Van Huele A, Samarinas M, Bower WF, Dmochowski R, Robinson D, Van den Ende M et al (2025) Optimizing care for LUTS in older patients: Diagnostics, challenges of frailty and patient priorities—NOPIA meeting (ICI-RS 2024). Continence 13:101737 Tikkinen KAO, Johnson Ii TM, Tammela TLJ, Sintonen H, Haukka J, Huhtala H et al (2010) Nocturia frequency, bother, and quality of life: how often is too often? A population-based study in Finland. Eur Urol 57(3):488–498 Coyne KS, Zhou Z, Bhattacharyya SK, Thompson CL, Dhawan R, Versi E (2003) The prevalence of nocturia and its effect on health-related quality of life and sleep in a community sample in the USA. BJU Int 92(9):948–954 Trigg A, Andersson FL, Aldhouse NVJ, Bliwise DL, Kitchen H (2017) Patients’ Lived Experiences of Nocturia: A Qualitative Study of the Evening, the Night, and the Next Day. Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Res 10(6):711–718 Papworth E, Dawson S, Henderson EJ, Eriksson SH, Selsick H, Rees J et al (2022) Association of Sleep Disorders with Nocturia: A Systematic Review and Nominal Group Technique Consensus on Primary Care Assessment and Treatment. Eur Urol Focus 8(1):42–51 Oelke M, De Wachter S, Drake MJ, Giannantoni A, Kirby M, Orme S et al (2017) A practical approach to the management of nocturia. Int J Clin Pract 71(11):e13027 Kowalik CG, Cohn JA, Delpe S, Reynolds WS, Kaufman MR, Milam DF et al (2018) Nocturia: Evaluation and Current Management Strategies. Rev Urol 20(1):1–6 Weiss JP, Blaivas JG, Blanker MH, Bliwise DL, Dmochowski RR, Drake M et al (2013) The New England Research Institutes, Inc. (NERI) Nocturia Advisory Conference 2012: focus on outcomes of therapy. BJU International. ;111(5):700–16 Gratzke C, Bachmann A, Descazeaud A, Drake MJ, Madersbacher S, Mamoulakis C et al (2015) EAU guidelines on the assessment of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms including benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol 67(6):1099–1109 Lucas MG, Bosch RJL, Burkhard FC, Cruz F, Madden TB, Nambiar AK et al (2012) EAU guidelines on assessment and nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence. Eur Urol 62(6):1130–1142 Smith M, Dawson S, Andrews RC, Eriksson SH, Selsick H, Skyrme-Jones A et al (2022) Evaluation and Treatment in Urology for Nocturia Caused by Nonurological Mechanisms: Guidance from the PLANET Study. Eur Urol Focus 8(1):89–97 Eysenbach G (2004) Improving the quality of Web surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). J Med Internet Res 6(3):e34–e Weiss JP, Bosch JL, Drake M, Dmochowski RR, Hashim H, Hijaz A et al (2012) Nocturia Think Tank: focus on nocturnal polyuria: ICI-RS 2011. Neurourol Urodyn 31(3):330–339 Perrouin-Verbe MA, Drake MJ, Thomas L (2022) The Challenges of Real-life Bladder Diary Use and Interpretation. Eur Urol Focus 8(1):11–17 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files 2SFile1Surveyexport.docx Survey Export 3SFile2CHERRIESChecklist.docx CHERRIES Checklist Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8662325","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":578287000,"identity":"2142353f-06a1-4216-922b-d3b603286f63","order_by":0,"name":"Austen 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London","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sami","middleName":"","lastName":"Altalib","suffix":""},{"id":578287002,"identity":"3ba1edd2-9cac-4492-8da1-a7746cfb23fc","order_by":2,"name":"Eva Riboli-Sasco","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-9125","institution":"Imperial College London","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eva","middleName":"","lastName":"Riboli-Sasco","suffix":""},{"id":578287003,"identity":"fb5f1651-0085-4178-a835-78e4b51a549d","order_by":3,"name":"Marcus Drake","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6230-2552","institution":"Imperial College London","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcus","middleName":"","lastName":"Drake","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-21 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13:50:24","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":201633,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662325/v1/3b65ea8b6f33c5ad31857db7.html"},{"id":100950760,"identity":"700ff6e6-6507-4332-ad53-5b70d56d3cbc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 07:09:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3501102,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662325/v1/0caa37fb-c148-4acc-9bc7-157afe1ae2f2.pdf"},{"id":100893225,"identity":"5f8a6974-13bd-4dba-82d2-60032d8162be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 13:50:24","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":31109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSurvey Export\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2SFile1Surveyexport.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662325/v1/a6d15422868270827a738aa0.docx"},{"id":100893226,"identity":"6cb5653d-7057-498d-8206-6c34e3530011","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 13:50:24","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":24860,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCHERRIES Checklist\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3SFile2CHERRIESChecklist.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8662325/v1/2f49b3217d104c34414953bf.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNavigating nocturia care in the UK: patient experiences and gaps in clinical assessment and management: A cross-sectional study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Strengths and Limitations of This Study","content":"\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLarge sample (n=2,012 total; n=453 help-seekers) provides robust national insights into nocturia care experiences across healthcare professional groups.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdaptive branching survey design with CHERRIES checklist alignment minimised respondent burden while capturing detailed, tailored healthcare pathways.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eComprehensive socio-demographic variables enabled exploration of equity in care access and experiences across age, sex, ethnicity, and health status.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eConvenience/online sampling limits representativeness, potentially over-representing digitally literate individuals and under-representing underserved groups.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSelf-reported data without clinical validation risks recall and social desirability biases in reporting consultations, assessments, and satisfaction.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eLower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) comprise a spectrum of storage, voiding and post-micturition symptoms that can significantly impair quality of life. Among these, \u003cem\u003enocturia\u003c/em\u003e - defined as the number of times urine is passed during the main sleep period- having woken to pass urine for the first time, each urination must be followed by sleep or the intention to sleep. This should be checked with a bladder diary - is one of the most common and disruptive symptoms experienced across genders, ethnicities and ages – although its prevalence increases with age. Nocturia has been linked to poor sleep quality, daytime fatigue, increased risk of falls and frailty and overall reductions in health-related quality of life (HRQL) (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Despite these consequences, nocturia is frequently under-recognised and inadequately managed in clinical practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough nocturia is often assumed to be a normal feature of ageing, its aetiology is multifactorial, encompassing urological conditions, systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart failure), medication side effects, lifestyle factors and even primary sleep disorders (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Effective management therefore depends on accurate identification of underlying causes and the application of evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. International guidelines recommend a structured clinical approach involving detailed history-taking, the use of bladder diaries and validated questionnaires, targeted physical examinations and appropriate investigations (such as urinalysis or blood tests) (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). However, implementation of such practices varies widely, especially outside of specialist urology services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExisting literature points to low levels of public awareness regarding nocturia and its potential causes and limited healthcare engagement. Many individuals delay or avoid consulting a healthcare professional, often due to perceived stigma, normalisation of symptoms, or a belief that nocturia is not medically significant (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Even when individuals do seek help, evidence suggests that they may not receive guideline-concordant assessment or management and patient satisfaction with care is often mixed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). These findings highlight the need for research not only on public knowledge and behaviours, but also on the lived experiences of healthcare engagement and perceptions of clinical care.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address these gaps, we conducted a large cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling adults in the UK to investigate public knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and experiences relating to LUTS and nocturia. The results of this study are presented in two companion papers submitted to this journal (\u003cb\u003eEl-Osta, et al., 2026\u003c/b\u003e). Paper 1 focuses on the general public’s knowledge and awareness of LUTS and nocturia, including identified causative factors, self-management strategies and advice-seeking behaviours. It highlights some deficits in public understanding of nocturia as a potentially modifiable condition, as well as limited engagement with healthcare professionals regarding this issue, especially among younger respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis current paper (Paper 2) builds on those findings by shifting the analytical focus from knowledge and behaviours to direct experiences of healthcare engagement. Specifically, we examine how nocturia symptoms are assessed and managed by different types of healthcare professionals, including general practitioners, nurses, pharmacists and specialists. We evaluate the extent to which assessments align with evidence-based practice, identify variations in care across professional groups and analyse patient satisfaction with the consultations, referrals and management options they received.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary aim of this paper was to explore the experiences of individuals who consulted healthcare professionals for nocturia, drawing on self-reported data to map out the diagnostic and treatment pathways followed in real-world settings. Secondary aims include examining the frequency and type of assessments performed (e.g., symptom questionnaires, physical examinations, diagnostic tests), describing common management strategies (e.g., behavioural advice, medication, referrals) and identifying patterns of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with care. We also analyse associations between these experiences and socio-demographic characteristics such as age, sex assigned at birth, ethnicity, long-term condition status and disability. Finally, we report participants’ suggestions for improving the assessment and management of nocturia, including preferred strategies for supporting self-care and enhancing clinician communication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaken together, these two papers offer a comprehensive picture of how nocturia is understood, managed and experienced within and outside the healthcare system. While Paper 1 emphasises public awareness, self-management practices and advice-seeking behaviours, Paper 2 centres on the quality and responsiveness of clinical care from the patient perspective. This dual focus allows for a nuanced understanding of both the individual and systemic factors that shape nocturia management in the community. By illuminating both public and patient perspectives, our findings offer valuable insights for researchers, clinicians and policymakers seeking to optimise care pathways for nocturia and reduce its burden on individuals and health systems alike.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAims and objectives\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary aim of this paper was to explore the experiences of individuals who consulted health and care professionals for LUTS, including nocturia, in the UK. These experiences were explored by examining the types of assessments and investigations received from different healthcare professionals; identifying patterns in management strategies and treatment plans provided; assessing levels of patient satisfaction with consultations, referrals and information received; and understanding how experiences varied by socio-demographic characteristics. A secondary aim of the study was to explore participants’ recommendations for improving the assessment, referral and management of nocturia in routine practice.