Bricks from Industry Wastes for Sustainable Development

Bricks from Industry Wastes for Sustainable Development | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Bricks from Industry Wastes for Sustainable Development Narasimha Murthy K N This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4672592/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the past few decades, there has been rapid exploitation of natural materials from the construction industry all over the globe. For the manufacturing of bricks, lake beds are being encroached on and exploited for clay mining. Industrial wastes like Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Red Mud, and Marble powder are not being managed and used efficiently. Making newer products from these wastes will help reduce the environmental hazards and demand for natural resources which encourages sustainable development. Marble has been used in the construction field for a long time as a flooring or cladding material but not as a constituent material of brick. A few research works have been reported to use marble powder as an alternative material in the manufacturing of bricks. In this paper, innovative bricks were prepared using these three industrial wastes (GGBS, Red Mud, and Marble powder) in different proportions. In this study, bricks were manufactured with varied marble powder proportions along with red mud and GGBS. The bricks of size 210mm X 110mm X 70mm were prepared and burnt at 600⁰C and investigated their properties under burnt and unburnt conditions as per IS code provisions. The experimental results reveal that the compressive strength and density of fired and unfired bricks decreases with the increase of marble powder proportion and the optimum percentage of marble powder is 30% can be used to manufacture the bricks of class A or B according to IS codes. It is noticed that the compressive strength varies from 2.84 Mpa to 7.9 MPa and density decreases from 2121.5 kg/m 3 to 1578.2 kg/m 3 for burnt bricks. For unfired clay bricks, it varied from 1.5 Mpa to 4.11 Mpa. And density 2157.9 kg/m 3 to 1635.2 kg/m 3 . Marble Powder Red Mud Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag Clay bricks Sustainability Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 I. INTRODUCTION Bricks are one of the earliest artifacts invented by man for his shelter needs. Generally fired or unfired bricks are used to construct walls, pavements, and other masonry construction. Fired bricks are the most durable and strongest building material and have been used since 4000 B.C. For the production of conventional clay-based bricks clay and shale are used as raw materials and this requires shaping, drying, and firing at high temperatures [ 2 ] and shows better performance from an environmental point of view. Production of fired bricks requires very high temperature which results in high energy consumption and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Unfired bricks have an older history than fired bricks and unfired clay bricks are less durable and more likely to be affected by atmospheric weather and rain. To overcome this problem binders are used. The usage of unfired bricks will have environmental benefits as there is a reduction in manufacturing energy costs and also a reduction in carbon dioxide production. It will also have low energy embodied content and outstanding natural building breathing properties such as absorption and diffusion of water vapor and heat [ 7 ]. Initially, bricks were handmade and were used as a load-bearing material. But with passing time only the frames are filled with burnt clay bricks. Constituents of a good earth brick are silica (50–60%), alumina (25–30%), iron oxide (5–6%), lime (2–5%), and magnesia less than 1% by weight [ 12 ]. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is obtained from blast furnace slag and is grounded into fine powder for use. The manufacture of GGBS requires less energy and it produces less than 10% of carbon dioxide when compared to Portland cement [ 8 ]. GGBS in bricks cannot be used directly it should be activated using lime or some alkaline materials for better strength. GGBS grain size is generally less than cement particles, so its strength in the early days is generally less but it continues to gain strength over a long period. The use of GGBS in concrete is fairly high when compared to that of bricks. The usage of GGBS will increase durability, and sustainability and give a good aesthetic finish. GGBS is a binding material and it is mostly used ready ready-mix concrete with a ratio of 30–70% to produce eco-friendly concrete as there is less emission of carbon dioxide and also more durable compared to ordinary Portland cement. In India, marble manufacturing industries produce about 7 million tons of waste which is mainly in the form of powder generated during sawing and polishing processes. In the state of Rajasthan, there are around 4000 marble mines and around 1100 marble cutters. Out of total waste generated from marble 95% is from the state of Rajasthan only, accounting for around 6 million tonnes per year. Generally, waste marble is dumped in open fields. This leads to environmental problems such as dust pollution. In dry seasons this dust is carried by wind and gets deposited on crops and vegetation. The accumulated waste also affects surface and groundwater resources. Fine particles of marble dust can cause more damage to the environment than other forms of marble waste. Generally, when 1 \(\:m3\:\) of marble is cut into a 20 mm slab it produces fine particle waste powder of about 25%.[ 1 ]. Bauxite tailings also known as red mud is a highly alkaline waste product composed mainly of iron oxide which is generated from industrial production of alumina. The total annual production of alumina in 2018 was around 126 million tonnes which resulted in the generation of around 160 million tonnes of bauxite. For every tonne of alumina produced, bauxite tailing of 1 to 1.5 tonnes is produced. In India, about 4.7 million tonnes/annum of red mud is generated which is around 6.25% of the total production in the world. The current disposal of red mud in different countries is not safe. The destructive nature of red mud is mainly due to its high alkaline nature having pH ranging from 10–14. Disposal of red mud requires a large area and it is very uneconomical. Currently, three methods are being used for disposing of red mud in India they are closed cycle disposal system, direct disposal system, and dry disposal method. This study primarily focuses on the incorporation of waste marble powder, red mud, and GGBS in burnt and unburnt bricks without any deterioration in the strength and quality of the bricks. The Chemical Composition of GGBS, red mud, marble powder, and clay is shown in Table 1. Table − 1: Chemical Composition of Brick Ingredients Sl.No. Elements Weight % Clay GGBS Red Mud Marble Powder 1 CO 2 12.93 -- -- 37.31 2 Na 2 O 1.41 -- -- -- 3 Mg O 0.89 7.17 0.36 6.21 4 Al 2 O 3 30.79 17.54 6.35 -- 5 Si O 2 38.05 34.16 7.88 24.86 6 Ca O 1.23 37.10 1.37 51.93 7 Ti O 2 1.64 -- -- -- 8 Fe 2 O 3 12.16 1.99 70.89 -- II. LITERATURE REVIEW An experimental investigation was conducted on marble powder and brick mortar in different proportions. The brick mortar ranges from 0–100% of wt. The bricks were manufactured at 3 different temperatures 900⁰C, 1000⁰C and 1100 ⁰C. Testing was done on rectangular prisms of size 410 x 80 x 80mm to determine the physico-mechanical properties of bricks. It was found that an increase in waste marble content increased the size of the specimen but the density of the brick had reduced, this is due to the increase in size because of the occurrence of pores in the structure due to the release of carbon dioxide during the calculations of Calcium carbonate. The flexural strength of bricks was reduced this is obvious because the addition of marble powder decreased the density of the brick. So it is observed from this paper that 10% of marble waste can be