The Impact of Social Support on the Improvement of Positive Coping Styles among Disadvantaged Breadwinner Mothers: A Case Study from a Chinese Province

The Impact of Social Support on the Improvement of Positive Coping Styles among Disadvantaged Breadwinner Mothers: A Case Study from a Chinese Province | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Impact of Social Support on the Improvement of Positive Coping Styles among Disadvantaged Breadwinner Mothers: A Case Study from a Chinese Province Jingya Li, Hanyan Yu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5357716/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study analyzes the impact of social support on the improvement of positive coping styles among disadvantaged breadwinner mothers in a Chinese province.Results from 380 beneficiaries of an assistance program, analyzed through hypothesis testing and stepwise regression, show that perception and evaluation of social support directly enhance positive coping abilities and increase social trust, leading to positive coping styles. Although the extent of utilization of social support does not affect the change in individuals' positive coping strategies before and after receiving assistance, it significantly improves their sense of social trust. individuals lacking social support have fewer influencing factors on positive coping strategies and are more dependent on supportive social assistance. The findings highlight the need to enhance beneficiaries' service awareness, satisfaction, and social trust while ensuring precise, long-term service delivery to promote a problem-solving-oriented positive attitude and behavioral approach to life. Social science/Sociology Social science/Psychology disadvantaged breadwinner mothers social support positive coping styles social trust stepwise regression analysis Figures Figure 1 Introduction The Chinese government has consistently prioritized the care and support of disadvantaged groups, emphasizing the need to focus more attention on ordinary women, particularly those facing hardships, to ensure they feel supported by society. Since 2023, one provincial Women's Federation has implemented initiatives to support disadvantaged women, particularly those who have become primary earners due to special circumstances, by systematically promoting the assistance program. The program selected 37 counties (cities and districts) and three areas in the province as pilot sites. The first batch identified 446 women from low-income families who have become the main economic and spiritual supporters of their families due to reasons such as spousal divorce, the death of husbands, or loss of labor force. By establishing a mechanism of visiting, linking, and helping, and organizing a collaborative network of women workers, social workers, and volunteers, comprehensive services are provided to ensure targeted assistance and collective development of the group of breadwinner mothers. Through the concerted efforts of multiple parties, the program has achieved phased success in assisting women. Consequently, an academic analysis of the program's social support effects and operational mechanisms has become both important and urgent. This study conducted a questionnaire survey among the breadwinner mothers, the target group of the assistance program, aiming to answer the following questions: Has the positive coping strategies of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers improved after receiving support services? What are their perceptions of support, the extent of their support utilization, and their evaluations of the support projects? Do different dimensions of social support have varying effects on the formation of positive coping strategies among disadvantaged breadwinner mothers? What factors may influence their positive coping strategies? What lessons can be drawn from similar social support service projects, specifically regarding how to enhance the positive coping strategies of beneficiaries? The answers to these questions can help clarify the practical value and significance of social support actions for disadvantaged groups, provide direction for more in-depth social support strategies, and offer theoretical and empirical insights for similar social support service programs. Theoretically, this study provides useful empirical material for understanding the relationship between social support and positive coping styles, expanding the application of social support theory and coping styles theory in different groups. Research Hypothesis The academic community has not yet reached a unified understanding of how to define and measure coping and coping strategies. Some scholars define coping as a conscious effort to meet the demands of stress(Haan, N,1977). Others see it as a dynamic process where individuals continually assess and adjust their thoughts and behaviors as they interact with their environment, especially when external or internal demands exceed their abilities or resources(Lazarus, R. S.& Folkman, S, 1984). This ongoing process helps individuals reduce negative emotional impacts and restore psychological balance ( Folkman S & Lazarus R S, 1986). Another perspective views coping as the cognitive and behavioral efforts people make when facing stress and adversity, with the goal of lessening the negative effects. From this viewpoint, coping is considered a key indicator of social adaptation and personal development. Numerous psychological studies have shown that coping styles are a critical moderating (or mediating) variable in the relationship between stress and health. Coping styles refer to the ways individuals handle changes in their internal and external environments and manage emotional distress (Joffe & Bast，1978) or the cognitive and behavioral patterns individuals adopt when dealing with various problem situations(Jennifer et al.，2007). These are also known as coping strategies or coping mechanisms, reflecting a tendency in the coping process. Specifically, they can be divided into two types: negative and positive. Positive coping styles involve cognitive and behavioral tendencies to actively seek resources and construct problem-solving strategies(Kandeger et al.，2021), whereas individuals with negative coping styles tend to use various avoidance, passive, and irrational methods to deal with encountered difficulties, such as denial, procrastination, giving up, or emotional deterioration. An individual's approach to dealing with stress can significantly impact their mental health. Adopting positive coping mechanisms is especially important in maintaining both physical and emotional well-being when stress persists. In situations of trauma, these strategies help lessen negative thoughts, emotions, and psychological challenges, including conditions like post-traumatic stress (Zhou X, 2022). In contrast, negative coping strategies have a detrimental impact on an individual's mental health. However, most of existing research on coping styles has focused on various student groups(Lefevre et al.，2020；Wang et al.，2021)and individuals suffering from illnesses (Casagrande et al.，2019；CHENG et al.，2021； Lv et al.，2023), with fewer studies targeting professional groups such as healthcare professionals(Guo & Yin，2020；Yuan et al.，2021), teachers(Wilkerson，2021；Yang et al.，2021). Most studies have been analyzed within the contexts of clinical medicine and educational psychology. In contrast, academic attention and research on the positive coping styles of disadvantaged groups are significantly lacking. Relevant studies have primarily involved parents who have lost their only child, parents of children with autism（Wang & Sun，2017）and family caregivers of patients(Zhou et al.，2021) etc., but have not focused on women with particular hardships, such as disadvantaged breadwinner mothers. Therefore, this study can contribute to the knowledge of positive coping styles and intervention strategies for disadvantaged groups. Although there is extensive research on social support, its definition and measurement methods remain inconsistent. Some researchers define social support as the assistance an individual receives from his or her social contacts（Zhang & Ruan，1999), Others classify social support into tangible resources (such as material, financial, or other forms) and intangible resources (such as emotional support, guidance, respect, intimate social interactions) based on their functionality.This study considers social support to be the totality of conditions and resources available and accessible to individuals from society, including actual support, satisfaction with received support, and the degree of utilization of social support. Previous research exploring the relationship between social support and coping styles has often considered coping styles as mediating(Liao et al.，2022) or moderating variable(Chen，2021) in the relationship between social support and emotional problems or subjective well-being; Some studies also regard social support and coping styles together as predictor variables(Wang & Sun，2017；Kang et al.，2020) mediator variables (Ruiz-Robledillo et al.，2014) or moderator variables (Kim et al.，2010) to explore their specific roles in physical and mental health pathways. However, the intrinsic relationship between social support and coping styles and the mechanisms by which social support influences coping styles remain unclear. Although an individual's coping style has a certain degree of stability over a period of time, when facing different stressful situations, the changes and fluctuations in the coping style of the same individual also exhibit certain tendencies. For example, the research of Lazarus and Folkman suggests that an individual's coping is characterized by distinct situationality and variability(Lazarus, R. S.& Folkman, S,1984). According to the theory of the social support buffer model, social support can influence an individual's reappraisal of potentially stressful events buffering the negative effects of stressors on physical and mental health, etc.(Cohen & Wills，1985；Xiao et al.，2010), As an essential coping resource, social support impacts the choice of coping styles (YE & SHIN，2002), and facilitates favorable adjustment response. High levels of social support can predict greater resilience, stronger adaptability, and fewer emotional problem, with individuals perceiving high social support adopting more positive coping styles(Cohen & Wills，1985); Conversely, lower levels of social support increase vulnerability when facing difficulties(Roohafza et al.，2014). Therefore, we hypothesize the following: Hypothesis 1 : social support services based on assistance programs directly promote the development of the positive coping styles among disadvantaged breadwinner mothers. Additionally, research has shown that coping styles in response to stress are influenced by interpersonal trust. Individuals with high interpersonal trust adopt positive coping styles, while those with low interpersonal trust are more likely to use negative coping styles(Roohafza et al.，2014；Wei et al.，2019). According to social exchange theory, individuals who perceive more social support tend to have more positive attitudes towards others and develop a broad mental representations of others, such as trust(Stinglhamber，2006); perceiving social support enhances interpersonal trust, thereby increasing the ability to act autonomously in difficult situations and to adopt positive coping strategies rather than to passively avoidance or stagnation.Therefore, we hypothesize the following: Hypothesis 2: social support services based on the assistance program can indirectly enhance the positive coping ability of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers by increasing their general social trust (see predictive model in Figure 1). Methods The data for this study were derived from a questionnaire survey as part of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers assistance program which conducted in August 2023 in one of the Chinese Provinces. The questionnaire included various aspects such as individual characteristics, family background, living difficulties, received assistance, and service evaluation of the disadvantaged breadwinner mothers.With the support of the Provincial Women's Federation, local women's federations, and social work organizations, a targeted survey was conducted among the initial group of beneficiaries in the "Breadwinner Mothers" support program. According to a comprehensive assessment by the Provincial Women's Federation, 380 valid questionnaires were collected out of 446 breadwinner mothers in the first group for assistance, covering 85.2% of the group and providing a representative sample. According to the assistance program requirements, the disadvantaged breadwinner mothers included in the survey were generally from low-income families (64.5% of the respondents were identified as low-income households receiving minimum subsistence allowances). Most of these women have become the primary economic and emotional support of their families due to reasons such as divorce (62.6%), the death of their husbands (15%), their husbands' disability and loss of labor capacity (17.6%), and other reasons (including their husbands' imprisonment, inability to support the family due to debts, and unmarried childbirth, accounting for 4.7%). The average age of this group is approximately 43 years (standard deviation 6.466), with the majority being between 30 and 50 years old, indicating they still possess good working capacity. However, their education level is quite limited, with over 80% having only a junior high school education or below, and only about 7% having a college degree or above. Additionally, 82.4% of the disadvantaged breadwinner mothers lack professional titles, skills certificates, or professional technical training, indicating a generally weak capacity for career development. Thus, this group's capacity for career development is weak overall.In terms of employment, 16.3% are currently unemployed, 67.1% are part-time workers, 4.2% are engaged in agriculture, and only 12.4% have relatively stable jobs (such as public welfare positions in urban and rural areas, contract workers in various enterprises, and self-employed individuals) (see Table 2 for variable descriptions). Outcome Variable The outcome variable of this study is positive coping style, which refers to an individual's cognitive style and behavioral tendency to actively construct problem-solving strategies in a problem-solving oriented manner. To simplify the analysis, we adopted the scale form[1] based on the existing studies, The survey focused on asking respondents to what extent their positive coping strategies in dealing with current difficulties had changed before and after receiving assistance. (see Table 1), and responses were scored from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater proficiency in using positive coping styles.The reliability test of the scale showed an overall Cronbach's α value of 0.706 (Cronbach's α based on standardized items was 0.710), indicating good internal consistency and stability. Given the large number of items and high correlation among variables, exploratory factor analysis revealed a KMO value of 0.745 and a sig value of 0 for Bartlett's test of sphericity, suggesting good structural validity and suitability for factor analysis. Using principal component analysis and orthogonal rotation with Kaiser normalization, we identified a "positive coping style" factor that explained 58.782% of the variance. A higher score indicates that, after becoming beneficiaries of the program, respondents were more proficient in using positive coping strategies to adjust and adapt when facing difficulties and stress. The descriptive analysis results in Table 1 show that the "Breadwinner Mothers" experienced some change and improvement in their positive coping strategies before and after receiving assistance. However, there was also some variation within the group. Table 1 Changes in Positive Coping Strategies Before and After Receiving Assistance (N=380) To what extent have you adjusted your attitude/approach to facing difficulties since receiving assistance compared to before? 