Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts through a supercritical CO2 extraction process for antioxidant application

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Methods The extraction was performed using SC-CO 2 under conditions below the boiling point to preserve heat-sensitive compounds. Key factors (temperature, pressure, and time) were investigated, and the optimal process conditions were determined using the response surface methodology. The antioxidant activity of ESE was assessed by measuring its scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. Results The optimal extraction conditions were identified as a temperature of 60°C, pressure of 30 MPa, and an extraction time of 2 hours, yielding 1.88 ± 0.05% of ESE. Phytol was identified as a primary constituent. The ESE exhibited notable antioxidant activity, and its concentration exhibited a positive correlation with antioxidant activity. Conclusion This study made a significant contribution to the field by enhancing the extraction process of plant extracts and providing a valuable direction for the study of antioxidant bioactive substances. Supercritical CO2 Eleutherococcus senticosus Extract Response surface methodology Antioxidant activities Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Eleutherococcus senticosus , which belongs to the Araliaceae family, is a shrub that can reach altitudes of between 1–6 meters. It is found in forests or shrublands, at elevations ranging from hundreds of meters to 2000 meters above sea level (Wang et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2023 ). The plant thrives in warm and humid climates and exhibits tolerance to cold temperatures and partial shade. Eleutherococcus senticosus is a medicinal and edible plant which is clinically used for the recovery and treatment of cardiovascular and central diseases, which on human health has been paid more and more attention (Mu et al. 2022 ). They are the important material basis of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, cell protection, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-cancer (Chen et al. 2022 ; Jia et al. 2023 ; Li et al. 2021 ). Plant extracts are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds, synthesized by plants, present in leaves, stems, buds, seeds, fruits, glands and flowers (Khwaza et al. 2025; Verdeguer et al. 2020 ; Chen et al. 2023 ). Extracts are odorous phytochemicals, i.e. secondary metabolic products, derived from plants. Since time immemorial, these substances have been employed in folk and alternative medicine to alleviate pain and a variety of maladies, as well as serving as insecticides and repellents (Gómez-L et al. 2025; Ma et al. 2025 ; Mangalagiri et al. 2021 ). The use of these substances in cosmetics and perfumery is primarily due to their highly pleasant aromatic properties. In the food industry, extracts are similarly valued for their functional properties as flavoring agents and preservatives, effectively inhibiting oxidation, microbial contamination, and the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria responsible for foodborne illnesses. (Sana et al. 2021 ; Shen et al. 2024 ). As the use of the plant extracts grows, the study of extraction techniques has become increasingly important due to their significant impact oils on the extracts yield and composition (Uwineza et al. 2020). Despite their widespread use, traditional methods such as hydrodistillation and solvent extraction are associated with significant limitations, including prolonged extraction times, high energy consumption, and reduced extraction (Guo et al. 2022 ). It is evident that the utilisation of these methodologies frequently culminates in a diminished extraction yield and an augmented restriction in the range of extracted components (Wang et al. 2022 ). Inefficient use of Eleutherococcus senticosus biomass may result in material loss (Dimitrijević et al. 2024 ). Therefore, developing effective extraction techniques is crucial for advancing the extracts sector. The employment of supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) for extraction purposes offers a novel solution that has the potential to enhance the yield of the extract to a considerable degree. This method offers several advantages, including high selectivity, low operating temperatures, and a simpler extraction process. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is the most extensively utilised solvent in supercritical fluid technology, employed for the extraction of compounds with high biological value due to its relatively low cost, toxicity, and safety status (Bocevska et al. 2007; Cui et al. 2024 ; Dashtian et al. 2024 ; Haloui et al. 2017; Khalati et al. 2023 ). The supercritical CO 2 system typically comprises a sample chamber linked to a high-pressure vessel, a heating and cooling system, and pumps or compressors. The operational mode of the device under consideration enables the control of pressure, temperature, and SC-CO 2 flow. As asserted by Guo et al. (Guo et al. 2022 ) and Zhang et al. (Zhang et al. 2022 ) the purification of the compounds extracted by this solvent does not necessitate the use of a cosolvent. This is due to the fact that the solvation properties of the solvent can be simply adjusted by altering the conditions (pressure, temperature). From a sustainability perspective, the use of CO 2 in industrial processes renders it a highly attractive alternative to organic solvents, as it contributes to reducing the carbon footprint and global greenhouse gas emissions, thereby mitigating the environmental impact of these processes. (Uribe et al. 2011 ). The SC-CO 2 extraction process does not oxidize the target extract, making it particularly suitable for extracting active components from natural medicines. The technology's numerous advantages include safety, high efficiency, and the potential for recyclability, which have prompted extensive research and application of this technology in various fields. In this work, the extracts were extracted from the dried leaves of Eleutherococcus senticosus using a SC-CO 2 extraction method. This technique allowed the extraction to occur at a temperature significantly below the boiling point, effectively preventing the oxidation and loss of heat-sensitive components. The extraction process was optimized through single-factor tests and response surface methodology. The components of the extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the antioxidant activity of the extracted Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts (ESE) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals was evaluated. This method has been shown to significantly improve the extract yield, while offering distinct advantages in terms of operational simplicity, environmental sustainability, and high efficiency. This study thereby establishes a solid foundation for further research on the antioxidant properties of ESE. 2. Experimental 2.1 Raw material Eleutherococcus senticosus was obtained from Changbai Mountain. Eleutherococcus senticosus , belonging to the Araliaceae family. Its project identifier is GBIF ID: 4645. They are crushed with a grinder, sieved (40 mesh), and then stored in a sealed plastic bag in a cool and dry place before use. All the blades used in the experiment were from the same batch, ensuring the accuracy of the experiment. 2.2 Methods The Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves were inspected to remove impurities, insect eggs, and moldy leaves, followed by grinding into a fine powder. Put the Eleutherococcus senticosus powder into the material tank, adjust the parameters of the supercritical machine, with the supercritical machine parameters being: extraction pressure of 25 to 35 MPa; extraction temperature of 40 to 70 o C. Introduce CO 2 gas and start the extraction process. The extraction time condition is 1 to 2 h. Measure the content of the extracted substance and calculate the yield of the extract. Each experiment is repeated 3 times, and the results are taken as the average. 2.3 Experimental section Through the preliminary experiment, the main factors affecting the extraction of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts (ESE) by Supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) are: extraction pressure (25 MPa, 30 MPa, 35 MPa), extraction temperature (40 o C, 45 o C, 50 o C, 55 o C, 60 o C, 65 o C, 70 o C) and extraction time (1 h, 2 h, 3 h). The single factor experiment list of SC-CO 2 is shown in Table 1 . The yield of the extract is calculated using Eq. (1): Table 1 Summary of single factor optimization experiments using Supercritical CO 2 extraction. No. Extraction temperature ( o C) Extraction pressure (MPa) Extraction time (h) 1 50 25 2 2 70 25 2 3 60 25 1 4 60 30 2 5 60 35 3 6 50 30 1 7 70 30 3 8 60 30 2 9 60 30 2 10 70 35 2 11 60 25 3 12 60 35 1 13 50 35 2 14 60 30 2 15 60 30 2 16 50 30 3 17 70 30 1 $$\:\begin{array}{c}Y\:=\:\frac{{m}_{1}}{{m}_{2}}\#\left(1\right)\end{array}$$ Where Y is the yield of the extract, %; m 1 is the quality of the extract extracted by the SC-CO 2 method, kg; m 2 is the quality of the raw material, kg. 2.4 Optimization of enzymatic extraction conditions by Box-Behnken design The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilised to optimise the effects of three key factors: extraction temperature ( X 1 : 50 o C, 60 o C, 70 o C), extraction pressure ( X 2 : 25 MPa, 30 MPa, 35 MPa), and extraction time ( X 3 : 1 h, 2 h, 3 h). This approach was employed to enable a more comprehensive investigation of the interactions among these variables. The relationship between the interaction of three factors and extract yield was examined under three coded levels (− 1, 0, 1), as presented in Table 2 . Furthermore, the BDD method was employed to enhance the yield of the extracts, and its precise expression is delineated in Eq. (2). Table 2 Design of FCCCD experiment and analysis of result. Run BBD experiments ANOVA Source Sum of squares DOF Mean Square F P X 1 X 2 X 3 Y 1 50 25 2 1.55 Model 0.2227 9 0.0247 85.52 < 0.0001 * ** 2 70 25 2 1.56 X 1 0.0036 1 0.0036 12.49 0.0095 3 50 35 2 1.51 X 2 0.0001 1 0.0001 0.3889 0.5527 4 70 35 2 1.61 X 3 0.0392 1 0.0392 135.51 < 0.0001 5 50 30 1 1.62 X 1 X 2 0.0020 1 0.0020 7.00 0.0331 6 70 30 1 1.59 X 1 X 3 0.0036 1 0.0036 12.44 0.0096 7 50 30 3 1.72 X 2 X 3 0.0016 1 0.0016 5.53 0.0510 8 70 30 3 1.81 X 1 2 0.041 1 0.041 141.93 < 0.0001 9 60 25 1 1.55 X 2 ² 0.1129 1 0.1129 390.28 < 0.0001 10 60 35 1 1.57 X 3 ² 0.0055 1 0.0055 19.13 0.0033 11 60 25 3 1.71 Residual 0.0020 7 0.0003 12 60 35 3 1.65 Lack of Fit 0.0014 3 0.0005 3.17 0.1473 13 60 30 2 1.83 Pure Error 0.0006 4 0.0002 14 60 30 2 1.8 Cor. total 0.2247 16 15 60 30 2 1.82 Credibility analysis of the regression equations 16 60 30 2 1.83 Index mark SD Mean CV (%) Press R 2 R Adjust 2 R Predicted 2 AP 17 60 30 2 1.82 Y 0.0170 1.68 1.01 0.0237 0.9910 0.9794 0.8944 23.7642 * p < 0.05, significant; * * p < 0.01, highly significant; * ** p < 0.001, extremely significant. a. The results were obtained with Design Expert 8.0 software. b. X1 is the enzyme concentration (%), X2 is enzymatic hydrolysis temperature (°C), X3 is pH, and Y is yield of the extracts (%) $$\:\begin{array}{c}Y={\beta\:}_{0}+\sum\:_{i=1}^{3}\:{\beta\:}_{i}{X}_{i}+\sum\:_{i=1}^{3}\:{\beta\:}_{ii}{X}_{i}^{2}+\sum\:_{i=1}^{2}\:\sum\:_{j=i+1}^{3}\:{\beta\:}_{ij}{X}_{i}{X}_{j}\#\left(2\right)\end{array}$$ Where Y is the predicted response value, β 0 , β i , β ii and β ij represents the regression coefficients of linear, square, intercept, and interaction processes, respectively. X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are independent variables. 