added to brick with no sacrifice for the engineering properties of brick. Also, an increase in marble content increased the hardness of the brick [ 1 ]. In this experimental investigation, it was found that fired clay bricks can be produced by replacing 35% weight of clay with marble powder. The bricks were prepared at different compositions and were fired at two different temperatures 950⁰C, and 1050⁰C for a duration of 2 hours. Bulk density, apparent porosity, water absorption values, and compressive strength tests were carried out. The bulk density of bricks decreased with the addition of waste marble content at both temperatures. Firing temperature addition of waste content has a significant influence on porosity, as waste marble content increases porosity also increases. Water absorption also increases as the porosity of the brick increases. The addition of waste marble decreases the compressive strength, but 30% weight of marble powder can be used to prepare bricks of standard requirements. Results also showed that the brick samples produced with marble content can be used as a heat insulation construction material [ 2 ]. In this experimental investigation, it was studied that the application of waste materials such as sawdust, spent earth from oil filtration, compost, and marble to produce lightweight bricks. Bricks were prepared with different waste compositions and the bricks were fired at 950⁰C and 1050⁰C. The effect of these wastes on linear shrinkage, water absorption, bulk density, water absorption, and compressive strength tests were carried out. The bulk density of the bricks decreased at both temperatures. Apparent porosity and water absorption values increased with the addition of residue. The bricks fired at 1050⁰C had the best quality. The results indicated that it is possible to obtain bricks with 5% weight sawdust, 10% weight compost, and 15% weight spent earth from oil filtration and marble residue that fulfil the technological standards for traditional bricks and possess mechanical properties similar to those of clay bricks without these wastes.[ 3 ] III. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION A. Properties of Material used: The specific gravity of the constituent materials is determined in the laboratory as per IS 2386 (Part 3):1963 and represented in Fig. 1. The sieve analysis on clay and red mud was done as per IS 2729 (Part 4): 1980 and the particle distribution is shown in Fig-2. The optimum moisture content (OMC) and dry densities are shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Dry Density Sl. No. Materials OMC (%) Maximum Dry density 1 Clay 26 14 2 Red Mud 30.34 15.2 B. Details of the specimen: The materials used to prepare bricks of size 210 x 110 x 75mm are clay, red mud, GGBS, and marble powder with different proportions. The investigation was done on 135 bricks of which 20 numbers of bricks are in each variant. The different proportions of the compositions are tabulated in Table 3 Table 3 Composition of brick Ingredients (Mix proportions): Sl. No. Trial Name Mix Composition Clay: Marble Powder : GGBS: Red Mud 1 Mix 1 100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud 2 Mix 2 90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud 3 Mix 3 80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 4 Mix 4 70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 5 Mix 5 60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 6 Mix 6 50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud C. Preparation of Bricks: The bricks were prepared as per IS code provisions. Given adhering to the norms of the code the constituents of the brick materials are well-dried in the open air and the distribution of particle sizes is well within the codal provisions (code no.). The constituents were well mixed to ensure that the mix was homogeneity and added with no additives. The bricks are manufactured using a Mardini brick-making machine. Then the bricks were dried in the open air to ensure that there were not any air cracks on the surface. The different variations of air-dried and burnt bricks are shown in Fig. 3. The bricks were burnt in a kiln at a temperature of around 600⁰C. The main purpose of burning the bricks is to impart strength and a better bond between the particles. It also increases the durability of bricks. The unburnt bricks were just cured in the open air for 7 days and 28 days. In casting these bricks, only water was used as a binding material and no other chemical admixtures were used. The basic tests of water abortion, compressive strength, hardness, efflorescence, and brick density were done. The bricks were tested for both 7 days and 28 days. IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION (a) Dimensionality Test : The test was done as per IS: 2185-Part 1. The variation in unit length of bricks should not exceed 5mm and width and depth should not exceed 3mm as per the code. It is observed that the manufactured bricks pass the dimensionality test. The Dimensionality test results are shown in Table 4 . Table 4 Bricks Dimensionality test results. Sl. No. Dimensions No. of Bricks Average Dimension (mm) IS Recommendation (mm) 1 L 20 230 230 2 B 20 110 110 3 H 20 70 70 (b) Brick Density Test : It is found that the density of unfired and fired bricks density reduced with the addition of marble powder. The marble powder is less dense compared to the clay, so an increase in marble powder in unfired bricks decreases the density of bricks. Whereas in fired clay bricks the density reduced on firing because of the high value of Loss on Ignition (LOI) in marble powder. The density of the bricks is higher at 7 days when compared to the density of bricks for 28 days this is because of the water present in the bricks and water content reduces as the number of days increases. The density of unfired and fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days are tabulated in Table 5 and Table 6 and also shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 . Table 5 Density of unfired bricks at 7 days and 28 days Sl.No. Mix proportion Density kg/m 3 7 days 28 days 1 100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud 2273.9 2157.5 2 90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud 2115.1 2037.7 3 80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 2067.1 1998.8 4 70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 1951.4 1892.9 5 60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 1857.7 1790.3 6 50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 1754.9 1635.2 Table 6 Density of fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days Sl.No. Mix proportion Density kg/m 3 7 days 28 days 1 100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud 2083. 2121.4 2 90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud 2023.1 1996.7 3 80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 1928.2 1869.0 4 70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 1881.9 1755.5 5 60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud - 1640.3 6 50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud - 1578.2 (c) Compressive Strength : Table 7 shows the compressive strength of fired and unfired bricks at 7 days and 28 days as per IS: 3495 − 1992(PART 1). The results show that the compressive strength of unfired bricks reduced on addition of marble powder, because of poor bonding between the clay and the marble powder. Despite the marble powder having a high amount of CaO content it couldn’t bind well with clay. Whereas in fired clay bricks, the compressive strength is reduced with the addition of marble powder because on firing the bricks lose their density, making them porous because of the LOI value of marble. GGBS was added to make sure it would give some strength to the bricks but it did not increase the strength. For 28 days of strength, all variants of fired bricks achieved minimum strength except for the last mix 6. Whereas in the case of unfired, the first three mixes achieved minimum strength