Smoking Knowledge and its associated factors among Al-Mustaqbel University students in Al Hilla City

Smoking Knowledge and its associated factors among Al-Mustaqbel University students in Al Hilla City | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Smoking Knowledge and its associated factors among Al-Mustaqbel University students in Al Hilla City Fakhria Muhaibes, Mohammed Mohaibes This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5547315/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity in the world. Objective of the study: 1. Asses the sociodemographic characteristics for the students who were smoker in regard to their age. 2. Find out their knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking. 3. Determine the factors leading to smoking. Method: A descriptive analytic study design was adopted at the university of Al-Mustaqbel. A convenience sample of 300 students chose purposively from different level of their study. A questionnaire was developed by the researchers. Results : The majority of the students were male (94%) smokers, their age of started smoking more than 18 years, with sufficient income, about half of them their families and friends know that they were smoker, most of them know that the disorder caused by smoking, and the majority of them 76.33% think that the causes of smoking was family problem, stress and anxiety. in addition to the life burden, friends and influence by others had high mean. Conclusion: Majority of the study sample age between 18-23 years old, male, unmarried and lived in urban area. High percentage of them thinks that smoking causes cancer of the lung, and respiratory diseases. The majority of the sample believed that the cause of smoking was family problem, stress and anxiety, and life burden. Recommendations : The use of various media may help in stopping smoking and helping the students to stop smoking through encourage their family by instructing the students to avoid any assembly that include smoking. Nursing smoking associated factors students Introduction Smoking is described as one of the major causes of death and the most avoidable cause of life-related disease such as lung disease and heart disease and cancer. It is one of the important cause of death worldwide WHO [ 1 , 2 ]. According to the world health organization (WHO) approximately 47% of men and 12% of women in developing countries are smoker. In addition, smoking is one of the most essential health problems which may be considered the cause of morbidity and mortality WHO [ 1 , 3 ]. In addition smoking is a significant factor in the earlier development of mental diseases therefore a high rate smoking found in people with psychological diseases [ 4 ]. Furthermore, smoking causes different health problems but didn’t received a lot of attention as the other diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart diseases [ 5 ]. Various studies from different countries have examined the risk factor of smoking some these includes; demographic factors, social and cultural norms, friend and family effects and hastening tension. Previous researches mentioned that by 2025 30% of males and 2% of females their ages between 15–24 years will be smoker [ 4 – 6 ]. A study conducted in Kurdistan- Al Iraq by Abdalateef et al (2016) concluded that smoking rate was high 39.5% among physicians and 64.5% among dentists [ 7 ]. Male smoker more than females in developing countries this could be that smoking is socially not acceptable behavior in Iraq culture. In addition another study carried out by Baey et al (2016) and chezhian et al 2015 in Iraq found that smoker knowledge regarding the harmful effects of smoking were low [ 8 , 9 ]. In addition, concluded that smokers knowledge were low ,many efforts needed from health organization and health team to give information about the risks of smoking and encourage the smokers to stop smoking [ 10 ]. Therefore, there is a relationship of variation in smoking rate, performances, and knowledge which may be appropriate with differences between countries. The aims of this study to assess the sociodemographic characters of the participants, find out their knowledge regarding the smoking and to determine the risk factors of starting the smoking. Methodology Materials and Methods Study Design and Setting The present study was conducted between Feb. 10, 2024, and August 25, 2024, at the, University of Al Mustaqbel in Al Hilla city in Iraq. 1.1 Administrative and ethical arrangement Administrative permissions were obtained to conduct the study from the University of Almustaqbal University Faculty of nursing. Approval from the students were obtained of verbal consent of the sample prior to the administration of the questionnaire. The sample informed of the purposes of the study and they had the right to refuse to participate. 1.2 Setting of the sample and data collection This study was conducted in university of Al Mustaqbel and data collected by interviewing every student individually at the university, the time taking for completing each sheet was around 15-20 minutes. 