Biogenic copper oxide nanomaterials development, characterization, antibacterial potential, antioxidant activity and in vitro toxicity estimation

Abstract This study describes the use of an extract from Cassia fistula Linn (Cf) leaves to produce biogenic copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) employing a green synthesis approach. UV-Vis, FTIR, DLS, XRD and TEM studies are implemented to characterize the synthesized CfBio-CuONPs. A maximum peak was produced by the CfBio-CuONPs at 272 nm. The CfBio-CuONPs were crystalline, according to XRD measurements. The O-H group, aromatic group, and other functional groups were present in the FTIR spectrum of CfBio-CuONPs. The spherical, 15–25 nm-diameter CfBio-CuONPs were investigated using TEM to determine their size and shape. The antibacterial potential of the synthesized CfBio-CuONPs was then examined against four pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and it was found that E. coli had the highest zone of inhibition (282.4), followed by B. subtilis (272.01), P. aeruginosa (240.97), and S. epidermidis (231.2). The maximum antioxidant activity (73% 1.54%) of CfBio-CuONPs was detected at a dose-dependent concentration of 2000 g/ml. On the other hand, the toxtrak test was used to determine the in vitro toxicity of CfBio-CuONPs and evaluate the percentage inhibition (%PI). According to the data, CfBio-CuONPs have a substantially stronger toxic effect value/PI against E. coli (93.52%) than against P. aeruginosa (92.65), B. subtilis (91.25%), and S. epidermidis (82.89%). These results also show that CfBio-CuONPs are more effective in killing harmful bacteria than antibiotics. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that CfBio-CuONPs are superior to chloramphenicol and close to gentamycin in their ability to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. The ecotoxicological consequences may benefit from these findings.