and the last three mixes didn’t achieve the minimum strength required. The results of unfired and fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days are tabulated in Table 7 and Table 8 respectively and also shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. Table 7 Compressive strength of unfired bricks at 7 days and 28 days. Sl.No. Mix proportion Compressive Strength, MPa 7 days 28 days 1 100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud 1.87 4.11 2 90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud 1.43 3.83 3 80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 1.41 3.32 4 70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 1.10 2.8 5 60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 0.87 2.33 6 50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 0.51 1.5 Table 8 Compressive strength of fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days. Sl.No. Mix proportion Compressive Strength, MPa 7 days 28 days 1 100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud 4.11 7.9 2 90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud 3.8 6.72 3 80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 3.52 5.41 4 70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 3.2 4.34 5 60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud - 3.68 6 50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud - 2.84 Water Absorption : Table 9 shows the water absorption test as per IS;3495 (Part 2) on fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days for mix proportions Mix1, Mix2, Mix3, and Mix 4 cured for 28 days are within the limits and for 7 days curing mix proportions Mix, Mix2 and Mix3 are within the limits. The increase in water absorption is due to the increase in the porosity of bricks with the addition of marble powder. The variation is shown in Fig. 8. Table 9 Water absorption of fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days. Sl.No. Mix proportion Water Absorption % 7 days 28 days 1 100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud 10.60 5.10 2 90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud 13.70 9.19 3 80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 18.10 15.87 4 70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud 21.40 19.21 5 60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud - 23.50 6 50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud - 28.11% Efflorescence Test : This test is done according to specifications given in code book IS 3495-Part III-1992. Mix1, Mix2, Mix3, and Mix4 showed no efflorescence that is NIL but Mix5 and Mix6 showed a slight amount of efflorescence. The same is shown in Fig. 9 Hardness Test : Results of unburnt and burnt bricks at 7 days and 28 days are tabulated in Table 10 and the hardness test results for unfired bricks for 7 days and 28 days are tabulated in Table 11 . Table 10 Hardness Results of unfired Bricks at 7 days and 28 days Sl.No. Mix Proportion 7 days 28 days 1 Mix 1 Impressions found. Impression not found. Sufficiently hard. 2 Mix 2 Impressions found. Impressions found. 3 Mix 3 Impressions found. Impressions found. 4 Mix 4 Impressions found. Impressions found. 5 Mix 5 Impressions found. Impressions found. 6 Mix 6 Impressions found. Impressions found. Table 11 Hardness Results of fired Bricks at 7 days and 28 days Sl.No. Mix Proportion 7 days 28 days 1 Mix 1 Impression not found. Sufficiently hard. Impression not found. Sufficiently hard. 2 Mix 2 Impression not found. Sufficiently hard. Impression not found. Sufficiently hard. 3 Mix 3 Slight impressions were found. Impression not found. Sufficiently hard. 4 Mix 4 Slight impressions were found. Impression not found. Sufficiently hard. 5 Mix 5 - Impression not found. Sufficiently hard. 6 Mix 6 - Slight impressions found Soundness Test : This is done by striking the bricks with a hammer or by striking bricks against each other. The burnt bricks produced a clear ringing sound except for the Mix6 mix. Whereas, unburnt bricks of Mix 1, Mix 2, and Mix 3 gave a ringing sound Mix 4, Mix 5, and Mix 6 didn’t produce a ringing sound. Porosity Test : As expected porosity has increased with the addition of waste marble powder, due to an increase in pores during the firing process. There is no IS code describing apparent porosity. In this present research, it was followed as per ASTM C20 standards. The test results of porosity on fired bricks are tabulated in Table 12. Sl. No Mix proportion Porosity % 1 Mix 1 32.6 2 Mix 2 37.3 3 Mix 3 41.6 4 Mix 4 43.0 5 Mix 5 47.8 6 Mix 6 52.8 CONCLUSION The bricks are manufactured with different constituent materials like clay, red mud, marble powder, and GGBS. For the investigation, different proportions of these materials are used and the manufactured bricks are categorized into six groups and named as mix proportions. Using these materials bricks are manufactured and then the study was made on fired and unfired bricks. The investigation includes analyzing the characteristics of each constituent and checking the validity of these materials as per the prevailing IS codes. Later the bricks are tested under fired and unfired categories to check the validity of these bricks with IS standards. Finally, the density of the bricks is modified and the study has been made for the same. The following observations were made after a thorough study of the bricks made from new constituent materials. The proportions of ingredients and their chemical propositions available in the constituent materials are good and acceptable as per the IS code to manufacture Class A and Class B bricks. The physical investigations are made to verify the characteristics of clay, red mud, marble powder, and GGBS as per the prevailing IS codes. The results obtained from the tests are well within the acceptable ranges. The investigation results revealed that there is a significant decrease in the compressive strength of burnt and unburnt bricks in addition to waste marble powder. Compared to unfired bricks, fired bricks had more strength. Maximum strength is 6.72 MPa (Mix 2) and minimum strength is 2.84 MPa (Mix 6) in fired bricks. The water absorption value also increased upon replacing clay with marble powder. It varied from 5.10–28.11% for fired bricks. Only fired bricks showed effective sound and had good ringing sound, whereas the unfired bricks did not give a clear ringing sound. In the hardness test fired bricks didn’t show impressions, whereas the unfired clay bricks had impressions on them. Porosity increased in fired bricks for higher proportions of marble content because of the LOI value. The test results revealed that, to manufacture fired bricks 40% of marble powder can be replaced by clay. Up to this proportion of marble powder, the test results are well within the IS code provisions. In the case of unfired clay bricks, the marble powder can be replaced only up to 20% of the clay. The density of the fired bricks decreased gradually with the addition of waste marble powder. The reduction was more in fired bricks compared to unfired bricks. Maximum density was 2187.5 kg /m 3 minimum being 1635.2 kg/m 3 . The dead load on the structure can be reduced with the addition of marble powder. The porosity of the fired brick increased with the addition of waste marble powder. The water absorption of bricks increased rapidly with the addition of waste marble powder. All burnt bricks except Mix-6 produced a clear ringing sound when stuck together and in unfired bricks, only Mix-1 produced a ringing sound. Declarations Ethical Approval : In this research, no involvement of either humans/animals, and no need for Ethical committees, Internal Review Boards, and guidelines are required. Consent to participate: Not Applicable C onsent to publish: Not Applicable Funding The Funding is not received from any organization for this research work. Availability of data and materials The data used in this research is from the experimental outcomes only and does not use any data sets from outside agencies. The Experimental data are already tabulated in the table for reference. Author Contribution This is the original authors research outcome. References N. Bilgina, H.A. Yepremb, S. Arslan, A. Bilgin, E. Günay, M. Marsoglu. Use of waste marble powder in the brick industry. Construction and Building Materials 29 (2012) 449–457. 