1.3 Population and sampling This is quantitative study used a descriptive design to assess students’ knowledge toward smoking knowledge and its associated factors. A convenience sample of 300 students chose purposively from different level of their study. The questionnaire was constructed after reviewing various studies and literatures which are related to this subject, in addition it was modified according to the expert’s comments and suggestions. It was divided in to three main parts. Part one Sociodemographic data which was included such as, age, sex, marital statuses. Part two Knowledge of cigarette smokers about the effects of smoking such as, cancer of the lung, respiratory, and heart diseases. Part three Factors leading to smoking such as, desire. Life pressure, family problems, tension, worry, and anxiety Validity and reliability of the questionnaire In order to test the validity of the questionnaire they were presented to 10 experts in this field to make it more valid. The opinions of academic experts were sought, the questionnaire assessed for applicability, and clearness the researchers are assured that the questionnaires were appropriate for the research Cronbach’s alpha coefficients was used to measure the reliability of questionnaires the value was 0.80. Statistical Analysis Data were coded and analyzed through the use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS version 25.0). Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages, means and standard deviation) were used for all measures data. Results Table (1) showed that most of the sample were male 94% their age between (18–23) 40% and the married were 37%. Students who lived in urban were 63.33% with sufficient income 57.33%. Most of them started smoking between level of (3–4) in the university and only 16% of them smoked (1–10) cigarettes per day Table (1): Sociodemographic data Sociodemographic information NO. % Sex Male 282 94 Female 18 6 Total 300 100 Age (years) 18–23 120 40 24–27 83 27.66 28–35 87 29 More than 35 10 3.33 Mean of age 26.05 Marital status Married 111 37 Unmarried 169 56.33 Divorced 20 6.66 Total 300 100% Residency Urban 190 63.33 Rural 110 36.66 Total 300 99.99 Income level Sufficient 172 57.33 Insufficient 70 23.33 sufficient to some extend 58 19.33 Total 300 99.99 Level of study in the university 1–2 132 44 3–4 168 56 Total 300 100 Cigarette smoked per day 1–10 48 16 11–20 74 24.66 21–30 93 31 More than 30 85 28.33 Total 300 99.99 Duration of smoking Less than 6 months 57 19 More than 6 months 243 81 Total 300 100 Age at starting smoke Less than 12 year 26 8.66 13–18 year 125 41.66 More than 18 year 149 49.66 Total 300 99.98 People who knows that you Are smoking Family 4 1.33 Friends 80 26.66 Family and Friends 213 71 No one 3 1 Total 300 100% The majority of them started smoking for period more than 6 months and age of starting smoking were more than 18 years old were 49.66%, however most of their families and friends 71% knows that they were smoker. Table (2): Frequency of Knowledge of smokers about the effects of smoking including means and standard deviation. Items Yes Not sure No Tot. Fr- equency S.D M.S Asses- sment No. % No. % No. % Cancer of the lung 231 77 36 12 33 11 300 0.743 2.66 good Respiratory disease 249 83 25 8.33 26 8.66 300 0.682 2.74 good cancer of throat 144 48 88 29.33 68 22.66 300 0.714 1.69 fair Weight gain 69 23 76 25.33 155 51.66 300 0.856 1.44 poor Disease of the heart 219 73 37 12.33 44 14.66 300 0.652 2.30 fair Loss of appetite 151 50.33 57 19 92 30.66 300 0.873 2.03 fair Tuberculosis 78 26 122 40.66 100 33.33 300 0.632 2.53 good Stroke 110 36.66 101 33.66 89 29.66 300 0.864 1.64 poor Teeth discoloration 228 76 31 10.33 41 13.66 300 0.792 2.59 good Low immunity 134 44.66 98 32.66 68 22.66 300 0.871 1.89 neutral Addiction 226 75.33 38 12.66 36 12 300 0.698 2.58 good Effects on other people health 205 68.33 57 19 38 12.66 300 0.932 2.36 good From this table (2), it seemed that most of the sample they know all the disorders in this table caused by smoking except for the items weight gain (1.44) 51% and stroke 36.66 with low mean (1.44) ,1.64 respectively and they thought that smoking didn’t had large effect on those conditions. The highest percentage 83% of the sample believed that smoking caused respiratory diseases with the mean (2.74 ) and 77% of them believed that smoking caused cancer of the lungs with high mean 2.66 Table (3): Overall Knowledge of smokers about the effect of smoking Rating S.D M.S Assess Factors Yes Not Sure No 0.767 2.29 fair 166 55 79 S. D = stander deviation, M. S = mean of score, low = 1-1.66. moderate = 1.67–2.33, high = 2.34-3. Table 3 indicated that the overall knowledge of the students about the disorders caused by smoking were fair with the mean of score 2.29. Table 4 Frequency of factors leading to smoking including means and standard deviation Factors Yes Not sure No Tot. Fr- equency S.D M.S Assess- ment No. % No. % No. % Desire 147 49 56 18.66 97 32.33 300 0.876 2.16 moderate Life burden 227 75.66 37 12.33 36 12 300 0.982 2.87 high Self-determination 173 57.66 45 15 82 27.33 300 0.674 2.30 moderate Study stress 194 64.66 46 15.33 60 20 300 0.556 2.44 high Family problems 229 76.33 22 7.33 49 16.33 300 0.765 2.60 high Stress, anxiety and worry 212 70.66 44 14.66 44 14.66 300 0.773 2.70 high Friends 196 65.33 51 17 53 17.66 300 0.771 2.83 high influence by others 211 70.33 39 13 50 16.66 300 0.832 2.53 high Smoking is generally Pretty 127 42.33 91 30.33 82 27.33 300 0.688 2.15 moderate Table 5 Overall Factors leading to smoking Rating S.D M.S Assess Factors Yes Not Sure No 0.767 2.42 High 190 48 62 S.D = stander deviation, M.S = mean of score, low = 1-1.66. moderate = 1.67–2.33, high = 2.34-3. Table 5 showed the overall factors which lead to smoking with high mean score 2.42 Discussion This study covered a number of issues related to smoking status. Table (1) declared that the majority of the sample were