1 = Little to no change / Did not adopt coping strategies 2 = Slight change / Adopted coping strategies somewhat more 3 = Significant change / Adopted coping strategies much more 4 = Fundamental change / Always adopted coping strategies Mean Talking to others to express inner worries 14.5 % 49.5 % 22.9 % 13.2 % 2.35 Changing one's usual ways to overcome difficulties 7.9% 34.5 % 33.9 % 23.7 % 2.73 Actively seeking social resources to solve problems 14.7 % 41.3 % 33.4 % 10.5 % 2.40 Taking proactive measures to regulate emotions or self-help 17.4 % 42.1% 30.8 % 9.7 % 2.33 Taking proactive measures to regulate emotions or self-help 19.5 % 35.0 % 31.6 % 13.9 % 2.40 Cause Variable The cause variable in this study is social support, which is operationalised into three dimensions, namely, disadvantaged breadwinner mothers' knowledge of social support, use of social support, and evaluation of social support, based on Xiao Shuiyuan's definition of the connotation of social support (Xiao，1994), and taking into account the actual situation of the program and the purpose of the study. First, we asked the disadvantaged breadwinner mothers about their knowledge of the program. Higher scores indicate greater knowledge of the program, which also means greater potential access to social support services. Secondly, by calculating the total number of types of assistance measures actually received by the breadwinner mothers (asking respondents about the types of program assistance services they have actually received) ① Higher scores indicate more diverse support services received and greater use of social support services. Finally, the evaluation of social support was measured by respondents' ratings of the effectiveness of the help program (see Table 3). Higher scores indicate greater effectiveness and higher satisfaction with the social support. Reliability test results show an overall Cronbach's α value of 0.940 for the social support evaluation scale, indicating excellent internal consistency and stability. It should be noted that an individual's social network can also be considered a category of social support. However, this paper focuses on examining the effects of the formal social support provided by the assistance program. Thus, social network support from friends is used as a control variable for the time being. The survey shows that nearly 40% of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers lack friends who can provide basic support in their daily lives (see Table 2). This also partly explains why they are vulnerable and highlights their urgent need for formal social support services. Additionally, due to the special characteristics of the families of the breadwinner mothers, their family support capacity is extremely limited. In fact, it is precisely because the support they can obtain from their families is very weak that they become the "pillars" of their families. Therefore, this study does not consider family support as a potential source of support for them for the time being. Table 2 Assignment of main variables and descriptive analysis (N=380) Main variables and description of assignments percentage Age (in years 2023) 1 = 30 years and under 2.4 % 2 = 31-40 years 29.5 % 3 = 41-50 years 57.9 % 4 = 51 years and over 10.3 % Nature of household registration 0 = Rural household 80.0 % 1 = Urban household 20.0 % Educational attainment 1 = Primary school and below 36.6 % 2 = lower secondary education 44.5 % 3 = High school/secondary/vocational/technical school qualifications 11.8 % 4 = Tertiary qualifications 4.5 % 5 = Undergraduate degree 2.6 % skill level 1=No professional title or technical level certificate or any training in a professional title or technical level 82.4 % 2=No professional title or technical level certificate, but trained in a relevant professional title or technical level 10.8 % 3 = Have a professional title (e.g., senior title, intermediate title, junior title, etc.) or technical grade (e.g., senior worker, intermediate worker, junior worker, technician, etc.) certificate 6.8 % Stress Perception: Evaluation of the impact of family changes on personal life 1 = No impact 12.4 % 2 = Minor impact 32.9 % 3 = Significant impact 36.6 % 4 = Major impact 18.2 % Social Support: Apart from family members, are there friends to share feelings or provide daily help? 0 = No friends 36.6 % 1 = Having friends 63.4 % General social trust: degree of trust in the majority of people in society 1 = Very distrustful 1.8 % 2 = Less trusting 12.4 % 3 = Generally trusting 42.6 % 4 = Trustful 33.4 % 5 = very trustful 9.7 % Mediating Variable The mediating variable in this study is general social trust. Existing studies measure social trust in two ways: one uses a scale to assess trust levels in various entities, then extracts types of trust using principal component analysis(Hu & Li, 2006); another directly asks respondents how much they trust the majority of people in society to reflect overall trust levels（Hu & Zhou，2013）.This study uses the latter measure, as the social trust resulting from organized support programs more closely resembles general trust in society rather than specific or acquaintance trust. Therefore, we use general social trust to distinguish it from other types of social trust mentioned in previous studies. Additionally, according to the stress theory model, the effect of a potential stress on a person depends on the degree to which the individual perceives it, i.e., stress perception or perceived stress (Cohen & Williamson，1988) Since there is a high correlation between coping styles and perceived stress, this study will control for the perceived stress of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers. The perceived stress level is measured by asking respondents to evaluate the overall impact of family changes on their lives. Higher response scores indicate stronger perceived stress from family changes. Finally, we control for individual characteristics and personal capital (including age, household registration, education level, and occupational skill level) that may affect the positive coping styles of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers, to examine the influence of program-based social support on their positive coping styles (see Table 2 for the values of the relevant variables and the sample). Results 1 Social Support for the Disadvantaged Breadwinner Mothers To provide targeted support to disadvantaged "breadwinner mothers," the Provincial Women's Federation aligned its efforts with the specific needs of this group. Using a "Women's Federation + Social Organizations" model, it recruited 33 partner organizations, including the XX Peishan Social Service Center, the XX Maternal and Infant Care Industry Association, and the XX County Loving Mothers' Aid Group. These organizations have extensive experience with women's welfare projects, possess case tracking capabilities, and maintain stable volunteer teams. During the implementation phase, the Women's Federation leveraged its broad organizational reach. Federation officials, executive committee members, and social workers conducted field visits and assessments. Based on the challenges faced by breadwinner mothers, their skills, and their needs, three key lists were developed: a "needs list," a "resources list," and a "services list." This approach enabled the creation of individualized support plans for each beneficiary. To mobilize social resources effectively, Women's Federation branches tailored their approach to local contexts. Various models were explored, such as the "Women's Federation + Charitable Enterprises + Service Stations" and "One-to-One Assistance + Personalized Follow-Up Visits." These models integrated resources from businesses, women-led demonstration bases, and agricultural production centers, ensuring that support addressed core issues and that project execution was efficient and aligned with beneficiary needs. A "running partner" model was also employed, in which Women's Federation officials, executive members, social workers, and female volunteers provided one-on-one or group-based support. This ensured that breadwinner mothers could contact volunteers whenever they faced difficulties, providing timely assistance and responses. Survey results indicated that nearly 90% of "breadwinner mothers" had some awareness of the support program, though awareness levels varied. Of the respondents, 4.2% reported being "very familiar" with the program, 32.4% were "fairly familiar," 52.4% had "some knowledge," and 11.1% were "completely unaware." To address the varying needs of beneficiaries, the support initiative engaged multiple social actions and offered a wide range of services. For analysis, these services were grouped into 12 categories, including direct financial assistance, psychological support, vocational training, employment and entrepreneurship recommendations, child education and care services, insurance donations, and legal consultation and assistance. According to the survey, 85.3% of respondents had received at least one type of support. ① 65.6% of respondents have received two or more types of support services, and 49.5% of respondents have received three or more types of services. In terms of service effectiveness, breadwinner mothers have experienced various degrees of improvement in their personal mental outlook and psychological state, family relationships and atmosphere, and interpersonal relationships. Respondents’ overall evaluation of the effectiveness of the assistance program services is relatively positive (see Table 3). We also used principal component factor analysis to reduce the dimensions of the seven evaluation sub-items (excluding the overall effectiveness evaluation) (KMO value = 0.923, Bartlett’s test of sphericity sig value = 0), resulting in a single factor named the "Social Support Evaluation Factor" (variance explained = 73.758%). Higher scores on this factor indicate higher subjective evaluations of the effectiveness of the social support provided by the program. This factor will also be used as one of the main predictor variables in regression analysis and hypothesis testing. Table 3 Evaluation of the effectiveness of social support services for disadvantaged breadwinner mothers Evaluation of phased effectiveness of support services 1 = No improvement 2 = Little improvement 3 = Moderate improvement 4 = Significant improvement 5 = Very significant improvement Mean value Improvement in personal mental outlook and psychological state 7.9 % 13.9 % 36.7 % 32.8 % 8.7 % 3.21 Improvement in family relations and atmosphere 12.9 % 17.8 % 36.0 % 24.9 % 8.4 % 2.98 Improvement in interpersonal relationships and support networks 13.1% 18.9 % 37.5 % 23.1% 7.3 % 2.93 Increase in personal or family income 10.8 % 23.9 % 39.9 % 19.2 % 6.3 % 2.86 Enhancement in personal career development ability 16.5 % 20.2 % 38.3 % 19.7 % 5.2 % 2.77 Alleviation of family caregiving burden 16.0 % 23.1% 35.7 % 20.7 % 4.5 % 2.74 Improvement in other aspects of life 21.3 % 17.1% 39.1% 16.3 % 6.3 % 2.69 Overall improvement in personal life 12.1% 18.9 % 35.0 % 25.5 % 8.4 % 2.99 2 The Mechanisms of Social Support on the Positive Coping Styles of Disadvantaged Breadwinner Mothers To test the hypotheses in this study, stepwise regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects and pathways of the social support services provided by the breadwinner mothers assistance program on changes in their positive coping strategies before and after receiving support. The three dimensions of social support were treated as key predictor variables. The analysis first examined the direct impact of these dimensions on positive coping strategies. Following this, the mediating effect of generalized social trust in the relationship between social support and coping strategies was tested. (see the three models in Table 4).Models 1 and 3 in Table 4 show that, when controlling for other factors, the higher the breadwinner mothers' awareness of the assistance program and the higher their evaluation of the program's service effectiveness, the stronger their positive coping abilities. This indicates that awareness and evaluation of social support have direct positive effects on positive coping styles. However, the degree of utilization of social support