2.5 Study on surface characteristics of Eleutherococcus senticosus To observe the microstructure of the powder, the microstructure of the powder after SC-CO 2 extraction at different extraction pressures was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). After the powder was ground to a uniform particle size, the sample was mounted on a metal sample stage using double-sided conductive tape, followed by gold sputter coating to enhance its electrical conductivity. The sample was then subjected to testing and analysis using the scanning electron microscope. 2.6 Analysis of the extract composition The water in the extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus was removed using anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . Next, 20 µL of the extract was dissolved in 2 mL of n-hexane and then filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane to prepare the samples needed for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurement. Thermo Scientific ISQ 7610 J&W TG-5MS gas chromatography column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm) with an injection volume of 1.0 µL and an injection port temperature set at 230 o C. The heating program commenced at 90 o C for 1 min, followed by a temperature increase of 5 o C/min to 150 o C, which was maintained for 1 min. This was succeeded by another ramp of 5 o C/min to 180 o C, held for 2 min, and subsequently increased at a rate of 5 o C/min to 230 o C, where it was held for 3 min. The carrier gas used was nitrogen with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and the shunt ratio was set to 50:1. The mass spectrometry conditions were as follows: an EI + ion source with the ionization source temperature at 230 o C. The electronic energy was maintained at 70 eV, with a filament flow rate of 0.2 mA. The interface temperature was set at 250 o C, and the mass scanning range extended from 20 to 500 amu. The chemical composition of the extract was determined by NIST17 mass spectrometry. 2.7 Eleutherococcus senticosus extract through hydrodistillation method Precisely 50 g of the dried leaf powder from Eleutherococcus senticosus were carefully placed into a 3000 mL round-bottom flask. After adding 750 mL H 2 O, the mixture was heated for 3 h using a 100 V heating jacket. Following this process, the extract samples underwent analysis according to Method 2.6, ensuring accurate and reliable results. 2.8 Free radical scavenging activity assay The initial step involves the preparation of a 4 mg/mL 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl solution, which is to be achieved by employing absolute ethanol. The subsequent stage of the process is to create a 100 mg/mL ESE solution in absolute ethanol, followed by a half dilution to achieve eight distinct concentration levels, ranging from 100 to 0.39 mg/mL. Proceed by taking 100 µL of the DPPH solution and combining it with 100 µL of the ESE solutions at different concentrations. Following a 30-minute period of light avoidance reaction, the measurement of the extinction coefficient at a wavelength of 517 nm is required. To ensure reliability, the experiment was conducted in triplicate, and the scavenging capacity was calculated accordingly. For comparative analysis, use ascorbic acid as a positive control group (Lu et al. 2018 ). The scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals is calculated according to the following formula Eq. (3): $$\:\begin{array}{c}R=\frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{1}}{{A}_{0}}\times\:100\%\#\left(3\right)\end{array}$$ Among them, A 0 : absorbance value of 100 µL of DPPH solution and 100 µL of absolute ethanol; A 1 : Absorbance value of a mixture of 100 µL of DPPH solution and 100 µL of sample solution. The preparation of a 100 mg/mL ESE solution in ethanol and perform a half dilution to achieve eight distinct concentration levels, ranging from 100 to 0.39 mg/mL. Then, add 50 µL of 6 mmol/L FeSO 4 solution, 50 µL of H 2 O 2 , and 50 µL of salicylic acid solution to each concentration of ESE. Allow the reaction to proceed at 37°C for 30 min. The experiments were performed in parallel, with each measurement repeated three times to ensure accurate determination of the radical scavenging rate. Ascorbic acid was used as the positive control. The radical scavenging rate was calculated according to Eq. (3). In this study, two values are of particular significance: A 0 , which is defined as the extinction coefficient of 100 µL of hydroxyl radical solution and 100 µL of absolute ethanol, and A 1 , which is defined as the extinction coefficient of a mixture of 100 µL of hydroxyl radical solution and 100 µL of sample solution (Liu et al. 2021 ). 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Optimization of conditions affecting the extracts yield The bioactive compounds sequestered within the cell walls are transported by the supercritical CO₂ fluid. Since most target constituents are intracellularly localized, disruption of the cell walls is essential to facilitate efficient extraction. Firstly, a single-factor experiment was conducted, with the aim of identifying the variable that has the greatest impact during the extraction process. Within the determined range, three variables (extraction temperature, extraction pressure, and extraction time) were initially selected for analysis. In accordance with the prevailing individual conditions, a series of extractions were conducted on the subject. As demonstrated in Fig. 1 , the yield of extracts exhibits a gradual increase when the extraction pressure is ranged from 25 to 30 MPa. This phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that increasing the extraction pressure enhances the diffusion rate of CO₂. This, in turn, leads to several significant effects: first, it enhances the interaction between the solvent and the pore structure; second, it increases solvent solubility; and third, it accelerates the dissolution rate of the extracts. In the temperature range of 40–60 o C, the yield of the extracts significantly increases with rising temperature, indicating that the viscosity of CO 2 has a considerable impact on the extract extraction at lower temperatures. The reduction in viscosity enhances the yield of the extracts. When the appropriate temperature range is broken, the heat-sensitive substances in the the extracts are oxidized, destroying the cell activity. The extraction time also affects the extraction efficiency of the extracts. As extraction time increases from 1.0 to 1.5 hours, the extract yield gradually rises; beyond this point, the yield approaches saturation over time. 3.2 Optimizing parameters by response surface methodology The Box-Behnken design (BBD) model within the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to analyze the interactive effects of different factors on the yield of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts (ESE). The three influencing factors include: X 1 : extraction temperature ( X 1 : 50 o C, 60 o C, 70 o C); X 2 : extraction pressure ( X 2 : 25 MPa, 30 MPa, 35 MPa); and X 3 : extraction time ( X 3 : 1 h, 2 h, 3 h). The BBD test method was used to process the data. The results of the tests and the results of the RSM are presented in Table 2 . The predicted ESE value was 1.77%, While the actual measured ESE yield was 1.82%. The prediction equation of ESE yield is shown in Eq. (4): $$\:\begin{array}{c}{Y}_{\text{e}\text{x}\text{t}\text{r}\text{a}\text{c}\text{t}}=1.82+0.0213{X}_{1}-0.0037{X}_{2}+0.0700{X}_{3}+0.0225{X}_{1}{X}_{2}+0.0300{X}_{1}{X}_{3}-\\\:0.0200{X}_{2}{X}_{3}-0.0988{X}_{1}^{2}-0.1638{X}_{2}^{2}-0.0363{X}_{3}^{2}\#\left(4\right)\end{array}$$ As can be seen from Table 2 , it can be seen that ESE has a determination coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.99, indicating that the model has extremely high explanatory power and predictive accuracy, and the actual response is very consistent with the predicted response. It can be seen from Table 2 that F and P values are 85.52 and less than 0.0001 for the ESE model, indicating that the model has good adequacy, high precision and reliability. In the analysis of variance for ESE yield, factors X 1 , X 3 , X 1 X 2 , X 1 X 3 , X 1 2 , X 2 2 and X 3 2 were significant (P 0.05). Therefore, the adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R 2 = 0.9794) indicates a strong correlation between the experimental data and the predicted values. The low coefficient of variation of ESE yield was 1.01, indicating the high repeatability and reliability of all experiments. As illustrated in Fig. 2 , the 3D interaction profile is accompanied by three diagnostic plots. To verify the reliability and relevance of the model predictions, it is necessary to check the actual probability Fig. 3 a, normal probability Fig. 3 b, and external residuals Fig. 3 c. Figure 2 a shows the interaction of factors X 1 and X 2 on ESE yield, while factor X 3 remains at an intermediate level. As the temperature of the extraction process is increased, the efficiency of the extraction process is increased and eventually decreased. Figure 2 b shows the interaction between factors X 3 and X 1 , which significantly increases the ESE yield. In Fig. 2 c, the production of ESE is influenced by two factors, X 2 and X 3 , and its ESE production remains high after reaching a certain level. To enhance model reliability and minimize the influence of extraneous factors, a systematic analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between predicted and actual values. The reliability of the experiment is very high, while other factors produced during the experiment have relatively little influence on the experimental results. The constructed model not only matches the experimental data, but can also be intuitively reflected in Fig. 3 a. As illustrated in Fig. 3 b, the majority of data points are closely clustered around the diagonal line, indicating that the normalized residuals are normally distributed. This figure also presents the results for internal residuals and normal probability plots. The internal study residuals of each group of experiments are also in the ± 3 range Fig. 3 c, indicating that the experimental data on the fluctuation amplitude of internal factors is limited and the influence of experimental internal factors is not significant, further proving that the BBD model has satisfactory fitting performance. Design Expert 13.0 software was used to verify the experiment. The maximum yield of the extracts was determined to be 1.88% under the optimized extraction conditions: temperature of 69.52°C, pressure of 25.22 MPa, and time of 2.99 h. When the extraction temperature was set at 60°C and the pressure at 30 MPa, the optimal extraction time was found to be 2 h, resulting in a yield of 1.88 ± 0.05%. This result is close to the predicted value. 3.3 Study on surface characteristics of Eleutherococcus senticosus powder The microstructure of Eleutherococcus senticosus powder was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), allowing for an analysis of the effects of the extracts on the microstructure before and after extraction. As illustrated in Fig. 4 a displays a powder made from Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves, which has a relatively flat surface with a few particles. This phenomenon can be attributed to the pulverisation of the desiccated leaves of Eleutherococcus senticosus , a process that has been shown to result in the disruption of cellular structures and the subsequent formation of particulate matter. Figure 4 b is the supercritical CO 2 extraction (SC-CO 2 ) on the Eleutherococcus senticosus leaf powder. In this case, the cellular structure of Eleutherococcus senticosus is significantly damaged, with disrupted cell walls and altered overall cell morphology. The findings suggest that, under conditions of elevated pressure, the cells undergo rupture and the integrity of their cell walls is compromised. This alteration enhances the contact between intracellular contents and the external environment, thereby increasing extract yield. 