male, their ages between (19–23) years old, while the minority of them female (6%) this is in agreement with Alasqah et al and Oncel et al 2011 found that the cigarette smoking is more prevalence in male than female, men are more likely to smoke cigarette than female in all countries possibly because of their emotional status or working pressure and they spend a lot of their time with their friends, in addition female facing more restriction to go out home, moreover ,the cultural and the social norms were reasons for decrease the prevalence of female smokers and make them expose to diseases related to smoking [ 10 , 11 ]. Al-Naggar et al (2014) Furthermore, in a study carried out in different Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia and Palestine found that the smoking prevalence among male students higher than the female students, in addition, smoking is socially accepted for male in Arab countries than female [ 13 – 15 ]. Moreover, various studies recognized the role of sociodemographic data such age, gender, socioeconomic status are related to behaviors cigarette smoking and may have important role in smoking status [ 15 – 17 ]. In this study most of the sample started smoking between the 3–4 years of college and about have of the sample 49.99% started smoking at age more than 18 years’ old which is consisted with previous study conducted by [ 17 – 19 ]. Nevertheless [ 20 , 21 ] declared that about 70% of the smokers stopped smoking because of having good knowledge and information on effects of smoking. However, in general the sample of this study had good education and socioeconomic status more than the others people, with high number of males. Moreover, reported that there is clear evidence that smoking and influence on health are associated with level of economic status and the education [ 22 ]. However, the majority of the sample think that smoking caused many disorders especially cancer of the lung and respiratory diseases this mean that they know the harmful effects of smoking this finding encourage health promotion and prohibition of smoking in public areas, in addition ministry of health should stress on young people to avoid smoking [ 21 ]. Studies showed that no association between smoking and weight-related consequences [ 8 ]. While, Kassani et al declared that there are relations between smoking and decrease in weight. This could be smoking may cause increase in metabolism rate and loss of appetite [ 2 , 23 ]. In contrast the result of the current study showed about half of the sample had loss of appetite and only 23% of them had weight gain. Furthermore, a positive relation between smoking and various cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer of the lung, teeth discolorations and addiction have been found in different studies [ 22 , 23 ]. This is consisted with this study. The finding of the current study revealed that the majority of the study sample believed that smoking may cause various effects on different body systems such as the heart, the respiratory system, and the immune system this is in agreement with other researches results, however, the reason for this mechanism is not clear and didn’t fully understood [ 24 , 25 ]. in contrast [ 10 , 26 , 27 ], stated that it is interesting to mentioned that smokers reported that smoking has no damage to their health and never think about the harmful effects of smoking. A study conducted by [ 16 – 18 ], indicated that the majority of the sample smoke when they were outside of their house this revealed that problems and tensions may facing them at work place may be considered factors which can deal with them to encourage smoking. Previous studies reported that most of the sample think that the cause of smoking was family problems, stress and anxiety, life burden, this could be due to a new environment, anxiety and stress and difficulties which may happen in making relations with new friends [ 13 , 14 ]. A study conducted by oncel et al found that 46.2% of study sample smoking started because of their friends and stress [ 12 ]. In addition, friends have more influence than family members on starting of smoking [ 7 ]. Nevertheless, presence of smoker friends, and smoker in the family, had very vital effects on the implementation of smoking behaviors. The smoking family relation reported in various studies which emphasis on family children collaborations during adolescent’s period [ 15 , 16 ] reported that the social effect of friends, teachers, parents and the need to alleviate worry, tension and stress are the most important factors lead to smoking. Therefore, the current study finding indicated that there is lower concern about the effects of smoking because a high rate of smokers reported that smoking may cause various disorders and didn’t think about the damage of their health. However, the findings of this study cannot be not generalized to all smokers in the country because of the sample small size. Conclusion According to the result of this study the researchers concluded the following: - 1 -smoking should be avoided at any age because it may have vital influences on body. 2 -High percentage of the sample were male, unmarried live in urban area with sufficient income 3-young people should be aware about the danger of cigarettes smoking and the important risk factors in causing harmful effects on the body. 4-The majority of them believed that the cause of smoking was family problem, stress and anxiety, in addition to life pressure. Moreover, the overall knowledge of the students about the disorders caused by smoking were fair with the mean of score 2.29. Recommendation The study recommends the following: The use of various media may help in stopping smoking. Helping the students to stop smoking through encourage their family by instructing the students to avoid any assembly that include smoking. Increasing the knowledge and awareness about the harmful effects of smoking. 