does not significantly affect individual positive coping styles, as the influence of this dimension variable is not significant in Models 1 and 3. This may be because the principle of the assistance action is to provide corresponding assistance services based on the actual needs of breadwinner mothers. The more types of assistance services a recipient receives, the higher their utilization of the assistance program, which may imply more significant practical difficulties they face. In other words, individuals who have utilized more social support through this program tend to face greater life challenges. Since the assistance program has not been in place for long, it may not yet have significantly improved their disadvantaged situations, making it difficult to enhance their positive coping abilities. This highlights the need for future research to examine the duration of social support services and analyze the differences in short- and long-term effects of social support utilization on beneficiaries. We multiplied the three dimensions of social support pairwise to obtain three interaction variables: the interaction of social support cognition and social support utilization, the interaction of social support cognition and social support evaluation, and the interaction of social support utilization and social support evaluation. These interaction terms were then included in the model to test the interactive effects among the three dimensions of social support. The results indicate that only the interaction between social support utilization and social support evaluation has a significant impact on positive coping strategies after receiving assistance (with an impact coefficient of 0.030 and a Sig. value of 0.009, showing strong statistical significance). Moreover, when this interaction term is included, the social support utilization variable shows a significant negative impact on positive coping styles (with an impact coefficient of -0.108 and a Sig. value of 0.012, showing moderate statistical significance). This further confirms that the more assistance the breadwinner mothers’ receive, the more challenging their circumstances are, and the weaker their personal positive coping abilities become. However, under the same level of social support utilization, the greater the effectiveness of the support program in improving personal life, the more likely individuals are to develop positive coping strategies and attitudes. Table 4 Analysis of the Impact Pathways of Social Support on the Improvement of Positive Coping Strategies for "Breadwinner Mothers" Positive Coping Style General Social Trust Positive Coping Style Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Predictor Variables: Social Support Perception of social support services 0.180 (0.129) *** 0.124 (0.101) ** 0.164 (0.118) *** Utilization of social support services -0.009 (-0.024) 0.037 (0.111) ** -0.014 (-0.036) Evaluation of social support effectiveness 0.258 (0.258) **** 0.300 (0.339) **** 0.220 (0.221) **** Control variables Age 0.009 (0.060) 0.008 (0.055) 0.008 (0.054) Nature of household registration ① 0.145 (0.058) -0.005 (-0.002) 0.146 (0.059) Educational level 0.200 (0.189) *** 0.048 (0.051) 0.179 (0.169) *** Professional skill level 0.180 (0.121) ** 0.056 (0.043) 0.173 (0.117) ** Perceived stress 0.036 (0.034) -0.100 (-0.104) ** 0.049 (0.045) Social support ② 0.273 (0.132) *** 0.311 (0.169) **** 0.235 (0.113) ** General social trust 0.125 (0.111) ** Constant(math.) -1.661 **** 2.506 **** -1.975 **** N 378 378 378 Adjusted R 2 17.2% 25.2% 18.9% F-value 9.717(P=0) 15.126(P=0) 9.236(P=0) Note: (1) The values in parentheses are standardized regression coefficients; significance levels: *P ≤ 0.1, **P ≤ 0.05, ***P ≤ 0.01, ****P ≤ 0.001. (2) Col-linearity diagnostics show that the tolerance of each variable is greater than 0.1, and the VIF is less than 2, indicating no significant col-linearity problems among the variables. Although the utilization of social support does not directly influence the positive coping strategies of breadwinner mothers, it significantly enhances their generalized social trust. As shown in Model 2 of Table 4, all three dimensions of social support have a significant positive effect on generalized social trust. The deeper the mothers' understanding of social support services, the more they use these services, and the higher their evaluation of them, the greater their trust in most people. Model 3 further indicates that, after controlling for other factors, social trust has a significant positive effect on improving the group's coping strategies.In summary, both social support cognition and social support evaluation have direct positive effects on improving the positive coping strategies of breadwinner mothers before and after receiving assistance. Additionally, they exert indirect effects through generalized social trust as a mediating variable. Therefore, the research hypothesis is partially validated. The models in Table 4 show that education level, professional skills, and the amount of social support received by breadwinner mothers all contribute to improving their ability to cope positively after receiving assistance. Higher education and better skills represent stronger cultural capital, which, as Bourdieu’s theory suggests, can be converted into other forms of capital, like economic or political capital. This helps individuals build greater capacity and confidence to handle stress and difficult situations.Social networks, as a major source of social support, also play an important role. Their influence on positive coping strategies is similar to that of formal assistance programs. Together, informal and formal support demonstrate that different types of social support can help disadvantaged groups develop more positive attitudes and behaviors, enabling them to rise above challenging circumstances.These conclusions shed light on the links between social support, social trust, and coping strategies. They also offer practical guidance for support programs. For instance, by improving beneficiaries’ understanding of available services and their satisfaction with those services, programs can boost trust in others, which encourages positive coping behaviors. Furthermore, offering more training in skills and education can help beneficiaries rebuild social connections, further strengthening their ability to cope effectively. 3 Robustness To verify the robustness of the aforementioned estimation results, this study employs a variable replacement method for robustness testing. We replaced the three variables of social support cognition, social support utilization, and social support evaluation, and then conducted stepwise regression analysis again. First, we replaced social support cognition by asking respondents, "Have you felt that the women's federation organizations at all levels are helping you?" (Responses were grouped into four categories: "not at all," "a little," "a lot," and "very strongly." ① ).Descriptive analysis revealed that over 90% of breadwinner mothers reported feeling supported by the women's federation organizations. Specifically, 6.6% of respondents selected "not at all," 37.9% chose "a little," 38.7% indicated "a lot," and 16.8% chose "very strongly." Scores ranging from 1 to 4 were assigned to these responses, with higher scores reflecting a stronger perception of the social support services provided by the women's federation. Second, we replaced social support utilization by asking, "Do you currently have regular volunteers providing long-term services for you and your family?" (This variable was treated as a dummy variable in the model, with 0 indicating no and 1 indicating yes). If respondents reported receiving long-term volunteer services, it indicated a higher utilization of social support services. Finally, we replaced the social support evaluation factor by asking respondents, "To what extent has the assistance program improved your personal life overall?" (Variable assignment and descriptive statistical analysis results are shown in Table 3). This variable represented respondents' evaluation of social support services, and correlation analysis showed a high correlation between the social support evaluation factor and the overall evaluation of service program effectiveness, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.860 and a significance of 0. We then included the three replacement variables of social support in the model and conducted stepwise regression analysis again (see Models 4, 5, and 6 in Table 5). The results indicate that the impact paths of the three replacement variables on the positive coping styles of breadwinner mothers are basically consistent with the baseline model. The higher the perception of social support services provided by the women's federation organizations and the higher the overall evaluation of support services, the higher their general social trust and the more their positive coping abilities are mobilized. Additionally, regular volunteer service support can also enhance the social trust of breadwinner mothers, but it does not directly affect their positive coping styles. These results suggest that the conclusions of this study are robust. Table 5 Robustness analysis of the impact of social support on the improvement of positive coping styles of breadwinner mothers Positive Coping Styles General Social Trust Positive Coping Styles Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Predictor variables: social support Perception of support from Women's Federation 0.193 (0.138) *** 0.111 (0.090) ** 0.176 (0.127) *** Long-term fixed volunteer service -0.036 (-0.018) 0.182 (0.100) ** -0.063 (-0.031) Overall Evaluation of support service effectiveness 0.185 (0.209) **** 0.293 (0.372) **** 0.142 (0.160) *** Control variables Age 0.009 (0.056) 0.005 (0.037) 0.008 (0.051) Household registration type 0.157 (0.063) 0.006 (0.003) 0.156 (0.063) Educational level 0.178 (0.169) *** 0.045 (0.048) 0.172 (0.163) *** Professional skill level 0.172 (0.116) ** 0.059 (0.045) 0.164 (0.110) ** Perceived stress 0.037 (0.034) -0.104 (-0.108) *** 0.053 (0.049) Social support 0.282 (0.136) *** 0.312 (0.169) **** 0.236 (0.114) ** General social trust 0.148 (0.131) *** Constant -2.229 **** 1.858 **** -2.504 **** N 378 378 378 Adjusted R 2 15.3% 25.3% 16.4% F-value 8.610(P=0) 15.193(P=0) 8.416(P=0) Notes :（1）Standardized regression coefficients are in parentheses; significance levels: *P≤0.1, **P≤0.05, ***P≤0.01, ****P≤0.001. （2）Col-linearity diagnostics show that all variable tolerances are greater than 0.1, and all VIFs are less than 2, indicating no significant col-linearity issues among the variables. 4. Differential Analysis Although the social network of individuals is an important channel for breadwinner mothers to obtain external support, and social support significantly influences positive coping styles, our study found that this group's social interaction status is not ideal. When asked, "Do you have friends, besides family members, with whom you can share your feelings or receive help in daily life?" 36.6% of the respondents stated that they did not have any friends. Therefore, we used the social status of breadwinner mothers as a grouping criterion, dividing them into two subgroups: those with friends and those without friends. We then examined the different effects of social support on their positive coping styles before and after receiving support. Table 6 Group differences in the impact of social support on the positive coping styles of breadwinner mothers Breadwinner mothers without Friends Breadwinner mothers with Friends Model7 Model8 Predictor variables: social support Perception of social support services 0.100 (0.073) 0.205 (0.150) ** Utilization of social support services 0.040 (0.121) ** -0.105 (-0.051) Evaluation of support service effectiveness 0.215 (0.240) *** 0.173 (0.166) *** Control variables Age -0.005 (-0.032) 0.019 (0.124) ** Household registration type 0.215 (0.088) 0.119 (0.049) Educational level 0.185 (0.162) ** 0.189 (0.189) *** Professional skill level 0.076 (0.051) 0.223 (0.156) ** Perceived stress 0.097 (0.097) 0.042 (0.039) General social trust 0.070 (0.068) 0.144 (0.121) * Constant -1.332 ** 2.424 **** N 138 378 Adjusted R 2 16.2% 13.1% F-value 3.958(P=0) 4.993(P=0) Notes:（1）.Standardized regression coefficients are in parentheses; significance levels: *P≤0.1, **P≤0.05, ***P≤0.01, ****P≤0.001.