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design and data source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis paper reports a secondary analysis of data from a national cross-sectional online survey of community-dwelling adults in the United Kingdom. The survey design, recruitment procedures, sampling frame, consent process, questionnaire development and data governance are described in detail in the companion paper (Paper 1, \u003cstrong\u003eEl-Osta, et al., 2026\u003c/strong\u003e). Only methods specific to the present analysis of healthcare experiences are reported here\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe survey can be viewed in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary File 1\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytic sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 2,012 respondents who completed the survey, 453 reported seeking advice from a health or care professional (HCPs) for LUTS, including nocturia. These respondents constitute the analytic sample for this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants who reported consulting a healthcare professional were asked detailed questions about their care experiences, including: (i) type of healthcare professional consulted (e.g. GP, nurse, pharmacist, specialist); (ii) assessment methods received (e.g. symptom questioning, bladder diary, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging); (iii) management strategies advised (e.g. behavioural advice, medication, physiotherapy, referral); (iv) referral and follow-up pathways; and (v) satisfaction with assessment, explanation of causes, treatment, referral and information provision. Sociodemographic variables included age, sex assigned at birth, ethnicity, educational attainment, long-term condition (LTC) status and disability status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalyses were primarily descriptive, summarising frequencies and percentages of assessment practices, management strategies and satisfaction outcomes across healthcare professional groups. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and care pathways (including assessment, referral and management) were examined using chi-square tests. Statistical significance was set at p\u0026lt;0.05. All analyses were conducted using Stata version 17 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet ESurveys (CHERRIES) was used to guide reporting (16); \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary File 2\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Imperial College Research Ethics Committee granted ethical clearance for the study (ICREC# 6958208). All experimental protocols were approved by Imperial College London Research Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Consent for publication is not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient and Public Involvement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMembers of the public were involved in the dissemination of the survey through sharing the questionnaire link via personal and professional networks, providing feedback on the questionnaire content prior to launch, and contributing to plans for disseminating study findings to wider communities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic profile of respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 2,012 survey respondents (\u003cstrong\u003eEl-Osta, et al., 2026\u003c/strong\u003e), \u003cstrong\u003e453 individuals (22.5%) reported seeking advice from a healthcare professional for LUTS, including nocturia\u003c/strong\u003e, and constitute the analytic sample for this paper. All subsequent results refer to this subgroup unless otherwise stated. \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e presents the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents who consulted healthcare professionals for LUTS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealthcare-seeking respondents spanned a broad age range, with representation across all adult life stages, although help-seeking was more common among older participants. The majority were aged 35 years and above, reflecting the increasing prevalence and salience of LUTS with age. Respondents were broadly balanced by sex assigned at birth, and all identified with their assigned sex.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ethnic composition of the healthcare-seeking sample was predominantly White, though individuals from Asian, Black and mixed ethnic backgrounds were also represented. Most respondents were in employment or retired and a high proportion had completed university-level education, consistent with the overall survey profile.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotably, \u003cstrong\u003eLTCs and disability were more prevalent in this subgroup than in the overall survey sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,\u003c/strong\u003e indicating that individuals with greater health complexity were more likely to seek professional advice for LUTS. Approximately one in five healthcare-seeking respondents reported at least one LTC, and a smaller but important minority reported living with a disability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Participants\u0026rsquo; socio-demographics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall (N=453)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164 (36.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (33.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104 (23.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssigned sex at birth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Female\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249 (55.0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Male\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204 (45.0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you identify with the sex you were assigned at birth?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444 (98.0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (1.8%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Prefer not to say\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow do you identify?\u003c/strong\u003e (N=8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Non-binary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (37.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Trans man / trans masculine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Trans woman / trans fem\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (37.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other (please specify)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnic Background\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;White\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342 (75.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Asian or Asian British\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (10.8%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Black, Black British, Caribbean or African\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (6.4%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mixed or multiple ethnic groups\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4.0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.4%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Prefer not to say\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.9%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Employed full-time\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255 (56.3%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Employed part-time\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 (21.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Student\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (4.6%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Retired\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (10.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Unemployed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (6.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Prefer not to say\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighest level of education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Secondary school\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (11.9%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A levels / college\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102 (22.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;University degree or higher\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e296 (65.3%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Prefer not to say\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLong-term condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 (25.8%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e306 (67.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Prefer not to say\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (6.6%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (8.6%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e392 (86.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80.8081%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Prefer not to say\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.1919%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (4.9%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealthcare professionals\u0026rsquo; assessments and investigations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most consulted provider was a general practitioner (73.1%, n=331), followed by nurses (23.6%, n=107), specialists (12.4%, n=56) and pharmacists (11.3%, n=51). Across all professional groups, clinical assessments varied in depth and adherence to guideline-recommended practices. Asking questions to assess the potential causes and severity of the patient\u0026rsquo;s symptoms was the most common assessment method across HCPs. This was reported by 71.4% (n=40) of those consulting a specialist, 60.4% (n=200) with GPs, 65.4% (n=70) with nurses and 51% (n=26) with pharmacists.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith GPs and nurses, the second most common method was blood or urinary testing reported by 55.0% (n=182) and 46.7% (n=50) respectively of respondents consulting them. Physical examinations were most common in specialist consultations (58.9%), and were less frequently reported in GP (32.9%) and nurse consultations (30.8%). Only 13.9% of patients were asked to complete a bladder diary. Only 17.2% of patients received imaging such as an ultrasound or X-ray. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNurses were more likely than doctors to request the use of bladder diaries (25.2%). \u0026nbsp;Referral to a specialist occurred in 12.1% of cases and a \u0026ldquo;wait and see\u0026rdquo; approach was recommended to 14.2% of respondents. Specialist consultations tended to be more comprehensive, with higher use of physical examinations (58.9%), bladder diaries (35.7%) and imaging (50.0%). Finally, half of the respondents who consulted a pharmacist reported being asked questions to assess the potential causes and severity of their nocturia symptoms and almost a third (31.4%) were referred to a GP (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManagement strategies and follow-up\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong respondents whose nocturia was confirmed (n=143), the majority (84.6%) reported receiving a treatment or management plan. Pharmacological treatment was the most common recommendation (62.0%), followed closely by behavioural advice, such as reducing fluid or caffeine intake before bed (61.2%). Around a quarter were advised to undertake pelvic floor exercises or physiotherapy (24.8%), while 6.6% reported changes to existing medication. These approaches align with international guidelines, which advocate for lifestyle modification and behavioural interventions as first-line management, followed by pharmacological therapy and, when necessary, surgical intervention for refractory cases. Despite these management efforts, few participants reported receiving long-term follow-up or structured care pathways and only 12.1% were referred to a specialist for further assessment (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSatisfaction with assessment and management\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall satisfaction with the healthcare experience varied. Among those who engaged with healthcare professionals, 59.1% reported being somewhat or very satisfied with the assessment process. Satisfaction with treatment and management was similar, with 54.1% expressing a positive response. However, a notable proportion of respondents remained neutral or dissatisfied: 21.7% felt unsatisfied with assessment, 26.3% with treatment and management and 28.3% were neutral or dissatisfied with the identification of the cause of their symptoms. Satisfaction with referral processes was particularly low, with only 40.2% expressing satisfaction and over one-third reporting dissatisfaction or ambivalence indicating potential areas for improvement in communication, follow-up and the provision of information (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen asked about the adequacy of information provided, 56.5% of respondents were satisfied, but over 23% felt the information was insufficient. These findings suggest gaps not only in clinical processes but also in communication and information-sharing, which may influence patient understanding, engagement and adherence to management plans. Access to information about urinary symptoms also influenced satisfaction. Of those who evaluated the information available, 38.0% were somewhat satisfied and 18.5% were very satisfied, but 11.8% were very unsatisfied and 11.2% were somewhat unsatisfied. About one-fifth (20.5%) felt neutral regarding the adequacy of information provided (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Main Survey findings\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall (N=453)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLower Urinary Tract Symptoms is the general name given to a group of symptoms. Which of the following symptoms had you previously heard about before starting this survey?