3.4 Compound identification of the Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts Hierarchical cluster analysis was utilized to generate a heat map illustrating the composition of the extracts, as depicted in Fig. 5 . The x-axis is divided into two sections: the water vapour phase and the supercritical carbon dioxide phase, representing distinct extraction techniques. The y-axis categorizes the extract components according to their relative abundance. The analysis revealed significant compositional differences between the extracts obtained using these two methods. The hydrodistillation method was found to yield extracts primarily composed of (1R,7S,E)-7-isopropyl-4,10-dimethylenecyclodec-5-enol, whereas the SC-CO2 method resulted in extracts containing a proportion of phytonutrients. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was conducted on the extract samples extracted by both the SC-CO 2 and hydrodistillation (HD) methods. The relative percentage of each detected component was determined by comparing its peak area to the total peak area. The specific results are detailed in Table 3 . In total, the extracts with SC-CO 2 method detected 38 chemical components, while the HD method identified 62 components. The SC-CO 2 effectively isolates volatile substances at low boiling points, preventing the volatilization of heat-sensitive components. As a result, lipids in Eleutherococcus senticosus can be extracted without undergoing oxidation or decomposition that can occur at high temperatures during hydrodistillation. Conversely, the hydrodistillation method can extract volatile compounds, including those with high polarity and large molecular weight. In contrast, the SC-CO2 system struggles to extract highly polar or large-molecular-weight compounds, leading to the exclusion of certain constituents from the analysis. Table 3 GC-MS results of the chemical composition of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts. No a Components RI b ID c Molecular formula CAS number RA d (%) Supercritical CO 2 extraction Hydrodistillation 1 dl-α-Tocopherol MS c C 29 H 50 O 2 0010191-41-0 nd e 1.86% 2 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol MS C 20 H 40 O 0102608-53-7 0.99% 0.90% 3 1-Heptatriacotanol MS C 37 H 76 O 0105794-58-9 8.11% 1.65% 4 Cedrene C 15 H 24 0011028-42-5 0.29% nd 5 n-Hexane MS C 6 H 14 0000110-54-3 0.04% 0.06% 6 1,6,10,14-Hexadecatetraen-3-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (E, E)- MS C 20 H 34 O 0001113-21-9 nd 0.44% 7 5,9,13-Pentadecatrien-2-one, 6,10,14-trimethyl-, (E, E)- 1916 RI, MS C 18 H 30 O 0001117-52-8 nd 0.27% 8 δ-Tocopherol 2968 RI, MS C 27 H 46 O 2 0000119-13-1 nd 0.19% 9 1-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3a-methyl-6,10-dimethylidene-2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,12a-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta [11] annulene-5,9-diol MS C 20 H 34 O 3 1246094-62-1 0.36% 0.83% 10 ((8R,8aS)-8-Isopropyl-5-methyl-3,4,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-2-yl) methanol MS C 15 H 24 O 0135118-52-4 nd 0.30% 11 Tau-Cadinol acetate MS C 17 H 28 O 2 0149197-48-8 nd 0.48% 12 Phytol 2127 RI, MS C 20 H 40 O 0000150-86-7 12.42% 8.69% 13 2(4H)-Benzofuranone, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-, (R)- 2316 RI, MS C 11 H 16 O 2 0017092-92-1 1.70% nd 14 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester MS C 23 H 38 O 2 0017364-34-0 0.37% nd 15 cis-13-Eicosenoic acid MS C 20 H 38 O 2 0017735-94-3 1.23% 0.05% 16 (1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-8-Isopropyl-1-methyl-3-methylenetricyclo [4.4.0.02,7] decane-rel- 1420 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0018252-44-3 7.79% 4.58% 17 1,3,6,10-Cyclotetradecatetraene, 3,7,11-trimethyl-14-(1-methylethyl)-, [S- (E, Z, E, E)]- 1847 RI, MS C 20 H 32 0001898-13-1 1.53% 1.19% 18 5-Benzofuranacetic acid, 6-ethenyl- MS C 16 H 20 O 4 0019892-19-4 0.45% nd 19 Cyclohexene, 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (3R-trans)- 1340 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0020307-84-0 3.07% 3.81% 20 Levomenol MS C 15 H 26 O 0023089-26-1 nd 5.29% 21 1-Hexadecanol, 2-methyl- MS C 17 H 36 O 0002490-48-4 nd 0.14% 22 Thunbergol 2094 RI, MS C 20 H 34 O 0025269-17-4 1.04% 0.69% 23 Estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-ol MS C 18 H 24 O 0002529-64-8 1.09% 0.74% 24 1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (Z, E)- 1491 MS C 15 H 24 0026560-14-5 nd 0.96% 25 β-Acorenol MS C 15 H 26 O 0028400-11-5 0.19% nd 26 Epoxylathyrol MS C 20 H 30 O 5 0028649-60-7 0.11% 0.09% 27 cis-β-Farnesene 1660 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0028973-97-9 2.35% 1.36% 28 γ-Elemene 1431 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0029873-99-2 nd 0.71% 29 γ-Muurolene 1478 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0030021-74-0 0.37% 0.89% 30 (S,1Z,6Z)-8-Isopropyl-1-methyl-5-methylenecyclodeca-1,6-diene 1451 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0317819-80-0 0.46% 2.36% 31 (1R,3aS,8aS)-7-Isopropyl-1,4-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,6,8a-hexahydroazulene MS C 15 H 24 0036577-33-0 nd 1.17% 32 cis-3,14-Clerodadien-13-ol MS C 20 H 34 O 0374925-73-2 nd 0.29% 33 1H-Benzocycloheptene, 2,4a,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydro-3,5,5-trimethyl-9-methylene-, (4aS-cis)- 1445 MS C 15 H 24 0003853-83-6 0.15 0.64% 34 Ageratrio MS C 15 H 24 O 3 0038022-97-8 0.81% nd 35 Copaene 1353 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0003856-25-5 nd 0.17% 36 β-Longipinene 1402 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0041432-70-6 nd 0.08% 37 2H-1-Benzopyran, 3,4,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-, (2α,4aα,8aα)- MS C 13 H 22 O 0041678-32-4 nd 0.08% 38 9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, (3β)- MS C 30 H 50 O 0000469-38-5 nd 0.15% 39 Azulene, 1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)- MS C 15 H 18 0000489-84-9 nd 0.85% 40 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 5-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methyl-, [S- (R*, S*)]- 1494 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0000495-60-3 nd 2.72% 41 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl- MS C 18 H 36 O 0000502-69-2 nd 0.69% 42 β-Bisabolene 1509 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0000495-61-4 2.82% nd 43 14-Hydroxycaryophyllene MS C 15 H 24 O 0050277-33-3 0.85% nd 44 Neophytadiene 1915 RI, MS C 20 H 38 0000504-96-1 2.21% 1.29% 45 (2R,8R,8aS)-8,8a-Dimethyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalene MS C 15 H 22 0005090-61-9 nd 2.58% 46 Cyclohexane, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-, [1S-(1α,2β,4β)]- 1390 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0000515-13-9 4.39% 5.38% 47 2-((2R,4aR,8aS)-4a-Methyl-8-methylenedecahydronaphthalen-2-yl) prop-2-en-1-ol 1756 RI, MS C 15 H 24 O 0000515-20-8 nd 0.46% 48 (E)-1-Methyl-4-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-ylidene) cyclohex-1-ene 1533 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0053585-13-0 nd 0.68% 49 Octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl)- MS C 26 H 54 0055282-12-7 nd 0.33% 50 Kaur-16-ene 2040 RI, MS C 20 H 32 0000562-28-7 0.67% 0.81% 51 7,10-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester MS C 19 H 34 O 2 0056554-24-6 nd 0.07% 52 α-Vetivol MS C 15 H 24 O 0057422-86-3 nd 0.90% 53 Pentacosane MS C 25 H 52 0000629-99-2 nd 0.65% 54 Cyclohexanemethanol, 4-ethenyl-α, α, 4-trimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1R-(1α,3α,4β)]- 1547 RI, MS C 15 H 26 O 0000639-99-6 nd 0.33% 55 Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester 1994 RI, MS C 18 H 36 O 2 0000628-97-7 0.29% nd 56 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-, [1ar-(1aα,4aα,7β,7aβ,7bα)]- 1577 RI, MS C 15 H 24 O 0006750-60-3 0.67% 1.85% 57 17-Pentatriacontene MS C 35 H 70 0006971-40-0 5.92% 2.05% 58 Bicyclo [9.3.1] pentadeca-3,7-dien-12-ol, 4,8,12,15,15-pentamethyl-, [1R-(1R*,3E,7E,11R*,12R*)]- MS C 20 H 34 O 0070000-19-0 nd 1.23% 59 γ-Tocopherol MS C 28 H 48 O 2 0007616-22-0 nd 1.62% 60 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl acetate MS C 22 H 42 O 2 0076337-16-1 nd 0.94% 61 (-)-Spathulenol MS C 15 H 24 O 0077171-55-2 nd 1.35% 62 (3R,3aR,7R,8aS)-3,8,8-Trimethyl-6-methyleneoctahydro-1H-3a,7-methanoazulene 1434 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0079120-98-2 nd 3.91% 63 Lanosterol MS C 30 H 50 O 0000079-63-0 1.05% 0.84% 64 (1R,7S, E)-7-Isopropyl-4,10-dimethylenecyclodec-5-enol MS C 15 H 24 O 0081968-62-9 5.00% 9.65% 65 Hexacosyl acetate MS C 28 H 56 O 2 0000822-32-2 nd 1.07% 66 β-Sitosterol MS C 29 H 50 O 0000083-46-5 nd 0.29% 67 Stigmasterol MS C 29 H 48 O 0000083-48-7 8.72% 3.90% 68 Caryophyllene 1419 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0000087-44-5 5.01% 4.15% 69 Isospathulenol 2225 RI, MS C 15 H 24 O 0088395-46-4 9.79% 8.13% 70 β-Guaiene 1492 RI, MS C 15 H 24 0000088-84-6 nd 0.09% 71 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide MS C 21 H 40 O 2 0096168-15-9 0.59% 0.12% 72 1,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaen-3-ol, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (all-E)- (±)- MS C 30 H 50 O 0097232-74-1 3.65% nd a Compounds from the DB-5 capillary column, in order of elusion. b Retention indices relative to C 11 –C 30 n-alkanes on DB-5 capillary column. c. Validated by reference to the weight data from the NIST17 Mass Spectrum Library. d Percentage of relative surface (maximum area in relation to total maximum area, %). e Not detected. 3.5 Results of antioxidant activity of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts Phytol is one of the important components of Eleutherococcus senticosus and are commonly used as antioxidants (Garzoli et al. 2021 ). The results of ESE's ability to clear 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals are illustrated in the Fig. 6 a. The clearance level shows a positive correlation with concentration in the range of 0.39 to 50 mg/mL. At a concentration of 25 mg/mL, the scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals was 69.23%. This rate stabilized as the concentration continued to increase. A comparison between ESE and vitamin C (Vc) at equivalent concentrations revealed that ESE exhibits effective DPPH free radical scavenging activity, although its efficacy is lower than that of Vc. The scavenging rate of ESE against hydroxyl radicals is presented in the Fig. 6 b. This rate also demonstrated a positive correlation with concentration, ranging from 0.048 to 3.13 mg/mL. At a concentration of 0.78 mg/mL, the scavenging rate of hydroxyl radicals reached 71.43%. In a manner analogous to DPPH scavenging, this rate exhibited stability with increasing concentration. When compared to Vc at the same concentrations, ESE showed a better scavenging ability for hydroxyl radicals; however, it was still weaker than that of Vc. The ESE extracted from SC-CO 2 showed strong scavenging ability on both DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical. 4. Conclusion In this work, we utilized supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) to extract the extracts from Eleutherococcus senticosus . A single-factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of extraction pressure, temperature, and duration on the process. The extraction conditions were optimized using the Face-Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD) method, resulting in a yield of 1.88 ± 0.05% when reacted at 30 MPa and 60 o C for 2 h. Compared to the traditional hot distillation method, SC-CO 2 extraction of the extracts offers a higher yield, faster efficiency and effectively prevents the oxidation and volatilization of heat-sensitive components, ensuring full utilization of the raw material. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the component with the highest concentration of the extract was phytol, accounting for 12.42%. Furthermore, the extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity against various radicals, including DPPH free radicals. This extraction method holds significant potential for enhancing the economic value of the extracts and expanding their industrial applications. Declarations Competing interest The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Funding Science and Technology Project of Henan Tobacco Industry Co., LTD (AW2023004), and the Key Research and Development Plan Project of Heilongjiang Province (2022ZX02C13). Author Contribution Zening Wang, Gaolei Xi, Changtong Lu, Yibo Ning, Xueying Cao, Shuqing Ao: Conceptualization, writing, preparation of the essential oil, data curation and statistical analyses. Zhifei Chen, Yongzhen Zhao, Tao Jia, Xiuhua Zhao: Conceptualization, visualization, supervision, writing, reviewing, and editing. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Science and Technology Project of Henan Tobacco Industry Co., LTD (AW2023004), and the Key Research and Development Plan Project of Heilongjiang Province (2022ZX02C13). Data Availability All data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 29 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 23 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 23 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8677453","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":583070656,"identity":"af5a0756-4dc9-4169-a24f-a03795b04fbc","order_by":0,"name":"Zening Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zening","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":583070657,"identity":"6ee9703b-5b33-41ea-89f7-0c65675c741f","order_by":1,"name":"Gaolei Xi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gaolei","middleName":"","lastName":"Xi","suffix":""},{"id":583070658,"identity":"3a6e6113-13c3-403c-b935-fc97911c67e5","order_by":2,"name":"Changtong Lu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Changtong","middleName":"","lastName":"Lu","suffix":""},{"id":583070659,"identity":"c83008db-19dc-49c4-aa4f-ea4ab7f83b68","order_by":3,"name":"Yibo Ning","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yibo","middleName":"","lastName":"Ning","suffix":""},{"id":583070660,"identity":"70634a8e-5eee-4297-a31a-012912189beb","order_by":4,"name":"Xueying Cao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xueying","middleName":"","lastName":"Cao","suffix":""},{"id":583070661,"identity":"b0a048b8-0761-45fe-975b-553a72e3e23a","order_by":5,"name":"Zhifei Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhifei","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":583070662,"identity":"2d26f65c-9c28-4c4e-81af-637f1f54898a","order_by":6,"name":"Yongzhen Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yongzhen","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":583070663,"identity":"d869b975-9213-4fcc-a0cc-9c43f067e35c","order_by":7,"name":"Shuqing Ao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northeast Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Ao","suffix":""},{"id":583070664,"identity":"0173527d-4263-4f97-9da3-9f6bbc0ffdd2","order_by":8,"name":"Tao Jia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northeast Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tao","middleName":"","lastName":"Jia","suffix":""},{"id":583070665,"identity":"c8192c89-6db5-4c26-b025-e0189cbe12b5","order_by":9,"name":"Xiuhua Zhao","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgY2EJUAZB1gYLCBsonUwgbEacRoYYBr4TEgTovBcR6zxzw1dXn87T3fHnxIOMzAz55jwPBzB24tks085sY8x9iKJc6c3W44A6hFsueNAWPvGdxa+Jl5zKR52HgSG27kbpPm/XGYweBGjgEzYxsej4C1/JNInH8j55n0H6At9oS0gG3hbTNI3HAjh02aAajFQIKAFslmtjLJuX0JiRvPHDOT7ElI55E486zgYC8eLQbnD2+TePOtLnHe8eZnEj8SrOX425M3PviJRwsG4AERB0jQMApGwSgYBaMACwAAnFtKRZFh6MYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Northeast Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiuhua","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-23 09:26:48","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8677453/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8677453/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101699492,"identity":"3c18e0d5-2aad-4daf-9aa9-7f3688d6ae3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 17:49:40","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":213452,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree main factors influencing the extracts by Supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e extraction of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus \u003c/em\u003ewere studied. Extraction time (a), Extraction temperature (b), Extraction pressure (c).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8677453/v1/a2d8aec5e34b75762c4c435b.png"},{"id":101699497,"identity":"f2e78182-e5fb-402c-93dc-7f4c8e9dc7a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 17:49:40","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":212619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe three-dimensional graph illustrates the interaction of extraction time, extraction temperature and extraction pressure on the \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extracts yield.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8677453/v1/67235cba75122e7c906d5b9a.png"},{"id":101754455,"identity":"7b859210-00d0-478d-8314-98703e055a05","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 10:42:29","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiagnosis plots for BBD model adequacy. normal probability distribution of the residuals Predicted versus actual (a), Normal regression of residuals (b), and Residual observation sequence diagram (c).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8677453/v1/0da9f440a3ffaaad11f3b6d5.png"},{"id":101754355,"identity":"56d1abc8-3b14-434f-aa39-6ea2a9b5af44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 10:42:15","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":392691,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM image of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus \u003c/em\u003epower (a), \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus \u003c/em\u003eafter supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e extraction (b).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8677453/v1/d435e5b5759e6cd2c04f1c77.png"},{"id":101699496,"identity":"72c94876-1033-4a40-a211-d9f35319fc40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 17:49:40","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":278733,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe cyclic clustering heatmap of the extracts components extracted from \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e using HD and SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e methods. The X-axis represents the extraction method, and the Y-axis represents the CAS number of the extracts component.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8677453/v1/7182ac55ccdc226492afc127.png"},{"id":101699495,"identity":"0da8a197-f295-40dd-a483-0f2732a4eed4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 17:49:40","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDPPH radical scavenging capacity of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extracts and Vc (a), Hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extracts and Vc (b).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8677453/v1/dfb430bdec9ec16433d5bb87.png"},{"id":102404087,"identity":"6786af46-a677-48d0-942a-70954545d9fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-11 10:59:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3099772,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8677453/v1/d2b9cbeb-715a-4ae9-8553-e058b03ebc59.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts through a supercritical CO2 extraction process for antioxidant application","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e, which belongs to the Araliaceae family, is a shrub that can reach altitudes of between 1\u0026ndash;6 meters. It is found in forests or shrublands, at elevations ranging from hundreds of meters to 2000 meters above sea level (Wang et al. 2018; Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The plant thrives in warm and humid climates and exhibits tolerance to cold temperatures and partial shade. \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e is a medicinal and edible plant which is clinically used for the recovery and treatment of cardiovascular and central diseases, which on human health has been paid more and more attention (Mu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). They are the important material basis of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, cell protection, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-cancer (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Jia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant extracts are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds, synthesized by plants, present in leaves, stems, buds, seeds, fruits, glands and flowers (Khwaza et al. 2025; Verdeguer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Extracts are odorous phytochemicals, i.e. secondary metabolic products, derived from plants. Since time immemorial, these substances have been employed in folk and alternative medicine to alleviate pain and a variety of maladies, as well as serving as insecticides and repellents (G\u0026oacute;mez-L et al. 2025; Ma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Mangalagiri et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The use of these substances in cosmetics and perfumery is primarily due to their highly pleasant aromatic properties. In the food industry, extracts are similarly valued for their functional properties as flavoring agents and preservatives, effectively inhibiting oxidation, microbial contamination, and the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria responsible for foodborne illnesses. (Sana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Shen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the use of the plant extracts grows, the study of extraction techniques has become increasingly important due to their significant impact oils on the extracts yield and composition (Uwineza et al. 2020). Despite their widespread use, traditional methods such as hydrodistillation and solvent extraction are associated with significant limitations, including prolonged extraction times, high energy consumption, and reduced extraction (Guo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It is evident that the utilisation of these methodologies frequently culminates in a diminished extraction yield and an augmented restriction in the range of extracted components (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Inefficient use of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e biomass may result in material loss (Dimitrijević et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, developing effective extraction techniques is crucial for advancing the extracts sector. The employment of supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) for extraction purposes offers a novel solution that has the potential to enhance the yield of the extract to a considerable degree. This method offers several advantages, including high selectivity, low operating temperatures, and a simpler extraction process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) is the most extensively utilised solvent in supercritical fluid technology, employed for the extraction of compounds with high biological value due to its relatively low cost, toxicity, and safety status (Bocevska et al. 2007; Cui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Dashtian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Haloui et al. 2017; Khalati et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e system typically comprises a sample chamber linked to a high-pressure vessel, a heating and cooling system, and pumps or compressors. The operational mode of the device under consideration enables the control of pressure, temperature, and SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e flow. As asserted by Guo et al. (Guo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and Zhang et al. (Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) the purification of the compounds extracted by this solvent does not necessitate the use of a cosolvent. This is due to the fact that the solvation properties of the solvent can be simply adjusted by altering the conditions (pressure, temperature). From a sustainability perspective, the use of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in industrial processes renders it a highly attractive alternative to organic solvents, as it contributes to reducing the carbon footprint and global greenhouse gas emissions, thereby mitigating the environmental impact of these processes. (Uribe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e extraction process does not oxidize the target extract, making it particularly suitable for extracting active components from natural medicines. The technology's numerous advantages include safety, high efficiency, and the potential for recyclability, which have prompted extensive research and application of this technology in various fields.