（2）.Collinearity diagnostics show that all variable tolerances are greater than 0.1, and all VIFs are less than 2, indicating no significant collinearity issues among the variables. As shown in Models 7 and 8 of Table 6, for breadwinner mothers who reported having no friends, higher utilization of social support and better evaluation of the effectiveness of social support were associated with stronger positive coping abilities. Additionally, educational level could enhance their positive coping abilities. However, variables such as cognition of social support services, general social trust, and individual characteristics did not significantly affect the development of their positive coping styles. For breadwinner mothers who reported having friends to provide help, the influence of supportive social support on the change of their positive coping styles was mainly reflected in the dimensions of social support cognition and social support evaluation, but the utilization of social support did not affect their positive coping styles, with the regression coefficient being negative. Furthermore, age, educational level, professional skill level, and social trust also influenced their positive coping styles. Comparing the models, it can be seen that the influencing factors of positive coping styles for "Breadwinner Mothers" with social support are more diverse, indicating that they can acquire positive coping methods or enhance their positive coping abilities from more aspects. In contrast, the influencing factors of positive coping styles for "Breadwinner Mothers" lacking social support are more singular, and they rely more on the actual social support services received and the effectiveness of these services. This result suggests that when providing social support services, priority should be given to offering more timely and stronger assistance to those lacking social support. Conclusion and Discussion For disadvantaged breadwinner mothers, building positive coping strategies is essential for lessening the impact of family crises and improving their ability to adapt to life’s challenges. This is the primary aim of the assistance program. Through a detailed investigation of the program in Fujian Province, this study uses a quantitative approach to analyze how support services influence the development of positive coping strategies in this group. The research shows that, with strong backing from the provincial Women’s Federation, the program's mechanisms have gradually improved, leading to notable progress and social impact. The results from hypothesis testing and stepwise regression analysis reveal that awareness of social support services and the evaluation of those services not only directly enhance the ability of breadwinner mothers to cope positively, but also indirectly do so by increasing their overall trust in society. These findings highlight a few key areas for improving organized support programs. First, raising beneficiaries’ awareness and satisfaction with the services can strengthen their trust in society, which in turn encourages more positive coping behaviors. For example, promoting the details of how to apply for assistance and making the benefits clearer can ensure that the support reaches those in need. Publicizing success stories and highlighting model examples of support services can inspire confidence in other disadvantaged groups while fostering a broader culture of care and involvement. Second, the support services themselves need to be concrete and reliable, aiming to increase beneficiaries’ satisfaction and sense of progress. Building a more targeted system that meets a range of needs and establishing clear ways to measure service effectiveness will make the support more impactful. Additionally, long-term sustainability should be a priority to help recipients gradually overcome their challenges and continue to improve their coping abilities. The key contribution of this study is in demonstrating how well-organized support services within the assistance program can have real social benefits. It also offers practical insights for improving similar assistance. Given the specific challenges faced by breadwinner mothers, this highly structured program offers lessons in how to deliver more visible and lasting social support. Further research will be needed to explore both the obvious and subtle effects of such support as the assistance program continues to evolve. Declarations Author Contribution Jingya Li wrote the initial draft, survey data collection, and compilation of figures and tables. Hanyan Yu was primarily responsible for reviewing and editing and translation, ensuring the manuscript’s quality for submission to the English journal. 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Nursing Research, 35(12):2090-2095 doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2021.12.004 Footnotes ① In this study, we drew on the Simple Coping Style Scale (SCSQ) and the items measuring positive coping styles of older adults in the China Gerontological Social Tracking Survey (CLASS) questionnaire (three items in the questionnaire, "Talking to others and talking about inner troubles", "Changing some of one's own practices to overcome difficulties", and "Drawing on others' ways of dealing with similar difficulties to solve problems" were used to assess the "positive coping styles of older adults". The questionnaire measures the positive coping styles of older people (the items in the questionnaire are "Talking to others and talking about inner troubles", "Changing some of my old ways to overcome difficulties", and "Learning from other people's ways of dealing with similar difficulties in order to solve problems"), We designed a five-item scale (see Table 1) to evaluate the positive coping tendencies of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers when facing difficulties.This scale measures the positive coping tendencies of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers when they encounter difficulties. ① For the convenience of the survey, the questionnaire classified the types of social support services currently provided by the support programmes into 12 categories: direct financial assistance, psychological care services, vocational skills training, employment and business referral, schooling assistance for children, academic counselling for children, childcare services, elderly care services, complimentary insurance services, services for the improvement of family relationships, legal counselling and other assistance, and so on. ① Due to the short duration of the project, varying progress across regions, and the unequal capacities of local social organizations, some "breadwinner mothers," though listed as beneficiaries, have not yet received effective support or been matched with appropriate resources. Nonetheless, these individuals remain a priority for the program. ① The variable "nature of household registration" was included in the model as a dummy variable(0 = rural household, 1 = urban household) as follows，the same applies to other variables. ② The variable "social support" is represented by whether the respondent has friends who can provide basic help in daily life and was included in the model as a dummy variable (0 = no friends, 1 = has friends). ① Descriptive statistical analysis shows that over 90% of breadwinner mothers have felt the help from the women's federation organizations, with 6.6% of respondents indicating "not at all," 37.9% indicating "a little," 38.7% indicating "a lot," and 16.8% indicating "very strongly" Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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The program selected 37 counties (cities and districts) and three areas in the province as pilot sites. The first batch identified 446 women from low-income families who have become the main economic and spiritual supporters of their families due to reasons such as spousal divorce, the death of husbands, or loss of labor force. By establishing a mechanism of visiting, linking, and helping, and organizing a collaborative network of women workers, social workers, and volunteers, comprehensive services are provided to ensure targeted assistance and collective development of the group of breadwinner mothers. Through the concerted efforts of multiple parties, the program has achieved phased success in assisting women. Consequently, an academic analysis of the program's social support effects and operational mechanisms has become both important and urgent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study conducted a questionnaire survey among the breadwinner mothers, the target group of the assistance program, aiming to answer the following questions: Has the positive coping strategies of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers improved after receiving support services? What are their perceptions of support, the extent of their support utilization, and their evaluations of the support projects? Do different dimensions of social support have varying effects on the formation of positive coping strategies among disadvantaged breadwinner mothers? What factors may influence their positive coping strategies? What lessons can be drawn from similar social support service projects, specifically regarding how to enhance the positive coping strategies of beneficiaries? The answers to these questions can help clarify the practical value and significance of social support actions for disadvantaged groups, provide direction for more in-depth social support strategies, and offer theoretical and empirical insights for similar social support service programs. Theoretically, this study provides useful empirical material for understanding the relationship between social support and positive coping styles, expanding the application of social support theory and coping styles theory in different groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Hypothesis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe academic community has not yet reached a unified understanding of how to define and measure coping and coping strategies. Some scholars define coping as a conscious effort to meet the demands of stress(Haan, N,1977). Others see it as a dynamic process where individuals continually assess and adjust their thoughts and behaviors as they interact with their environment, especially when external or internal demands exceed their abilities or resources(Lazarus, R. S.\u0026amp; Folkman, S, 1984). This ongoing process helps individuals reduce negative emotional impacts and restore psychological balance ( Folkman S \u0026amp; Lazarus R S, 1986). Another perspective views coping as the cognitive and behavioral efforts people make when facing stress and adversity, with the goal of lessening the negative effects. From this viewpoint, coping is considered a key indicator of social adaptation and personal development. Numerous psychological studies have shown that coping styles are a critical moderating (or mediating) variable in the relationship between stress and health. Coping styles refer to the ways individuals handle changes in their internal and external environments and manage emotional distress (Joffe \u0026amp; Bast，1978) or the cognitive and behavioral patterns individuals adopt when dealing with various problem situations(Jennifer et al.，2007). These are also known as coping strategies or coping mechanisms, reflecting a tendency in the coping process. Specifically, they can be divided into two types: negative and positive. Positive coping styles involve cognitive and behavioral tendencies to actively seek resources and construct problem-solving strategies(Kandeger et al.，2021), whereas individuals with negative coping styles tend to use various avoidance, passive, and irrational methods to deal with encountered difficulties, such as denial, procrastination, giving up, or emotional deterioration. An individual's approach to dealing with stress can significantly impact their mental health. Adopting positive coping mechanisms is especially important in maintaining both physical and emotional well-being when stress persists. In situations of trauma, these strategies help lessen negative thoughts, emotions, and psychological challenges, including conditions like post-traumatic stress (Zhou X, 2022). In contrast, negative coping strategies have a detrimental impact on an individual's mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, most of existing research on coping styles has focused on various student groups(Lefevre et al.，2020；Wang et al.，2021)and individuals suffering from illnesses (Casagrande et al.，2019；CHENG et al.，2021；\u0026nbsp;Lv et al.，2023), with fewer studies targeting professional groups such as healthcare professionals(Guo \u0026amp; Yin，2020；Yuan et al.，2021), teachers(Wilkerson，2021；Yang et al.，2021). Most studies have been analyzed within the contexts of clinical medicine and educational psychology. In contrast, academic attention and research on the positive coping styles of disadvantaged groups are significantly lacking. Relevant studies have primarily involved parents who have lost their only child, parents of children with autism（Wang \u0026amp; Sun，2017）and family caregivers of patients(Zhou et al.，2021) etc., but have not focused on women with particular hardships, such as disadvantaged breadwinner mothers. Therefore, this study can contribute to the knowledge of positive coping styles and intervention strategies for disadvantaged groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough there is extensive research on social support, its definition and measurement methods remain inconsistent. Some researchers define social support as the assistance an individual receives from his or her social contacts（Zhang \u0026amp; Ruan，1999), Others classify social support into tangible resources (such as material, financial, or other forms) and intangible resources (such as emotional support, guidance, respect, intimate social interactions) based on their functionality.This study considers social support to be the totality of conditions and resources available and accessible to individuals from society, including actual support, satisfaction with received support, and the degree of utilization of social support. Previous research exploring the relationship between social support and coping styles has often considered coping styles as mediating(Liao et al.，2022) or moderating variable(Chen，2021) in the relationship between social support and emotional problems or subjective well-being; Some studies also regard social support and coping styles together as predictor variables(Wang \u0026amp; Sun，2017；Kang et al.，2020) mediator variables (Ruiz-Robledillo et al.，2014) or moderator variables (Kim et al.，2010) to explore their specific roles in physical and mental health pathways. However, the intrinsic relationship between social support and coping styles and the mechanisms by which social support influences coping styles remain unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough an individual's coping style has a certain degree of stability over a period of time, when facing different stressful situations, the changes and fluctuations in the coping style of the same individual also exhibit certain tendencies. For example, the research of Lazarus and Folkman suggests that an individual's coping is characterized by distinct situationality and variability(Lazarus, R. S.\u0026amp; Folkman, S,1984). According to the theory of the social support buffer model, social support can influence an individual's reappraisal of potentially stressful events buffering the negative effects of stressors on physical and mental health, etc.(Cohen \u0026amp; Wills，1985；Xiao et al.，2010), As an essential coping resource, social support impacts the choice of coping styles (YE \u0026amp; SHIN，2002), and facilitates favorable adjustment response. High levels of social support can predict greater resilience, stronger adaptability, and fewer emotional problem, with individuals perceiving high social support adopting more positive coping styles(Cohen \u0026amp; Wills，1985); Conversely, lower levels of social support increase vulnerability when facing difficulties(Roohafza et al.