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The Use of the powder marble by-product to enhance the properties of brick ceramic. Construction and Building Materials 21 (2007) 1950–1960. Gaveesh H R, Umashankar Y, Yogananda M V, L R Manjunatha. Utilization of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in the Manufacturing of Solid Concrete Blocks. JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162) June 2015, Volume 2, Issue 6. J. E. Oti, J. M. Kinuthia, and J. Bai. Using slag for unfired clay masonry bricks. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Construction Materials 161 November 2008 Issue CM4 Pages 147–155. Geeta Batham. Strength Enhancement of Paver Block Using Red Mud. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). Volume: 05 Issue: 07 July 2018. Achal Garg, Harinder Yadav. Study of Red Mud as an Alternative Building Material for Interlocking Block Manufacturing in the Construction Industry. International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering. Volume 3, Number 4, December 2015. Manoj Bhaskar, Salim Akhtar, Geeta Batham. Development of the Bricks from Red Mud by Industrial Waste (Red Mud). International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE) ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-2, Issue-4, February 2014. Leopold, M., T.J. Desire, M. Germain, “Strength characteristics of earth bricks and their application in construction.” Int. res. J. Engin, Vol. 2, Issue 4, September 2012. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editor assigned by journal 11 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 02 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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08:18:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4672592/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4672592/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61490124,"identity":"1c82da95-5700-4f4a-9b43-920dc9b56d81","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 10:30:25","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpecific Gravity of constituent materials.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4672592/v1/04b44d536e87ffe76f98acf7.png"},{"id":61490126,"identity":"52b1182c-75aa-45b6-8c60-1882c4e64904","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 10:30:25","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17390,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eParticle Distribution of Clay and Red mud.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4672592/v1/cdb86987fcc0ce957b7948b9.png"},{"id":61490125,"identity":"156a2f91-905b-4e56-9082-80654299d17e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 10:30:25","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":299810,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Burnt brick\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b) \u0026nbsp;: Unburnt bricks\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4672592/v1/c5e64a74be9fbd907f154999.png"},{"id":61490578,"identity":"9f1b6f12-99da-4e1a-b4fd-87d65cbc2a53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 10:38:25","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDensity of unfired bricks at 7 days and 28 days\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4672592/v1/e80949a7ae4b1db205207157.png"},{"id":61490580,"identity":"dfb30458-442c-40c6-aed5-d0981a7f51d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 10:38:25","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14878,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDensity of fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4672592/v1/47c4e907623a0c750d329880.png"},{"id":61490579,"identity":"49df1310-8ebf-43bb-8082-e244546b97d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 10:38:25","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15778,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCompressive strength of unfired bricks at 7 days and 28 days\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4672592/v1/a65b8f98886aa258510ea74e.png"},{"id":61490131,"identity":"388f2a29-00ca-49a4-97e9-02ecd65e98a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 10:30:25","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15552,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCompressive strength of fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4672592/v1/4404f66f6cea828aa67648f3.png"},{"id":61490128,"identity":"35be0766-0e5e-48d2-bc54-6d104ea45ea2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 10:30:25","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16970,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWater absorption of fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4672592/v1/e6758ecc2895d010dd986f56.png"},{"id":61490129,"identity":"623ba82e-1760-4b1d-be44-196a8b62c640","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 10:30:25","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69296,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEfflorescence test result\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4672592/v1/f1e0939c22f60b8c58b25208.png"},{"id":61491108,"identity":"a58cb98d-0bbf-40d5-a391-7d31285c28ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-31 10:46:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1229272,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4672592/v1/f856d5f8-62b7-44e9-9d4e-cf4424d9eda1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Bricks from Industry Wastes for Sustainable Development","fulltext":[{"header":"I. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eBricks are one of the earliest artifacts invented by man for his shelter needs. Generally fired or unfired bricks are used to construct walls, pavements, and other masonry construction. Fired bricks are the most durable and strongest building material and have been used since 4000 B.C. For the production of conventional clay-based bricks clay and shale are used as raw materials and this requires shaping, drying, and firing at high temperatures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] and shows better performance from an environmental point of view. Production of fired bricks requires very high temperature which results in high energy consumption and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Unfired bricks have an older history than fired bricks and unfired clay bricks are less durable and more likely to be affected by atmospheric weather and rain. To overcome this problem binders are used. The usage of unfired bricks will have environmental benefits as there is a reduction in manufacturing energy costs and also a reduction in carbon dioxide production. It will also have low energy embodied content and outstanding natural building breathing properties such as absorption and diffusion of water vapor and heat [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially, bricks were handmade and were used as a load-bearing material. But with passing time only the frames are filled with burnt clay bricks. Constituents of a good earth brick are silica (50\u0026ndash;60%), alumina (25\u0026ndash;30%), iron oxide (5\u0026ndash;6%), lime (2\u0026ndash;5%), and magnesia less than 1% by weight [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGround Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is obtained from blast furnace slag and is grounded into fine powder for use. The manufacture of GGBS requires less energy and it produces less than 10% of carbon dioxide when compared to Portland cement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. GGBS in bricks cannot be used directly it should be activated