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this work, the extracts were extracted from the dried leaves of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e using a SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e extraction method. This technique allowed the extraction to occur at a temperature significantly below the boiling point, effectively preventing the oxidation and loss of heat-sensitive components. The extraction process was optimized through single-factor tests and response surface methodology. The components of the extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the antioxidant activity of the extracted \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extracts (ESE) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals was evaluated. This method has been shown to significantly improve the extract yield, while offering distinct advantages in terms of operational simplicity, environmental sustainability, and high efficiency. This study thereby establishes a solid foundation for further research on the antioxidant properties of ESE.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Raw material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e was obtained from Changbai Mountain. \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e, belonging to the Araliaceae family. Its project identifier is GBIF ID: 4645. They are crushed with a grinder, sieved (40 mesh), and then stored in a sealed plastic bag in a cool and dry place before use. All the blades used in the experiment were from the same batch, ensuring the accuracy of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e leaves were inspected to remove impurities, insect eggs, and moldy leaves, followed by grinding into a fine powder. Put the \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e powder into the material tank, adjust the parameters of the supercritical machine, with the supercritical machine parameters being: extraction pressure of 25 to 35 MPa; extraction temperature of 40 to 70 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Introduce CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e gas and start the extraction process. The extraction time condition is 1 to 2 h. Measure the content of the extracted substance and calculate the yield of the extract. Each experiment is repeated 3 times, and the results are taken as the average.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Experimental section\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough the preliminary experiment, the main factors affecting the extraction of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extracts (ESE) by Supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) are: extraction pressure (25 MPa, 30 MPa, 35 MPa), extraction temperature (40 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 45 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 50 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 55 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 65 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 70 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC) and extraction time (1 h, 2 h, 3 h). The single factor experiment list of SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The yield of the extract is calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(1):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of single factor optimization experiments using Supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e extraction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction temperature (\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction pressure (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction time (h)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e \u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\begin{array}{c}Y\\:=\\:\\frac{{m}_{1}}{{m}_{2}}\\#\\left(1\\right)\\end{array}$$\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e is the yield of the extract, %; \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the quality of the extract extracted by the SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e method, kg; \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the quality of the raw material, kg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Optimization of enzymatic extraction conditions by Box-Behnken design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilised to optimise the effects of three key factors: extraction temperature (\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: 50 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 70 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC), extraction pressure (\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: 25 MPa, 30 MPa, 35 MPa), and extraction time (\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: 1 h, 2 h, 3 h). This approach was employed to enable a more comprehensive investigation of the interactions among these variables. The relationship between the interaction of three factors and extract yield was examined under three coded levels (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1, 0, 1), as presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Furthermore, the BDD method was employed to enhance the yield of the extracts, and its precise expression is delineated in Eq.\u0026nbsp;(2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign of FCCCD experiment and analysis of result.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBBD experiments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANOVA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDOF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003e* **\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e390.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of Fit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePure Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCor. total\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCredibility analysis of the regression equations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex mark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csub\u003eAdjust\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csub\u003ePredicted\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7642\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003e* p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, significant; * * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, highly significant; * ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, extremely significant.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003ea. The results were obtained with Design Expert 8.0 software.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003eb. X1 is the enzyme concentration (%), X2 is enzymatic hydrolysis temperature (\u0026deg;C), X3 is pH, and Y is yield of the extracts (%)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e \u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\begin{array}{c}Y={\\beta\\:}_{0}+\\sum\\:_{i=1}^{3}\\:{\\beta\\:}_{i}{X}_{i}+\\sum\\:_{i=1}^{3}\\:{\\beta\\:}_{ii}{X}_{i}^{2}+\\sum\\:_{i=1}^{2}\\:\\sum\\:_{j=i+1}^{3}\\:{\\beta\\:}_{ij}{X}_{i}{X}_{j}\\#\\left(2\\right)\\end{array}$$\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e is the predicted response value, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eij\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e represents the regression coefficients of linear, square, intercept, and interaction processes, respectively. \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e are independent variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Study on surface characteristics of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo observe the microstructure of the powder, the microstructure of the powder after SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e extraction at different extraction pressures was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). After the powder was ground to a uniform particle size, the sample was mounted on a metal sample stage using double-sided conductive tape, followed by gold sputter coating to enhance its electrical conductivity. The sample was then subjected to testing and analysis using the scanning electron microscope.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Analysis of the extract composition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe water in the extracts of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e was removed using anhydrous Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. Next, 20 \u0026micro;L of the extract was dissolved in 2 mL of n-hexane and then filtered through a 0.45 \u0026micro;m membrane to prepare the samples needed for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurement. Thermo Scientific ISQ 7610 J\u0026amp;W TG-5MS gas chromatography column (30 m \u0026times; 0.25 mm \u0026times; 0.25 \u0026micro;m) with an injection volume of 1.0 \u0026micro;L and an injection port temperature set at 230 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The heating program commenced at 90 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 1 min, followed by a temperature increase of 5 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC/min to 150 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, which was maintained for 1 min. This was succeeded by another ramp of 5 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC/min to 180 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, held for 2 min, and subsequently increased at a rate of 5 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC/min to 230 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, where it was held for 3 min. The carrier gas used was nitrogen with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and the shunt ratio was set to 50:1. The mass spectrometry conditions were as follows: an EI\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion source with the ionization source temperature at 230 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The electronic energy was maintained at 70 eV, with a filament flow rate of 0.2 mA. The interface temperature was set at 250 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, and the mass scanning range extended from 20 to 500 amu. The chemical composition of the extract was determined by NIST17 mass spectrometry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7 \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extract through hydrodistillation method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecisely 50 g of the dried leaf powder from \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e were carefully placed into a 3000 mL round-bottom flask. After adding 750 mL H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, the mixture was heated for 3 h using a 100 V heating jacket. Following this process, the extract samples underwent analysis according to Method 2.6, ensuring accurate and reliable results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8 Free radical scavenging activity assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe initial step involves the preparation of a 4 mg/mL 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl solution, which is to be achieved by employing absolute ethanol. The subsequent stage of the process is to create a 100 mg/mL ESE solution in absolute ethanol, followed by a half dilution to achieve eight distinct concentration levels, ranging from 100 to 0.39 mg/mL. Proceed by taking 100 \u0026micro;L of the DPPH solution and combining it with 100 \u0026micro;L of the ESE solutions at different concentrations. Following a 30-minute period of light avoidance reaction, the measurement of the extinction coefficient at a wavelength of 517 nm is required. To ensure reliability, the experiment was conducted in triplicate, and the scavenging capacity was calculated accordingly. For comparative analysis, use ascorbic acid as a positive control group (Lu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals is calculated according to the following formula Eq.