Advanced Optimization of THz Biosensor for Breast Cancer Detection Through Machine Learning

Advanced Optimization of THz Biosensor for Breast Cancer Detection Through Machine Learning | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Advanced Optimization of THz Biosensor for Breast Cancer Detection Through Machine Learning Hamza Wertani, Hamza Ben Krid, Aymen Hlali, Hassen Zairi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8330563/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This work presents a highly sensitive and reconfigurable terahertz (THz) biosensor for the detection of breast cancer biomarkers. The device consists of a hybrid graphene-gold THz biosensor patterned on a dielectric substrate, providing strong plasmonic field confinement and tunable resonance characteristics. To optimize its optical response, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression model was employed to capture the nonlinear interaction among graphene’s chemical potential, relaxation time, and temperature. The optimized structure achieves excellent sensing performance, with sensitivities of 137.2 GHz/RIU for normal epithelium (NE), 193.7 GHz/RIU for CA15-3, 241.6 GHz/RIU for CA27-29, and 311.5 GHz/RIU for HER2, along with a quality factor (Q-Factor) of 6.66 and a figure of merit (FOM) of 636.7 RIU⁻¹. Combining tunability, compactness, and machine-learning-based optimization, the proposed hybrid graphene-gold THz biosensor demonstrates great promise for real-time, label-free, and precise breast cancer diagnostics. Graphene Breast cancer Terahertz biosensor Refractive index sensing Support Vector Machine (SVM) Sensitivity optimization Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8330563","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":572960925,"identity":"b84322ba-bb5c-4161-a040-05527068b785","order_by":0,"name":"Hamza 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Learning","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Graphene, Breast cancer, Terahertz biosensor, Refractive index sensing, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Sensitivity optimization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8330563/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8330563/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis work presents a highly sensitive and reconfigurable terahertz (THz) biosensor for the detection of breast cancer biomarkers. The device consists of a hybrid graphene-gold THz biosensor patterned on a dielectric substrate, providing strong plasmonic field confinement and tunable resonance characteristics. To optimize its optical response, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression model was employed to capture the nonlinear interaction among graphene\u0026rsquo;s chemical potential, relaxation time, and temperature. The optimized structure achieves excellent sensing performance, with sensitivities of 137.2 GHz/RIU for normal epithelium (NE), 193.7 GHz/RIU for CA15-3, 241.6 GHz/RIU for CA27-29, and 311.5 GHz/RIU for HER2, along with a quality factor (Q-Factor) of 6.66 and a figure of merit (FOM) of 636.7 RIU⁻\u0026sup1;. Combining tunability, compactness, and machine-learning-based optimization, the proposed hybrid graphene-gold THz biosensor demonstrates great promise for real-time, label-free, and precise breast cancer diagnostics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Advanced Optimization of THz Biosensor for Breast Cancer Detection Through Machine Learning","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-14 08:09:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8330563/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"593d4615-daef-468b-b9a6-4e284b2df5e6","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 14th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-27T07:53:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-14 08:09:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8330563","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8330563","identity":"rs-8330563","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}