using lime or some alkaline materials for better strength. GGBS grain size is generally less than cement particles, so its strength in the early days is generally less but it continues to gain strength over a long period. The use of GGBS in concrete is fairly high when compared to that of bricks. The usage of GGBS will increase durability, and sustainability and give a good aesthetic finish. GGBS is a binding material and it is mostly used ready ready-mix concrete with a ratio of 30\u0026ndash;70% to produce eco-friendly concrete as there is less emission of carbon dioxide and also more durable compared to ordinary Portland cement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn India, marble manufacturing industries produce about 7\u0026nbsp;million tons of waste which is mainly in the form of powder generated during sawing and polishing processes. In the state of Rajasthan, there are around 4000 marble mines and around 1100 marble cutters. Out of total waste generated from marble 95% is from the state of Rajasthan only, accounting for around 6\u0026nbsp;million tonnes per year. Generally, waste marble is dumped in open fields. This leads to environmental problems such as dust pollution. In dry seasons this dust is carried by wind and gets deposited on crops and vegetation. The accumulated waste also affects surface and groundwater resources. Fine particles of marble dust can cause more damage to the environment than other forms of marble waste. Generally, when 1\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:m3\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e of marble is cut into a 20 mm slab it produces fine particle waste powder of about 25%.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBauxite tailings also known as red mud is a highly alkaline waste product composed mainly of iron oxide which is generated from industrial production of alumina. The total annual production of alumina in 2018 was around 126\u0026nbsp;million tonnes which resulted in the generation of around 160\u0026nbsp;million tonnes of bauxite. For every tonne of alumina produced, bauxite tailing of 1 to 1.5 tonnes is produced. In India, about 4.7\u0026nbsp;million tonnes/annum of red mud is generated which is around 6.25% of the total production in the world. The current disposal of red mud in different countries is not safe. The destructive nature of red mud is mainly due to its high alkaline nature having pH ranging from 10\u0026ndash;14. Disposal of red mud requires a large area and it is very uneconomical. Currently, three methods are being used for disposing of red mud in India they are closed cycle disposal system, direct disposal system, and dry disposal method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study primarily focuses on the incorporation of waste marble powder, red mud, and GGBS in burnt and unburnt bricks without any deterioration in the strength and quality of the bricks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Chemical Composition of GGBS, red mud, marble powder, and clay is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1: Chemical Composition of Brick Ingredients\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl.No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGGBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed Mud\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarble Powder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTi O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"II. LITERATURE REVIEW","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn experimental investigation was conducted on marble powder and brick mortar in different proportions. The brick mortar ranges from 0\u0026ndash;100% of wt. The bricks were manufactured at 3 different temperatures 900⁰C, 1000⁰C and 1100 ⁰C. Testing was done on rectangular prisms of size 410 x 80 x 80mm to determine the physico-mechanical properties of bricks. It was found that an increase in waste marble content increased the size of the specimen but the density of the brick had reduced, this is due to the increase in size because of the occurrence of pores in the structure due to the release of carbon dioxide during the calculations of Calcium carbonate. The flexural strength of bricks was reduced this is obvious because the addition of marble powder decreased the density of the brick. So it is observed from this paper that 10% of marble waste can be added to brick with no sacrifice for the engineering properties of brick. Also, an increase in marble content increased the hardness of the brick [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this experimental investigation, it was found that fired clay bricks can be produced by replacing 35% weight of clay with marble powder. The bricks were prepared at different compositions and were fired at two different temperatures 950⁰C, and 1050⁰C for a duration of 2 hours. Bulk density, apparent porosity, water absorption values, and compressive strength tests were carried out. The bulk density of bricks decreased with the addition of waste marble content at both temperatures. Firing temperature addition of waste content has a significant influence on porosity, as waste marble content increases porosity also increases. Water absorption also increases as the porosity of the brick increases. The addition of waste marble decreases the compressive strength, but 30% weight of marble powder can be used to prepare bricks of standard requirements. Results also showed that the brick samples produced with marble content can be used as a heat insulation construction material [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this experimental investigation, it was studied that the application of waste materials such as sawdust, spent earth from oil filtration, compost, and marble to produce lightweight bricks. Bricks were prepared with different waste compositions and the bricks were fired at 950⁰C and 1050⁰C. The effect of these wastes on linear shrinkage, water absorption, bulk density, water absorption, and compressive strength tests were carried out. The bulk density of the bricks decreased at both temperatures. Apparent porosity and water absorption values increased with the addition of residue. The bricks fired at 1050⁰C had the best quality. The results indicated that it is possible to obtain bricks with 5% weight sawdust, 10% weight compost, and 15% weight spent earth from oil filtration and marble residue that fulfil the technological standards for traditional bricks and possess mechanical properties similar to those of clay bricks without these wastes.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"III. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION","content":"\u003cp\u003eA. Properties of Material used:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specific gravity of the constituent materials is determined in the laboratory as per IS 2386 (Part 3):1963 and represented in Fig. 