，2014). Therefore, we hypothesize the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 1\u003c/strong\u003e: social support services based on assistance programs directly promote the development of the positive coping styles among disadvantaged breadwinner mothers. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, research has shown that coping styles in response to stress are influenced by interpersonal trust. Individuals with high interpersonal trust adopt positive coping styles, while those with low interpersonal trust are more likely to use negative coping styles(Roohafza et al.，2014；Wei et al.，2019). According to social exchange theory, individuals who perceive more social support tend to have more positive attitudes towards others and develop a broad mental representations of others, such as trust(Stinglhamber，2006); perceiving social support enhances interpersonal trust, thereby increasing the ability to act autonomously in difficult situations and to adopt positive coping strategies rather than to passively avoidance or stagnation.Therefore, we hypothesize the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 2:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; social support services based on the assistance program can indirectly enhance the positive coping ability of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers by increasing their general social trust (see predictive model in Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe data for this study were derived from a questionnaire survey as part of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers assistance program which conducted in August 2023 in one of the Chinese Provinces. The questionnaire included various aspects such as individual characteristics, family background, living difficulties, received assistance, and service evaluation of the disadvantaged breadwinner mothers.With the support of the Provincial Women\u0026apos;s Federation, local women\u0026apos;s federations, and social work organizations, a targeted survey was conducted among the initial group of beneficiaries in the \u0026quot;Breadwinner Mothers\u0026quot; support program. According to a comprehensive assessment by the Provincial Women\u0026apos;s Federation, 380 valid questionnaires were collected out of 446 breadwinner mothers in the first group for assistance, covering 85.2% of the group and providing a representative sample. According to the assistance program requirements, the disadvantaged breadwinner mothers included in the survey were generally from low-income families (64.5% of the respondents were identified as low-income households receiving minimum subsistence allowances). Most of these women have become the primary economic and emotional support of their families due to reasons such as divorce (62.6%), the death of their husbands (15%), their husbands\u0026apos; disability and loss of labor capacity (17.6%), and other reasons (including their husbands\u0026apos; imprisonment, inability to support the family due to debts, and unmarried childbirth, accounting for 4.7%). The average age of this group is approximately 43 years (standard deviation 6.466), with the majority being between 30 and 50 years old, indicating they still possess good working capacity. However, their education level is quite limited, with over 80% having only a junior high school education or below, and only about 7% having a college degree or above. Additionally, 82.4% of the disadvantaged breadwinner mothers lack professional titles, skills certificates, or professional technical training, indicating a generally weak capacity for career development. Thus, this group\u0026apos;s capacity for career development is weak overall.In terms of employment, 16.3% are currently unemployed, 67.1% are part-time workers, 4.2% are engaged in agriculture, and only 12.4% have relatively stable jobs (such as public welfare positions in urban and rural areas, contract workers in various enterprises, and self-employed individuals) (see Table 2 for variable descriptions).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome Variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe outcome variable of this study is positive coping style, which refers to an individual\u0026apos;s cognitive style and behavioral tendency to actively construct problem-solving strategies in a problem-solving oriented manner. To simplify the analysis, we adopted the scale form[1] based on the existing studies, The survey focused on asking respondents to what extent their positive coping strategies in dealing with current difficulties had changed before and after receiving assistance. (see Table 1), and responses were scored from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater proficiency in using positive coping styles.The reliability test of the scale showed an overall Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; value of 0.706 (Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; based on standardized items was 0.710), indicating good internal consistency and stability. Given the large number of items and high correlation among variables, exploratory factor analysis revealed a KMO value of 0.745 and a sig value of 0 for Bartlett\u0026apos;s test of sphericity, suggesting good structural validity and suitability for factor analysis. Using principal component analysis and orthogonal rotation with Kaiser normalization, we identified a \u0026quot;positive coping style\u0026quot; factor that explained 58.782% of the variance. A higher score indicates that, after becoming beneficiaries of the program, respondents were more proficient in using positive coping strategies to adjust and adapt when facing difficulties and stress. The descriptive analysis results in Table 1 show that the \u0026quot;Breadwinner Mothers\u0026quot; experienced some change and improvement in their positive coping strategies before and after receiving assistance. However, there was also some variation within the group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 Changes in Positive Coping Strategies Before and After Receiving Assistance (N=380)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"619\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo what extent have you adjusted your attitude/approach to facing difficulties since receiving assistance compared to before?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 = Little to no change / Did not adopt coping strategies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 = Slight change / Adopted coping strategies somewhat more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 = Significant change / Adopted coping strategies much more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 = Fundamental change / Always adopted coping strategies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTalking to others to express inner worries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChanging one\u0026apos;s usual ways to overcome difficulties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.7 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActively seeking social resources to solve problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.3 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaking proactive measures to regulate emotions or self-help\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.8 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaking proactive measures to regulate emotions or self-help\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.6 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCause Variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cause variable in this study is social support, which is operationalised into three dimensions, namely, disadvantaged breadwinner mothers\u0026apos; knowledge of social support, use of social support, and evaluation of social support, based on Xiao Shuiyuan\u0026apos;s definition of the connotation of social support (Xiao，1994), and taking into account the actual situation of the program and the purpose of the study. First, we asked the disadvantaged breadwinner mothers about their knowledge of the program. Higher scores indicate greater knowledge of the program, which also means greater potential access to social support services. Secondly, by calculating the total number of types of assistance measures actually received by the breadwinner mothers (asking respondents about the types of program assistance services they have actually received)\u003csup\u003e①\u003c/sup\u003e Higher scores indicate more diverse support services received and greater use of social support services. Finally, the evaluation of social support was measured by respondents\u0026apos; ratings of the effectiveness of the help program (see Table 3). Higher scores indicate greater effectiveness and higher satisfaction with the social support. Reliability test results show an overall Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; value of 0.940 for the social support evaluation scale, indicating excellent internal consistency and stability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that an individual\u0026apos;s social network can also be considered a category of social support. However, this paper focuses on examining the effects of the formal social support provided by the assistance program. Thus, social network support from friends is used as a control variable for the time being. The survey shows that nearly 40% of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers lack friends who can provide basic support in their daily lives (see Table 2). This also partly explains why they are vulnerable and highlights their urgent need for formal social support services. Additionally, due to the special characteristics of the families of the breadwinner mothers, their family support capacity is extremely limited. In fact, it is precisely because the support they can obtain from their families is very weak that they become the \u0026quot;pillars\u0026quot; of their families. Therefore, this study does not consider family support as a potential source of support for them for the time being.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 Assignment of main variables and descriptive analysis (N=380)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMain variables and description of assignments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 520px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (in years 2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 = 30 years and under\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 = 31-40 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 = 41-50 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 = 51 years and over\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 520px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNature of household registration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 = Rural household\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.0 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 = Urban household\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 520px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational attainment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 = Primary school and below\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.6 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 = lower secondary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 = High school/secondary/vocational/technical school qualifications\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 = Tertiary qualifications\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 = Undergraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eskill level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1=No professional title or technical level certificate or any training in a professional title or technical level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2=No professional title or technical level certificate, but trained in a relevant professional title or technical level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 = Have a professional title (e.g., senior title, intermediate title, junior title, etc.) or technical grade (e.g., senior worker, intermediate worker, junior worker, technician, etc.) certificate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 520px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStress Perception: Evaluation of the impact of family changes on personal life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 = No impact\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 = Minor impact\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 = Significant impact\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.6 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 = Major impact\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 520px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Support: Apart from family members, are there friends to share feelings or provide daily help?