4- Ministry of health should have good health strategies to prohibit, and increase awareness about the health danger caused by smoking In addition, preventing smoking in university restaurants and public places. Declarations Ethical Approval: Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of the University of Al-Mustaqbal, Iraq (Approval No.5965/22). Consent to participate and consent to publish: Not applicable. Competing interests: No funding was received for conducting this study. Funding: The researchers received no funding for conducting this work. Availability of data and materials: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Contribution Statement Fakhria Muhaibes: planned the research work and performed the experiments performed the data analysis. Mohammed Mohaibes: Performed the data collections and analysis and contributed to the writing of the paper. References World Health Organization [WHO]. Prevalence of tobacco smoking. July 1 (2020) from https://www.who.int/gho/ tobacco Kassani A, Bahamian A, Menati R, Hassanzadeh J (2016) Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Associated Factors among Male Citizens in Tehran, Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 17 Bolego C, Poli A, Paoletti R (2002) Smok Gend Cardiovasc Res 53:568–576 Wynaden D, Heslop B, Heslop K, Barrl L (2016) The chasm of care: where does the mental health nursing responsibility lie for the physical health care of people with severe mental illness. Int J Ment Health Nurs 25 6) Al-Mawalli A (2015) Non-communicable diseases: Shining a light. On cardiovascular diseases Oman’s biggest killer. 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Athyros VG, Domas M, Karaginnis D, Mikhailidis DP (2013) Effect of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation on plasma lipoproteins and associated major cardiovascular risk factors:a narrative review. Curr Med Res Opin 29, 10 Islami F, Torre LA, Jemal A (2015) Global trends of lung cancer mortality and smoking prevalence. Translational Lung Cancer Res 4:327 Qiao Q, Tervahauta M, Nissinen A, Tuomilheto J Mortality from all causes and from coronary heart diseases related to smoking and changes in smoking during a 35-years follow –up of middle-age Finnish. Eur Heart J 21:1621–16262000 Binnd A, Rajesh G, Ahmed J Insight into smoking cessation among current smoking in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14 (5) 2013 Will JC, Galuska DA, Ford ES, Mokdad A, Calle EE (2001) Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive a positive association from a large prospective cohort study Int. J Epidemiol 30:540–546 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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It is one of the important cause of death worldwide WHO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the world health organization (WHO) approximately 47% of men and 12% of women in developing countries are smoker. In addition, smoking is one of the most essential health problems which may be considered the cause of morbidity and mortality WHO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition smoking is a significant factor in the earlier development of mental diseases therefore a high rate smoking found in people with psychological diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, smoking causes different health problems but didn\u0026rsquo;t received a lot of attention as the other diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious studies from different countries have examined the risk factor of smoking some these includes; demographic factors, social and cultural norms, friend and family effects and hastening tension. Previous researches mentioned that by 2025 30% of males and 2% of females their ages between 15\u0026ndash;24 years will be smoker [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study conducted in Kurdistan- Al Iraq by Abdalateef et al (2016) concluded that smoking rate was high 39.5% among physicians and 64.5% among dentists [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Male smoker more than females in developing countries this could be that smoking is socially not acceptable behavior in Iraq culture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition another study carried out by Baey et al (2016) and chezhian et al 2015 in Iraq found that smoker knowledge regarding the harmful effects of smoking were low [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, concluded that smokers knowledge were low ,many efforts needed from health organization and health team to give information about the risks of smoking and encourage the smokers to stop smoking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, there is a relationship of variation in smoking rate, performances, and knowledge which may be appropriate with differences between countries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aims of this study to assess the sociodemographic characters of the participants, find out their knowledge regarding the smoking and to determine the risk factors of starting the smoking.