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sieve analysis on clay and red mud was done as per IS 2729 (Part 4): 1980 and the particle distribution is shown in Fig-2. The optimum moisture content (OMC) and dry densities are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOptimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Dry Density\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOMC (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum Dry density\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRed Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB. Details of the specimen:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe materials used to prepare bricks of size 210 x 110 x 75mm are clay, red mud, GGBS, and marble powder with different proportions. The investigation was done on 135 bricks of which 20 numbers of bricks are in each variant. The different proportions of the compositions are tabulated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComposition of brick Ingredients (Mix proportions):\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrial Name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix Composition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClay: Marble Powder : GGBS: Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%Clay\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0%Marble Powder\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0%GGBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90%Clay\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5%Marble Powder\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.5%GGBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%Clay\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10%Marble Powder\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5%GGBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70%Clay\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20%Marble Powder\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5%GGBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60%Clay\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30%Marble Powder\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5%GGBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%Clay\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;40%Marble Powder\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5%GGBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC. Preparation of Bricks:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bricks were prepared as per IS code provisions. Given adhering to the norms of the code the constituents of the brick materials are well-dried in the open air and the distribution of particle sizes is well within the codal provisions (code no.). The constituents were well mixed to ensure that the mix was homogeneity and added with no additives. The bricks are manufactured using a Mardini brick-making machine. Then the bricks were dried in the open air to ensure that there were not any air cracks on the surface. The different variations of air-dried and burnt bricks are shown in Fig. 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bricks were burnt in a kiln at a temperature of around 600⁰C. The main purpose of burning the bricks is to impart strength and a better bond between the particles. It also increases the durability of bricks. The unburnt bricks were just cured in the open air for 7 days and 28 days. In casting these bricks, only water was used as a binding material and no other chemical admixtures were used. The basic tests of water abortion, compressive strength, hardness, efflorescence, and brick density were done. The bricks were tested for both 7 days and 28 days.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Dimensionality Test\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe test was done as per IS: 2185-Part 1. The variation in unit length of bricks should not exceed 5mm and width and depth should not exceed 3mm as per the code. It is observed that the manufactured bricks pass the dimensionality test. The Dimensionality test results are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBricks Dimensionality test results.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDimensions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of Bricks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage Dimension (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIS Recommendation (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b) \u003cstrong\u003eBrick Density Test\u003c/strong\u003e :\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is found that the density of unfired and fired bricks density reduced with the addition of marble powder. The marble powder is less dense compared to the clay, so an increase in marble powder in unfired bricks decreases the density of bricks. Whereas in fired clay bricks the density reduced on firing because of the high value of Loss on Ignition (LOI) in marble powder. The density of the bricks is higher at 7 days when compared to the density of bricks for 28 days this is because of the water present in the bricks and water content reduces as the number of days increases. The density of unfired and fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days are tabulated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and also shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDensity of unfired bricks at 7 days and 28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl.No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix proportion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDensity kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2273.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2157.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2115.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2037.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2067.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1998.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1951.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1892.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1857.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1790.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1754.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1635.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDensity of fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl.No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix proportion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDensity kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2083.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2121.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1996.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1928.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1869.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1881.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1755.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1640.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1578.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(c) Compressive Strength\u003c/strong\u003e :\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the compressive strength of fired and unfired bricks at 7 days and 28 days as per IS: 3495 − 1992(PART 1). The results show that the compressive strength of unfired bricks reduced on addition of marble powder, because of poor bonding between the clay and the marble powder. Despite the marble powder having a high amount of CaO content it couldn’t bind well with clay. Whereas in fired clay bricks, the compressive strength is reduced with the addition of marble powder because on firing the bricks lose their density, making them porous because of the LOI value of marble. GGBS was added to make sure it would give some strength to the bricks but it did not increase the strength. For 28 days of strength, all variants of fired bricks achieved minimum strength except for the last mix 6. Whereas in the case of unfired, the first three mixes achieved minimum strength and the last three mixes didn’t achieve the minimum strength required. The results of unfired and fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days are tabulated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e respectively and also shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength of unfired bricks at 7 days and 28 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl.No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix proportion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompressive Strength, MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength of fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl.No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix proportion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompressive Strength, MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater Absorption\u003c/strong\u003e :\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e shows the water absorption test as per IS;3495 (Part 2) on fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days for mix proportions Mix1, Mix2, Mix3, and Mix 4 cured for 28 days are within the limits and for 7 days curing mix proportions Mix, Mix2 and Mix3 are within the limits. The increase in water absorption is due to the increase in the porosity of bricks with the addition of marble powder. The variation is shown in Fig. 