\u0026nbsp;(3):\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\begin{array}{c}R=\\frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{1}}{{A}_{0}}\\times\\:100\\%\\#\\left(3\\right)\\end{array}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong them, \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: absorbance value of 100 \u0026micro;L of DPPH solution and 100 \u0026micro;L of absolute ethanol; \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: Absorbance value of a mixture of 100 \u0026micro;L of DPPH solution and 100 \u0026micro;L of sample solution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe preparation of a 100 mg/mL ESE solution in ethanol and perform a half dilution to achieve eight distinct concentration levels, ranging from 100 to 0.39 mg/mL. Then, add 50 \u0026micro;L of 6 mmol/L FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e solution, 50 \u0026micro;L of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 50 \u0026micro;L of salicylic acid solution to each concentration of ESE. Allow the reaction to proceed at 37\u0026deg;C for 30 min. The experiments were performed in parallel, with each measurement repeated three times to ensure accurate determination of the radical scavenging rate. Ascorbic acid was used as the positive control. The radical scavenging rate was calculated according to Eq.\u0026nbsp;(3). In this study, two values are of particular significance: A\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, which is defined as the extinction coefficient of 100 \u0026micro;L of hydroxyl radical solution and 100 \u0026micro;L of absolute ethanol, and A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, which is defined as the extinction coefficient of a mixture of 100 \u0026micro;L of hydroxyl radical solution and 100 \u0026micro;L of sample solution (Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Optimization of conditions affecting the extracts yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bioactive compounds sequestered within the cell walls are transported by the supercritical CO₂ fluid. Since most target constituents are intracellularly localized, disruption of the cell walls is essential to facilitate efficient extraction. Firstly, a single-factor experiment was conducted, with the aim of identifying the variable that has the greatest impact during the extraction process. Within the determined range, three variables (extraction temperature, extraction pressure, and extraction time) were initially selected for analysis. In accordance with the prevailing individual conditions, a series of extractions were conducted on the subject. As demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the yield of extracts exhibits a gradual increase when the extraction pressure is ranged from 25 to 30 MPa. This phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that increasing the extraction pressure enhances the diffusion rate of CO₂. This, in turn, leads to several significant effects: first, it enhances the interaction between the solvent and the pore structure; second, it increases solvent solubility; and third, it accelerates the dissolution rate of the extracts. In the temperature range of 40\u0026ndash;60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, the yield of the extracts significantly increases with rising temperature, indicating that the viscosity of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e has a considerable impact on the extract extraction at lower temperatures. The reduction in viscosity enhances the yield of the extracts. When the appropriate temperature range is broken, the heat-sensitive substances in the the extracts are oxidized, destroying the cell activity. The extraction time also affects the extraction efficiency of the extracts. As extraction time increases from 1.0 to 1.5 hours, the extract yield gradually rises; beyond this point, the yield approaches saturation over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Optimizing parameters by response surface methodology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Box-Behnken design (BBD) model within the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to analyze the interactive effects of different factors on the yield of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extracts (ESE). The three influencing factors include: \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: extraction temperature (\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: 50 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 70 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC); \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: extraction pressure (\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: 25 MPa, 30 MPa, 35 MPa); and \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: extraction time (\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e: 1 h, 2 h, 3 h). The BBD test method was used to process the data. The results of the tests and the results of the RSM are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The predicted ESE value was 1.77%, While the actual measured ESE yield was 1.82%. The prediction equation of ESE yield is shown in Eq.\u0026nbsp;(4):\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\begin{array}{c}{Y}_{\\text{e}\\text{x}\\text{t}\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{c}\\text{t}}=1.82+0.0213{X}_{1}-0.0037{X}_{2}+0.0700{X}_{3}+0.0225{X}_{1}{X}_{2}+0.0300{X}_{1}{X}_{3}-\\\\\\:0.0200{X}_{2}{X}_{3}-0.0988{X}_{1}^{2}-0.1638{X}_{2}^{2}-0.0363{X}_{3}^{2}\\#\\left(4\\right)\\end{array}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs can be seen from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, it can be seen that ESE has a determination coefficient (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) of 0.99, indicating that the model has extremely high explanatory power and predictive accuracy, and the actual response is very consistent with the predicted response. It can be seen from Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e that F and P values are 85.52 and less than 0.0001 for the ESE model, indicating that the model has good adequacy, high precision and reliability. In the analysis of variance for ESE yield, factors \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e were significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and factors \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Therefore, the adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9794) indicates a strong correlation between the experimental data and the predicted values. The low coefficient of variation of ESE yield was 1.01, indicating the high repeatability and reliability of all experiments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the 3D interaction profile is accompanied by three diagnostic plots. To verify the reliability and relevance of the model predictions, it is necessary to check the actual probability Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea, normal probability Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb, and external residuals Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea shows the interaction of factors \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e on ESE yield, while factor \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e remains at an intermediate level. As the temperature of the extraction process is increased, the efficiency of the extraction process is increased and eventually decreased. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb shows the interaction between factors \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, which significantly increases the ESE yield. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ec, the production of ESE is influenced by two factors, \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and its ESE production remains high after reaching a certain level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo enhance model reliability and minimize the influence of extraneous factors, a systematic analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between predicted and actual values. The reliability of the experiment is very high, while other factors produced during the experiment have relatively little influence on the experimental results. The constructed model not only matches the experimental data, but can also be intuitively reflected in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea. As illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb, the majority of data points are closely clustered around the diagonal line, indicating that the normalized residuals are normally distributed. This figure also presents the results for internal residuals and normal probability plots. The internal study residuals of each group of experiments are also in the \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3 range Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec, indicating that the experimental data on the fluctuation amplitude of internal factors is limited and the influence of experimental internal factors is not significant, further proving that the BBD model has satisfactory fitting performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign Expert 13.0 software was used to verify the experiment. The maximum yield of the extracts was determined to be 1.88% under the optimized extraction conditions: temperature of 69.52\u0026deg;C, pressure of 25.22 MPa, and time of 2.99 h. When the extraction temperature was set at 60\u0026deg;C and the pressure at 30 MPa, the optimal extraction time was found to be 2 h, resulting in a yield of 1.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05%. This result is close to the predicted value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Study on surface characteristics of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e powder\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe microstructure of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e powder was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), allowing for an analysis of the effects of the extracts on the microstructure before and after extraction. As illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea displays a powder made from \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e leaves, which has a relatively flat surface with a few particles. This phenomenon can be attributed to the pulverisation of the desiccated leaves of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e, a process that has been shown to result in the disruption of cellular structures and the subsequent formation of particulate matter. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb is the supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e extraction (SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) on the \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e leaf powder. In this case, the cellular structure of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e is significantly damaged, with disrupted cell walls and altered overall cell morphology. The findings suggest that, under conditions of elevated pressure, the cells undergo rupture and the integrity of their cell walls is compromised. This alteration enhances the contact between intracellular contents and the external environment, thereby increasing extract yield.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Compound identification of the \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHierarchical cluster analysis was utilized to generate a heat map illustrating the composition of the extracts, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The x-axis is divided into two sections: the water vapour phase and the supercritical carbon dioxide phase, representing distinct extraction techniques. The y-axis categorizes the extract components according to their relative abundance. The analysis revealed significant compositional differences between the extracts obtained using these two methods. The hydrodistillation method was found to yield extracts primarily composed of (1R,7S,E)-7-isopropyl-4,10-dimethylenecyclodec-5-enol, whereas the SC-CO2 method resulted in extracts containing a proportion of phytonutrients. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was conducted on the extract samples extracted by both the SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and hydrodistillation (HD) methods. The relative percentage of each detected component was determined by comparing its peak area to the total peak area. The specific results are detailed in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. In total, the extracts with SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e method detected 38 chemical components, while the HD method identified 62 components. The SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e effectively isolates volatile substances at low boiling points, preventing the volatilization of heat-sensitive components. As a result, lipids in \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e can be extracted without undergoing oxidation or decomposition that can occur at high temperatures during hydrodistillation. Conversely, the hydrodistillation method can extract volatile compounds, including those with high polarity and large molecular weight. In contrast, the SC-CO2 system struggles to extract highly polar or large-molecular-weight compounds, leading to the exclusion of certain constituents from the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-MS results of the chemical composition of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extracts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eID\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eformula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAS number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRA \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e extraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrodistillation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edl-α-Tocopherol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0010191-41-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0102608-53-7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Heptatriacotanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e37\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e76\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0105794-58-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCedrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0011028-42-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-Hexane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000110-54-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,6,10,14-Hexadecatetraen-3-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (E, E)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0001113-21-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,9,13-Pentadecatrien-2-one, 6,10,14-trimethyl-, (E, E)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0001117-52-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eδ-Tocopherol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e46\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000119-13-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3a-methyl-6,10-dimethylidene-2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,12a-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta [11] annulene-5,9-diol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1246094-62-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e((8R,8aS)-8-Isopropyl-5-methyl-3,4,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-2-yl) methanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0135118-52-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTau-Cadinol acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0149197-48-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000150-86-7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.42%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.69%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(4H)-Benzofuranone, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-, (R)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0017092-92-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e23\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0017364-34-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecis-13-Eicosenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0017735-94-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-8-Isopropyl-1-methyl-3-methylenetricyclo [4.4.0.02,7] decane-rel-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0018252-44-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.79%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3,6,10-Cyclotetradecatetraene, 3,7,11-trimethyl-14-(1-methylethyl)-, [S- (E, Z, E, E)]-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1847\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0001898-13-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-Benzofuranacetic acid, 6-ethenyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0019892-19-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexene, 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (3R-trans)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0020307-84-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.07%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.81%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevomenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0023089-26-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Hexadecanol, 2-methyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0002490-48-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThunbergol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0025269-17-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0002529-64-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (Z, E)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1491\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0026560-14-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Acorenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0028400-11-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpoxylathyrol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0028649-60-7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecis-β-Farnesene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0028973-97-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eγ-Elemene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0029873-99-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eγ-Muurolene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0030021-74-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(S,1Z,6Z)-8-Isopropyl-1-methyl-5-methylenecyclodeca-1,6-diene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1451\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0317819-80-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1R,3aS,8aS)-7-Isopropyl-1,4-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,6,8a-hexahydroazulene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0036577-33-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecis-3,14-Clerodadien-13-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0374925-73-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1H-Benzocycloheptene, 2,4a,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydro-3,5,5-trimethyl-9-methylene-, (4aS-cis)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0003853-83-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgeratrio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0038022-97-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCopaene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0003856-25-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Longipinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1402\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0041432-70-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2H-1-Benzopyran, 3,4,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-, (2α,4aα,8aα)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0041678-32-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, (3β)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000469-38-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAzulene, 1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000489-84-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 5-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methyl-, [S- (R*, S*)]-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000495-60-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000502-69-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e42\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Bisabolene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000495-61-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.82%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14-Hydroxycaryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0050277-33-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeophytadiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1915\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000504-96-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2R,8R,8aS)-8,8a-Dimethyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0005090-61-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-, [1S-(1α,2β,4β)]-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000515-13-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.39%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.38%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e47\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-((2R,4aR,8aS)-4a-Methyl-8-methylenedecahydronaphthalen-2-yl) prop-2-en-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1756\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000515-20-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(E)-1-Methyl-4-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-ylidene) cyclohex-1-ene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0053585-13-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e54\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0055282-12-7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaur-16-ene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000562-28-7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,10-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0056554-24-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Vetivol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0057422-86-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentacosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e52\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000629-99-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e54\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexanemethanol, 