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 = No friends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.6 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 = Having friends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 520px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral social trust: degree of trust in the majority of people in society\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 = Very distrustful\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 = Less trusting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 = Generally trusting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.6 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 = Trustful\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 = very trustful\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMediating Variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mediating variable in this study is general social trust. Existing studies measure social trust in two ways: one uses a scale to assess trust levels in various entities, then extracts types of trust using principal component analysis(Hu \u0026amp; Li, 2006); another directly asks respondents how much they trust the majority of people in society to reflect overall trust levels（Hu \u0026amp; Zhou，2013）.This study uses the latter measure, as the social trust resulting from organized support programs more closely resembles general trust in society rather than specific or acquaintance trust. Therefore, we use general social trust to distinguish it from other types of social trust mentioned in previous studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, according to the stress theory model, the effect of a potential stress on a person depends on the degree to which the individual perceives it, i.e., stress perception or perceived stress (Cohen \u0026amp; Williamson，1988)\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eSince there is a high correlation between coping styles and perceived stress, this study will control for the perceived stress of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers. The perceived stress level is measured by asking respondents to evaluate the overall impact of family changes on their lives. Higher response scores indicate stronger perceived stress from family changes. Finally, we control for individual characteristics and personal capital (including age, household registration, education level, and occupational skill level) that may affect the positive coping styles of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers, to examine the influence of program-based social support on their positive coping styles (see Table 2 for the values of the relevant variables and the sample).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 Social Support for the Disadvantaged Breadwinner Mothers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo provide targeted support to disadvantaged \u0026quot;breadwinner mothers,\u0026quot; the Provincial Women\u0026apos;s Federation aligned its efforts with the specific needs of this group. Using a \u0026quot;Women\u0026apos;s Federation + Social Organizations\u0026quot; model, it recruited 33 partner organizations, including the XX Peishan Social Service Center, the XX Maternal and Infant Care Industry Association, and the XX County Loving Mothers\u0026apos; Aid Group. These organizations have extensive experience with women\u0026apos;s welfare projects, possess case tracking capabilities, and maintain stable volunteer teams.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the implementation phase, the Women\u0026apos;s Federation leveraged its broad organizational reach. Federation officials, executive committee members, and social workers conducted field visits and assessments. Based on the challenges faced by breadwinner mothers, their skills, and their needs, three key lists were developed: a \u0026quot;needs list,\u0026quot; a \u0026quot;resources list,\u0026quot; and a \u0026quot;services list.\u0026quot; This approach enabled the creation of individualized support plans for each beneficiary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo mobilize social resources effectively, Women\u0026apos;s Federation branches tailored their approach to local contexts. Various models were explored, such as the \u0026quot;Women\u0026apos;s Federation + Charitable Enterprises + Service Stations\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;One-to-One Assistance + Personalized Follow-Up Visits.\u0026quot; These models integrated resources from businesses, women-led demonstration bases, and agricultural production centers, ensuring that support addressed core issues and that project execution was efficient and aligned with beneficiary needs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA \u0026quot;running partner\u0026quot; model was also employed, in which Women\u0026apos;s Federation officials, executive members, social workers, and female volunteers provided one-on-one or group-based support. This ensured that breadwinner mothers could contact volunteers whenever they faced difficulties, providing timely assistance and responses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurvey results indicated that nearly 90% of \u0026quot;breadwinner mothers\u0026quot; had some awareness of the support program, though awareness levels varied. Of the respondents, 4.2% reported being \u0026quot;very familiar\u0026quot; with the program, 32.4% were \u0026quot;fairly familiar,\u0026quot; 52.4% had \u0026quot;some knowledge,\u0026quot; and 11.1% were \u0026quot;completely unaware.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo address the varying needs of beneficiaries, the support initiative engaged multiple social actions and offered a wide range of services. For analysis, these services were grouped into 12 categories, including direct financial assistance, psychological support, vocational training, employment and entrepreneurship recommendations, child education and care services, insurance donations, and legal consultation and assistance. According to the survey, 85.3% of respondents had received at least one type of support.\u003csup\u003e①\u003c/sup\u003e 65.6% of respondents have received two or more types of support services, and 49.5% of respondents have received three or more types of services. In terms of service effectiveness, breadwinner mothers have experienced various degrees of improvement in their personal mental outlook and psychological state, family relationships and atmosphere, and interpersonal relationships. Respondents\u0026rsquo; overall evaluation of the effectiveness of the assistance program services is relatively positive (see Table 3). We also used principal component factor analysis to reduce the dimensions of the seven evaluation sub-items (excluding the overall effectiveness evaluation) (KMO value = 0.923, Bartlett\u0026rsquo;s test of sphericity sig value = 0), resulting in a single factor named the \u0026quot;Social Support Evaluation Factor\u0026quot; (variance explained = 73.758%). Higher scores on this factor indicate higher subjective evaluations of the effectiveness of the social support provided by the program. This factor will also be used as one of the main predictor variables in regression analysis and hypothesis testing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3 Evaluation of the effectiveness of social support services for disadvantaged breadwinner mothers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"583\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvaluation of phased \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;effectiveness of support services\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e=\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo improvement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e= Little improvement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e= Moderate improvement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e= Significant \u0026nbsp;improvement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e= Very significant improvement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImprovement in personal mental outlook and psychological state\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImprovement in family relations and atmosphere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.0 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImprovement in interpersonal relationships and support networks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncrease in personal or family income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.2 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnhancement in personal career development ability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.3 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.7 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlleviation of family caregiving burden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.7 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImprovement in other aspects of life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall improvement in personal life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.9 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4 %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2 The Mechanisms of Social Support on the Positive Coping Styles of Disadvantaged Breadwinner Mothers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo test the hypotheses in this study, stepwise regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects and pathways of the social support services provided by the breadwinner mothers assistance program on changes in their positive coping strategies before and after receiving support. The three dimensions of social support were treated as key predictor variables. The analysis first examined the direct impact of these dimensions on positive coping strategies. Following this, the mediating effect of generalized social trust in the relationship between social support and coping strategies was tested. (see the three models in Table 4).Models 1 and 3 in Table 4 show that, when controlling for other factors, the higher the breadwinner mothers\u0026apos; awareness of the assistance program and the higher their evaluation of the program\u0026apos;s service effectiveness, the stronger their positive coping abilities. This indicates that awareness and evaluation of social support have direct positive effects on positive coping styles. However, the degree of utilization of social support does not significantly affect individual positive coping styles, as the influence of this dimension variable is not significant in Models 1 and 3. This may be because the principle of the assistance action is to provide corresponding assistance services based on the actual needs of breadwinner mothers. The more types of assistance services a\u0026nbsp;recipient\u0026nbsp;receives, the higher their utilization of the assistance program, which may imply more significant practical difficulties they face. In other words, individuals who have utilized more social support through this program tend to face greater life challenges. Since the assistance program has not been in place for long, it may not yet have significantly improved their disadvantaged situations, making it difficult to enhance their positive coping abilities. This highlights the need for future research to examine the duration of social support services and analyze the differences in short- and long-term effects of social support utilization on beneficiaries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe multiplied the three dimensions of social support pairwise to obtain three interaction variables: the interaction of social support cognition and social support utilization, the interaction of social support cognition and social support evaluation, and the interaction of social support utilization and social support evaluation. These interaction terms were then included in the model to test the interactive effects among the three dimensions of social support. The results indicate that only the interaction between social support utilization and social support evaluation has a significant impact on positive coping strategies after receiving assistance (with an impact coefficient of 0.030 and a Sig. value of 0.009, showing strong statistical significance). Moreover, when this interaction term is included, the social support utilization variable shows a significant negative impact on positive coping styles (with an impact coefficient of -0.108 and a Sig. value of 0.012, showing moderate statistical significance). This further confirms that the more assistance the breadwinner mothers\u0026rsquo; receive, the more challenging their circumstances are, and the weaker their personal positive coping abilities become. However, under the same level of social support utilization, the greater the effectiveness of the support program in improving personal life, the more likely individuals are to develop positive coping strategies and attitudes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4 \u0026nbsp; Analysis of the Impact Pathways of Social Support on the Improvement of Positive Coping Strategies for \u0026quot;Breadwinner Mothers\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"612\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive Coping Style\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral Social Trust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive Coping Style\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 612px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredictor Variables: Social Support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerception of social support services\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.129)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.101)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.118)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUtilization of social support services\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.111)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.036)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvaluation of social support effectiveness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.258)\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.339)\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.221)\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 612px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.060)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.055)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.054)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNature of household registration\u003csup\u003e①\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.058)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.002)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.059)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.189)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.051)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.169)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfessional skill level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.121)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.043)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.117)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived stress\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.034)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.104)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.045)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003csup\u003e②\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.132)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.169)\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.113)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral social trust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 325px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.111)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant(math.