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater absorption of fired bricks at 7 days and 28 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl.No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix proportion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater Absorption %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%Clay + 0%Marble Powder + 0%GGBS + 0% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90%Clay + 5%Marble Powder + 2.5%GGBS + 2.5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%Clay + 10%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70%Clay + 20%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60%Clay + 30%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%Clay + 40%Marble Powder + 5%GGBS + 5% Red Mud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.11%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEfflorescence Test\u003c/strong\u003e :\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis test is done according to specifications given in code book IS 3495-Part III-1992. Mix1, Mix2, Mix3, and Mix4 showed no efflorescence that is NIL but Mix5 and Mix6 showed a slight amount of efflorescence. The same is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHardness Test\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults of unburnt and burnt bricks at 7 days and 28 days are tabulated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e and the hardness test results for unfired bricks for 7 days and 28 days are tabulated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHardness Results of unfired Bricks at 7 days and 28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl.No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix Proportion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpression not found. Sufficiently hard.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpressions found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHardness Results of fired Bricks at 7 days and 28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl.No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix Proportion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpression not found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSufficiently hard.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpression not found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSufficiently hard.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpression not found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSufficiently hard.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpression not found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSufficiently hard.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSlight impressions were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpression not found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSufficiently hard.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSlight impressions were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpression not found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSufficiently hard.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpression not found.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSufficiently hard.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSlight impressions found\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoundness Test\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is done by striking the bricks with a hammer or by striking bricks against each other. The burnt bricks produced a clear ringing sound except for the Mix6 mix. Whereas, unburnt bricks of Mix 1, Mix 2, and Mix 3 gave a ringing sound Mix 4, Mix 5, and Mix 6 didn’t produce a ringing sound.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePorosity Test\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs expected porosity has increased with the addition of waste marble powder, due to an increase in pores during the firing process. There is no IS code describing apparent porosity. In this present research, it was followed as per ASTM C20 standards. The test results of porosity on fired bricks are tabulated in Table 12.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix proportion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePorosity %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe bricks are manufactured with different constituent materials like clay, red mud, marble powder, and GGBS. For the investigation, different proportions of these materials are used and the manufactured bricks are categorized into six groups and named as mix proportions. Using these materials bricks are manufactured and then the study was made on fired and unfired bricks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe investigation includes analyzing the characteristics of each constituent and checking the validity of these materials as per the prevailing IS codes. Later the bricks are tested under fired and unfired categories to check the validity of these bricks with IS standards. Finally, the density of the bricks is modified and the study has been made for the same.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following observations were made after a thorough study of the bricks made from new constituent materials. The proportions of ingredients and their chemical propositions available in the constituent materials are good and acceptable as per the IS code to manufacture Class A and Class B bricks. The physical investigations are made to verify the characteristics of clay, red mud, marble powder, and GGBS as per the prevailing IS codes. The results obtained from the tests are well within the acceptable ranges. The investigation results revealed that there is a significant decrease in the compressive strength of burnt and unburnt bricks in addition to waste marble powder. Compared to unfired bricks, fired bricks had more strength. Maximum strength is 6.72 MPa (Mix 2) and minimum strength is 2.84 MPa (Mix 6) in fired bricks. The water absorption value also increased upon replacing clay with marble powder. It varied from 5.10–28.11% for fired bricks. Only fired bricks showed effective sound and had good ringing sound, whereas the unfired bricks did not give a clear ringing sound. In the hardness test fired bricks didn’t show impressions, whereas the unfired clay bricks had impressions on them. Porosity increased in fired bricks for higher proportions of marble content because of the LOI value. The test results revealed that, to manufacture fired bricks 40% of marble powder can be replaced by clay. Up to this proportion of marble powder, the test results are well within the IS code provisions. In the case of unfired clay bricks, the marble powder can be replaced only up to 20% of the clay. The density of the fired bricks decreased gradually with the addition of waste marble powder. The reduction was more in fired bricks compared to unfired bricks. Maximum density was 2187.5 kg /m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e minimum being 1635.2 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The dead load on the structure can be reduced with the addition of marble powder. The porosity of the fired brick increased with the addition of waste marble powder.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe water absorption of bricks increased rapidly with the addition of waste marble powder.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll burnt bricks except Mix-6 produced a clear ringing sound when stuck together and in unfired bricks, only Mix-1 produced a ringing sound.