*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Nocturia (waking up at least once at night to go urinate)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287 (63.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Urinary Incontinence (unintentional passing of urine)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312 (68.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Slow urinary stream\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177 (39.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Urinary dribbling or leaking after urinating\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269 (59.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Increased urinary frequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353 (77.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Urgency (sudden urgent urge to urinate)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325 (71.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhich of the following factors \u0026amp; health conditions do you think may cause Nocturia?*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Age\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e395 (87.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Brain trauma or injury\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Childbirth, pregnancy or menopause\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278 (61.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Diabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234 (51.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Heart disease or congestive heart failure\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;High Blood Pressure\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Pelvic organ prolapse\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221 (48.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Prostate disorders (eg: prostate obstruction)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e263 (58.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Restless legs syndrome\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (8.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 (25.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Swollen legs (oedema)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (12.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhich of the following behaviours and habits do you think could cause Nocturia?*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Drinking too much fluid before bedtime\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396 (87.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Drinking a lot of caffeinated beverages\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331 (73.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Taking certain medications\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e351 (77.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;High salt consumption\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLUTS can be divided into three categories: Storage symptoms: including incontinence, needing to urinate more frequently, urgency \u0026amp; needing to get up at night to urinate (nocturia) Voiding symptoms: including poor stream \u0026amp; hesitancy Post-micturition symptoms: including incomplete emptying of the bladder \u0026amp; experiencing a dribble after passing urine Based on this, have you ever experienced any of the above symptoms?*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes, I have experienced storage symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284 (62.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes, I have experienced voiding symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132 (29.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes, I have experienced postmicturition symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179 (39.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No, I have never experienced any of the above\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (19.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you know someone close to you (family member or friend for example) who has ever experienced any of the above symptoms?\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e355 (78.4%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (21.6%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNocturia is present when someone wakes up at least once during the night to pass urine, do you experience Nocturia?\u003c/strong\u003e (N=284)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;N-Miss\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211 (74.6%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (25.4%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow often do you experience Nocturia symptoms?\u003c/strong\u003e (N=211)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Every night\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (48.8%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;At least once a week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (36.0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Occasionally (less than once a week)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (15.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOn nights where you do experience Nocturia, how often to you need to get up to pass urine on average?\u003c/strong\u003e (N=211)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Only once\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (34.1%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Up to twice\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 (45.0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Up to three times or more\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (20.9%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you do any of the following to self-manage your nocturia symptoms?*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(N=211)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Drinking less prior to going to bed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (68.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Not drinking anything 2 hours before bed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (30.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Reducing your caffeinated beverages\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102 (48.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I don\u0026apos;t do anything\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (16.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhere did you seek information and advice from regarding these LUTS symptoms?*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;From a healthcare professional (doctor, nurse, pharmacists, etc)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e453 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;From family \u0026amp; friends\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (20.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;From local community groups\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (2.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;From a library\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Online on the NHS website\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229 (50.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Online using Google and other search engines\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Online by reading forums and discussions with other people experiencing similar symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (12.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I have not sought any information or advice\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhich healthcare professional did you discuss your symptoms with?*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A nurse\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (23.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A doctor/GP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331 (73.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A pharmacist\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A specialist\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat happened when you discussed your symptoms with your doctor/GP?* (N=331)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was asked several questions to assess the potential causes and severity of my Nocturia symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200 (60.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was asked to fill in a bladder diary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (13.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;They carried out a physical examination (e.g., measuring my blood pressure)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109 (32.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Some tests were done (blood or urinary tests)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182 (55%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Some imaging and scans were done (e.g., ultrasound. X-ray...etc)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (17.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was referred to a specialist (please specify)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (12.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was told to \u0026quot;wait and see\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (14.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat happened when you discussed your symptoms with your nurse?* \u0026nbsp;(N=107)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was asked several questions to assess the potential causes and severity of my Nocturia symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (65.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was asked to fill in a bladder diary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (25.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;They carried out a physical examination (e.g., measuring my blood pressure)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (30.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Some tests were done (blood or urinary tests)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (46.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Some imaging and scans were done (e.g., ultrasound. X-ray...etc)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was referred to a GP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was referred to a specialist (please specify)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was told to \u0026quot;wait and see\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (16.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat happened when you discussed your symptoms with your pharmacist?* (N=51)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was asked several questions to assess the potential causes and severity of my Nocturia symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (51%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was asked to fill in a bladder diary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (11.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;They carried out a physical examination (e.g., measuring my blood pressure)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (13.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Some tests were done (blood or urinary tests)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (11.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Some imaging and scans were done (e.g., ultrasound. X-ray...etc)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was referred to a GP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (31.