Zoonotic disease knowledge, attitudes, and livestock biosecurity practices among community members in Ada East District, Ghana: a concurrent mixed-methods study

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West, Marta A. Kisiel, Kristin K. Sznajder, Hannah E. Sauve, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8966132/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Zoonotic diseases disproportionately burden settings where humans and livestock coexist, yet community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) remain poorly characterized in West Africa. This study aimed to assess KAP regarding zoonotic diseases and document household biosecurity gaps among livestock-keeping community members in Ghana. A concurrent mixed-methods design was employed, integrating a quantitative cross-sectional survey with a qualitative focus group discussion. Livestock-keeping adults were recruited from five health facilities in Ada East District. A structured survey measured knowledge, attitudes, and livestock-handling practices. Composite KAP scores were dichotomized using a modified Bloom’s cutoff (≥ 60%). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with good knowledge, positive attitudes, and good practices. A focus group discussion (FGD) explored perceptions of transmission, livestock management, and outbreak preparedness. Among 252 survey participants, 66.3% demonstrated good overall knowledge of zoonotic diseases; however, only 10.6% had good knowledge of Ebola virus disease symptoms. Positive attitudes were observed in 44.0% of respondents, while 86.9% reported good livestock-handling practices. Education beyond primary school was independently associated with higher odds of good knowledge (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.97, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.05–3.69). Animal-related occupations were associated with lower odds of positive attitudes (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25–0.85) but higher odds of good practices (aOR 3.58, 95% CI 1.26–11.8). FGD (n = 8) identified bats and sick animals as transmission sources, described economic barriers, and expressed variable beliefs regarding prevention and stigma. These findings highlight the need for locally tailored, One Health–oriented risk communication and biosecurity interventions targeting groups with lower educational attainment and limited access to animal health services. zoonoses knowledge attitudes and practices biosecurity livestock One Health Ghana Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Zoonotic diseases are infections transmitted between animals and humans and account for a substantial share of emerging and re-emerging infectious disease events globally [ 1 – 4 ]. Recurrent zoonotic outbreaks in the 21st century, including pandemic influenza and coronaviruses, have highlighted how land-use change, agricultural expansion, intensification of animal production, and increased human–animal contact elevate spillover risk [ 5 – 8 ]. Once spillover occurs, global connectivity through the movement of people, animals, and animal products accelerates disease transmission across regions and borders [ 6 , 9 ]. Because these risks originate at the human-animal-environment interface, effective prevention and response increasingly require One Health approaches that coordinate human, animal, and environmental sectors for surveillance, prevention, and control [ 10 , 11 ]. Sub-Saharan Africa is frequently highlighted in global analyses as a region where ecological change, reliance on animal-based livelihoods, and expanding production systems intersect to create conditions conducive to zoonotic emergence. However, mapped “hotspots” are also influenced by surveillance and reporting capacity [ 2 , 12 , 13 ]. Close proximity between humans and animals, limited veterinary services, and informal slaughter and marketing practices may increase exposure and delay detection of unusual illness [ 12 , 14 – 16 ] In Ghana, One Health surveillance and preparedness on both acute threats, such as Ebola and Lassa fever, and endemic zoonoses, including rabies, anthrax, avian influenza, and zoonotic tuberculosis [ 17 – 20 ]. These overlapping risks highlight that effective preparedness depends not only on national policy but also on routine household practices that reduce exposure, support safe animal management, and enable timely recognition and reporting [ 15 , 21 ]. The most relevant transmission interfaces often involve both wildlife exposure and household‑level livestock keeping in shared environments [ 15 , 22 ]. Hunting, butchering, and environmental proximity to wildlife (e.g., fruit bats) may increase contact with zoonotic pathogens [ 8 , 22 – 24 ]. At the same time, widespread smallholder livestock and poultry production creates frequent exposure through close cohabitation, waste handling, home slaughter, and management of sick or dead animals [ 14 , 15 ]. Where household biosecurity is limited or inconsistently implemented, such routine contacts can elevate the risk of zoonotic transmission [ 14 , 15 ]. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) assessments, especially when paired with qualitative approaches, can identify misconceptions about transmission and symptom recognition, highlight social dynamics (including stigma) that undermine timely care‑seeking or reporting, and clarify which low‑cost prevention steps are most acceptable and actionable [ 15 , 25 , 26 ]. Despite this need, limited data exist on zoonotic disease knowledge, attitudes, and everyday livestock practices in coastal peri-urban districts of Ghana, where routine human–livestock–wildlife contact may occur [ 15 , 17 , 27 ]. We therefore conducted a concurrent mixed-methods study in Ada East District, Ghana, to (1) quantify community members' knowledge, attitudes, and livestock-handling practices related to zoonotic disease risk and (2) qualitatively describe perceived transmission pathways, household biosecurity routines, and barriers to safe sick-animal management and reporting. Findings are intended to inform context-appropriate One Health education and community-level biosecurity strategies. METHODS Study design and setting We conducted a concurrent mixed-methods study integrating a quantitative cross-sectional survey with a qualitative, semi-structured focus group discussion (FGD). The study took place in Ada East District, Greater Accra Region, Ghana, in collaboration with the University of Ghana School of Public Health. Quantitative data was collected across five health facilities serving rural and peri-urban communities, including Ada East District Hospital, Kasseh Health Centre, Ada Health Centre, Pediatorkope Health Centre, and Asigbeykope Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) compound. The five facilities were purposively selected to represent the major catchment areas of Ada East District and to support community‑based recruitment. Study population and eligibility Eligible participants were community members aged ≥ 18 years who (1) currently owned and actively raised livestock (e.g., cattle, goats, pigs, sheep) and/or poultry (e.g., chickens, turkeys, ducks) at a household or smallholder scale; (2) resided within the catchment area of one of the participating health facilities; (3) could complete the survey in English or a local language used in the district; and (4) provided written informed consent. Individuals engaged exclusively in large-scale commercial livestock production were excluded. Sample size \(\text{S}\text{a}\text{m}\text{p}\text{l}\text{e}\text{s}\text{i}\text{z}\text{e}\text{w}\text{a}\text{s}\text{e}\text{s}\text{t}\text{i}\text{m}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}\text{u}\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g}\text{a}\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g}\text{l}\text{e}-\text{p}\text{o}\text{p}\text{u}\text{l}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}\text{p}\text{r}\text{o}\text{p}\text{o}\text{r}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}\text{f}\text{o}\text{r}\text{m}\text{u}\text{l}\text{a}\left[28\right],\text{w}\text{h}\text{e}\text{r}\text{e}\text{b}\text{y}n=\frac{{Z}^{2}p\left(1-p\right)}{{d}^{2}}\) , where \(Z=1.96\) for 95% confidence, \(p\) is the assumed prevalence of poor KAP, and \(d\) is the desired margin of error. Assuming \(p=0.06\) and \(d=0.03\) , \(n=\frac{{1.96}^{2}\times0.06\times0.94}{{0.03}^{2}}=240.7\) , which was rounded up to 241. The 6% value was specified a priori to reflect an expectation of relatively high baseline awareness, given ongoing public health messaging and routine contact with health services, and because prior local estimates were unavailable. To account for non-response and missing data, we targeted 250 participants. A total of 255 community members completed the survey. Quantitative data collection Before data collection, the study team met with leadership at each facility to describe the study, obtain administrative approval, and plan on‑site logistics. Trained data collectors recruited participants in outpatient waiting areas and other high-traffic areas within the facility’s catchment communities. Potential participants were approached face‑to‑face, screened for eligibility, and provided with an information sheet in English or a local language. Interested individuals were escorted to a private space where the study was explained in detail, and written informed consent was obtained. Recruitment and enrollment continued at each site until the target sample size was reached. The survey questionnaire was developed by the study team based on a review of published KAP instruments and guidance for KAP survey design, with selected items adapted from prior Ebola/zoonoses KAP studies and additional items created to reflect the local context [ 15 , 26 , 29 ]. The draft instrument was pilot‑tested for clarity and feasibility (as described in the quantitative data collection procedures) and revised before field deployment. Because a validated instrument specific to this setting was not available, the questionnaire was not formally psychometrically validated. Survey data were collected using password‑protected tablets and stored in REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) [ 30 , 31 ]. Ten bilingual research assistants from the University of Ghana, School of Public Health, completed a two-day training that covered study procedures, informed consent, administration of the survey tool, confidentiality, and secure data handling. The questionnaire was piloted with a small group of community members drawn from non‑study facilities in the La Nkwantanang Municipal Assembly, Greater Accra Region. The pilot assessed wording, flow, and tablet functionality. Minor revisions were made to clarify question wording, standardize response options, and ensure consistency between the English and local-language versions. Interviews were interviewer‑administered in English or the participant’s preferred local language. Data collectors read each question aloud, recorded responses directly into REDCap, and reviewed entries for completeness before submission. When internet connectivity was unavailable, responses were stored offline and synchronized to a secure REDCap server at Pennsylvania State University once connectivity was restored. No personal identifiers were stored in the analytic dataset. Measures Sociodemographic characteristics Participants reported age, sex, marital status, highest education level, religion, ethnicity, occupation, household size (number of people living in the household), and years of continuous residence in the community. For descriptive analyses, continuous variables were categorized based on the sample distribution: age (20–36, 37–50, 51–85 years), household size (1–3, 4–6, ≥ 7 members), and years lived in the community (1–8, 9–25, 26–75 years). Education was recorded as ≤ primary, junior secondary (JS), senior secondary/technical (SS/T), or higher education; for regression models, education was dichotomized as ≤primary vs >primary. Religion was grouped as Pentecostal/Charismatic, Presbyterian, Methodist, or other; ethnicity was categorized as Ga/Dangme, Ewe, Akan, or other. Occupation was recorded in categories and grouped a priori for regression analyses into animal‑involved occupations (e.g., farming, herding, butchering, animal trading) versus non‑animal occupations/unemployed. Knowledge of zoonoses Knowledge was assessed using 25 items across four domains: (1) general zoonotic disease concepts (4 items), (2) transmission pathways (9 items), (3) EVD symptom recognition (7 items), and (4) treatment beliefs (5 items). Items used true/false/not sure response options; correct responses were scored as 1, and incorrect/not sure responses as 0. Subscale scores were calculated by summing correct responses within each domain (general 0–4; transmission 0–9; symptoms 0–7; treatment 0–5), and a total knowledge score was computed as the sum of all items (0–25). Using a modified Bloom‑type threshold (60%) [ 32 ], total scores were classified as good knowledge (≥ 16 of total 25) versus poor knowledge (< 16 of total 25), with subscale “good vs poor” indicators defined using analogous rounded thresholds (e.g., ≥ 6/9 for transmission, ≥ 5/7 for symptoms). Attitudes toward zoonoses Attitudes were measured using eight statements that captured perceived outbreak risk and severity, vaccine acceptability, self‑efficacy in preventing infection, and anticipated stigma toward suspected cases. Response options were agree/disagree/not sure. Items were recoded into binary indicators and summed to create a composite score (0–8), with higher scores indicating more prevention‑supportive and less stigmatizing attitudes. “Not sure” responses were coded conservatively as unfavorable (0). For items reflecting fear, perceived uncontrollability, or anticipated stigma (e.g., being concerned about an outbreak, fearing death, believing outbreaks will not be contained, perceiving near‑term community outbreak risk, expecting stigmatization), disagree was coded as 1 and agree/not sure as 0. For prevention‑oriented items (e.g., willingness to accept vaccination; confidence in ability to avoid infection), agree was coded as 1 and disagree/not sure as 0. Composite scores were classified as more prevention‑supportive, less stigmatizing (e.g. , positive ) attitudes (≥ 5 of total 8) versus less prevention‑supportive, more stigmatizing (e.g. , negative ) attitudes (< 5 of total 8). Livestock ownership, exposures, and practices Participants reported household ownership of animal types and whether animals were raised for income. Ownership variables were grouped into composite categories: avian livestock (any poultry species), ungulate livestock (cattle, goats, pigs, sheep), and domestic animals (rabbits, dogs, cats). Participants also reported the number of years they had raised animals for income and whether they had received formal livestock training (yes/no/not sure). Wildlife and bushmeat exposure were assessed through questions on community hunting, roadside bushmeat sales in the past year, personal bushmeat consumption in the past year, and whether fruit bats were seen near or within the home. Practices were assessed using 13 items covering food safety, hygiene, and household-level biosecurity behaviors. Response options ('Always', 'Sometimes', 'Never') were scored so that protective behaviors (e.g., keeping livestock/poultry outside the home, handwashing with soap after animal contact, safe meat/surface hygiene, covering wounds, and PPE use when handling animal fluids) received 1 when reported as 'Always', while assessed risky behaviors (e.g., eating meat from sick animals, eating animals found dead of unknown cause, eating bushmeat/wild birds, eating fruit bitten by animals) received 1 when reported as 'Never'. Total practice scores ranged from 0 to 13, with scores ≥ 8 (at least 60%) classified as good practices. Quantitative analysis Analyses were conducted in R (versions 4.2.3–4.3.1). Continuous variables were summarized using means with standard deviations (SD) or medians with interquartile ranges (IQR), and categorical variables using counts and percentages. KAP outcomes were analyzed as binary variables (good vs. poor; positive vs. negative) [ 26 , 29 ]. To examine factors associated with good KAP, we fit logistic regression models with three binary outcomes: (1) good vs. poor knowledge; (2) positive vs. negative attitudes; and (3) good vs. poor livestock‑handling practices. For each outcome, we first fit univariable logistic regression models for a prespecified set of covariates, including age group, sex, education, household size, years lived in the community, occupation, and selected animal-exposure variables (e.g., livestock ownership categories, bushmeat consumption, and seeing fruit bats near the home). Multivariable logistic regression models included a priori-selected covariates based on conceptual relevance. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by exponentiating regression coefficients. Participants with missing values on any covariate were excluded from the corresponding model using listwise deletion, resulting in an analysis based only on complete cases [ 33 , 34 ]. Spatial mapping Participants’ community locations were geocoded and mapped to visualize the geographic distribution of survey respondents across the Ada East District. Geographic coordinates collected at interview sites were processed in ArcGIS (Esri) to map the spatial distribution of participants. To preserve anonymity, the maps display only community-level locations and do not show individual household coordinates. Qualitative data collection and analysis To complement the survey and provide deeper contextual understanding, we conducted one FGD with livestock-keeping community members (n = 8) who had completed the survey and indicated willingness to be contacted for follow-up [ 35 , 36 ]. Participants were purposively selected across study communities to capture variation in sex, age, types of animals kept, and reported zoonotic exposures [ 37 ]. The FGD was held in a private room at a participating health facility and facilitated by a bilingual moderator with qualitative research experience, supported by a note-taker. Before the discussion, the moderator reviewed the study purpose, ground rules, and confidentiality expectations and obtained consent for audio recording. To maintain confidentiality, participants (P) were assigned anonymized numeric identifiers (e.g., P1–P8) in transcripts and quotations. The semi-structured discussion guide explored: (1) perceptions and understanding of zoonotic diseases (including EVD as a high‑consequence exemplar), (2) perceived pathways of animal-to-human transmission, including wildlife/bushmeat and shared environments, (3) household livestock keeping and biosecurity practices, and (4) experiences managing and reporting sick animals and preferred sources of health information. Open-ended questions were followed by targeted probes to clarify or expand upon survey findings [ 38 ]. The discussion lasted approximately 60–90 minutes, was conducted in English and local languages as needed, and was audio-recorded and supplemented with field notes. Audio files were transferred to a password-protected server, transcribed verbatim, and translated into English where necessary by bilingual team members [ 39 , 40 ]. Transcripts were de-identified prior to analysis. We conducted thematic analysis guided by grounded theory principles [ 41 – 44 ]. Two researchers independently reviewed the transcript, developed an initial codebook that incorporated deductive codes from the discussion guide and inductive codes derived from the data, and then performed line-by-line coding using constant comparison. The coding team met to reconcile discrepancies and refine code definitions. Codes were organized into higher-level categories and themes, and representative quotations were selected to illustrate each theme, including both convergent and divergent viewpoints. Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol was approved by the Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee (GHS-ERC: 024/08/24) and the Pennsylvania State University Institutional Review Board (STUDY00025209). Administrative approval was obtained from each participating health facility. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. To ensure confidentiality, no direct personal identifiers were included in analytic datasets; electronic files were stored on secure, password-protected servers. RESULTS Participant characteristics A total of 255 livestock- and/or poultry-owning community members completed the survey. Participants’ geographic distribution in the Ada East District is shown in Figure 1. Participants, of whom 55.7% were female, had lived in their community for a mean of 19.0 years and were a mean age of 44.1 years. Households had an average of 5.9 members (SD 4.1). The predominant ethnicity was Ga/Dangme. Educational attainment was mixed, whereby 36.1% had primary education or less, 29.0% had completed junior secondary school (JS), 24.6% had senior secondary or technical education (SS/T), and 10.3% had higher education (Table 1). Quantitative results Knowledge of zoonotic diseases Overall, knowledge met the threshold for good knowledge in 66.3% respondents. General conceptual understanding was strong. Most participants recognized that zoonotic diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans (85.1%) and from person to person (92.9%), and that zoonotic infections can be fatal (94.1%) (Table S1). Knowledge gaps were concentrated in specific domains. Although nearly all respondents were aware of Ebola, only 10.6% of participants met the threshold for good EVD symptom knowledge. Fewer than two-thirds correctly identified fever (58.8%) or weakness and fatigue (52.2%) as symptoms, and even fewer recognized severe headache (37.3%). Many participants incorrectly identified respiratory or non-specific complaints such as persistent cough (30.6%), sore throat (19.6%), and chills (13.3%) as characteristic of EVD (Table S1). Regarding treatment beliefs, 85.1% indicated that zoonotic diseases can be treated with modern medicine, such as antibiotics and vaccines, and nearly nine in ten (89.4%) met the criterion for good treatment knowledge. However, a substantial minority also endorsed and believed that zoonotic diseases can be treated with herbal remedies (29.0%), traditional medicine (22.4%), home remedies (13.7%), or spiritual healing (8.2%) (Table S1). Attitudes toward zoonotic diseases Overall, 43.9% of participants were categorized as having positive attitudes toward zoonotic disease prevention and preparedness, while 56.1% had negative attitudes (Table S2). Most participants reported concern about a potential outbreak in their community (81.6%) and concern about dying from a zoonotic disease (73.7%). However, perceptions of near-term risk for their community and Ghana were mixed: 41.6% agreed that their community and Ghana were at great risk of a zoonotic disease outbreak within the next six months, while 48.6% disagreed. Confidence in personal prevention was low, with only 63.1% agreeing that they could prevent contracting a zoonotic disease. Fewer than half (45.1%) reported that livestock or poultry deaths due to zoonotic diseases were a major personal concern, and only 20.4% indicated that inadequate zoonotic disease containment was a major concern (Table S2). Approximately one-third (37.6%) believed that someone with a zoonotic disease would be treated differently by people in their community, and 11.8% were unsure. Despite mixed perceptions and anticipated stigma, vaccine acceptability was high: 74.9% reported willingness to accept a vaccine for a zoonotic disease such as EVD if available. Livestock ownership, exposures, and practices Most participants raised avian livestock (90.2%) and ungulate livestock (69.8%); 31.8% reported raising domestic animals, such as dogs, cats, and rabbits (Table S3). Reported direct engagement with wildlife through community hunting and roadside bushmeat sales was uncommon, although 41.6% reported seeing fruit bats near or within their home (Table S3). Based on the composite practices score, 86.7% of participants were categorized as reporting good livestock-handling practices (Table S3). While most participants reported always washing hands after contact with dead livestock (91.4%) or animal waste (85.1%), compliance decreased for contact with live livestock (77.3%) and, in particular, after bat contact (58.4% always; 38.4% never). Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) before contact with animal fluids was low: only 13.7% reported always using PPE, and 73.7% reported never using it. Animal housing practices indicated frequent close contact. For example, only 27.5% reported always keeping livestock and poultry outside the home, meanwhile 43.1% reported never doing so. In contrast, food safety practices were generally strong, including thorough cooking of meat (96.5% always) and cleaning raw meat preparation surfaces with soap or bleach (87.1% always) (Table S3; Additional file 1). Factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices There were 66.3% who met the threshold for good zoonotic disease knowledge, 44.0% who had positive zoonotic disease attitudes, and 86.9% who reported good livestock‑handling practices (Table 2). In the adjusted model for good knowledge, >primary school (vs ≤primary) was significantly associated with higher odds of good knowledge (aOR 1.97, 95% CI 1.05–3.69). Compared with not raising domestic animals, raising domestic animals was significantly associated with a lower odds of good knowledge (aOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.28–0.96). Reporting bushmeat consumption in the past year was also significantly associated with lower odds of good knowledge (aOR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01–0.39), as was reporting fruit bats near or within the home (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.30–0.95) (Table 2). In the adjusted model for positive attitudes, having an animal‑involved occupation (vs non‑animal job/unemployed) was significantly associated with lower odds of positive attitudes towards zoonotic diseases (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25–0.85) (Table 3). A household size of 4–6 members (vs 1–3) was also significantly associated with a lower odds of positive attitudes (aOR 0.45, 95% CI 0.23–0.89). In contrast, living in the community for 26–75 years (vs 1–8 years) was associated with higher odds of positive attitudes (aOR 2.63, 95% CI 1.29–5.44). In the adjusted model for good livestock‑handling practices, participants with animal‑involved occupations (vs non‑animal job/unemployed) had higher odds of reporting good livestock-handling practices (aOR 3.58, 95% CI 1.26–11.8) (Table 4). Bushmeat consumption was associated with substantially lower odds of good practices (aOR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01–0.34). Qualitative results Eight livestock‑keeping community members participated in a focus group discussion. Thematic analysis identified four themes: (1) perceived pathways of zoonotic transmission from animals to humans, (2) household livestock keeping and biosecurity, and (3) sick animal management and reporting (Table 5). Theme 1: Perceived Pathways of Transmission from Animals to Humans Participants described multiple perceived pathways through which EVD and other zoonotic infections could spread from animals to humans. Many participants emphasized wildlife exposure—especially bats—and the handling of wild-animal meat. One participant stated, “I also know that Ebola virus disease spread from bats to human beings through by touching infected bats” (P1). Another highlighted bats’ mobility as a source of concern: “Bats can fly from here, they can fly far. So maybe it can have the disease at any other country, and it can fly to Ghana” (P3). Bushmeat was also discussed as a potential source of infection, including concern about preparation and consumption: “Grass cutter and then this mouse can also cause Ebola disease because they are all in the bush. Ebola disease, we heard, started from bush meat. If you bring them to the house and they are not well prepared, you are also prone to Ebola disease” (P1). In addition to wildlife, participants discussed domestic livestock as potential sources of zoonotic infection, particularly through routine animal contact and slaughter practices. One participant described the risk from handling or slaughtering an infected animal: “If the animal is infected and you don't know, you go there just to feed the animal or just to slaughter some for your own purpose, and then after doing that, you are getting the sickness” (P1). Participants sometimes linked specific animal species with heightened risk. One participant said, “For me, it's pig and fowl,” (P5), elaborating that “for pig, pork meat, I would say it's a deadly meat. Even in our Bible and Quran, it's been warned for us not to take pork meat. That means pork is being created to eat unwanted things like feces and so on and so forth” (P5). The same participant raised concerns about free‑ranging poultry contacting waste: chickens can “go to the pits to go and feed on unwanted things to come and infect us” (P5). Shared environments were also described as potential routes of exposure, particularly through water sources used by both animals and people. One participant explained: “Sometimes the livestock go and drink water at the river shore. And we, the human beings, we rely on that water for cooking and so on. So, from there, the infection can pass through the animal to we, human beings” (P5). Participants also connected water exposure to illness risk more broadly: “because sometimes we use the river water to bath, to cook. So, from there we can attract the sickness” (P5). Alongside these perceived pathways, some statements reflected uncertainty or misconceptions about Ebola transmission. One participant described Ebola as airborne and emphasized washing food: “We have to wash anything that we are going to eat because it's an airborne disease” (P8). Another provided broad food‑safety guidance as a preventive measure: “We have to make sure anything we are going to eat have to be clean. If the animal is sick, we are not supposed to even slaughter and eat” (P5). Participants also described environmental exposure beliefs, including concern about farming near graveyards: “we don't know what kills the ones there. So, if rain falls and erosion takes place, and we rush to the farm and bring more diseases” (P5). This idea was further framed as a practice that should be avoided: “we have to stop farming around the graveyards… if rain falls and erosion takes place, it brings more diseases that we can’t even mention” (P5). Participants also identified groups they perceived to be at higher risk of infection. Health workers were commonly mentioned due to the urgency of clinical care and the delayed recognition of Ebola: “The health workers are in haste to take care of the person [and] you just go straight to the person and then attend to them. It is later on, where you know that this person has this sickness. By then, you are also close to the sickness or that disease” (P1). A related concern was expressed that “Normally, our health workers they get this disease fast” (R1). Participants also discussed the inherent risk of close cohabitation with livestock: “It’s a risk because you are rearing them in the house. So, whenever they have the infection, it is a risk to the human being” (P3). Theme 2: Household livestock keeping and biosecurity Household livestock keeping was described as common and purposeful, with participants describing routine husbandry activities and efforts to maintain cleanliness. One participant described prioritizing hygienic animal housing and limiting animals’ movements: “I always try to put them at a hygienic place so that they don't go out and come in with any disease,” (P1), adding, “I have to disinfect the place that I rear them, and then give them a good water, good feed” (P1). Another participant described cleaning routines and veterinary involvement as part of animal care: “I sweep wherever they sleep. The cattle, I have their special place for eating… And the goats too, I take good care of them by… inviting the veterinary to treat them. So, they are always healthy” (P3). Participants also described hygiene practices around slaughtering and food preparation. One participant noted, “Normally, we slaughter them on the table. So, you are to wash the table with soap and water… make sure the place where you are slaughtering the animals is also clean” (P1). Another emphasized cleaning tools and surfaces: “You will wash the place and you disinfect [with water] the place before... And the knives that you are using, always you have to make sure they are neat. You have to clean them. That is it.” (P5). Some participants described preventive care practices aimed at keeping animals healthy, including use of medications or supplements. For example, one participant comments on their preventive care practices: “sweeping the pen and secondly, injecting them with antibiotics and maybe vitamins and so on, for their health condition” (P5). Personal hygiene was also noted as a risk‑reduction practice, with one community member stating, “you have to wash your hands under running water” (P7). When animals became sick, participants described attempts to prevent illness from spreading within the household herd or flock through separation. One participant stated, “If your animals are sick, one of them is sick, you separate them. You don't let them eat the same food,” (P4), explaining that “the moment the other one puts the mouth on that food, it will affect all of them. So, you have to separate them” (P4). However, participants also described gaps in biosecurity linked to free‑ranging animals and contact with wildlife. One participant noted that poultry may feed on dead wildlife. They specifically note that “the fowls… go out and go and feed on maybe a dead bat and maybe that dead bat is being affected with any kind of disease” (P6). Another participant raised concerns about food sources and advised caution, specifically referencing commercially sourced frozen poultry: “We have to be mindful of the frozen food that we take, those chicken and things… for some time we have to at least stop eating them” (P6). Theme 3: Sick animal management and reporting Participants described multiple approaches to managing sick animals, often beginning with observation and self‑management before involving veterinary services. One participant described a “watch and wait” approach: “At times, you will see that the bird is sick, but not all that serious. So, because of this, we decide not to call on the veterinary officers, just to experience them for a while. And if you see that no, still, that bird is isolating itself from the others then we call on them” (P1). A high threshold for contacting veterinary services was described, with some participants indicating they sought professional help primarily when illness was severe or beyond their ability to manage. One participant stated, “Sometimes, if the sickness is above you, that's where you will call the veterinary officer,” (P4) and described use of self‑treatment: “we treat ourselves... We inject them... we know some of the vitamins... we have some tetracycline” (P4). Another participant described using herbal remedies marketed for animals: “the herbal people... sell some medicine that is good for animals and fowls… whenever they are sick… for the fowls, especially, you put [it] into their water… and the goats, you open their mouth and put [it] inside… So, this is how I treated my animals” (P3). Despite self‑management practices, participants also described circumstances where they contacted veterinary professionals for evaluation and treatment. One participant described calling veterinary officers to assess illness: “By calling them to come and check what is disturbing the animal… Sometimes they come and examine them and they inject them and disinfect them too” (P5). Another participant described keeping a veterinarian’s contact information and seeking care for a sick dog: “I have a veterinary doctor's number… one time, it got sick… I called him to come and see what is wrong… he told me some kind of medicine that he would inject for the dog” (P6). Participants further emphasized the importance of timely, trustworthy communication about outbreaks and requested additional education on zoonotic transmission and prevention. One participant stated, “I think the radio presenters or the TV presenters should be concerned… when anything happens, they need to… give us information. …if we don’t listen to[the] radio or watch TV, we would not know that there is [an] outbreak of Ebola or any other disease” (P2). The same participant explicitly identified gaps in knowledge and requested community education: “But I don't know how it's spread from animals to humans. So maybe you can lecture us more about it” (P2). These accounts collectively illustrate that community members recognize key transmission risks yet want more detailed, locally relevant guidance on how zoonotic diseases spread and how to reduce exposure in everyday livestock-keeping activities. DISCUSSION In this concurrent mixed-methods study of livestock-keeping community members in the Ada East District, Ghana, we found that two-thirds of respondents met the threshold for good overall knowledge of zoonotic diseases, but substantial gaps in EVD symptom recognition and variable attitudes toward risk and stigma. Reported livestock-handling practices were generally favorable; however, several high-risk behaviors remained common, including limited use of PPE when handling animal fluids, inconsistent hand hygiene after bat contact, and frequent cohabitation with animals or with animal housing in proximity to living spaces. Qualitative findings provided context for these patterns: participants commonly identified bats and bushmeat as potential sources of infection and described routine hygiene practices; however, they also reported misconceptions about transmission and a high threshold for seeking veterinary care or reporting sick animals. Exposure‑tailored One Health messaging to address knowledge gaps Although two-thirds of respondents met the threshold for good overall zoonosis knowledge, the combination of these findings and low recognition of EVD symptoms has practical implications for early detection and response. Evidence from the West Africa epidemic shows that outbreak control depends not only on general awareness but also on clear, actionable guidance that communities can implement and that supports timely care‑seeking and reporting [45, 46]. In our study, most respondents (85.1%) understood that diseases can be transmitted between animals and humans and identified several animal-to-human transmission routes, but few met the threshold for good knowledge of EVD symptoms (10.6%). This gap is important because recognition of early signs is often the first step toward prompt care seeking, isolation, and reporting. In line with previous studies, the FGD suggested that community members draw on a mix of public health messages, personal experience, and local explanatory models when reasoning about Ebola and other zoonoses, reinforcing that risk communication should be locally interpretable and tied to specific actions [46]. Comparable knowledge patterns have been documented elsewhere in West Africa. In a national survey early in the Sierra Leone epidemic, awareness of Ebola was universal, yet only about 60% could correctly cite key signs and symptoms unprompted [47]. Moreover, post‑outbreak and preparedness research has repeatedly shown that misconceptions can persist even when awareness is high, including misunderstandings about transmission, such as beliefs consistent with “airborne” spread [25, 47, 48]. Together, this literature supports messaging strategies that pair basic transmission concepts with concrete, action‑oriented guidance (e.g., which symptoms to monitor, what to do first, and where to report) delivered through trusted channels and in locally accessible formats [45, 46]. In our adjusted models, education beyond primary school was associated with significantly higher odds of good knowledge. Given that individuals with education beyond primary school had higher odds of good knowledge, sensitization, and educational interventions should be preferentially directed toward those with lower educational attainment and delivered using accessible, non-text-dependent formats such as visual materials, local languages, and demonstration-based training. Such approaches are consistent with lessons from Ebola risk communication and community engagement initiatives [45, 46] We also found that 41.6% of respondents reported fruit bats near or within the home, and household ownership of domestic animals was common; both were associated with lower odds of good knowledge in adjusted analyses. While these associations should not be interpreted causally, they align with evidence that human–bat interactions can be frequent and diverse in Ghana and that bats in Africa are recognized reservoirs for multiple viral families with zoonotic potential [22, 49]. The FGD further highlighted that proximity to wildlife can shape perceived risk in different ways, including through misconceptions about airborne transmission or environmental exposures. These patterns suggest that households with frequent wildlife contact may not have better access to accurate information. Practical One Health education in bat-affected communities could emphasize feasible risk-reduction steps, such as handwashing after bat contact, avoiding partially eaten fruit, and handling dead animals safely. Evidence from henipavirus research indicates that contamination of food by bats (via saliva/urine) can be epidemiologically relevant, and that physical barriers can reduce bat access to food products in real-world settings [50, 51]. Importantly, guidance should acknowledge that complete avoidance of wildlife contact is often unrealistic, particularly where bats roost near homes or where livelihoods include hunting or trade [22]. Attitudes, stigma, and trust as determinants of reporting and prevention Attitudes toward zoonotic diseases were mixed: many participants expressed concern about outbreaks and fear of dying from a zoonotic disease, yet fewer endorsed a high perceived likelihood of an outbreak in the near term. Only 44% met the study definition of positive attitudes, which emphasized lower anticipated stigma and greater confidence in prevention. This suggests that a majority of respondents may be less likely to engage in timely health-seeking behavior or adhere to recommended preventive practices during an outbreak. These findings matter because Ebola research consistently shows that fear, distrust, and stigma can shape whether people seek care