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.661\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.506\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.975\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.717(P=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.126(P=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.236(P=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: (1) The values in parentheses are standardized regression coefficients; significance levels: *P \u0026le; 0.1, **P \u0026le; 0.05, ***P \u0026le; 0.01, ****P \u0026le; 0.001.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) Col-linearity diagnostics show that the tolerance of each variable is greater than 0.1, and the VIF is less than 2, indicating no significant col-linearity problems among the variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the utilization of social support does not directly influence the positive coping strategies of breadwinner mothers, it significantly enhances their generalized social trust. As shown in Model 2 of Table 4, all three dimensions of social support have a significant positive effect on generalized social trust. The deeper the mothers\u0026apos; understanding of social support services, the more they use these services, and the higher their evaluation of them, the greater their trust in most people. Model 3 further indicates that, after controlling for other factors, social trust has a significant positive effect on improving the group\u0026apos;s coping strategies.In summary, both social support cognition and social support evaluation have direct positive effects on improving the positive coping strategies of breadwinner mothers before and after receiving assistance. Additionally, they exert indirect effects through generalized social trust as a mediating variable. Therefore, the research hypothesis is partially validated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe models in Table 4 show that education level, professional skills, and the amount of social support received by breadwinner mothers all contribute to improving their ability to cope positively after receiving assistance. Higher education and better skills represent stronger cultural capital, which, as Bourdieu\u0026rsquo;s theory suggests, can be converted into other forms of capital, like economic or political capital. This helps individuals build greater capacity and confidence to handle stress and difficult situations.Social networks, as a major source of social support, also play an important role. Their influence on positive coping strategies is similar to that of formal assistance programs. Together, informal and formal support demonstrate that different types of social support can help disadvantaged groups develop more positive attitudes and behaviors, enabling them to rise above challenging circumstances.These conclusions shed light on the links between social support, social trust, and coping strategies. They also offer practical guidance for support programs. For instance, by improving beneficiaries\u0026rsquo; understanding of available services and their satisfaction with those services, programs can boost trust in others, which encourages positive coping behaviors. Furthermore, offering more training in skills and education can help beneficiaries rebuild social connections, further strengthening their ability to cope effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3 Robustness\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo verify the robustness of the aforementioned estimation results, this study employs a variable replacement method for robustness testing. We replaced the three variables of social support cognition, social support utilization, and social support evaluation, and then conducted stepwise regression analysis again. First, we replaced social support cognition by asking respondents, \u0026quot;Have you felt that the women\u0026apos;s federation organizations at all levels are helping you?\u0026quot; (Responses were grouped into four categories: \u0026quot;not at all,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;a little,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;a lot,\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;very strongly.\u0026quot; \u003csup\u003e①\u003c/sup\u003e).Descriptive analysis revealed that over 90% of breadwinner mothers reported feeling supported by the women\u0026apos;s federation organizations. Specifically, 6.6% of respondents selected \u0026quot;not at all,\u0026quot; 37.9% chose \u0026quot;a little,\u0026quot; 38.7% indicated \u0026quot;a lot,\u0026quot; and 16.8% chose \u0026quot;very strongly.\u0026quot; Scores ranging from 1 to 4 were assigned to these responses, with higher scores reflecting a stronger perception of the social support services provided by the women\u0026apos;s federation. Second, we replaced social support utilization by asking, \u0026quot;Do you currently have regular volunteers providing long-term services for you and your family?\u0026quot; (This variable was treated as a dummy variable in the model, with 0 indicating no and 1 indicating yes). If respondents reported receiving long-term volunteer services, it indicated a higher utilization of social support services. Finally, we replaced the social support evaluation factor by asking respondents, \u0026quot;To what extent has the assistance program improved your personal life overall?\u0026quot; (Variable assignment and descriptive statistical analysis results are shown in Table 3). This variable represented respondents\u0026apos; evaluation of social support services, and correlation analysis showed a high correlation between the social support evaluation factor and the overall evaluation of service program effectiveness, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.860 and a significance of 0.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe then included the three replacement variables of social support in the model and conducted stepwise regression analysis again (see Models 4, 5, and 6 in Table 5). The results indicate that the impact paths of the three replacement variables on the positive coping styles of breadwinner mothers are basically consistent with the baseline model. The higher the perception of social support services provided by the women\u0026apos;s federation organizations and the higher the overall evaluation of support services, the higher their general social trust and the more their positive coping abilities are mobilized. Additionally, regular volunteer service support can also enhance the social trust of breadwinner mothers, but it does not directly affect their positive coping styles. These results suggest that the conclusions of this study are robust.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5 Robustness analysis of the impact of social support on the improvement of positive coping styles of breadwinner mothers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"548\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive Coping Styles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral Social Trust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive Coping Styles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 548px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredictor variables: social support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerception of support from Women\u0026apos;s Federation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.138)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.090)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.127)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLong-term fixed volunteer service\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.100)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.031)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall Evaluation of support service effectiveness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.209)\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.372)\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.160)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 548px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.056)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.037)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.051)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold registration type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.063)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.063)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.169)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.048)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.163)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfessional skill level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.116)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.045)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.110)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived stress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.034)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.108)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.049)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.136)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.169)\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.114)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral social trust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.131)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.229\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.858\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.504\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.610(P=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.193(P=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.416(P=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNotes\u003c/strong\u003e:（1）Standardized regression coefficients are in parentheses; significance levels: *P\u0026le;0.1, **P\u0026le;0.05, ***P\u0026le;0.01, ****P\u0026le;0.001.\u0026nbsp;（2）Col-linearity diagnostics show that all variable tolerances are greater than 0.1, and all VIFs are less than 2, indicating no significant col-linearity issues among the variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Differential Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the social network of individuals is an important channel for breadwinner mothers to obtain external support, and social support significantly influences positive coping styles, our study found that this group\u0026apos;s social interaction status is not ideal. When asked, \u0026quot;Do you have friends, besides family members, with whom you can share your feelings or receive help in daily life?\u0026quot; 36.6% of the respondents stated that they did not have any friends. Therefore, we used the social status of breadwinner mothers as a grouping criterion, dividing them into two subgroups: those with friends and those without friends. We then examined the different effects of social support on their positive coping styles before and after receiving support.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6 Group differences in the impact of social support on the positive coping styles of breadwinner mothers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"529\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreadwinner mothers without Friends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreadwinner mothers with Friends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 529px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredictor variables: social support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerception of social support services\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.073)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.150)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUtilization of social support services\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.121)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.051)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvaluation of support service effectiveness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.240)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.166)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 529px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.032)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.124)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold registration type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.088)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.049)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.162)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.189)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfessional skill level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.051)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.156)\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived stress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.097)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.039)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral social trust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.068)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.121)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.332\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.424\u003csup\u003e****\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.958(P=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.993(P=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotes:（1）.Standardized regression coefficients are in parentheses; significance levels: *P\u0026le;0.1, **P\u0026le;0.05, ***P\u0026le;0.01, ****P\u0026le;0.001.