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was referred to a specialist (please specify)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was told to \u0026quot;wait and see\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (19.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat happened when you discussed your symptoms with a specialist?* (N=56)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was asked several questions to assess the potential causes and severity of my Nocturia symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (71.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was asked to fill in a bladder diary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (35.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;They carried out a physical examination (e.g., measuring my blood pressure)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (58.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Some tests were done (blood or urinary tests)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Some imaging and scans were done (e.g., ultrasound. X-ray...etc)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was referred to another specialist (please specify)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I was told to \u0026quot;wait and see\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (3.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (19.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWas your Nocturia confirmed?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;N-Miss\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (31.8%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e307 (68.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWas the confirmation of Nocturia followed up by a treatment or management plan (e.g. medication, behaviour change recommendations, lifestyle modifications, etc)?* (N=143)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (84.6%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (15.4%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIf not, why not?* (N=22)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I wasn\u0026apos;t aware of any treatment or management options\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (36.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The healthcare professional did not suggest any treatment or management plan for my symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (54.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I did not accept or follow the treatment or management planned suggested by my healthcare professional\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Nocturia symptoms resolved spontaneously\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (13.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat was the treatment or management plan you were advised to follow?* (N=121)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Medical treatment (e.g. a drug prescription)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (62%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Behavioural advice (eg: avoid drinking prior to going to bed, reducing my consumption of caffeinated beverages)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (61.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Physiotherapy (eg: Pelvic floor exercise, Kegel exercise)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (24.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Change in my previous medication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (6.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow satisfied were you with the assessment of my urinary symptoms by HCPs in general\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Very unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (8.7%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Somewhat unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (13.0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (19.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Somewhat satisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180 (40.3%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Very satisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (18.8%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow satisfied were you with the adequacy of the referral to a specialist\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Very unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (10.7%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Somewhat unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (15.3%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 (25.7%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Somewhat satisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111 (29.8%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Very satisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (18.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow satisfied were you with the identification of what caused my symptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Very unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (10.8%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Somewhat unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (17.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (20.7%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Somewhat satisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134 (30.8%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Very satisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (20.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow satisfied were you with the treatment \u0026amp; management options I received\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Very unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (11.3%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Somewhat unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (15.0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (19.6%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Somewhat satisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (34.9%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Very satisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (19.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow satisfied were you with the information available (printed or online) on urinary symptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Very unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (11.8%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Somewhat unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (11.2%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (20.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Somewhat satisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (38.0%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Very satisfied\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (18.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIf you were to experience any of these symptoms in the future, where \u0026amp; whom would you seek information from?* (N=90)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;From a healthcare professional (GP, nurse, pharmacist, etc)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (91.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;From family \u0026amp; friends\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;From local community groups\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;From a library\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Online on the NHS website\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (46.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Online using Google and other search engines\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (23.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Online by reading forums and discussions with other people experiencing similar symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;I would not seek any advice or information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (4.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhich healthcare professional would you feel comfortable discussing your symptoms with?*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A doctor/GP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A nurse\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (10.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A pharmacist\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A specialist\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you have any specific recommendation to improve the assessment, referral and management of LUTS by healthcare professionals?*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Improve the knowledge \u0026amp; training of healthcare professionals regarding LUTS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230 (50.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Make more information accessible to the public regarding LUTS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255 (56.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Public health campaigns on LUTS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182 (40.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Better support patients in filling in the questionnaire and / or bladder diary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (21.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Improve the follow up by healthcare professionals\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212 (46.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Improve the referral pathway\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (36.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Create \u0026amp; use a proper assessment tool\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (26.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Better support self-management\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156 (34.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.5308%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic associations with assessment and referral\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInferential analysis revealed several significant associations between participant characteristics and the clinical care received. Males were more likely than females to receive a physical examination (p=0.024), while age and LTC status were both associated with referral to a specialist (p=0.020 and p=0.001 respectively). No significant associations were observed between these socio-demographic characteristics and the likelihood of undergoing testing, imaging, or being asked to complete a bladder diary. Disability status was associated with a lower likelihood of receiving some assessments, but these differences did not reach statistical significance in most cases (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic differences in recommendations for improving LUTS care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e summarises socio-demographic differences in participants\u0026rsquo; recommendations for improving LUTS care (n=2,012). Overall, the most frequently endorsed priorities were making information more accessible to the public (61.5%), improving healthcare professional training (36.3%), and supporting self-management (34.4%). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge was significantly associated with recommendations to improve the knowledge and training of healthcare professionals (p\u0026lt;0.001) with younger respondents more likely to recommend this. Assigned sex at birth was significantly associated with suggestions to improve healthcare professional knowledge and training (p\u0026lt;0.001) and to increase public information (p=0.025), both recommendations being more prevalent among females than males. Having an LTC was significantly associated with recommendations for better support in filling in questionnaires or bladder diaries (p=0.033), as well as improvements in follow-up (p=0.001), referral pathways (p\u0026lt;0.001) and the use of proper assessment tools (p=0.014). Disability status was significantly associated with recommendations for better support in filling in questionnaires or bladder diaries (p=0.029), better support for self-management (p=0.001) and the development and use of proper assessment tools (p=0.024).