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this research, no involvement of either humans/animals, and no need for Ethical committees, Internal Review Boards, and guidelines are required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Not Applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eonsent to publish: \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Not Applicable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Funding is not received from any organization for this research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used in this research is from the experimental outcomes only and does not use any data sets from outside agencies. \u0026nbsp;The Experimental data are already tabulated in the table for reference.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is the original authors research outcome.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eN. Bilgina, H.A. Yepremb, S. Arslan, A. Bilgin, E. G\u0026uuml;nay, M. Marsoglu. Use of waste marble powder in the brick industry. Construction and Building Materials 29 (2012) 449\u0026ndash;457.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMucahit Sutcua, Hande Alptekin, Ertugrul Erdogmus, Yusuf Er, Osman Gencel. Characteristics of fired clay bricks with waste marble powder addition as building materials. Construction and Building Materials 82 (2015) 1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD. Eliche-Quesada, F.A. Corpas-Iglesias, L. P\u0026eacute;rez-Villarejo, F.J. Iglesias-Godino. Recycling of sawdust spent earth from oil filtration, compost, and marble residues for brick manufacturing. Construction and Building Materials 34 (2012) 275\u0026ndash;284.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOsman Gencel, Cengiz Ozel, Fuat Koksal, Ertugrul Erdogmus, Gonzalo Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Barrera, Witold Brostow. Properties of concrete paving blocks made with waste marble. Journal of Cleaner Production 21 (2012) 62\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLow-cost concrete bricks using marble slurry as a raw material Manpreet Singh, Anshuman Srivastava, Pratyaksh Agarwal. CIVIL ENGINEERING CONFERENCE IN THE ASIAN REGION. Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii. August 30- September 2, 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eF. Sabogya Jr., G.C Xavier, J. Alexandre. The Use of the powder marble by-product to enhance the properties of brick ceramic. Construction and Building Materials 21 (2007) 1950\u0026ndash;1960.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGaveesh H R, Umashankar Y, Yogananda M V, L R Manjunatha. Utilization of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in the Manufacturing of Solid Concrete Blocks. JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162) June 2015, Volume 2, Issue 6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJ. E. Oti, J. M. Kinuthia, and J. Bai. Using slag for unfired clay masonry bricks. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Construction Materials 161 November 2008 Issue CM4 Pages 147\u0026ndash;155.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGeeta Batham. Strength Enhancement of Paver Block Using Red Mud. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). Volume: 05 Issue: 07 July 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAchal Garg, Harinder Yadav. Study of Red Mud as an Alternative Building Material for Interlocking Block Manufacturing in the Construction Industry. International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering. Volume 3, Number 4, December 2015.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManoj Bhaskar, Salim Akhtar, Geeta Batham. Development of the Bricks from Red Mud by Industrial Waste (Red Mud). International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE) ISSN: 2319\u0026ndash;6378, Volume-2, Issue-4, February 2014.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeopold, M., T.J. Desire, M. Germain, \u0026ldquo;Strength characteristics of earth bricks and their application in construction.\u0026rdquo; Int. res. J. Engin, Vol. 2, Issue 4, September 2012.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"computational-science-and-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Computational Science and Engineering](https://link.springer.com/journal/44207)","snPcode":"44207","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44207/3","title":"Computational Science and Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Marble Powder, Red Mud, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag, Clay, bricks, Sustainability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4672592/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4672592/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the past few decades, there has been rapid exploitation of natural materials from the construction industry all over the globe. For the manufacturing of bricks, lake beds are being encroached on and exploited for clay mining. Industrial wastes like Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Red Mud, and Marble powder are not being managed and used efficiently. Making newer products from these wastes will help reduce the environmental hazards and demand for natural resources which encourages sustainable development. Marble has been used in the construction field for a long time as a flooring or cladding material but not as a constituent material of brick. A few research works have been reported to use marble powder as an alternative material in the manufacturing of bricks. In this paper, innovative bricks were prepared using these three industrial wastes (GGBS, Red Mud, and Marble powder) in different proportions. In this study, bricks were manufactured with varied marble powder proportions along with red mud and GGBS. The bricks of size 210mm X 110mm X 70mm were prepared and burnt at 600⁰C and investigated their properties under burnt and unburnt conditions as per IS code provisions. The experimental results reveal that the compressive strength and density of fired and unfired bricks decreases with the increase of marble powder proportion and the optimum percentage of marble powder is 30% can be used to manufacture the bricks of class A or B according to IS codes. It is noticed that the compressive strength varies from 2.84 Mpa to 7.9 MPa and density decreases from 2121.5 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e to 1578.2 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e for burnt bricks. For unfired clay bricks, it varied from 1.5 Mpa to 4.11 Mpa. And density 2157.9 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e to 1635.2 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bricks from Industry Wastes for Sustainable Development","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-31 10:30:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4672592/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-11T16:11:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-07T22:23:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Computational Science and Engineering","date":"2024-07-02T08:17:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"computational-science-and-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Computational Science and Engineering](https://link.springer.com/journal/44207)","snPcode":"44207","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44207/3","title":"Computational Science and Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dd7d8a27-5b1b-4e25-bf2c-7a6fa075ef85","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 31st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-31T10:30:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-31 10:30:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4672592","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4672592","identity":"rs-4672592","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}