（2）.Collinearity diagnostics show that all variable tolerances are greater than 0.1, and all VIFs are less than 2, indicating no significant collinearity issues among the variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Models 7 and 8 of Table 6, for breadwinner mothers who reported having no friends, higher utilization of social support and better evaluation of the effectiveness of social support were associated with stronger positive coping abilities. Additionally, educational level could enhance their positive coping abilities. However, variables such as cognition of social support services, general social trust, and individual characteristics did not significantly affect the development of their positive coping styles. For breadwinner mothers who reported having friends to provide help, the influence of supportive social support on the change of their positive coping styles was mainly reflected in the dimensions of social support cognition and social support evaluation, but the utilization of social support did not affect their positive coping styles, with the regression coefficient being negative. Furthermore, age, educational level, professional skill level, and social trust also influenced their positive coping styles. Comparing the models, it can be seen that the influencing factors of positive coping styles for \u0026quot;Breadwinner Mothers\u0026quot; with social support are more diverse, indicating that they can acquire positive coping methods or enhance their positive coping abilities from more aspects. In contrast, the influencing factors of positive coping styles for \u0026quot;Breadwinner Mothers\u0026quot; lacking social support are more singular, and they rely more on the actual social support services received and the effectiveness of these services. This result suggests that when providing social support services, priority should be given to offering more timely and stronger assistance to those lacking social support.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFor disadvantaged breadwinner mothers, building positive coping strategies is essential for lessening the impact of family crises and improving their ability to adapt to life’s challenges. This is the primary aim of the assistance program. Through a detailed investigation of the program in Fujian Province, this study uses a quantitative approach to analyze how support services influence the development of positive coping strategies in this group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research shows that, with strong backing from the provincial Women’s Federation, the program's mechanisms have gradually improved, leading to notable progress and social impact. The results from hypothesis testing and stepwise regression analysis reveal that awareness of social support services and the evaluation of those services not only directly enhance the ability of breadwinner mothers to cope positively, but also indirectly do so by increasing their overall trust in society.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings highlight a few key areas for improving organized support programs. First, raising beneficiaries’ awareness and satisfaction with the services can strengthen their trust in society, which in turn encourages more positive coping behaviors. For example, promoting the details of how to apply for assistance and making the benefits clearer can ensure that the support reaches those in need. Publicizing success stories and highlighting model examples of support services can inspire confidence in other disadvantaged groups while fostering a broader culture of care and involvement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond, the support services themselves need to be concrete and reliable, aiming to increase beneficiaries’ satisfaction and sense of progress. Building a more targeted system that meets a range of needs and establishing clear ways to measure service effectiveness will make the support more impactful. Additionally, long-term sustainability should be a priority to help recipients gradually overcome their challenges and continue to improve their coping abilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe key contribution of this study is in demonstrating how well-organized support services within the assistance program can have real social benefits. It also offers practical insights for improving similar assistance. Given the specific challenges faced by breadwinner mothers, this highly structured program offers lessons in how to deliver more visible and lasting social support. Further research will be needed to explore both the obvious and subtle effects of such support as the assistance program continues to evolve.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eJingya Li wrote the initial draft, survey data collection, and compilation of figures and tables. Hanyan Yu was primarily responsible for reviewing and editing and translation, ensuring the manuscript\u0026rsquo;s quality for submission to the English journal. Both authors contributed to the conceptualization of the study and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCasagrande M, Boncompagni I, Mingarelli A, et al.(2019). Coping styles in individuals with hypertension of varying severity[J]. Stress and Health, 35(4): 560\u0026ndash;568. doi.org/10.1002/smi.2889\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen H.Y. (2021).The effect of social support in long-term care services for the disabled elderly on subjective well-being - a moderating role based on coping styles [J]. Social Scientist, (12):17-23.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-3240.2021.12.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheng, Y., Pu, C., Guo, H., \u0026amp; Sha, L. 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China Special Education, (1): 59-65.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3728.2019.01.010\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWilkerson K. (2009).An examination of burnout among school counselors guided by stress-strain-coping theory[J].Journal of Counselling \u0026amp; Development,87(4):428-437．https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2009.tb00127.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang, R., Wang, Q., He, P., Xiang, H., Deng, X., \u0026amp; Yang, M.(2021).The relationship between stress perception and depression and anxiety among primary and secondary school teachers: the mediating role of coping styles[J]. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology,29（12）：1842-1847..doi：10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2021.12.019\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiao, S., Xu, G., \u0026amp; Sue, S. (2010).Levels and Correlates of Acculturative Stress among Immigrant Asian Americans [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(6):756-759. doi:10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2010.06.033\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiao S. (1994).Theoretical basis and research application of the Social Support Rating Scale [J]. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 4(2):98-100.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYe, Y., \u0026amp; Shen, Y. . (2002).A summary of stydt on coping and coping styles [J]. Psychological Science, 25(6):755-756.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6981.2002.06.040.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYuan, Y., Shao, Y., Wang, Y., \u0026amp; Sun, D..(2021).A study on the relationship between post-traumatic stress response and positive thoughts and coping styles among emergency department nurses[J]. Journal of Nursing,36(10):17-20+44.DOI: 10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2021.10.017\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, W. H., \u0026amp; Ruan, D. (1999)Social support network of urban and rural residents [J]. Sociological Research,(3): 14-19..doi：10.19934/j.cnki.shxyj.1999.03.002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou W, Ma Songcui, Cheng M et al. (2021). Relationship between perceived social support and anxiety among family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia:the mediating role of coping styles[J]. Nursing Research, 35(12):2090-2095 doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2021.12.004\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e①\u003c/sup\u003e In this study, we drew on the Simple Coping Style Scale (SCSQ) and the items measuring positive coping styles of older adults in the China Gerontological Social Tracking Survey (CLASS) questionnaire (three items in the questionnaire, \u0026quot;Talking to others and talking about inner troubles\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Changing some of one\u0026apos;s own practices to overcome difficulties\u0026quot;, and \u0026quot;Drawing on others\u0026apos; ways of dealing with similar difficulties to solve problems\u0026quot; were used to assess the \u0026quot;positive coping styles of older adults\u0026quot;. The questionnaire measures the positive coping styles of older people (the items in the questionnaire are \u0026quot;Talking to others and talking about inner troubles\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Changing some of my old ways to overcome difficulties\u0026quot;, and \u0026quot;Learning from other people\u0026apos;s ways of dealing with similar difficulties in order to solve problems\u0026quot;), We designed a five-item scale (see Table 1) to evaluate the positive coping tendencies of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers when facing difficulties.This scale measures the positive coping tendencies of disadvantaged breadwinner mothers when they encounter difficulties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e①\u003c/sup\u003e For the convenience of the survey, the questionnaire classified the types of social support services currently provided by the support programmes into 12 categories: direct financial assistance, psychological care services, vocational skills training, employment and business referral, schooling assistance for children, academic counselling for children, childcare services, elderly care services, complimentary insurance services, services for the improvement of family relationships, legal counselling and other assistance, and so on.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e①\u003c/sup\u003e Due to the short duration of the project, varying progress across regions, and the unequal capacities of local social organizations, some \u0026quot;breadwinner mothers,\u0026quot; though listed as beneficiaries, have not yet received effective support or been matched with appropriate resources. Nonetheless, these individuals remain a priority for the program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e①\u003c/sup\u003e The variable \u0026quot;nature of household registration\u0026quot; was included in the model as a dummy variable(0 = rural household, 1 = urban household) as follows，the same applies to other variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e② \u003c/sup\u003eThe variable \u0026quot;social support\u0026quot; is represented by whether the respondent has friends who can provide basic help in daily life and was included in the model as a dummy variable (0 = no friends, 1 = has friends).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e①\u003c/sup\u003e Descriptive statistical analysis shows that over 90% of breadwinner mothers have felt the help from the women\u0026apos;s federation organizations, with 6.6% of respondents indicating \u0026quot;not at all,\u0026quot; 37.9% indicating \u0026quot;a little,\u0026quot; 38.7% indicating \u0026quot;a lot,\u0026quot; and 16.8% indicating \u0026quot;very strongly\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"disadvantaged breadwinner mothers, social support, positive coping styles, social trust,stepwise regression analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5357716/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5357716/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study analyzes the impact of social support on the improvement of positive coping styles among disadvantaged breadwinner mothers in a Chinese province.Results from 380 beneficiaries of an assistance program, analyzed through hypothesis testing and stepwise regression, show that perception and evaluation of social support directly enhance positive coping abilities and increase social trust, leading to positive coping styles. Although the extent of utilization of social support does not affect the change in individuals' positive coping strategies before and after receiving assistance, it significantly improves their sense of social trust. individuals lacking social support have fewer influencing factors on positive coping strategies and are more dependent on supportive social assistance. The findings highlight the need to enhance beneficiaries' service awareness, satisfaction, and social trust while ensuring precise, long-term service delivery to promote a problem-solving-oriented positive attitude and behavioral approach to life.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Impact of Social Support on the Improvement of Positive Coping Styles among Disadvantaged Breadwinner Mothers: A Case Study from a Chinese Province","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-19 13:33:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5357716/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5302fe1a-6894-482a-818b-5090d9227ca5","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":40768745,"name":"Social science/Sociology"},{"id":40768746,"name":"Social science/Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-30T12:38:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-19 13:33:30","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5357716","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5357716","identity":"rs-5357716","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}