early, cooperate with response teams, or disclose symptoms and exposures [46, 47]. Notably, vaccine acceptability was high in our sample. This is consistent with outbreak‑period evidence suggesting that many communities are willing to accept biomedical prevention when it is perceived as legitimate, accessible, and delivered through trusted systems; for example, Sierra Leone survey data documented high reported willingness to accept an approved Ebola vaccine alongside ongoing misconceptions and stigmatizing attitudes [47]. In practical terms, this means that interventions should address both skills and supplies (e.g., reducing exposure) and social dynamics (e.g., stigma reduction, trust‑building, and clarity on what happens after reporting), a pairing emphasized in community engagement lessons from the West Africa epidemic [45, 46]. We showed that animal‑involved occupations were associated with lower odds of positive attitudes but higher odds of good practices. One plausible interpretation is that individuals with daily animal contact may perceive higher personal vulnerability or anticipate social consequences during outbreaks, even while maintaining stronger routine animal‑handling practices. This pattern underscores the need for One Health programming to integrate psychosocial components (risk perception, stigma, trust) with practical exposure‑reduction training, rather than assuming that information alone will shift behavior [26, 52]. Approaches that engage occupational groups as partners, rather than solely as risk vectors, are more likely to align attitudes with existing good practices and support timely reporting and cooperation during outbreaks. Practice gaps and feasible household biosecurity improvements Although 87% of respondents were classified as having good livestock‑handling practices, item‑level findings and qualitative data indicated clear opportunities for improvement, particularly around personal protective equipment use, wound protection, and bat‑related hand hygiene. Such patterns are not unusual in KAP research, where knowledge and reported practices can diverge and where structural constraints often determine what is feasible day‑to‑day [26]. Recent Ghana‑focused qualitative work on smallholder biosecurity similarly shows that adoption is shaped by capability, opportunity, and motivation—including cost, time, access to inputs, and perceived necessity—not simply awareness [52]. Low‑cost, feasible strategies in household livestock settings may therefore be most effective when they target specific high‑risk moments and minimize dependence on scarce supplies. Practical options include promoting hand hygiene immediately after handling sick or dead animals and after cleaning animal waste, encouraging the use of barriers to reduce contact with animal fluids when possible, and supporting incremental housing improvements that reduce cohabitation without undermining livelihoods. This feasibility framing is supported by Ghana‑based work documenting real‑world constraints on biosecurity in smallholder and village production systems [52, 53]. The focus group also suggested that safe management of sick animals may be constrained by access, cost, and informal care pathways. Participants described home treatment and antibiotic self‑medication, with veterinary consultation often reserved for severe or persistent illness. This aligns with evidence from Ghana indicating widespread antibiotic use among livestock and poultry farmers, frequent over‑the‑counter access without prescription, and limited veterinary involvement in administration decisions [54]. Beyond antimicrobial stewardship concerns, these informal pathways can delay recognition of unusual disease events and increase exposure risk when sick animals are handled without precautions. Strengthening reporting and surveillance linkages at the community level Strengthening community‑based surveillance and animal illness reporting will likely require clear, trusted, and easy-to-use reporting pathways. During the West African Ebola epidemic, community-event-based surveillance and community engagement models demonstrated that community‑generated alerts and referrals can be implemented at scale and contribute to case detection and timely response when integrated with formal systems [46, 55]. In Ghana, recent One Health research from Greater Accra highlights that intersectoral collaboration for zoonotic surveillance can remain reactive and siloed, with core functions such as detection and data management often not fully integrated across sectors [17]. In practical terms, for the Ada East District, this supports the value of establishing simple, community‑known reporting routes (e.g., a designated contact person, hotline, or formal linkage through Community-based Health Planning and Services structures) and ensuring that reporting does not produce punitive or economically harmful outcomes that would discourage cooperation—an implementation lesson echoed across the Ebola community engagement experience [46]. Strengths and limitations This mixed-methods study offers new insights into zoonotic disease awareness and livestock handling practices within a West African community, addressing a significant One Health knowledge gap. The integration of a quantitative survey and a qualitative focus group enabled triangulation of findings and provided a more comprehensive context than a single-method approach [56]. Data collection was rigorous; the survey was administered using REDCap on tablets, which reduced missing data and ensured high data quality. However, this study has limitations. The survey was cross-sectional, so associations should not be interpreted causally [57]. Practices and attitudes were self-reported and may be influenced by social desirability bias [58]. The analytic sample for regression excluded respondents with missing covariate data, and estimates for rare exposures, such as bushmeat consumption, are subject to wide uncertainty. The survey instrument was not previously validated in this population, which may limit the reliability and comparability of the findings. Qualitative findings were drawn from a single FGD and may not capture the full range of community perspectives; however, the discussion provided useful context for interpreting survey patterns and identifying locally salient beliefs and constraints. Some local-language comments required minor translation during transcription, which could have resulted in the loss of subtle nuances [40]. Furthermore, the study was conducted in a single district (Ada East, Ghana), limiting the generalizability of the findings to other regions of Ghana or West Africa. CONCLUSION Livestock-keeping community members in Ada East District exhibited strong general awareness of zoonotic diseases and reported high adoption of several protective practices. However, significant gaps were identified in the recognition of EVD symptoms and in critical biosecurity behaviors, including the use of personal protective equipment and the consistent separation of animals from household living spaces. Educational attainment and occupational roles significantly influenced KAP outcomes. Implementing integrated One Health education, alongside practical, resource-sensitive biosecurity support and clear animal illness reporting pathways, could enhance preparedness, improve early recognition and reporting, and reduce household-level zoonotic exposure. Abbreviations CHPS Community-based Health Planning and Services CI Confidence interval EVD Ebola virus disease FGD Focus group discussion GHS-ERC Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee IRB Institutional Review Board KAP Knowledge, attitudes, and practices OR Odds ratio aOR Adjusted odds ratio PPE Personal protective equipment REDCap Research Electronic Data Capture SD Standard deviation Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol was approved by the Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee (GHS-ERC: 024/08/24) and the Pennsylvania State University Institutional Review Board (STUDY00025209). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. Data statement The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was supported by the Institute of Energy and the Environment at Penn State University (IO Number 46000000820). The funder had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or manuscript preparation. Author Contributions KPW: Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, software, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing. KKS: writing—review & editing. HES: Visualization, writing—review & editing. LB: data curation, resources, writing—review & editing. GD: writing—review & editing. MAK and ANY: Conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, supervision, validation, resources, writing—review & editing. ANY: Funding acquisition, methodology, project administration. 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Sociodemographic and household characteristics of community members in Ada East District, Ghana (N = 255) Sample Characteristic N (%) N = 255 Years Lived in Community 19.0 (16.9) Years Lived in Community Group 0–8 94 (36.9) 9–25 82 (32.2) 26–75 79 (31.0) Current Age (in years) 44.1 (13.0) Age Group (in years) 20–36 90 (35.3) 37–50 92 (36.1) 51–85 73 (28.6) Number of People in Household 5.9 (4.1) Household Size (number of members) 1–3 69 (27.1) 4–6 110 (43.1) 7+ 76 (29.8) Sex Male 113 (44.3) Female 142 (55.7) Education Level ≤ Primary 91 (36.1) Higher education 26 (10.3) JS 73 (29.0) SS/T 62 (24.6) Marital Status Divorced, Widowed, or Separated 36 (14.2) Married 157 (61.8) Never Married, Single, or Cohabiting 61 (24.0) Religion Methodist 23 (9.0) Pentecostal/Charismatic 172 (67.5) Presbyterian 29 (11.4) Other 31 (12.2) Ethnicity Akan 9 (3.5) Ewe 20 (7.8) Ga/Dangme 220 (86.3) Other 6 (2.4) Occupation Farmer 46 (18.1) Herder 53 (20.9) Laborer 23 (9.1) Merchant 91 (35.8) Unemployed 14 (5.5) Other 27 (10.6) Note: Categorical variables are n (%); continuous variables are mean (SD). Missing: education level: n=3; marital status: n=1; occupation: n=1. Table 2 Factors associated with good zoonotic disease knowledge (n = 252) Characteristic (N = 252) Descriptive Analysis Univariable Analysis Multivariable Analysis Poor Knowledge N = 85 (34%) 1 Good Knowledge N = 167 (66%) 1 OR 23 95% CI 3 p-value aOR 34 95% CI 3 p-value Age Group (years) 20–36 28 (31%) 62 (69%) 1.00 1.00 37–50 27 (29%) 65 (71%) 1.09 0.58, 2.05 0.796 1.07 0.52, 2.24 0.846 51–85 30 (43%) 40 (57%) 0.60 0.31, 1.15 0.126 0.67 0.30, 1.47 0.317 Sex Male 31 (27%) 82 (73%) 1.00 1.00 Female 54 (39%) 85 (61%) 0.60 0.35, 1.01 0.058 0.60 0.32, 1.13 0.119 Education Level ≤ Primary 42 (46%) 49 (54%) 1.00 1.00 > Primary 43 (27%) 118 (73%) 2.35 1.37, 4.05 0.002 1.97 1.05, 3.69 0.034 Occupation Non-animal Job/Unemployed 50 (32%) 105 (68%) 1.00 1.00 Animal-involved Job 35 (36%) 62 (64%) 0.84 0.50, 1.44 0.532 0.96 0.50, 1.87 0.912 Received Formal Livestock Training No 76 (34%) 147 (66%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 9 (31%) 20 (69%) 1.15 0.51, 2.77 0.744 1.39 0.53, 4.02 0.520 Household Size 1–3 27 (40%) 41 (60%) 1.00 1.00 4–6 28 (26%) 81 (74%) 1.91 1.00, 3.66 0.051 2.04 0.98, 4.26 0.056 7+ 30 (40%) 45 (60%) 0.99 0.50, 1.93 0.971 0.96 0.44, 2.09 0.926 Years Lived in Community Group 1–8 33 (35%) 61 (65%) 1.00 1.00 9–25 27 (34%) 53 (66%) 1.06 0.57, 2.00 0.851 0.90 0.42, 1.91 0.775 26–75 25 (32%) 53 (68%) 1.15 0.61, 2.18 0.673 1.31 0.61, 2.87 0.490 Raises Avian Livestock No 6 (25%) 18 (75%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 79 (35%) 149 (65%) 0.63 0.22, 1.57 0.345 0.86 0.28, 2.36 0.773 Raises Ungulate Livestock No 28 (36%) 49 (64%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 57 (33%) 118 (67%) 1.18 0.67, 2.07 0.558 1.19 0.63, 2.25 0.586 Raises Domestic Animals No 50 (29%) 121 (71%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 35 (43%) 46 (57%) 0.54 0.31, 0.94 0.029 0.52 0.28, 0.96 0.036 Eats Bushmeat No 79 (32%) 165 (68%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 6 (75%) 2 (25%) 0.16 0.02, 0.71 0.027 0.06 0.01, 0.39 0.006 Seen Fruit bat Near or In Home No 41 (28%) 105 (72%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 44 (42%) 62 (58%) 0.55 0.32, 0.93 0.027 0.53 0.30, 0.95 0.033 Note: Values are n (row %) for participants classified as having poor vs good overall knowledge. Good knowledge was defined as a total knowledge score ≥ 16/25 (≥ 60% correct responses). Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) are from a multivariable logistic regression model fit using complete‑case data. CI, confidence interval; Table 3 Factors associated with positive zoonotic disease attitudes (n = 252) Characteristic Descriptive Statistics Univariable Analysis Multivariable Analysis Negative Attitudes N = 141 (56%) 1 Positive Attitudes N = 111 (44%) 1 OR 23 95% CI 3 p-value aOR 34 95% CI 3 p-value Age Group (in years) 20–36 51 (57%) 39 (43%) 1.00 1.00 37–50 54 (59%) 38 (41%) 0.92 0.51, 1.66 0.782 0.93 0.47, 1.86 0.837 51–85 36 (51%) 34 (49%) 1.24 0.66, 2.32 0.510 1.10 0.52, 2.36 0.800 Sex Man 68 (60%) 45 (40%) 1.00 1.00 Woman 73 (53%) 66 (47%) 1.37 0.83, 2.27 0.224 1.43 0.80, 2.60 0.232 Education Level ≤ Primary 46 (51%) 45 (49%) 1.00 1.00 > Primary 95 (59%) 66 (41%) 0.71 0.42, 1.19 0.195 0.68 0.36, 1.27 0.226 Occupation Non-animal Job/Unemployed 74 (48%) 81 (52%) 1.00 1.00 Animal-involved Job 67 (69%) 30 (31%) 0.41 0.24, 0.69 0.001 0.46 0.25, 0.85 0.013 Received Formal Livestock Training No 125 (56%) 98 (44%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 16 (55%) 13 (45%) 1.04 0.47, 2.25 0.928 1.11 0.45, 2.65 0.813 Household Size 1–3 29 (43%) 39 (57%) 1.00 1.00 4–6 71 (65%) 38 (35%) 0.40 0.21, 0.74 0.004 0.45 0.23, 0.89 0.022 7+ 41 (55%) 34 (45%) 0.62 0.32, 1.19 0.152 0.65 0.31, 1.37 0.259 Years Lived in Community Group 1–8 years 65 (69%) 29 (31%) 1.00 1.00 9–25 years 44 (55%) 36 (45%) 1.83 0.99, 3.43 0.056 1.57 0.78, 3.19 0.207 26–75 years 32 (41%) 46 (59%) 3.22 1.73, 6.10 < 0.001 2.63 1.29, 5.44 0.008 Raises Avian Livestock No 12 (50%) 12 (50%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 129 (57%) 99 (43%) 0.77 0.33, 1.80 0.538 0.72 0.28, 1.84 0.485 Raises Ungulate Livestock No 40 (52%) 37 (48%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 101 (58%) 74 (42%) 0.79 0.46, 1.36 0.396 0.88 0.48, 1.62 0.685 Raises Domestic Animals No 98 (57%) 73 (43%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 43 (53%) 38 (47%) 1.19 0.70, 2.02 0.528 1.36 0.76, 2.46 0.300 Eats Bushmeat No 139 (57%) 105 (43%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 2 (25%) 6 (75%) 3.97 0.89, 27.5 0.095 3.73 0.72, 28.5 0.142 Seen Fruit bat Near or In Home No 80 (55%) 66 (45%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 61 (58%) 45 (42%) 0.89 0.54, 1.48 0.664 0.99 0.57, 1.73 0.980 Note: Values are n (row %) for participants classified as having negative vs positive attitudes. Positive attitudes were defined as a composite attitudes score ≥ 5/8, reflecting more prevention‑supportive and less stigmatizing attitudes. Crude odds ratios (OR) are from univariable logistic regression models and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) are from a multivariable logistic regression model fit using complete‑case data. CI, confidence interval; reference categories are indicated by “—”. Table 4 Factors associated with good livestock handling practices (n = 252) Characteristic Descriptive analysis Univariable Analysis Multivariable Analysis Poor Practices N = 33 (13%) 1 Good Practices N = 219 (87%) 1 OR 23 95% CI 3 p-value aOR 34 95% CI 3 p-value Age Group (in years) 20–36 14 (16%) 76 (84%) 1.00 1.00 37–50 13 (14%) 79 (86%) 1.12 0.49, 2.56 0.787 0.93 0.35, 2.49 0.880 51–85 6 (8.6%) 64 (91%) 1.96 0.74, 5.82 0.191 2.13 0.61, 8.48 0.252 Sex Male 18 (16%) 95 (84%) 1.00 1.00 Female 15 (11%) 124 (89%) 1.57 0.75, 3.31 0.232 1.70 0.72, 4.06 0.228 Education Level ≤ Primary 12 (13%) 79 (87%) 1.00 1.00 > Primary 21 (13%) 140 (87%) 1.01 0.46, 2.14 0.974 1.58 0.61, 4.13 0.343 Occupation Non-animal Job/Unemployed 25 (16%) 130 (84%) 1.00 1.00 Animal-involved Job 8 (8.2%) 89 (92%) 2.14 0.96, 5.27 0.076 3.58 1.26, 11.8 0.024 Received Formal Livestock Training No 31 (14%) 192 (86%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 2 (6.9%) 27 (93%) 2.18 0.61, 13.9 0.304 4.39 0.87, 44.1 0.125 Household Size 1–3 10 (15%) 58 (85%) 1.00 1.00 4–6 9 (8.3%) 100 (92%) 1.92 0.73, 5.09 0.183 1.62 0.54, 4.84 0.381 7+ 14 (19%) 61 (81%) 0.75 0.30, 1.81 0.528 0.39 0.13, 1.12 0.087 Years Lived in Community Group 1–8 years 14 (15%) 80 (85%) 1.00 1.00 9–25 years 11 (14%) 69 (86%) 1.10 0.47, 2.63 0.830 2.22 0.79, 6.70 0.140 26–75 years 8 (10%) 70 (90%) 1.53 0.62, 4.03 0.367 3.21 1.02, 11.3 0.055 Raises Avian Livestock No 3 (13%) 21 (87%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 30 (13%) 198 (87%) 0.94 0.21, 2.95 0.928 0.97 0.20, 3.55 0.968 Raises Ungulate Livestock No 14 (18%) 63 (82%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 19 (11%) 156 (89%) 1.82 0.85, 3.85 0.116 1.91 0.80, 4.56 0.141 Raises Domestic Animals No 19 (11%) 152 (89%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 14 (17%) 67 (83%) 0.60 0.28, 1.28 0.178 0.61 0.27, 1.42 0.246 Eats Bushmeat No 29 (12%) 215 (88%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 4 (50%) 4 (50%) 0.13 0.03, 0.60 0.006 0.05 0.01, 0.34 0.003 Seen Fruit bat Near or In Home No 15 (10%) 131 (90%) 1.00 1.00 Yes 18 (17%) 88 (83%) 0.56 0.26, 1.17 0.123 0.49 0.21, 1.12 0.094 Note: Values are n (row %) for participants classified as having poor vs good practices. Good practices were defined as a composite livestock‑handling practices score ≥ 8/13. Crude odds ratios (OR) are from univariable logistic regression models and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) are from a multivariable logistic regression model fit using complete‑case data. CI, confidence interval; reference categories are indicated by “1.00”. Table 5. Qualitative themes and sub-themes on zoonotic risk perceptions and practices in Ada East, Ghana. Themes Sub-themes Perceived pathways of transmission from animals to humans Wildlife contact and bushmeat handling (bats, bushmeat) Livestock contact and slaughter (including free‑ranging poultry) Shared environments and indirect exposure (water sources; environmental beliefs including graveyards/bush burning) Perceived high‑risk groups and settings (e.g., health workers; close cohabitation with livestock) Household livestock keeping and biosecurity Routine husbandry and hygiene practices Slaughter and food‑preparation hygiene Risk‑reduction actions during illness (separation/isolation) Biosecurity constraints and gaps Sick animal management and reporting Initial self-management of sick animals before external help “Watch and wait” approach to assess animal illness severity High threshold for contacting veterinary officers Limited early reporting of animal illness Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files ComminityMembersSupplementaryTables.docx Additional file 1: Supplementary Tables S1–S3 (DOCX). Item-level response distributions and summary statistics for knowledge, attitudes, and livestock-handling practices. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 02 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 25 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8966132","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":597520301,"identity":"99e01a8e-3dcd-40c9-85f7-617abba3dd2d","order_by":0,"name":"Kirstin P. West","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kirstin","middleName":"P.","lastName":"West","suffix":""},{"id":597520304,"identity":"d83c8478-5a7d-4661-af95-4720deea026a","order_by":1,"name":"Marta A. Kisiel","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCBB4GZgbGAx8YGBgbQIgAAKkAa2E4OIMULWDWYR4GItTrtp99/uAHQ5qMfDvzgcO2OTay89sPNzDztjHY8+PQYnYm3bCxhyGHx+AwW8Lh3G1pxhvOJIK1JM7EYZ/ZgTTGBh6GCh4DZqCu3G2HEzdIMIK1JBgcwKHl/DPGxj9ALfLN/B8OW277nzh/BkSLvT0uLTfSGJt5gA4D+f0w47YDiQ03IFoYN+Dyy41njLNlDNJAfjE42LstGeyXg3POSSTOwOmwNIaPbyqS7eX7Dz988HObHTDEjj988KbMxp4fh/chwACNDzRfAp/6UTAKRsEoGAUEAABEHFuxSTZscAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Uppsala University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marta","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Kisiel","suffix":""},{"id":597520307,"identity":"2f3d209a-a321-40e4-a0c4-1763557ecf0b","order_by":2,"name":"Kristin K. Sznajder","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kristin","middleName":"K.","lastName":"Sznajder","suffix":""},{"id":597520309,"identity":"2264a71f-d86c-4e18-803e-244647323b69","order_by":3,"name":"Hannah E. Sauve","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Public Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hannah","middleName":"E.","lastName":"Sauve","suffix":""},{"id":597520310,"identity":"94ecbb1c-ff14-45f7-99ac-d264431e4ec1","order_by":4,"name":"Leonard Baatiema","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ghana","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leonard","middleName":"","lastName":"Baatiema","suffix":""},{"id":597520312,"identity":"f63d40d6-73e2-4866-a420-28c05cf00f11","order_by":5,"name":"Godwin Dogbey","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University for Development Studies","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Godwin","middleName":"","lastName":"Dogbey","suffix":""},{"id":597520315,"identity":"8908bd7a-d3e4-4f10-9c93-9beab32c2ab0","order_by":6,"name":"Abebayehu N. Yilma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abebayehu","middleName":"N.","lastName":"Yilma","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-25 09:53:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8966132/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8966132/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103603482,"identity":"92e9184b-98f2-4840-82de-ecd1943733c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 14:26:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132913,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeographic distribution of participants in Ada East District, Ghana.