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation Between Experiencing LUTS and Preferences for Recommendations for the Future\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants who had experienced LUTS were significantly more likely to support making more information accessible to the public (76.6% vs. 70.1%, p=0.001), endorse public health campaigns on LUTS (76.9% vs. 72.0%, p=0.013), advocate for the creation and use of a proper assessment tool (78.9% vs. 72.3%, p=0.003) and favour better support for self-management (80.9% vs. 70.4%, p\u0026lt;0.001), compared to those who had not experienced LUTS. These results indicate that individuals with personal experience of LUTS are particularly likely to prioritise public information, self-management support and improved assessment tools as key areas for future improvement (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eAssociation Between Age, Sex, Ethnicity, Long-Term Condition (LTC) and Disability Status and Assessment and Management Options by HCPs (n=331)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI was asked several questions to assess the potential causes \u0026amp; severity of my Nocturia symptoms \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI was asked to fill in a bladder diary \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThey carried out a physical examination\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSome tests were done\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(blood or urinary tests)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSome imaging and scans were done (e.g., ultrasound, X-ray...etc) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI was referred to a specialist\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI was told to \u0026quot;wait and see\u0026quot; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (39.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (60.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.952\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104 (86.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (14.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.915\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (71.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (28.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.529\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (42.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (57.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.598\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (86.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (13.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.330\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115 (95.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (5.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 (79.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.084\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (37.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (62.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 (87.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (12.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (64.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (36.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (82.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (17.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97 (85.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (14.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102 (89.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (10.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (84.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (15.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (68.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (31.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (76.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (23.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (88.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (45.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (54.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (79.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (20.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (91.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"23\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (35.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108 (64.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.145\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148 (88.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (11.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.287\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (61.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (38.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (46.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (53.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.600\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (80.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (19.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.236\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (86.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (13.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.567\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (85.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (14.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.718\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (43.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 (56.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137 (84.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (15.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (73.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (27.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (43.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 (56.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139 (85.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (89.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (11.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (86.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (13.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"23\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (40.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (59.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.027\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207 (84.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (15.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.388\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (68.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (31.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.557\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (43.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139 (56.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.477\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206 (84.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (15.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.259\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213 (86.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (13.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.297\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209 (85.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.978\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsian or Asian British\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (48.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (51.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (92.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (58.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (41.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (48.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (51.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (80.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (19.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (95.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (85.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (14.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack, Black British\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (85.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (95.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (4.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (71.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (28.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (61.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (38.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (85.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (90.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (9.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (90.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (9.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixed or multiple ethnic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (78.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (78.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (57.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (42.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (35.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (64.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (78.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (85.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (85.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"23\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLon Term Condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 (40.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (59.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.390\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198 (87.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.643\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158 (69.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (30.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.134\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (45.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (54.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.962\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194 (85.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (14.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.177\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209 (92.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190 (83.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (16.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.261\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (40.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (59.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (85.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (14.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (60.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (39.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (45.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (54.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (79.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (21.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (79.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (21.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (88.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"23\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (38.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177 (61.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248 (85.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (14.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.423\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194 (67.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 (32.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.963\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (42.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165 (57.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.063\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240 (83.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (17.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.629\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257 (88.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.409\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250 (86.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (13.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.123\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (91.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (79.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (20.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (75.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e131 (39.6%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e200 (60.4%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e285 (86.1%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e46 (13.9%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e222 (67.1%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e109 (32.9%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e149 (45.0%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e182 (55.0%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e274 (82.8%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57 (17.2%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e291 (87.9%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40 (12.1%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284 (85.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (14.