4-ethenyl-α, α, 4-trimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1R-(1α,3α,4β)]-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000639-99-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1994\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000628-97-7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-, [1ar-(1aα,4aα,7β,7aβ,7bα)]-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0006750-60-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17-Pentatriacontene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e35\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e70\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0006971-40-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.92%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e58\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBicyclo [9.3.1] pentadeca-3,7-dien-12-ol, 4,8,12,15,15-pentamethyl-, [1R-(1R*,3E,7E,11R*,12R*)]-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0070000-19-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e59\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eγ-Tocopherol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0007616-22-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0076337-16-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)-Spathulenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0077171-55-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3R,3aR,7R,8aS)-3,8,8-Trimethyl-6-methyleneoctahydro-1H-3a,7-methanoazulene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0079120-98-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLanosterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000079-63-0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1R,7S, E)-7-Isopropyl-4,10-dimethylenecyclodec-5-enol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0081968-62-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.65%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexacosyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e56\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000822-32-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Sitosterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000083-46-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStigmasterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e29\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000083-48-7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.72%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000087-44-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.01%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e69\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsospathulenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0088395-46-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.79%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e70\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Guaiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0000088-84-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e71\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0096168-15-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e72\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaen-3-ol, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (all-E)- (\u0026plusmn;)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0097232-74-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003ea Compounds from the DB-5 capillary column, in order of elusion.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eb Retention indices relative to C\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;C\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e n-alkanes on DB-5 capillary column.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003ec. Validated by reference to the weight data from the NIST17 Mass Spectrum Library.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003ed Percentage of relative surface (maximum area in relation to total maximum area, %).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003ee Not detected.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Results of antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytol is one of the important components of \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e and are commonly used as antioxidants (Garzoli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The results of ESE's ability to clear 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals are illustrated in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea. The clearance level shows a positive correlation with concentration in the range of 0.39 to 50 mg/mL. At a concentration of 25 mg/mL, the scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals was 69.23%. This rate stabilized as the concentration continued to increase. A comparison between ESE and vitamin C (Vc) at equivalent concentrations revealed that ESE exhibits effective DPPH free radical scavenging activity, although its efficacy is lower than that of Vc. The scavenging rate of ESE against hydroxyl radicals is presented in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb. This rate also demonstrated a positive correlation with concentration, ranging from 0.048 to 3.13 mg/mL. At a concentration of 0.78 mg/mL, the scavenging rate of hydroxyl radicals reached 71.43%. In a manner analogous to DPPH scavenging, this rate exhibited stability with increasing concentration. When compared to Vc at the same concentrations, ESE showed a better scavenging ability for hydroxyl radicals; however, it was still weaker than that of Vc. The ESE extracted from SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e showed strong scavenging ability on both DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this work, we utilized supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) to extract the extracts from \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e. A single-factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of extraction pressure, temperature, and duration on the process. The extraction conditions were optimized using the Face-Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD) method, resulting in a yield of 1.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05% when reacted at 30 MPa and 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 2 h. Compared to the traditional hot distillation method, SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e extraction of the extracts offers a higher yield, faster efficiency and effectively prevents the oxidation and volatilization of heat-sensitive components, ensuring full utilization of the raw material. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the component with the highest concentration of the extract was phytol, accounting for 12.42%. Furthermore, the extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity against various radicals, including DPPH free radicals. This extraction method holds significant potential for enhancing the economic value of the extracts and expanding their industrial applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience and Technology Project of Henan Tobacco Industry Co., LTD (AW2023004), and the Key Research and Development Plan Project of Heilongjiang Province (2022ZX02C13).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eZening Wang, Gaolei Xi, Changtong Lu, Yibo Ning, Xueying Cao, Shuqing Ao: Conceptualization, writing, preparation of the essential oil, data curation and statistical analyses. Zhifei Chen, Yongzhen Zhao, Tao Jia, Xiuhua Zhao: Conceptualization, visualization, supervision, writing, reviewing, and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Science and Technology Project of Henan Tobacco Industry Co., LTD (AW2023004), and the Key Research and Development Plan Project of Heilongjiang Province (2022ZX02C13).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBocevska M, Sovov\u0026aacute; H. (2007). 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Forests. 14(7):1359. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/f14071359\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/f14071359\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-biosystems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant Biosystems](https://link.springer.com/journal/44473)","snPcode":"44473","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44473/3?","title":"Plant Biosystems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Supercritical CO2, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Extract, Response surface methodology, Antioxidant activities","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8677453/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8677453/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to optimize the supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) extraction process for \u003cem\u003eEleutherococcus senticosus\u003c/em\u003e extracts (ESE) to maximize yield, and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extraction was performed using SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e under conditions below the boiling point to preserve heat-sensitive compounds. Key factors (temperature, pressure, and time) were investigated, and the optimal process conditions were determined using the response surface methodology. The antioxidant activity of ESE was assessed by measuring its scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe optimal extraction conditions were identified as a temperature of 60\u0026deg;C, pressure of 30 MPa, and an extraction time of 2 hours, yielding 1.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05% of ESE. Phytol was identified as a primary constituent. The ESE exhibited notable antioxidant activity, and its concentration exhibited a positive correlation with antioxidant activity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study made a significant contribution to the field by enhancing the extraction process of plant extracts and providing a valuable direction for the study of antioxidant bioactive substances.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts through a supercritical CO2 extraction process for antioxidant application","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-02 17:49:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8677453/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-30T13:28:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-29T10:46:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"182782219078014112926230178909201761862","date":"2026-01-29T10:41:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-29T10:19:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-24T04:48:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-24T04:47:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plant Biosystems","date":"2026-01-23T09:03:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-biosystems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant Biosystems](https://link.springer.com/journal/44473)","snPcode":"44473","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44473/3?","title":"Plant Biosystems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8fd3f5c9-b0e0-481e-bc20-f1f53cb4b9a5","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 2nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-13T14:39:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-02 17:49:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8677453","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8677453","identity":"rs-8677453","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}