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaption:\u003c/strong\u003e Locations were geocoded and mapped using ArcGIS Pro Online v3.2 (Esri). Color gradients indicate the density of participating livestock-keeping community members, with yellow representing higher respondent density, red medium, and blue lower density. All data used are licensed for re-use in static form with attribution. \u003cstrong\u003eBasemap and administrative boundaries source:\u003c/strong\u003e Esri, Michael Bauer Research GmbH (2023), Ghana Statistical Service (ArcGIS Online item f320a8af9ffa4b4baeaf1d66f03da86).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8966132/v1/6612b0a240561db81fe12139.jpg"},{"id":104834891,"identity":"838869ee-6986-40c8-a442-c151807c4ff7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 17:35:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2523518,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8966132/v1/7f06b21e-2861-495d-85dc-4a7698f20e57.pdf"},{"id":103603466,"identity":"b7a1c7f1-4ec8-4062-8871-cba3af1caa2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 14:26:42","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":31386,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAdditional file 1: Supplementary Tables S1–S3 (DOCX). Item-level response distributions and summary statistics for knowledge, attitudes, and livestock-handling practices.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ComminityMembersSupplementaryTables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8966132/v1/824a6782794b57f14cf357ce.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Zoonotic disease knowledge, attitudes, and livestock biosecurity practices among community members in Ada East District, Ghana: a concurrent mixed-methods study","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eZoonotic diseases are infections transmitted between animals and humans and account for a substantial share of emerging and re-emerging infectious disease events globally [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Recurrent zoonotic outbreaks in the 21st century, including pandemic influenza and coronaviruses, have highlighted how land-use change, agricultural expansion, intensification of animal production, and increased human\u0026ndash;animal contact elevate spillover risk [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Once spillover occurs, global connectivity through the movement of people, animals, and animal products accelerates disease transmission across regions and borders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Because these risks originate at the human-animal-environment interface, effective prevention and response increasingly require One Health approaches that coordinate human, animal, and environmental sectors for surveillance, prevention, and control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub-Saharan Africa is frequently highlighted in global analyses as a region where ecological change, reliance on animal-based livelihoods, and expanding production systems intersect to create conditions conducive to zoonotic emergence. However, mapped \u0026ldquo;hotspots\u0026rdquo; are also influenced by surveillance and reporting capacity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Close proximity between humans and animals, limited veterinary services, and informal slaughter and marketing practices may increase exposure and delay detection of unusual illness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Ghana, One Health surveillance and preparedness on both acute threats, such as Ebola and Lassa fever, and endemic zoonoses, including rabies, anthrax, avian influenza, and zoonotic tuberculosis [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. These overlapping risks highlight that effective preparedness depends not only on national policy but also on routine household practices that reduce exposure, support safe animal management, and enable timely recognition and reporting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most relevant transmission interfaces often involve both wildlife exposure and household‑level livestock keeping in shared environments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Hunting, butchering, and environmental proximity to wildlife (e.g., fruit bats) may increase contact with zoonotic pathogens [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. At the same time, widespread smallholder livestock and poultry production creates frequent exposure through close cohabitation, waste handling, home slaughter, and management of sick or dead animals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Where household biosecurity is limited or inconsistently implemented, such routine contacts can elevate the risk of zoonotic transmission [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) assessments, especially when paired with qualitative approaches, can identify misconceptions about transmission and symptom recognition, highlight social dynamics (including stigma) that undermine timely care‑seeking or reporting, and clarify which low‑cost prevention steps are most acceptable and actionable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite this need, limited data exist on zoonotic disease knowledge, attitudes, and everyday livestock practices in coastal peri-urban districts of Ghana, where routine human\u0026ndash;livestock\u0026ndash;wildlife contact may occur [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe therefore conducted a concurrent mixed-methods study in Ada East District, Ghana, to (1) quantify community members' knowledge, attitudes, and livestock-handling practices related to zoonotic disease risk and (2) qualitatively describe perceived transmission pathways, household biosecurity routines, and barriers to safe sick-animal management and reporting. Findings are intended to inform context-appropriate One Health education and community-level biosecurity strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy design and setting\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a concurrent mixed-methods study integrating a quantitative cross-sectional survey with a qualitative, semi-structured focus group discussion (FGD). The study took place in Ada East District, Greater Accra Region, Ghana, in collaboration with the University of Ghana School of Public Health. Quantitative data was collected across five health facilities serving rural and peri-urban communities, including Ada East District Hospital, Kasseh Health Centre, Ada Health Centre, Pediatorkope Health Centre, and Asigbeykope Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) compound. The five facilities were purposively selected to represent the major catchment areas of Ada East District and to support community‑based recruitment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy population and eligibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEligible participants were community members aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18 years who (1) currently owned and actively raised livestock (e.g., cattle, goats, pigs, sheep) and/or poultry (e.g., chickens, turkeys, ducks) at a household or smallholder scale; (2) resided within the catchment area of one of the participating health facilities; (3) could complete the survey in English or a local language used in the district; and (4) provided written informed consent. Individuals engaged exclusively in large-scale commercial livestock production were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\text{S}\\text{a}\\text{m}\\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{i}\\text{z}\\text{e}\\text{w}\\text{a}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{m}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g}\\text{a}\\text{s}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g}\\text{l}\\text{e}-\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{p}\\text{u}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{p}\\text{r}\\text{o}\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{r}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{r}\\text{m}\\text{u}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\left[28\\right],\\text{w}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{b}\\text{y}n=\\frac{{Z}^{2}p\\left(1-p\\right)}{{d}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e, where \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(Z=1.96\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003efor 95% confidence, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(p\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the assumed prevalence of poor KAP, and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(d\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the desired margin of error. Assuming \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(p=0.06\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(d=0.03\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(n=\\frac{{1.96}^{2}\\times0.06\\times0.94}{{0.03}^{2}}=240.7\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, which was rounded up to 241. The 6% value was specified a priori to reflect an expectation of relatively high baseline awareness, given ongoing public health messaging and routine contact with health services, and because prior local estimates were unavailable. To account for non-response and missing data, we targeted 250 participants. A total of 255 community members completed the survey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative data collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Before data collection, the study team met with leadership at each facility to describe the study, obtain administrative approval, and plan on‑site logistics. Trained data collectors recruited participants in outpatient waiting areas and other high-traffic areas within the facility\u0026rsquo;s catchment communities. Potential participants were approached face‑to‑face, screened for eligibility, and provided with an information sheet in English or a local language. Interested individuals were escorted to a private space where the study was explained in detail, and written informed consent was obtained. Recruitment and enrollment continued at each site until the target sample size was reached.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe survey questionnaire was developed by the study team based on a review of published KAP instruments and guidance for KAP survey design, with selected items adapted from prior Ebola/zoonoses KAP studies and additional items created to reflect the local context [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The draft instrument was pilot‑tested for clarity and feasibility (as described in the quantitative data collection procedures) and revised before field deployment. Because a validated instrument specific to this setting was not available, the questionnaire was not formally psychometrically validated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvey data were collected using password‑protected tablets and stored in REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Ten bilingual research assistants from the University of Ghana, School of Public Health, completed a two-day training that covered study procedures, informed consent, administration of the survey tool, confidentiality, and secure data handling. The questionnaire was piloted with a small group of community members drawn from non‑study facilities in the La Nkwantanang Municipal Assembly, Greater Accra Region. The pilot assessed wording, flow, and tablet functionality. Minor revisions were made to clarify question wording, standardize response options, and ensure consistency between the English and local-language versions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterviews were interviewer‑administered in English or the participant\u0026rsquo;s preferred local language. Data collectors read each question aloud, recorded responses directly into REDCap, and reviewed entries for completeness before submission. When internet connectivity was unavailable, responses were stored offline and synchronized to a secure REDCap server at Pennsylvania State University once connectivity was restored. No personal identifiers were stored in the analytic dataset.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSociodemographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants reported age, sex, marital status, highest education level, religion, ethnicity, occupation, household size (number of people living in the household), and years of continuous residence in the community. For descriptive analyses, continuous variables were categorized based on the sample distribution: age (20\u0026ndash;36, 37\u0026ndash;50, 51\u0026ndash;85 years), household size (1\u0026ndash;3, 4\u0026ndash;6, \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7 members), and years lived in the community (1\u0026ndash;8, 9\u0026ndash;25, 26\u0026ndash;75 years). Education was recorded as \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;primary, junior secondary (JS), senior secondary/technical (SS/T), or higher education; for regression models, education was dichotomized as \u0026le;primary vs \u0026gt;primary. Religion was grouped as Pentecostal/Charismatic, Presbyterian, Methodist, or other; ethnicity was categorized as Ga/Dangme, Ewe, Akan, or other. Occupation was recorded in categories and grouped a priori for regression analyses into animal‑involved occupations (e.g., farming, herding, butchering, animal trading) versus non‑animal occupations/unemployed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eKnowledge of zoonoses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge was assessed using 25 items across four domains: (1) general zoonotic disease concepts (4 items), (2) transmission pathways (9 items), (3) EVD symptom recognition (7 items), and (4) treatment beliefs (5 items). Items used true/false/not sure response options; correct responses were scored as 1, and incorrect/not sure responses as 0. Subscale scores were calculated by summing correct responses within each domain (general 0\u0026ndash;4; transmission 0\u0026ndash;9; symptoms 0\u0026ndash;7; treatment 0\u0026ndash;5), and a total knowledge score was computed as the sum of all items (0\u0026ndash;25). Using a modified Bloom‑type threshold (60%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], total scores were classified as good knowledge (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;16 of total 25) versus poor knowledge (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;16 of total 25), with subscale \u0026ldquo;good vs poor\u0026rdquo; indicators defined using analogous rounded thresholds (e.g., \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6/9 for transmission, \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5/7 for symptoms).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAttitudes toward zoonoses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAttitudes were measured using eight statements that captured perceived outbreak risk and severity, vaccine acceptability, self‑efficacy in preventing infection, and anticipated stigma toward suspected cases. Response options were agree/disagree/not sure. Items were recoded into binary indicators and summed to create a composite score (0\u0026ndash;8), with higher scores indicating more prevention‑supportive and less stigmatizing attitudes. \u0026ldquo;Not sure\u0026rdquo; responses were coded conservatively as unfavorable (0). For items reflecting fear, perceived uncontrollability, or anticipated stigma (e.g., being concerned about an outbreak, fearing death, believing outbreaks will not be contained, perceiving near‑term community outbreak risk, expecting stigmatization), disagree was coded as 1 and agree/not sure as 0. For prevention‑oriented items (e.g., willingness to accept vaccination; confidence in ability to avoid infection), agree was coded as 1 and disagree/not sure as 0. Composite scores were classified as more prevention‑supportive, less stigmatizing \u003cem\u003e(e.g.\u003c/em\u003e, positive\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e attitudes (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 of total 8) versus \u003cem\u003eless\u003c/em\u003e prevention‑supportive, \u003cem\u003emore\u003c/em\u003e stigmatizing \u003cem\u003e(e.g.\u003c/em\u003e, negative\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e attitudes (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 of total 8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLivestock ownership, exposures, and practices\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants reported household ownership of animal types and whether animals were raised for income. Ownership variables were grouped into composite categories: avian livestock (any poultry species), ungulate livestock (cattle, goats, pigs, sheep), and domestic animals (rabbits, dogs, cats). Participants also reported the number of years they had raised animals for income and whether they had received formal livestock training (yes/no/not sure). Wildlife and bushmeat exposure were assessed through questions on community hunting, roadside bushmeat sales in the past year, personal bushmeat consumption in the past year, and whether fruit bats were seen near or within the home.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractices were assessed using 13 items covering food safety, hygiene, and household-level biosecurity behaviors. Response options ('Always', 'Sometimes', 'Never') were scored so that protective behaviors (e.g., keeping livestock/poultry outside the home, handwashing with soap after animal contact, safe meat/surface hygiene, covering wounds, and PPE use when handling animal fluids) received 1 when reported as 'Always', while assessed risky behaviors (e.g., eating meat from sick animals, eating animals found dead of unknown cause, eating bushmeat/wild birds, eating fruit bitten by animals) received 1 when reported as 'Never'. Total practice scores ranged from 0 to 13, with scores\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8 (at least 60%) classified as good practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyses were conducted in R (versions 4.2.3\u0026ndash;4.3.1). Continuous variables were summarized using means with standard deviations (SD) or medians with interquartile ranges (IQR), and categorical variables using counts and percentages. KAP outcomes were analyzed as binary variables (good vs. poor; positive vs. negative) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine factors associated with good KAP, we fit logistic regression models with three binary outcomes: (1) good vs. poor knowledge; (2) positive vs. negative attitudes; and (3) good vs. poor livestock‑handling practices. For each outcome, we first fit univariable logistic regression models for a prespecified set of covariates, including age group, sex, education, household size, years lived in the community, occupation, and selected animal-exposure variables (e.g., livestock ownership categories, bushmeat consumption, and seeing fruit bats near the home). Multivariable logistic regression models included a priori-selected covariates based on conceptual relevance. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by exponentiating regression coefficients. Participants with missing values on any covariate were excluded from the corresponding model using listwise deletion, resulting in an analysis based only on complete cases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial mapping\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants\u0026rsquo; community locations were geocoded and mapped to visualize the geographic distribution of survey respondents across the Ada East District. Geographic coordinates collected at interview sites were processed in ArcGIS (Esri) to map the spatial distribution of participants. To preserve anonymity, the maps display only community-level locations and do not show individual household coordinates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative data collection and analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo complement the survey and provide deeper contextual understanding, we conducted one FGD with livestock-keeping community members (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8) who had completed the survey and indicated willingness to be contacted for follow-up [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Participants were purposively selected across study communities to capture variation in sex, age, types of animals kept, and reported zoonotic exposures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The FGD was held in a private room at a participating health facility and facilitated by a bilingual moderator with qualitative research experience, supported by a note-taker.