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e331\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Association Between age, sex, long-term health condition and disability status and future recommendations suggested by participants (n=2,012)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImprove the knowledge \u0026amp; training of healthcare professionals regarding LUTS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMake more information accessible to the public regarding LUTS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic health campaigns on LUTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBetter support patients in filling in the questionnaire and / or bladder diary\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImprove the follow up by healthcare professionals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImprove the referral pathway\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCreate \u0026amp; use a proper assessment tool\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBetter support self-management\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"26\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e394 (55.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312 (44.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271 (38.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435 (61.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e409 (57.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297 (42.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.515\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e554 (78.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (21.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e487 (69.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219 (31.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e505 (71.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201 (28.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e503 (71.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203 (28.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e496 (70.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210 (29.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e706\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e467 (65.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246 (34.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (42.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e411 (57.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e408 (57.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305 (42.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e583 (81.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (18.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e515 (72.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198 (27.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e526 (73.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187 (26.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e530 (74.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183 (25.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e452 (63.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e261 (36.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333 (69.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (30.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162 (33.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e317 (66.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260 (54.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219 (45.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404 (84.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (15.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 (73.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 (26.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340 (71.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139 (29.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e332 (69.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (30.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e285 (59.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194 (40.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (77.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (22.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (35.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (64.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (60.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (39.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 (84.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (15.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (71.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (28.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (73.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (26.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (81.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (18.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (55.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (44.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"26\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e678 (67.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323 (32.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e410 (41.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e591 (59.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e557 (55.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444 (44.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e833 (83.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168 (16.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e757 (75.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244 (24.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e756 (75.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245 (24.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e730 (72.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271 (27.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e674 (67.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327 (32.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e604 (59.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407 (40.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e365 (36.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e646 (63.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e589 (58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e422 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e804 (79.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207 (20.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e676 (66.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335 (33.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e699 (69.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312 (30.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e728 (72.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283 (28.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e622 (61.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e389 (38.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"26\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLong Term Condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e988 (64.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e551 (35.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e581 (37.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e958 (62.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.783\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e876 (56.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e663 (43.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,264 (82.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275 (17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,123 (73.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e416 (27.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,146 (74.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393 (25.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,134 (73.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e405 (26.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,015 (66.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e524 (34.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253 (63.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (36.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154 (38.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246 (61.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223 (55.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177 (44.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311 (77.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (22.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258 (64.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142 (35.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260 (65.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140 (35.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270 (67.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (32.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233 (58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"26\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,177 (64.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e655 (35.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e698 (38.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,134 (61.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,052 (57.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e780 (42.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,499 (81.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333 (18.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,319 (72.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e513 (28.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,341 (73.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e491 (26.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,340 (73.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e492 (26.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,191 (65.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e641 (35.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (58.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (41.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (39.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (61.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (47.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (52.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (73.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (26.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (59.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (40.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (61.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (38.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (63.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (36.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (49.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (50.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,282 (63.7%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e730 (36.3%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e775 (38.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,237 (61.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,146 (57.0%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e866 (43.0%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,637 (81.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375 (18.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,433 (71.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e579 (28.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,455 (72.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e557 (27.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,458 (72.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e554 (27.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,458 (72.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e554 (27.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Association Between Experiencing LUTS and Preferences for Recommendations for the future\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you ever experienced any of the symptoms of LUTS?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImprove the knowledge \u0026amp; training of healthcare professionals regarding LUTS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e525 (71.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205 (28.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e966 (75.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316 (24.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMake more information accessible to the public regarding LUTS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e948 (76.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289 (23.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e543 (70.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232 (29.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic health campaigns on LUTS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e666 (76.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200 (23.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e866\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e825 (72.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e321 (28.