Design Optimization of HALE Propeller by using SLSQP Method

Design Optimization of HALE Propeller by using SLSQP Method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Design Optimization of HALE Propeller by using SLSQP Method Mochammad Agoes Moelyadi, Ema Amalia, Angka Bayu Putranto, I Nengah Diasta, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8033186/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The existing propeller of a HALE UAV (High Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) needs an improvement in its performance operating at higher altitude, a special design which is different from a UAV that operates at a lower altitude. For achieving this purpose an optimization technique called the SLSQP (Sequential Least Squares Programming) method is used. This method uses least–square problem formulation that replaces the standard quadratic problem to help in finding a optimum point. This gradient-based optimization method requires a large number of solver evaluations. The performance of the propeller is evaluated using the solution of Blade-Element Momentum Theory (BEMT). The existing propeller for a HALE UAV has, with a current efficiency of the propeller being of 57% at 60,000 ft during cruise condition. The design variables are the chord and twist distribution. Running the optimization scheme yields a propeller design that has an efficiency of 60.4%, which is an increase of 3.4% from the baseline geometry. The result is verified by high-fidelity method by employing CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Good agreement is found between the BEMT and CFD predictions, both for cruise and off-design conditions. Propeller High Altitude Long Endurance UAV Blade Element Momentum Theory SLSQP Optimization CFD Simulation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 09 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 08 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 04 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8033186","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":545699278,"identity":"d3ae6349-ef5e-4e1e-9059-3827f1bfd2f0","order_by":0,"name":"Mochammad Agoes Moelyadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bandung Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mochammad","middleName":"Agoes","lastName":"Moelyadi","suffix":""},{"id":545699279,"identity":"1b1bd621-d0eb-45c5-8b5d-b33474b85c9b","order_by":1,"name":"Ema 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Method","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-applied-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Applied Sciences](https://link.springer.com/journal/42452)","snPcode":"42452","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/42452/3","title":"Discover Applied Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover 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For achieving this purpose an optimization technique called the SLSQP (Sequential Least Squares Programming) method is used. This method uses least\u0026ndash;square problem formulation that replaces the standard quadratic problem to help in finding a optimum point. This gradient-based optimization method requires a large number of solver evaluations. The performance of the propeller is evaluated using the solution of Blade-Element Momentum Theory (BEMT). The existing propeller for a HALE UAV has, with a current efficiency of the propeller being of 57% at 60,000 ft during cruise condition. The design variables are the chord and twist distribution. Running the optimization scheme yields a propeller design that has an efficiency of 60.4%, which is an increase of 3.4% from the baseline geometry. The result is verified by high-fidelity method by employing CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Good agreement is found between the BEMT and CFD predictions, both for cruise and off-design conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Design Optimization of HALE Propeller by using SLSQP Method","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-19 17:30:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8033186/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-23T16:08:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T11:32:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-16T06:11:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-14T04:44:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"48269180149246211290898815978307412147","date":"2025-11-13T19:53:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"129251753231009228224728187137248812792","date":"2025-11-12T19:22:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"80788285149747765146915432821559583849","date":"2025-11-12T14:33:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"282171874416320351498091487283817840358","date":"2025-11-12T14:32:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T14:25:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-09T07:46:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-08T05:40:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-08T05:40:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Applied Sciences","date":"2025-11-05T01:55:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-applied-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Applied Sciences](https://link.springer.com/journal/42452)","snPcode":"42452","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/42452/3","title":"Discover Applied Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4c7b68fa-cd1e-4179-a120-7ec36abb7a44","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-20T04:26:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-19 17:30:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8033186","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8033186","identity":"rs-8033186","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}