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Before the discussion, the moderator reviewed the study purpose, ground rules, and confidentiality expectations and obtained consent for audio recording. To maintain confidentiality, participants (P) were assigned anonymized numeric identifiers (e.g., P1\u0026ndash;P8) in transcripts and quotations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The semi-structured discussion guide explored: (1) perceptions and understanding of zoonotic diseases (including EVD as a high‑consequence exemplar), (2) perceived pathways of animal-to-human transmission, including wildlife/bushmeat and shared environments, (3) household livestock keeping and biosecurity practices, and (4) experiences managing and reporting sick animals and preferred sources of health information. Open-ended questions were followed by targeted probes to clarify or expand upon survey findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The discussion lasted approximately 60\u0026ndash;90 minutes, was conducted in English and local languages as needed, and was audio-recorded and supplemented with field notes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAudio files were transferred to a password-protected server, transcribed verbatim, and translated into English where necessary by bilingual team members [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Transcripts were de-identified prior to analysis. We conducted thematic analysis guided by grounded theory principles [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR42 CR43\" citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Two researchers independently reviewed the transcript, developed an initial codebook that incorporated deductive codes from the discussion guide and inductive codes derived from the data, and then performed line-by-line coding using constant comparison. The coding team met to reconcile discrepancies and refine code definitions. Codes were organized into higher-level categories and themes, and representative quotations were selected to illustrate each theme, including both convergent and divergent viewpoints.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was approved by the Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee (GHS-ERC: 024/08/24) and the Pennsylvania State University Institutional Review Board (STUDY00025209). Administrative approval was obtained from each participating health facility. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. To ensure confidentiality, no direct personal identifiers were included in analytic datasets; electronic files were stored on secure, password-protected servers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003ch3\u003eParticipant characteristics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 255 livestock- and/or poultry-owning community members completed the survey. Participants\u0026rsquo; geographic distribution in the Ada East District is shown in Figure 1. Participants, of whom 55.7% were female, had lived in their community for a mean of 19.0 years and were a mean age of 44.1 years. Households had an average of 5.9 members (SD 4.1). The predominant ethnicity was Ga/Dangme. Educational attainment was mixed, whereby 36.1% had primary education or less, 29.0% had completed junior secondary school (JS), 24.6% had senior secondary or technical education (SS/T), and 10.3% had higher education (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eQuantitative results\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of zoonotic diseases\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, knowledge met the threshold for good knowledge in 66.3% respondents. General conceptual understanding was strong. Most participants recognized that zoonotic diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans (85.1%) and from person to person (92.9%), and that zoonotic infections can be fatal (94.1%) (Table S1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge gaps were concentrated in specific domains. Although nearly all respondents were aware of Ebola, only 10.6% of participants met the threshold for good EVD symptom knowledge. Fewer than two-thirds correctly identified fever (58.8%) or weakness and fatigue (52.2%) as symptoms, and even fewer recognized severe headache (37.3%). Many participants incorrectly identified respiratory or non-specific complaints such as persistent cough (30.6%), sore throat (19.6%), and chills (13.3%) as characteristic of EVD (Table S1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding treatment beliefs, 85.1% indicated that zoonotic diseases can be treated with modern medicine, such as antibiotics and vaccines, and nearly nine in ten (89.4%) met the criterion for good treatment knowledge. However, a substantial minority also endorsed and believed that zoonotic diseases can be treated with herbal remedies (29.0%), traditional medicine (22.4%), home remedies (13.7%), or spiritual healing (8.2%) (Table S1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttitudes toward zoonotic diseases\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, 43.9% of participants were categorized as having positive attitudes toward zoonotic disease prevention and preparedness, while 56.1% had negative attitudes (Table S2). Most participants reported concern about a potential outbreak in their community (81.6%) and concern about dying from a zoonotic disease (73.7%). However, perceptions of near-term risk for their community and Ghana were mixed: 41.6% agreed that their community and Ghana were at great risk of a zoonotic disease outbreak within the next six months, while 48.6% disagreed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConfidence in personal prevention was low, with only 63.1% agreeing that they could prevent contracting a zoonotic disease. Fewer than half (45.1%) reported that livestock or poultry deaths due to zoonotic diseases were a major personal concern, and only 20.4% indicated that inadequate zoonotic disease containment was a major concern (Table S2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproximately one-third (37.6%) believed that someone with a zoonotic disease would be treated differently by people in their community, and 11.8% were unsure. Despite mixed perceptions and anticipated stigma, vaccine acceptability was high: 74.9% reported willingness to accept a vaccine for a zoonotic disease such as EVD if available.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLivestock ownership, exposures, and practices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost participants raised avian livestock (90.2%) and ungulate livestock (69.8%); 31.8% reported raising domestic animals, such as dogs, cats, and rabbits (Table S3). Reported direct engagement with wildlife through community hunting and roadside bushmeat sales was uncommon, although 41.6% reported seeing fruit bats near or within their home (Table S3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the composite practices score, 86.7% of participants were categorized as reporting good livestock-handling practices \u0026nbsp;(Table S3). While most participants reported always washing hands after contact with dead livestock (91.4%) or animal waste (85.1%), compliance decreased for contact with live livestock (77.3%) and, in particular, after bat contact (58.4% always; 38.4% never).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse of personal protective equipment (PPE) before contact with animal fluids was low: only 13.7% reported always using PPE, and 73.7% reported never using it. Animal housing practices indicated frequent close contact. For example, only 27.5% reported always keeping livestock and poultry outside the home, meanwhile 43.1% reported never doing so. In contrast, food safety practices were generally strong, including thorough cooking of meat (96.5% always) and cleaning raw meat preparation surfaces with soap or bleach (87.1% always) (Table S3; Additional file 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were 66.3% who met the threshold for good zoonotic disease knowledge, 44.0% who had positive zoonotic disease attitudes, and 86.9% who reported good livestock‑handling practices (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the adjusted model for good knowledge, \u0026gt;primary school (vs \u0026le;primary) was significantly associated with higher odds of good knowledge (aOR 1.97, 95% CI 1.05\u0026ndash;3.69). Compared with not raising domestic animals, raising domestic animals was significantly associated with a lower odds of good knowledge (aOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.28\u0026ndash;0.96). Reporting bushmeat consumption in the past year was also significantly associated with lower odds of good knowledge (aOR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01\u0026ndash;0.39), as was reporting fruit bats near or within the home (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.30\u0026ndash;0.95) (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the adjusted model for positive attitudes, having an animal‑involved occupation (vs non‑animal job/unemployed) was significantly associated with lower odds of positive attitudes towards zoonotic diseases (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25\u0026ndash;0.85) (Table 3). A household size of 4\u0026ndash;6 members (vs 1\u0026ndash;3) was also significantly associated with a lower odds of positive attitudes (aOR 0.45, 95% CI 0.23\u0026ndash;0.89). In contrast, living in the community for 26\u0026ndash;75 years (vs 1\u0026ndash;8 years) was associated with higher odds of positive attitudes (aOR 2.63, 95% CI 1.29\u0026ndash;5.44).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the adjusted model for good livestock‑handling practices, participants with animal‑involved occupations (vs non‑animal job/unemployed) had higher odds of reporting good livestock-handling practices (aOR 3.58, 95% CI 1.26\u0026ndash;11.8) (Table 4). Bushmeat consumption was associated with substantially lower odds of good practices (aOR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01\u0026ndash;0.34).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eQualitative results\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEight livestock‑keeping community members participated in a focus group discussion. Thematic analysis identified four themes: (1) perceived pathways of zoonotic transmission from animals to humans, (2) household livestock keeping and biosecurity, and (3) sick animal management and reporting (Table 5). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTheme 1: Perceived Pathways of Transmission from Animals to Humans\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants described multiple perceived pathways through which EVD and other zoonotic infections could spread from animals to humans. Many participants emphasized wildlife exposure\u0026mdash;especially bats\u0026mdash;and the handling of wild-animal meat. One participant stated,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I also know that Ebola virus disease spread from bats to human beings through by touching infected bats\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P1). Another highlighted bats\u0026rsquo; mobility as a source of concern:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Bats can fly from here, they can fly far. So maybe it can have the disease at any other country, and it can fly to Ghana\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBushmeat was also discussed as a potential source of infection, including concern about preparation and consumption:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Grass cutter and then this mouse can also cause Ebola disease because they are all in the bush. Ebola disease, we heard, started from bush meat. If you bring them to the house and they are not well prepared, you are also prone to Ebola disease\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(P1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to wildlife, participants discussed domestic livestock as potential sources of zoonotic infection, particularly through routine animal contact and slaughter practices. One participant described the risk from handling or slaughtering an infected animal:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;If the animal is infected and you don\u0026apos;t know, you go there just to feed the animal or just to slaughter some for your own purpose, and then after doing that, you are getting the sickness\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants sometimes linked specific animal species with heightened risk. One participant said, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;For me, it\u0026apos;s pig and fowl,\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5), elaborating that \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;for pig, pork meat, I would say it\u0026apos;s a deadly meat. Even in our Bible and Quran, it\u0026apos;s been warned for us not to take pork meat. That means pork is being created to eat unwanted things like feces and so on and so forth\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5). The same participant raised concerns about free‑ranging poultry contacting waste: chickens can \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;go to the pits to go and feed on unwanted things to come and infect us\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShared environments were also described as potential routes of exposure, particularly through water sources used by both animals and people. One participant explained:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Sometimes the livestock go and drink water at the river shore. And we, the human beings, we rely on that water for cooking and so on. So, from there, the infection can pass through the animal to we, human beings\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants also connected water exposure to illness risk more broadly: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;because sometimes we use the river water to bath, to cook. So, from there we can attract the sickness\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlongside these perceived pathways, some statements reflected uncertainty or misconceptions about Ebola transmission. One participant described Ebola as airborne and emphasized washing food:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;We have to wash anything that we are going to eat because it\u0026apos;s an airborne disease\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother provided broad food‑safety guidance as a preventive measure:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;We have to make sure anything we are going to eat have to be clean. If the animal is sick, we are not supposed to even slaughter and eat\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants also described environmental exposure beliefs, including concern about farming near graveyards: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;we don\u0026apos;t know what kills the ones there. So, if rain falls and erosion takes place, and we rush to the farm and bring more diseases\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5). This idea was further framed as a practice that should be avoided: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;we have to stop farming around the graveyards\u0026hellip; if rain falls and erosion takes place, it brings more diseases that we can\u0026rsquo;t even mention\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants also identified groups they perceived to be at higher risk of infection. Health workers were commonly mentioned due to the urgency of clinical care and the delayed recognition of Ebola:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The health workers are in haste to take care of the person [and] you just go straight to the person and then attend to them. It is later on, where you know that this person has this sickness. By then, you are also close to the sickness or that disease\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA related concern was expressed that \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Normally, our health workers they get this disease fast\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (R1). Participants also discussed the inherent risk of close cohabitation with livestock:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;It\u0026rsquo;s a risk because you are rearing them in the house. So, whenever they have the infection, it is a risk to the human being\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTheme 2: Household livestock keeping and biosecurity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHousehold livestock keeping was described as common and purposeful, with participants describing routine husbandry activities and efforts to maintain cleanliness. One participant described prioritizing hygienic animal housing and limiting animals\u0026rsquo; movements: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I always try to put them at a hygienic place so that they don\u0026apos;t go out and come in with any disease,\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P1), adding, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I have to disinfect the place that I rear them, and then give them a good water, good feed\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(P1). Another participant described cleaning routines and veterinary involvement as part of animal care:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I sweep wherever they sleep. The cattle, I have their special place for eating\u0026hellip; And the goats too, I take good care of them by\u0026hellip; inviting the veterinary to treat them. So, they are always healthy\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants also described hygiene practices around slaughtering and food preparation. One participant noted, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Normally, we slaughter them on the table. So, you are to wash the table with soap and water\u0026hellip; make sure the place where you are slaughtering the animals is also clean\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P1). Another emphasized cleaning tools and surfaces:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;You will wash the place and you disinfect [with water] the place before... And the knives that you are using, always you have to make sure they are neat. You have to clean them. That is it.