Integrative comparative transcriptomics using cultivated and wild rice reveals key regulators of developmental and photosynthetic progression along the rice leaf developmental gradient

Background Precise developmental and physiological processes along the leaf developmental gradient are the prerequisite for photosynthetic competence. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of gene regulatory networks and the key regulators underlying developmental and physiological progression across different leaf stages is crucial for optimization of leaf functions. Results We compared the gene expression profiles of leaves of four developmentally and physiologically diverse rice accessions, including two Asian cultivated rice, one African cultivated rice, and one wild rice Oryza australiensis , at different stages from shoot apical meristem (SAM) to primordia 5 (P5). Differentially expressed genes along with stage-specific gene regulatory networks identified three major events during the leaf developmental and physiological progression, with predominance of developmental genes at SAM+Pi (initiating primordia) and P3, genes for photosynthetic transitions at P3 and P4, and core photosynthetic genes at P4 and P5 stages. Gene regulatory networks revealed both conserved and accession-specific regulators for each leaf stage, driving developmental and photosynthetic transitions. Notably, transcription factors, such as RDD1, ARID2, and ERF3, emerged as central regulators for distinct leaf developmental and photosynthetic features of wild rice O. australiensis . Conclusions The study provides a comprehensive regulatory framework for rice leaf development, photosynthesis, and their integration in the selected rice accessions, offering new insights for optimizing leaf developmental traits to improve photosynthesis. The data used in this study is available as an interactive public database “Rice DEV-LEAF ( https://nipgr.ac.in/DEV-LEAF/ )” for exploring gene expression dynamics and gene regulatory networks along the leaf developmental gradient across the selected rice accessions.