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBetter support patients in filling in the questionnaire and / or bladder diary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277 (73.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (26.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1214 (74.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e423 (25.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImprove the follow up by healthcare professionals\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412 (71.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (28.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e579\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1079 (75.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e354 (24.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImprove the referral pathway\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e411 (73.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (26.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1080 (74.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375 (25.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1455\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCreate \u0026amp; use a proper assessment tool\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e437 (78.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 (21.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1054 (72.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404 (27.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBetter support self-management\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e579 (80.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137 (19.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e912 (70.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384 (29.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (72.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (27.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1448 (74.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e505 (25.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1953\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary of main findings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study examined how individuals experiencing LUTS, particularly nocturia, are assessed and managed within UK healthcare settings, focusing on those who actively sought professional help. Drawing on a large national survey, the findings reveal substantial variation in the content and quality of care received, with frequent departures from guideline-recommended practice.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough most respondents reported being asked symptom-related questions and undergoing basic investigations such as blood or urine tests, structured assessment tools, including bladder diaries, were rarely used, particularly in primary care (17). Physical examinations, imaging and specialist referrals were also uncommon outside specialist consultations, indicating limited depth of assessment in routine care. While general practitioners were the predominant point of contact, nurses and pharmacists were less frequently involved, despite evidence that these professionals often delivered relatively structured assessments when consulted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManagement was initiated for most individuals whose nocturia was confirmed, most commonly through pharmacological treatment and behavioural advice, broadly aligning with guideline recommendations. However, care pathways were often fragmented, with limited follow-up and infrequent referral to specialist services. Patient satisfaction reflected this inconsistency: although around half of respondents were satisfied with assessment and treatment, dissatisfaction was common regarding referrals, follow-up and explanations of symptom causes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImportantly, individuals with long-term conditions and disabilities reported greater unmet needs and prioritised improved information, tailored support and better self-management resources. Together, these findings suggest that even among help-seeking individuals, nocturia care remains inconsistent, insufficiently structured and variably patient-centred, highlighting clear opportunities for improvement across assessment, management and communication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison with existing literature\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings align with and extend previous research on nocturia, reinforcing the observation that it remains both under-recognised and under-managed in primary care settings. International studies have long documented the underutilisation of structured diagnostic tools in routine practice, including bladder diaries and validated symptom scoring systems (1-3). In our study, despite guideline recommendations, less than 14% of patients consulting a GP were asked to complete a bladder diary, an essential tool for distinguishing nocturnal polyuria from other causes. Nurses, while less frequently involved overall, were more likely to request bladder diaries, suggesting opportunities for expanding their role in structured assessment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe limited use of imaging and specialist referral also reflects longstanding concerns that nocturia is often normalised or trivialised, particularly in older adults (5). Our findings that only 12.1% of symptomatic individuals were referred to specialists support this interpretation and suggest missed opportunities for upstream management of potentially serious underlying conditions. This is especially important considering that nocturia is associated not only with urological pathology but also with systemic conditions such as diabetes, heart failure and sleep apnoea (6-8).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsistent with prior qualitative research, patients reported mixed experiences of care, with dissatisfaction often linked to perceived dismissiveness, lack of explanation, or insufficient follow-up (9, 10, 17). These findings mirror those in the wider literature on symptom-related stigma and the challenges of addressing \u0026lsquo;embarrassing\u0026rsquo; topics in brief consultations (11). Paper 1 in this series found that only 27% of individuals with nocturia sought professional advice and over 40% had never sought any information at all. In the current study, we show that even among help-seekers, the quality and completeness of care remain variable, reinforcing the dual problem of low engagement and inconsistent service delivery.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA novel contribution of our study is the identification of demographic gradients in care experiences. Males were more likely to receive physical examinations; older adults and those with LTCs were more likely to be referred; and individuals with disabilities or LTCs expressed greater needs for support with assessment tools and self-management. These findings speak to broader structural inequities in how urinary symptoms are addressed and suggest the need for more inclusive, personalised approaches.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImplications for research and policy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNocturia often results from multifactorial, interacting underlying causes that are important to determine in order that efficacious treatment can be initiated. To do so, appropriate tools and guidance must be created to better support GPs and patients in their assessment of nocturia symptoms, severity, causes and potential management options. While tools and guidance exist, their accessibility, adequacy and usability remain limited which hinders their actual impact on people experiencing nocturia symptoms. As exemplified in this study, the use of a bladder diary remains rare despite its demonstrated usefulness in supporting the identification of the severity and causes of nocturia symptoms and thus guiding the choice of the most adequate and efficient management strategies (18). Healthcare providers, particularly in primary care, should receive additional training on evidence-based nocturia assessment and management. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe implications of this study span clinical practice, service design and health policy. At the clinical level, the underutilisation of evidence-based assessment methods points to a pressing need for training and capacity building, particularly among general practitioners who serve as the first point of contact for most patients. Introducing structured LUTS assessment protocols, including digital bladder diaries and validated symptom scales, into electronic health records could prompt more consistent evaluations. Moreover, integrating these tools into community pharmacy settings could enable earlier detection and empower pharmacists to play a more active role in triage and education.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom a service delivery perspective, patients are clearly calling for more accessible information, more structured support for self-care and better-coordinated follow-up. The use of patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) specific to nocturia and LUTS could help monitor and improve quality of care across settings. Tailoring assessment pathways to individual risk profiles considering factors such as age, disability and multimorbidity, may also improve efficiency and equity. This aligns with the broader shift toward personalised and proactive models of care embedded in NHS long-term planning.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublic health campaigns are also urgently needed to address persistent stigma and normalisation of LUTS. Respondents in both this and the companion paper repeatedly expressed a desire for greater awareness and normalisation of conversations around nocturia. Health literacy interventions targeting men, younger adults and minority ethnic groups may be especially valuable, as these groups were both less likely to seek care and more likely to receive variable treatment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the policy level, nocturia should be repositioned not merely as a benign symptom but as a potential sentinel for broader health risks. Its inclusion in routine health checks, especially for older adults and those with LTCs, could facilitate early diagnosis and preventive action. Policymakers should also explore funding models that incentivise multidisciplinary, guideline-concordant care such as enhanced roles for nurse specialists and community pharmacists.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, future research should explore the longitudinal outcomes of different care pathways for nocturia, including whether structured assessment leads to improved symptom control or reduced downstream costs. Implementation studies may also be warranted to evaluate how best to embed bladder health assessments into routine care workflows. Given the expressed desire for more personalised and accessible resources, co-designed interventions involving patients, clinicians and public health experts should be prioritised.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrengths and limitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study benefits from several methodological and conceptual strengths. It represents one of the largest UK-based surveys focused on the public\u0026rsquo;s healthcare experiences of nocturia and associated LUTS, with over 2,000 respondents and more than 450 individuals reporting clinical encounters. The survey was designed using adaptive branching logic, which allowed for tailored questioning based on prior responses, thereby increasing relevance and minimising respondent fatigue. The questionnaire was also aligned with the CHERRIES checklist to ensure best practice in internet survey reporting. Importantly, the study complements a companion paper (Paper 1) that examined public knowledge and attitudes, enabling a comprehensive view of both awareness and engagement with the healthcare system.