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome participants described preventive care practices aimed at keeping animals healthy, including use of medications or supplements. For example, one participant comments on their preventive care practices: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;sweeping the pen and secondly, injecting them with antibiotics and maybe vitamins and so on, for their health condition\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5). Personal hygiene was also noted as a risk‑reduction practice, with one community member stating, \u0026ldquo;you have to wash your hands under running water\u0026rdquo; (P7). When animals became sick, participants described attempts to prevent illness from spreading within the household herd or flock through separation. One participant stated, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;If your animals are sick, one of them is sick, you separate them. You don\u0026apos;t let them eat the same food,\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P4), explaining that \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;the moment the other one puts the mouth on that food, it will affect all of them. So, you have to separate them\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(P4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, participants also described gaps in biosecurity linked to free‑ranging animals and contact with wildlife. One participant noted that poultry may feed on dead wildlife. They specifically note that \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;the fowls\u0026hellip; go out and go and feed on maybe a dead bat and maybe that dead bat is being affected with any kind of disease\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P6). Another participant raised concerns about food sources and advised caution, specifically referencing commercially sourced frozen poultry:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;We have to be mindful of the frozen food that we take, those chicken and things\u0026hellip; for some time we have to at least stop eating them\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTheme 3: Sick animal management and reporting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants described multiple approaches to managing sick animals, often beginning with observation and self‑management before involving veterinary services. One participant described a \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;watch and wait\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e approach:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;At times, you will see that the bird is sick, but not all that serious. So, because of this, we decide not to call on the veterinary officers, just to experience them for a while. And if you see that no, still, that bird is isolating itself from the others then we call on them\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(P1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA high threshold for contacting veterinary services was described, with some participants indicating they sought professional help primarily when illness was severe or beyond their ability to manage. One participant stated, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Sometimes, if the sickness is above you, that\u0026apos;s where you will call the veterinary officer,\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P4) and described use of self‑treatment: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;we treat ourselves... We inject them... we know some of the vitamins... we have some tetracycline\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P4). Another participant described using herbal remedies marketed for animals:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;the herbal people... sell some medicine that is good for animals and fowls\u0026hellip; whenever they are sick\u0026hellip; for the fowls, especially, you put [it] into their water\u0026hellip; and the goats, you open their mouth and put [it] inside\u0026hellip; So, this is how I treated my animals\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite self‑management practices, participants also described circumstances where they contacted veterinary professionals for evaluation and treatment. One participant described calling veterinary officers to assess illness:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;By calling them to come and check what is disturbing the animal\u0026hellip; Sometimes they come and examine them and they inject them and disinfect them too\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother participant described keeping a veterinarian\u0026rsquo;s contact information and seeking care for a sick dog: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I have a veterinary doctor\u0026apos;s number\u0026hellip; one time, it got sick\u0026hellip; I called him to come and see what is wrong\u0026hellip; he told me some kind of medicine that he would inject for the dog\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants further emphasized the importance of timely, trustworthy communication about outbreaks and requested additional education on zoonotic transmission and prevention. One participant stated, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I think the radio presenters or the TV presenters should be concerned\u0026hellip; when anything happens, they need to\u0026hellip; give us information. \u0026hellip;if we don\u0026rsquo;t listen to[the] radio or watch TV, we would not know that there is [an] outbreak of Ebola or any other disease\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P2). The same participant explicitly identified gaps in knowledge and requested community education:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;But I don\u0026apos;t know how it\u0026apos;s spread from animals to humans. So maybe you can lecture us more about it\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (P2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese accounts collectively illustrate that community members recognize key transmission risks yet want more detailed, locally relevant guidance on how zoonotic diseases spread and how to reduce exposure in everyday livestock-keeping activities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this concurrent mixed-methods study of livestock-keeping community members in the Ada East District, Ghana, we found that two-thirds of respondents met the threshold for good overall knowledge of zoonotic diseases, but substantial gaps in EVD symptom recognition and variable attitudes toward risk and stigma. Reported livestock-handling practices were generally favorable; however, several high-risk behaviors remained common, including limited use of PPE when handling animal fluids, inconsistent hand hygiene after bat contact, and frequent cohabitation with animals or with animal housing in proximity to living spaces. Qualitative findings provided context for these patterns: participants commonly identified bats and bushmeat as potential sources of infection and described routine hygiene practices; however, they also reported misconceptions about transmission and a high threshold for seeking veterinary care or reporting sick animals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExposure‑tailored One Health messaging to address knowledge gaps\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough two-thirds of respondents met the threshold for good overall zoonosis knowledge, the combination of these findings and low recognition of EVD symptoms has practical implications for early detection and response. Evidence from the West Africa epidemic shows that outbreak control depends not only on general awareness but also on clear, actionable guidance that communities can implement and that supports timely care‑seeking and reporting [45, 46]. In our study, most respondents (85.1%) understood that diseases can be transmitted between animals and humans and identified several animal-to-human transmission routes, but few met the threshold for good knowledge of EVD symptoms (10.6%). This gap is important because recognition of early signs is often the first step toward prompt care seeking, isolation, and reporting. In line with previous studies, the FGD suggested that community members draw on a mix of public health messages, personal experience, and local explanatory models when reasoning about Ebola and other zoonoses, reinforcing that risk communication should be locally interpretable and tied to specific actions [46].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparable knowledge patterns have been documented elsewhere in West Africa. In a national survey early in the Sierra Leone epidemic, awareness of Ebola was universal, yet only about 60% could correctly cite key signs and symptoms unprompted [47]. Moreover, post‑outbreak and preparedness research has repeatedly shown that misconceptions can persist even when awareness is high, including misunderstandings about transmission, such as beliefs consistent with \u0026ldquo;airborne\u0026rdquo; spread [25, 47, 48]. Together, this literature supports messaging strategies that pair basic transmission concepts with concrete, action‑oriented guidance (e.g., which symptoms to monitor, what to do first, and where to report) delivered through trusted channels and in locally accessible formats [45, 46].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our adjusted models, education beyond primary school was associated with significantly higher odds of good knowledge. Given that individuals with education beyond primary school had higher odds of good knowledge, sensitization, and educational interventions should be preferentially directed toward those with lower educational attainment and delivered using accessible, non-text-dependent formats such as visual materials, local languages, and demonstration-based training. Such approaches are consistent with lessons from Ebola risk communication and community engagement initiatives [45, 46]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also found that 41.6% of respondents reported fruit bats near or within the home, and household ownership of domestic animals was common; both were associated with lower odds of good knowledge in adjusted analyses. While these associations should not be interpreted causally, they align with evidence that human\u0026ndash;bat interactions can be frequent and diverse in Ghana and that bats in Africa are recognized reservoirs for multiple viral families with zoonotic potential [22, 49]. The FGD further highlighted that proximity to wildlife can shape perceived risk in different ways, including through misconceptions about airborne transmission or environmental exposures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese patterns suggest that households with frequent wildlife contact may not have better access to accurate information. Practical One Health education in bat-affected communities could emphasize feasible risk-reduction steps, such as handwashing after bat contact, avoiding partially eaten fruit, and handling dead animals safely. Evidence from henipavirus research indicates that contamination of food by bats (via saliva/urine) can be epidemiologically relevant, and that physical barriers can reduce bat access to food products in real-world settings [50, 51]. Importantly, guidance should acknowledge that complete avoidance of wildlife contact is often unrealistic, particularly where bats roost near homes or where livelihoods include hunting or trade [22].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAttitudes, stigma, and trust as determinants of reporting and prevention\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAttitudes toward zoonotic diseases were mixed: many participants expressed concern about outbreaks and fear of dying from a zoonotic disease, yet fewer endorsed a high perceived likelihood of an outbreak in the near term. Only 44% met the study definition of positive attitudes, which emphasized lower anticipated stigma and greater confidence in prevention. This suggests that a majority of respondents may be less likely to engage in timely health-seeking behavior or adhere to recommended preventive practices during an outbreak. These findings matter because Ebola research consistently shows that fear, distrust, and stigma can shape whether people seek care early, cooperate with response teams, or disclose symptoms and exposures [46, 47].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotably, vaccine acceptability was high in our sample. This is consistent with outbreak‑period evidence suggesting that many communities are willing to accept biomedical prevention when it is perceived as legitimate, accessible, and delivered through trusted systems; for example, Sierra Leone survey data documented high reported willingness to accept an approved Ebola vaccine alongside ongoing misconceptions and stigmatizing attitudes [47]. In practical terms, this means that interventions should address both skills and supplies (e.g., reducing exposure) and social dynamics (e.g., stigma reduction, trust‑building, and clarity on what happens after reporting), a pairing emphasized in community engagement lessons from the West Africa epidemic [45, 46].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe showed that animal‑involved occupations were associated with lower odds of positive attitudes but higher odds of good practices. One plausible interpretation is that individuals with daily animal contact may perceive higher personal vulnerability or anticipate social consequences during outbreaks, even while maintaining stronger routine animal‑handling practices. This pattern underscores the need for One Health programming to integrate psychosocial components (risk perception, stigma, trust) with practical exposure‑reduction training, rather than assuming that information alone will shift behavior [26, 52]. Approaches that engage occupational groups as partners, rather than solely as risk vectors, are more likely to align attitudes with existing good practices and support timely reporting and cooperation during outbreaks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePractice gaps and feasible household biosecurity improvements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough 87% of respondents were classified as having good livestock‑handling practices, item‑level findings and qualitative data indicated clear opportunities for improvement, particularly around personal protective equipment use, wound protection, and bat‑related hand hygiene. Such patterns are not unusual in KAP research, where knowledge and reported practices can diverge and where structural constraints often determine what is feasible day‑to‑day [26]. Recent Ghana‑focused qualitative work on smallholder biosecurity similarly shows that adoption is shaped by capability, opportunity, and motivation\u0026mdash;including cost, time, access to inputs, and perceived necessity\u0026mdash;not simply awareness [52].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLow‑cost, feasible strategies in household livestock settings may therefore be most effective when they target specific high‑risk moments and minimize dependence on scarce supplies. Practical options include promoting hand hygiene immediately after handling sick or dead animals and after cleaning animal waste, encouraging the use of barriers to reduce contact with animal fluids when possible, and supporting incremental housing improvements that reduce cohabitation without undermining livelihoods. This feasibility framing is supported by Ghana‑based work documenting real‑world constraints on biosecurity in smallholder and village production systems [52, 53].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe focus group also suggested that safe management of sick animals may be constrained by access, cost, and informal care pathways. Participants described home treatment and antibiotic self‑medication, with veterinary consultation often reserved for severe or persistent illness. This aligns with evidence from Ghana indicating widespread antibiotic use among livestock and poultry farmers, frequent over‑the‑counter access without prescription, and limited veterinary involvement in administration decisions [54]. Beyond antimicrobial stewardship concerns, these informal pathways can delay recognition of unusual disease events and increase exposure risk when sick animals are handled without precautions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrengthening reporting and surveillance linkages at the community level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrengthening community‑based surveillance and animal illness reporting will likely require clear, trusted, and easy-to-use reporting pathways. During the West African Ebola epidemic, community-event-based surveillance and community engagement models demonstrated that community‑generated alerts and referrals can be implemented at scale and contribute to case detection and timely response when integrated with formal systems [46, 55]. In Ghana, recent One Health research from Greater Accra highlights that intersectoral collaboration for zoonotic surveillance can remain reactive and siloed, with core functions such as detection and data management often not fully integrated across sectors [17].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn practical terms, for the Ada East District, this supports the value of establishing simple, community‑known reporting routes (e.g., a designated contact person, hotline, or formal linkage through Community-based Health Planning and Services structures) and ensuring that reporting does not produce punitive or economically harmful outcomes that would discourage cooperation\u0026mdash;an implementation lesson echoed across the Ebola community engagement experience [46].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrengths and limitations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis mixed-methods study offers new insights into zoonotic disease awareness and livestock handling practices within a West African community, addressing a significant One Health knowledge gap. The integration of a quantitative survey and a qualitative focus group enabled triangulation of findings and provided a more comprehensive context than a single-method approach [56]. Data collection was rigorous; the survey was administered using REDCap on tablets, which reduced missing data and ensured high data quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, this study has limitations. The survey was cross-sectional, so associations should not be interpreted causally [57]. Practices and attitudes were self-reported and may be influenced by social desirability bias [58]. The analytic sample for regression excluded respondents with missing covariate data, and estimates for rare exposures, such as bushmeat consumption, are subject to wide uncertainty. The survey instrument was not previously validated in this population, which may limit the reliability and comparability of the findings. Qualitative findings were drawn from a single FGD and may not capture the full range of community perspectives; however, the discussion provided useful context for interpreting survey patterns and identifying locally salient beliefs and constraints. Some local-language comments required minor translation during transcription, which could have resulted in the loss of subtle nuances [40]. Furthermore, the study was conducted in a single district (Ada East, Ghana), limiting the generalizability of the findings to other regions of Ghana or West Africa.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eLivestock-keeping community members in Ada East District exhibited strong general awareness of zoonotic diseases and reported high adoption of several protective practices. However, significant gaps were identified in the recognition of EVD symptoms and in critical biosecurity behaviors, including the use of personal protective equipment and the consistent separation of animals from household living spaces. Educational attainment and occupational roles significantly influenced KAP outcomes. Implementing integrated One Health education, alongside practical, resource-sensitive biosecurity support and clear animal illness reporting pathways, could enhance preparedness, improve early recognition and reporting, and reduce household-level zoonotic exposure.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCHPS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity-based Health Planning and Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEVD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEbola virus disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFGD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFocus group discussion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGHS-ERC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGhana Health Service Ethics Review Committee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIRB\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitutional Review Board\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eKAP\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge, attitudes, and practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eaOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePPE\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal protective equipment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eREDCap\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch Electronic Data Capture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was approved by the Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee (GHS-ERC: 024/08/24) and the Pennsylvania State University Institutional Review Board (STUDY00025209). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData statement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Institute of Energy and the Environment at Penn State University (IO Number 46000000820). The funder had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or manuscript preparation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKPW: Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, software, writing\u0026mdash;original draft, writing\u0026mdash;review \u0026amp; editing. KKS: writing\u0026mdash;review \u0026amp; editing. HES: Visualization, writing\u0026mdash;review \u0026amp; editing. LB: data curation, resources, writing\u0026mdash;review \u0026amp; editing. GD: writing\u0026mdash;review \u0026amp; editing. MAK and ANY: Conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, supervision, validation, resources, writing\u0026mdash;review \u0026amp; editing. ANY: Funding acquisition, methodology, project administration. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the University of Ghana School of Public Health, the management and staff of the participating health facilities, and all community members who participated in the survey and focus group discussions. We also acknowledge the contributions of the University of Ghana research assistants who supported data collection.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOne health. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health#tab=tab_1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health#tab=tab_1\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed 14 Feb 2026.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. 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BMC Public Health. 2010;10:720. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-720\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/1471-2458-10-720\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSociodemographic and household characteristics of community members in Ada East District, Ghana (N = 255)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"641\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Characteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN = 255\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYears Lived in Community\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYears Lived in Community Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (36.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026ndash;25\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (32.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;75\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (31.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent Age (in years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.1 (13.