Dynamic dissection of NINJ1-mediated plasma membrane rupture reveals a multi-stage process

Dynamic dissection of NINJ1-mediated plasma membrane rupture reveals a multi-stage process | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Dynamic dissection of NINJ1-mediated plasma membrane rupture reveals a multi-stage process Fang Jiao, Zhaoyi Zhai, Xue Bai, Bo Yan, Zehao Zhou, Fang Chen, and 19 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5142979/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ninjurin1 (NINJ1) serves as a pivotal mediator of plasma membrane rupture (PMR) during pyroptosis, post-apoptotic lysis, necrosis, and related cell death pathways. While recent structural studies revealed near-atomic resolution architectures of NINJ1 in both inactive and active states, its activation mechanisms and membrane remodeling dynamics remain elusive. Through combined methodologies employing atomic force microscopy (AFM), proteoliposome systems, and cellular experiments, we identified negatively charged phospholipids—particularly PS—as critical cofactors in promoting NINJ1 activation. Using membrane-reconstituted NINJ1 with high-speed AFM (HS-AFM) real-time imaging, we captured the PMR stages: Membrane-bound NINJ1 transitions from metastable monomers/dimers/tetramers to arc-shaped oligomers, nucleating ~34-nm pores. Subsequent curvature-driven pore expansion generates paired filaments and irregular membrane fragments. Furthermore, our work integrates previous structural models with dynamic assembly data to propose a unified mechanistic framework that reconciles multiple aspects of NINJ1 function in membrane disruption. Biological sciences/Biotechnology/Nanobiotechnology/Applications of AFM Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology/Nanobiotechnology/Applications of AFM NINJ1 plasma membrane rupture lytic cell death HS-AFM Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files MovieS113fps.avi Movie S11 MovieS6DOPCPI4P.avi Movie S6 MovieS9.mp4 Movie S9 MovieS103.avi Movie S10 MovieS5DOPCDOPA.avi Movie S5 MovieS4DOPCDOPS.avi Movie S4 2025.11.10SupplementaryInformationClearlabel.pdf Supplementary Information MovieS7DOPCDOPG.avi Movie S7 MovieS87fps.avi Movie S8 MovieS3Nintetramer17.2M.mp4 Movie S3 MovieS2Nindimer20.6M.mp4 Movie S2 MovieS1Ninmonomer49.8M.mp4 Movie S1 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5142979","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":542392795,"identity":"c9bdb648-c00d-4928-bbda-1bc970a96084","order_by":0,"name":"Fang 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