Safe use of hydrogen energy: review on hydrogen self- ignition and generated hydrogen jet fire

Safe use of hydrogen energy: review on hydrogen self- ignition and generated hydrogen jet fire | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Safe use of hydrogen energy: review on hydrogen self- ignition and generated hydrogen jet fire Shujie Zhi, Shuhong Li, Rui Zhou, Luoqian Liu, Shiyao Peng, Chong Chai This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3996236/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the fight against climate change, hydrogen is seen as a promising sustainable energy alternative to fossil fuels. However, its wider adoption has raised safety issues, particularly regarding spontaneous combustion without an external spark. To ensure safe and sustainable hydrogen use, researchers have developed a thorough research approach targeting hydrogen's potential for spontaneous combustion. Progress has been made in understanding this phenomenon within transparent extension tubes, examining various factors like tube dimensions, curvature, shape, and rupture disc properties. These studies have revealed consistent trends. Simulations have helped explain how hydrogen auto-ignites, often starting at the tube wall, especially in high-pressure situations where it interacts with hot air and expands cold fuel. Researchers have also created mathematical models related to ignition dynamics. Yet, there's limited experimental data on hydrogen jet self-ignition in open spaces. Some simulations suggest that high-pressure hydrogen can ignite spontaneously even without a confinement, but the ignition event is so brief that it's difficult to capture experimentally. Moreover, scholars are creating more accurate empirical formulas based on extensive experimental statistics that connect internal tube ignition to external jet flames. The accuracy of these empirical estimates improves as more experimental data becomes available. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Energy infrastructure Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Renewable energy Safe use of hydrogen energy Diffusion ignition hydrogen self-ignition hydrogen jet fire Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3996236","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":288275386,"identity":"d7eeb129-6694-4f8a-b4e4-eeda9ba1c44d","order_by":0,"name":"Shujie Zhi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"PipeChina","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shujie","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhi","suffix":""},{"id":288275388,"identity":"a8351aaa-5d0d-42c8-a3d8-41edfb9567ae","order_by":1,"name":"Shuhong Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIie3RMUvDQBTA8ReeXJdns55EzFd4JdCpoB/lSiBdUnHMpqVwWfoB6uJncHK+EEiXcxd0qAjOcctUjavYK24O95vfH+69A/C8f2gIBKblHZ5vltVWFZMzMSiNMxFAweu6MAOwTcqtzZIhWXUowYSsCeEpH5/c6np6Jy/YnYSPTT/5EgU3OUckcKYlKOiKh/2JvMzkh35PEJqrhEjMdbQwwco+OxL6fg+mIljepyRprk+NwkA7ktCOo2ON1ysEronlTEjF7gTypF+/RimORou1YnU4kfmoP3KGTCKF1qiR7o9cuXYJQ8v9V06Q47dNN919xnFZVtuu2J/8zvxx3vM8z/vhC9D9WIAtD0zCAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuhong","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":288275392,"identity":"d6d9ce67-5228-471e-ae12-2da34d5248b4","order_by":2,"name":"Rui Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"PipeChina","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rui","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":288275393,"identity":"1605fd90-2b44-4b69-be76-1489b5682ca8","order_by":3,"name":"Luoqian Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"PipeChina","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luoqian","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":288275397,"identity":"384e4677-0015-4d66-816c-17fdc06d196c","order_by":4,"name":"Shiyao Peng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"PipeChina","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shiyao","middleName":"","lastName":"Peng","suffix":""},{"id":288275399,"identity":"36b0397f-3f3d-44c9-a103-730ec1bad28a","order_by":5,"name":"Chong Chai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"PipeChina","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chong","middleName":"","lastName":"Chai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-28 09:20:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3996236/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3996236/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56405414,"identity":"a7fc1c90-ea20-4470-bd9f-15e67ab19cb6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-13 18:12:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1090969,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscrip.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3996236/v1_covered_eab3cece-d670-4ee5-ad61-5b86340cf068.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Safe use of hydrogen energy: review on hydrogen self- ignition and generated hydrogen jet fire","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Safe use of hydrogen energy, Diffusion ignition, hydrogen self-ignition, hydrogen jet fire ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3996236/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3996236/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In the fight against climate change, hydrogen is seen as a promising sustainable energy alternative to fossil fuels. 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