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Group (in years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 (36.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of People in Household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold Size (number of members)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (27.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (43.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (29.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (44.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142 (55.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; Primary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (36.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigher education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (29.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSS/T\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (24.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced, Widowed, or Separated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157 (61.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever Married, Single, or Cohabiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (24.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethodist\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePentecostal/Charismatic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172 (67.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresbyterian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAkan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEwe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGa/Dangme\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220 (86.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (20.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLaborer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 321px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 319px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (35.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 393px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 393px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Categorical variables are n (%); continuous variables are mean (SD). Missing: education level: n=3; marital status: n=1; occupation: n=1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFactors associated with good zoonotic disease knowledge (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;252)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCharacteristic (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;252)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDescriptive Analysis\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUnivariable Analysis\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMultivariable Analysis\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePoor Knowledge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85 (34%)\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGood Knowledge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;167 (66%)\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eOR\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ep-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eaOR\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ep-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAge Group (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u0026ndash;36\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28 (31%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62 (69%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37\u0026ndash;50\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27 (29%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e65 (71%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.09\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.58, 2.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.796\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.07\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.52, 2.24\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.846\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51\u0026ndash;85\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30 (43%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40 (57%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.60\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.31, 1.15\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.126\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.67\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.30, 1.47\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.317\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSex\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMale\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31 (27%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e82 (73%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFemale\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e54 (39%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e85 (61%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.60\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.35, 1.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.058\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.60\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.32, 1.13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.119\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEducation Level\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026le; Primary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e42 (46%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49 (54%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026gt; Primary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e43 (27%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e118 (73%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e2.35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.37, 4.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.002\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.05, 3.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.034\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eOccupation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNon-animal Job/Unemployed\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50 (32%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e105 (68%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAnimal-involved Job\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e35 (36%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62 (64%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.84\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.50, 1.44\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.532\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.96\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.50, 1.87\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.912\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eReceived Formal Livestock Training\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e76 (34%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e147 (66%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9 (31%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20 (69%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.15\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.51, 2.77\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.744\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.39\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.53, 4.02\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.520\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHousehold Size\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27 (40%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41 (60%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28 (26%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e81 (74%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.91\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00, 3.66\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.051\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.04\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.98, 4.26\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.056\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7+\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30 (40%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45 (60%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.99\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.50, 1.93\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.971\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.96\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.44, 2.09\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.926\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eYears Lived in Community Group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33 (35%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e61 (65%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u0026ndash;25\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27 (34%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e53 (66%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.06\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.57, 2.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.851\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.90\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.42, 1.91\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.775\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26\u0026ndash;75\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25 (32%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e53 (68%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.15\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.61, 2.18\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.673\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.31\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.61, 2.87\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.490\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRaises Avian Livestock\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6 (25%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18 (75%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e79 (35%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e149 (65%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.63\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.22, 1.57\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.345\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.86\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.28, 2.36\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.773\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRaises Ungulate Livestock\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28 (36%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49 (64%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e57 (33%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e118 (67%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.18\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.67, 2.07\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.558\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.19\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.63, 2.25\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.586\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRaises Domestic Animals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50 (29%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e121 (71%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e35 (43%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e46 (57%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.31, 0.94\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.029\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.28, 0.96\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.036\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEats Bushmeat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e79 (32%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e165 (68%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6 (75%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2 (25%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.02, 0.71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.027\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.06\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.01, 0.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSeen Fruit bat Near or In Home\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41 (28%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e105 (72%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e44 (42%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62 (58%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.32, 0.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.027\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.30, 0.95\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.033\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote: Values are n (row %) for participants classified as having poor vs good overall knowledge. Good knowledge was defined as a total knowledge score\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;16/25 (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60% correct responses). Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) are from a multivariable logistic regression model fit using complete‑case data. CI, confidence interval;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFactors associated with positive zoonotic disease attitudes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;252)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUnivariable Analysis\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMultivariable Analysis\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eNegative Attitudes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;141 (56%)\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePositive Attitudes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;111 (44%)\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eOR\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ep-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eaOR\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ep-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAge Group (in years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u0026ndash;36\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51 (57%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39 (43%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37\u0026ndash;50\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e54 (59%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38 (41%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.92\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.51, 1.66\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.782\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.93\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.47, 1.86\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.837\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51\u0026ndash;85\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36 (51%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34 (49%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.24\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.66, 2.32\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.510\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.10\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.52, 2.36\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.800\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSex\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMan\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68 (60%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45 (40%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWoman\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e73 (53%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e66 (47%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.37\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.83, 2.27\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.224\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.43\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.80, 2.60\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.232\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEducation Level\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026le; Primary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e46 (51%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45 (49%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026gt; Primary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95 (59%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e66 (41%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.71\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.42, 1.19\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.195\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.68\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.36, 1.27\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.226\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eOccupation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNon-animal Job/Unemployed\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74 (48%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e81 (52%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAnimal-involved Job\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e67 (69%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30 (31%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.24, 0.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.25, 0.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eReceived Formal Livestock Training\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e125 (56%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e98 (44%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16 (55%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13 (45%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.04\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.47, 2.25\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.928\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.11\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.45, 2.65\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.813\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHousehold Size\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29 (43%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39 (57%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e71 (65%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38 (35%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.21, 0.74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.23, 0.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7+\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41 (55%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34 (45%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.62\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.32, 1.19\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.152\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.65\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.31, 1.37\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.259\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eYears Lived in Community Group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;8 years\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e65 (69%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29 (31%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u0026ndash;25 years\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e44 (55%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36 (45%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.83\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.99, 3.43\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.056\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.57\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.78, 3.19\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.207\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26\u0026ndash;75 years\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32 (41%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e46 (59%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.73, 6.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e2.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.29, 5.