Research and development of techniques for suppressing scaling on the inner wall surfaces of metal three-dimensional microscale hollow structures

Research and development of techniques for suppressing scaling on the inner wall surfaces of metal three-dimensional microscale hollow structures | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Research and development of techniques for suppressing scaling on the inner wall surfaces of metal three-dimensional microscale hollow structures Kaijian Wang, Chengetanai George Nyamakura, Guoxiang Xu, Wenjian Wei This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460336/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Inorganic fouling is a challenging problem in heat exchanger applications, particularly for compact heat exchangers under high-temperature conditions. Surface treatment is an effective approach to mitigate the fouling of hard water flow in heat exchangers. In this study, the effectiveness of an anti-fouling treatment on the inner surface of metal three-dimensional microscale hollow structures (M-3D-MSHSs) was verified by using very hard water at a water temperature of 60 °C and a wall temperature of 70 °C; additionally, the location, amount of attachment and composition of the impurities in the test circuit were investigated. The effects of the measures against the deposition and adhesion of impurities using very hard water on the test pieces (TPs) were evaluated. The pressure loss of the sample without coating sharply increased and reached 4 times the original pressure drop after the 2-week tests. However, the variation in the pressure loss of the sample with a coating was negligible even after 5 weeks of continuous tests. Here, the coating surface of the test sample had the ability to suppress the precipitation of the impurity particles from water with the coating treatment on the rough wall and the adjustment of the zeta potential of the adjacent wall surface. Finally, an anti-fouling technology roadmap that considered cost and feasibility to suppress the precipitation and adhesion of impurities from very hard water with heat exchanger channels was recommended. heat exchanger hard water deposits adhesion three-dimensional hollow structure Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editor assigned by journal 22 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 21 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5460336","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":439343124,"identity":"fccf1db7-d69b-4838-9fe9-71d6658226ce","order_by":0,"name":"Kaijian Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACxgYGCWY2IP2AgYdELcwGpGgBAzYJopQbHD97+OWMGgt2Pvazxyp/yNxJbGA/ewC/ljN5aZYbjgEdxpOXdkOC51liA09eAl4tZgdyzAwfsIH8kmN2w4DncGKDBI8Bfi3n3wC1/ANq4X9jVpBAlJYbOcYPN7YBtUjkmDEcIEaL/Y03Zowz+0Ba3hhLNvAcNm7jycGvRbI/x/hjz7e6ZPn+HMOPP3sOy/azn8GvhQEaHclgJmMPkEtIPRAwfwASdhD2DyLUj4JRMApGwYgDAMt+QkHhPZ/pAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaijian","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":439343125,"identity":"abb0b36f-9a73-4f54-bbeb-817d5bddd18f","order_by":1,"name":"Chengetanai George Nyamakura","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chengetanai","middleName":"George","lastName":"Nyamakura","suffix":""},{"id":439343126,"identity":"a991417b-e7bf-4960-96bb-ad72dfc1e2cc","order_by":2,"name":"Guoxiang Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guoxiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":439343127,"identity":"80dd44e9-a414-4208-bc17-0d537eb79a6c","order_by":3,"name":"Wenjian Wei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenjian","middleName":"","lastName":"Wei","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-15 12:08:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460336/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460336/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80259687,"identity":"17727b6c-771d-4b35-8f52-28f72e91f1c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-09 21:22:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":807121,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptRevised3.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5460336/v1_covered_53c619f5-9374-4148-805e-6a67867f8016.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Research and development of techniques for suppressing scaling on the inner wall surfaces of metal three-dimensional microscale hollow structures","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-applied-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Applied Sciences](https://link.springer.com/journal/42452)","snPcode":"42452","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/42452/3","title":"Discover Applied Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"heat exchanger, hard water, deposits, adhesion, three-dimensional hollow structure","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460336/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460336/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eInorganic fouling is a challenging problem in heat exchanger applications, particularly for compact heat exchangers under high-temperature conditions. Surface treatment is an effective approach to mitigate the fouling of hard water flow in heat exchangers. In this study, the effectiveness of an anti-fouling treatment on the inner surface of metal three-dimensional microscale hollow structures (M-3D-MSHSs) was verified by using very hard water at a water temperature of 60 \u0026deg;C and a wall temperature of 70 \u0026deg;C; additionally, the location, amount of attachment and composition of the impurities in the test circuit were investigated. The effects of the measures against the deposition and adhesion of impurities using very hard water on the test pieces (TPs) were evaluated. The pressure loss of the sample without coating sharply increased and reached 4 times the original pressure drop after the 2-week tests. However, the variation in the pressure loss of the sample with a coating was negligible even after 5 weeks of continuous tests. Here, the coating surface of the test sample had the ability to suppress the precipitation of the impurity particles from water with the coating treatment on the rough wall and the adjustment of the zeta potential of the adjacent wall surface. Finally, an anti-fouling technology roadmap that considered cost and feasibility to suppress the precipitation and adhesion of impurities from very hard water with heat exchanger channels was recommended.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Research and development of techniques for suppressing scaling on the inner wall surfaces of metal three-dimensional microscale hollow structures","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-09 20:50:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460336/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-22T09:48:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-18T16:40:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"326921739712518781842721487221605999022","date":"2025-04-09T14:39:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-07T07:51:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-03T05:01:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Applied Sciences","date":"2025-03-21T12:15:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-applied-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Applied Sciences](https://link.springer.com/journal/42452)","snPcode":"42452","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/42452/3","title":"Discover Applied Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1eb6063c-58c0-4a3e-bd7d-d2a5e9fc9e62","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-19T09:08:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-09 20:50:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5460336","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5460336","identity":"rs-5460336","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}