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe demographic breadth of the sample is another strength, with representation across age, sex, ethnicity and health status. This enabled us to explore variation in clinical experiences by key socio-demographic variables. Furthermore, the inclusion of patient-centred outcomes such as satisfaction and future care preferences adds depth and policy relevance to the analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, the study has limitations that must be acknowledged. First, recruitment was based on convenience sampling, primarily via Prolific Academic and personal networks, which may limit the representativeness of the findings. Participants with internet access and digital literacy may be overrepresented and those with low health literacy or from underserved groups may be underrepresented. Second, all data were self-reported and thus subject to recall bias, particularly concerning the content of medical consultations. There was no clinical validation of nocturia diagnoses, nor linkage with health records to corroborate reported investigations or treatments. Third, as with all cross-sectional studies, causal relationships cannot be inferred. For example, while dissatisfaction was associated with fewer assessments or explanations, we cannot determine whether inadequate care directly caused lower satisfaction. Finally, cultural and linguistic barriers may have further influenced response rates and interpretation of symptom terminology, though this was not explicitly assessed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights key gaps in the assessment and management of nocturia within UK healthcare settings. While many individuals received some form of evaluation, guideline-recommended tools such as bladder diaries and structured assessments were underutilised, particularly outside specialist care. Satisfaction with healthcare encounters was mixed, with notable concerns around referrals, follow-up and communication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants consistently called for better information, improved clinician training and enhanced self-management support\u0026mdash;especially among those with long-term conditions or disabilities. These findings, alongside those from our companion paper on public awareness, point to systemic barriers on both the patient and provider sides.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAddressing nocturia effectively will require integrated, patient-centred approaches that treat it as a meaningful symptom with wider health implications. Future efforts should focus on standardising care, broadening the role of non-physician professionals and embedding bladder health into routine care and public health initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u0026bull; HCP\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehealth and care professional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u0026bull; HQRL\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehealth-related quality of life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u0026bull; ICS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Continence Society\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u0026bull; LUTS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elower urinary tract symptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u0026bull; NHS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational Health Service\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u0026bull; UK\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u0026bull; USA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors wish to thank Mr Aos Alaa for supporting the development of the ethics submission pack for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare they have no other competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Imperial College Research Ethics Committee granted ethical clearance for the study (ICREC# 6958208). All experimental protocols were approved by Imperial College London Research Ethics Committee. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Consent for publication is not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll relevant data are provided within the manuscript.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe NET ImpACT project was funded by the Rosetrees Trust/John Black Charitable Foundation (grant number PGL21/10038). Austen El-Osta is supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) Northwest London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS or the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAEO: Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, led planning with support from co-authors, contributed to data acquisition and interpretation, supported data analysis, approved the final version, and serves as guarantor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eERS: Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, contributed to data acquisition, performed data analysis with support from AEO and MD, contributed to interpretation, and approved the final version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSA: Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, contributed to data acquisition, performed data analysis with support from AEO and MD, contributed to interpretation, and approved the final version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMD: Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, contributed to data acquisition, interpretation, and supported data analysis, and approved the final version.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTwitter:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e@austenelosta @ImperialSCARU\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDrake MJ (2018) Fundamentals of terminology in lower urinary tract function. Neurourol Urodyn 37(S6):S13\u0026ndash;s9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCoyne KS, Sexton CC, Thompson CL, Milsom I, Irwin D, Kopp ZS et al (2009) The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the USA, the UK and Sweden: results from the Epidemiology of LUTS (EpiLUTS) study. BJU Int 104(3):352\u0026ndash;360\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMadhu C, Coyne K, Hashim H, Chapple C, Milsom I, Kopp Z (2015) Nocturia: risk factors and associated comorbidities; findings from the EpiLUTS study. Int J Clin Pract 69(12):1508\u0026ndash;1516\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHashim H, Blanker MH, Drake MJ, Djurhuus JC, Meijlink J, Morris V et al (2019) International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for nocturia and nocturnal lower urinary tract function. Neurourol Urodyn 38(2):499\u0026ndash;508\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan Huele A, Samarinas M, Bower WF, Dmochowski R, Robinson D, Van den Ende M et al (2025) Optimizing care for LUTS in older patients: Diagnostics, challenges of frailty and patient priorities\u0026mdash;NOPIA meeting (ICI-RS 2024). Continence 13:101737\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTikkinen KAO, Johnson Ii TM, Tammela TLJ, Sintonen H, Haukka J, Huhtala H et al (2010) Nocturia frequency, bother, and quality of life: how often is too often? A population-based study in Finland. Eur Urol 57(3):488\u0026ndash;498\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCoyne KS, Zhou Z, Bhattacharyya SK, Thompson CL, Dhawan R, Versi E (2003) The prevalence of nocturia and its effect on health-related quality of life and sleep in a community sample in the USA. BJU Int 92(9):948\u0026ndash;954\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTrigg A, Andersson FL, Aldhouse NVJ, Bliwise DL, Kitchen H (2017) Patients\u0026rsquo; Lived Experiences of Nocturia: A Qualitative Study of the Evening, the Night, and the Next Day. Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Res 10(6):711\u0026ndash;718\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePapworth E, Dawson S, Henderson EJ, Eriksson SH, Selsick H, Rees J et al (2022) Association of Sleep Disorders with Nocturia: A Systematic Review and Nominal Group Technique Consensus on Primary Care Assessment and Treatment. Eur Urol Focus 8(1):42\u0026ndash;51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOelke M, De Wachter S, Drake MJ, Giannantoni A, Kirby M, Orme S et al (2017) A practical approach to the management of nocturia. Int J Clin Pract 71(11):e13027\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKowalik CG, Cohn JA, Delpe S, Reynolds WS, Kaufman MR, Milam DF et al (2018) Nocturia: Evaluation and Current Management Strategies. Rev Urol 20(1):1\u0026ndash;6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWeiss JP, Blaivas JG, Blanker MH, Bliwise DL, Dmochowski RR, Drake M et al (2013) The New England Research Institutes, Inc. (NERI) Nocturia Advisory Conference 2012: focus on outcomes of therapy. BJU International. ;111(5):700\u0026ndash;16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGratzke C, Bachmann A, Descazeaud A, Drake MJ, Madersbacher S, Mamoulakis C et al (2015) EAU guidelines on the assessment of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms including benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol 67(6):1099\u0026ndash;1109\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLucas MG, Bosch RJL, Burkhard FC, Cruz F, Madden TB, Nambiar AK et al (2012) EAU guidelines on assessment and nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence. Eur Urol 62(6):1130\u0026ndash;1142\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmith M, Dawson S, Andrews RC, Eriksson SH, Selsick H, Skyrme-Jones A et al (2022) Evaluation and Treatment in Urology for Nocturia Caused by Nonurological Mechanisms: Guidance from the PLANET Study. Eur Urol Focus 8(1):89\u0026ndash;97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEysenbach G (2004) Improving the quality of Web surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). J Med Internet Res 6(3):e34\u0026ndash;e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWeiss JP, Bosch JL, Drake M, Dmochowski RR, Hashim H, Hijaz A et al (2012) Nocturia Think Tank: focus on nocturnal polyuria: ICI-RS 2011. Neurourol Urodyn 31(3):330\u0026ndash;339\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePerrouin-Verbe MA, Drake MJ, Thomas L (2022) The Challenges of Real-life Bladder Diary Use and Interpretation. Eur Urol Focus 8(1):11\u0026ndash;17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Imperial College London","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"LUTS, nocturia, urinary symptoms, public awareness, health literacy, patient experience, management strategies","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8662325/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8662325/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives \u003c/strong\u003eTo investigate real-world healthcare experiences of individuals in the UK who consulted health and care professionals for nocturia. The study explored the assessments, management strategies, referrals and follow-up patterns received by patients experiencing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), as well as their level of satisfaction with those. The association of socio-demographic factors with these patterns was also analysed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign \u003c/strong\u003ea cross-sectional online survey.\u003cstrong\u003e​\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSetting \u003c/strong\u003eCommunity-based, United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants \u003c/strong\u003eFrom 2,012 completers, 453 (22.5%) reported consulting healthcare professionals for LUTS (55.0% female, 75.5% White; aged 18–65+; convenience sampling via online panels/networks).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterventions \u003c/strong\u003eNone (observational survey study).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrimary and secondary outcome measures \u003c/strong\u003eHealthcare provider consulted; assessments (e.g., history, bladder diary, exams, tests); management (e.g., behavioural, pharmacological); referrals/follow-up; satisfaction; associations via chi-square tests and regression (planned and as executed).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults \u003c/strong\u003eGeneral Practitioners (GPs) were the most consulted providers (73.1%), but guideline-recommended tools such as bladder diaries were underutilised (13.9%). Only 12.1% were referred to specialists. Satisfaction with care was mixed: 59% were satisfied with assessment and 54% with treatment, but dissatisfaction was common around referrals, follow-up and cause explanation. LTCs and disability were associated with greater unmet needs. Participants consistently called for more accessible information, clinician training and better self-management support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions \u003c/strong\u003eEven among help-seeking individuals, care for nocturia is fragmented, inconsistent and often suboptimal. Significant improvements are needed in the clinical assessment of nocturia, including greater use of validated tools, better communication and person-centred care pathways. Findings highlight the importance of embedding bladder health into routine care, expanding non-physician roles and ensuring equity in access and quality of LUTS care.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Navigating nocturia care in the UK: patient experiences and gaps in clinical assessment and management: A cross-sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-22 13:50:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8662325/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c21953ee-b873-41ab-99d8-e037407d5342","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 22nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":61530372,"name":"Urology \u0026 Nephrology"},{"id":61530373,"name":"Preventive Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-22T13:50:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-22 13:50:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8662325","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8662325","identity":"rs-8662325","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}