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.008\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRaises Avian Livestock\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12 (50%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12 (50%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e129 (57%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e99 (43%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.77\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.33, 1.80\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.538\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.72\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.28, 1.84\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.485\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRaises Ungulate Livestock\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40 (52%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37 (48%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e101 (58%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74 (42%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.79\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.46, 1.36\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.396\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.88\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.48, 1.62\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.685\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRaises Domestic Animals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e98 (57%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e73 (43%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e43 (53%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38 (47%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.19\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.70, 2.02\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.528\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.36\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.76, 2.46\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.300\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEats Bushmeat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e139 (57%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e105 (43%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2 (25%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6 (75%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.97\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.89, 27.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.095\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.73\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.72, 28.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.142\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSeen Fruit bat Near or In Home\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e80 (55%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e66 (45%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e61 (58%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45 (42%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.89\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.54, 1.48\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.664\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.99\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.57, 1.73\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.980\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote: Values are n (row %) for participants classified as having negative vs positive attitudes. Positive attitudes were defined as a composite attitudes score\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5/8, reflecting more prevention‑supportive and less stigmatizing attitudes. Crude odds ratios (OR) are from univariable logistic regression models and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) are from a multivariable logistic regression model fit using complete‑case data. CI, confidence interval; reference categories are indicated by \u0026ldquo;\u0026mdash;\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFactors associated with good livestock handling practices (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;252)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDescriptive analysis\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUnivariable Analysis\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMultivariable Analysis\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePoor Practices\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33 (13%)\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGood Practices\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;219 (87%)\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eOR\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ep-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eaOR\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ep-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAge Group (in years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u0026ndash;36\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14 (16%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e76 (84%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37\u0026ndash;50\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13 (14%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e79 (86%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.49, 2.56\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.787\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.93\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.35, 2.49\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.880\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51\u0026ndash;85\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6 (8.6%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64 (91%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.96\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.74, 5.82\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.191\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.61, 8.48\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.252\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSex\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMale\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18 (16%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95 (84%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFemale\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15 (11%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e124 (89%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.57\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.75, 3.31\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.232\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.70\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.72, 4.06\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.228\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEducation Level\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026le; Primary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12 (13%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e79 (87%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026gt; Primary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21 (13%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e140 (87%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.46, 2.14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.974\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.58\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.61, 4.13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.343\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eOccupation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNon-animal Job/Unemployed\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25 (16%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e130 (84%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAnimal-involved Job\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8 (8.2%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e89 (92%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.96, 5.27\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.076\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3.58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e1.26, 11.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eReceived Formal Livestock Training\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31 (14%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e192 (86%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2 (6.9%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27 (93%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.18\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.61, 13.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.304\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.39\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.87, 44.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.125\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHousehold Size\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10 (15%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e58 (85%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9 (8.3%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e100 (92%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.92\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.73, 5.09\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.183\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.62\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.54, 4.84\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.381\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7+\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14 (19%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e61 (81%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.75\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.30, 1.81\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.528\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.39\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.13, 1.12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.087\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eYears Lived in Community Group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;8 years\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14 (15%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e80 (85%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u0026ndash;25 years\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11 (14%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e69 (86%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.10\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.47, 2.63\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.830\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.22\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.79, 6.70\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.140\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26\u0026ndash;75 years\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8 (10%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e70 (90%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.53\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.62, 4.03\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.367\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.21\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.02, 11.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.055\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRaises Avian Livestock\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3 (13%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21 (87%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30 (13%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e198 (87%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.94\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.21, 2.95\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.928\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.97\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.20, 3.55\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.968\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRaises Ungulate Livestock\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14 (18%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63 (82%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19 (11%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e156 (89%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.82\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.85, 3.85\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.116\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.91\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.80, 4.56\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.141\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRaises Domestic Animals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19 (11%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e152 (89%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14 (17%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e67 (83%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.60\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.28, 1.28\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.178\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.61\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.27, 1.42\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.246\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEats Bushmeat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29 (12%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e215 (88%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4 (50%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4 (50%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.03, 0.60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.01, 0.34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSeen Fruit bat Near or In Home\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15 (10%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e131 (90%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18 (17%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e88 (83%)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.56\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.26, 1.17\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.123\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.49\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.21, 1.12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.094\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote: Values are n (row %) for participants classified as having poor vs good practices. Good practices were defined as a composite livestock‑handling practices score\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8/13. Crude odds ratios (OR) are from univariable logistic regression models and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) are from a multivariable logistic regression model fit using complete‑case data. CI, confidence interval; reference categories are indicated by \u0026ldquo;1.00\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eQualitative themes and sub-themes on zoonotic risk perceptions and practices in Ada East, Ghana.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThemes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 456px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSub-themes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerceived pathways of transmission from animals to humans\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 456px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWildlife contact and bushmeat handling (bats, bushmeat)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLivestock contact and slaughter (including free‑ranging poultry)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShared environments and indirect exposure (water sources; environmental beliefs including graveyards/bush burning)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePerceived high‑risk groups and settings (e.g., health workers; close cohabitation with livestock)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold livestock keeping and biosecurity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 456px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRoutine husbandry and hygiene practices\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSlaughter and food‑preparation hygiene\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRisk‑reduction actions during illness (separation/isolation)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBiosecurity constraints and gaps\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSick animal management and reporting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 456px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInitial self-management of sick animals before external help\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;Watch and wait\u0026rdquo; approach to assess animal illness severity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHigh threshold for contacting veterinary officers\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLimited early reporting of animal illness\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"one-health-outlook","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oneh","sideBox":"Learn more about [One Health Outlook](https://onehealthoutlook.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/oneh/default.aspx","title":"One Health Outlook","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"zoonoses, knowledge, attitudes and practices, biosecurity, livestock, One Health, Ghana","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8966132/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8966132/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eZoonotic diseases disproportionately burden settings where humans and livestock coexist, yet community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) remain poorly characterized in West Africa. This study aimed to assess KAP regarding zoonotic diseases and document household biosecurity gaps among livestock-keeping community members in Ghana. A concurrent mixed-methods design was employed, integrating a quantitative cross-sectional survey with a qualitative focus group discussion. Livestock-keeping adults were recruited from five health facilities in Ada East District. A structured survey measured knowledge, attitudes, and livestock-handling practices. Composite KAP scores were dichotomized using a modified Bloom\u0026rsquo;s cutoff (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60%). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with good knowledge, positive attitudes, and good practices. A focus group discussion (FGD) explored perceptions of transmission, livestock management, and outbreak preparedness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong 252 survey participants, 66.3% demonstrated good overall knowledge of zoonotic diseases; however, only 10.6% had good knowledge of Ebola virus disease symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive attitudes were observed in 44.0% of respondents, while 86.9% reported good livestock-handling practices. Education beyond primary school was independently associated with higher odds of good knowledge (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.97, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.05\u0026ndash;3.69). Animal-related occupations were associated with lower odds of positive attitudes (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25\u0026ndash;0.85) but higher odds of good practices (aOR 3.58, 95% CI 1.26\u0026ndash;11.8). FGD (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8) identified bats and sick animals as transmission sources, described economic barriers, and expressed variable beliefs regarding prevention and stigma.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e These findings highlight the need for locally tailored, One Health\u0026ndash;oriented risk communication and biosecurity interventions targeting groups with lower educational attainment and limited access to animal health services.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Zoonotic disease knowledge, attitudes, and livestock biosecurity practices among community members in Ada East District, Ghana: a concurrent mixed-methods study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-27 14:25:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8966132/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-15T18:26:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-03T15:50:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-27T11:12:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"229810911774330278932599359810083614806","date":"2026-03-26T16:45:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"107836971206509518719770193711524990641","date":"2026-03-07T21:57:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"98337606634213517827577839100121498571","date":"2026-03-06T11:13:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"100847798024772547202884578412165946147","date":"2026-03-03T07:03:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-02T21:53:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-02T21:44:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T11:38:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"One Health Outlook","date":"2026-02-25T09:37:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"one-health-outlook","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oneh","sideBox":"Learn more about [One Health Outlook](https://onehealthoutlook.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/oneh/default.aspx","title":"One Health Outlook","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"91de5320-246e-461e-8611-2c04c65234e0","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 27th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-15T12:38:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-27 14:25:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8966132","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8966132","identity":"rs-8966132","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}