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design and Setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study was conducted between Feb. 10, 2024, and August 25, 2024, at the, University of Al Mustaqbel in Al Hilla city in Iraq.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.1 Administrative and ethical arrangement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdministrative permissions were obtained to conduct the study from the University of Almustaqbal University Faculty of nursing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproval from the students were obtained of verbal consent of the sample prior to the administration of the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample informed of the purposes of the study and they had the right to refuse to participate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.2 Setting of the sample and data collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in university of Al Mustaqbel and data collected by interviewing every student individually at the university, the time taking for completing each sheet was around 15-20 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.3 Population and sampling\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is quantitative study used a descriptive design to assess students\u0026rsquo; knowledge toward smoking knowledge and its associated factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA convenience sample of 300 students chose purposively from different level of their study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was constructed after reviewing various studies and literatures which are related to this subject, in addition it was modified according to the expert\u0026rsquo;s comments and suggestions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was divided in to three main parts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePart one\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic data which was included such as, age, sex, marital statuses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePart two \u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge of cigarette smokers about the effects of smoking such as, cancer of the lung, respiratory, and heart diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePart three\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactors leading to smoking such as, desire. Life pressure, family problems, tension, worry, and anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eValidity and reliability of the questionnaire\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to test the validity of the questionnaire they were presented to 10 experts in this field to make it more valid. The opinions of academic experts were sought, the questionnaire assessed for applicability, and clearness the researchers are assured that the questionnaires were appropriate for the research\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficients was used to measure the reliability of questionnaires the value was 0.80.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eStatistical Analysis \u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were coded and analyzed through the use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS version 25.0). Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages, means and standard deviation) were used for all measures data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable (1) showed that most of the sample were male 94% their age between (18\u0026ndash;23) 40% and the married were 37%. Students who lived in urban were 63.33% with sufficient income 57.33%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of them started smoking between level of (3\u0026ndash;4) in the university and only 16% of them smoked (1\u0026ndash;10) cigarettes per day\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(1): Sociodemographic data\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic information\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNO.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u0026ndash;27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean of age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSufficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsufficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esufficient to some extend\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of study in the university\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCigarette smoked per day\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration of smoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge at starting smoke\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 12 year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u0026ndash;18 year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 18 year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeople who knows that you Are smoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFriends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily and Friends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo one\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of them started smoking for period more than 6 months and age of starting smoking were more than 18 years old were 49.66%, however most of their families and friends 71% knows that they were smoker.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(2): Frequency of Knowledge of smokers about the effects of smoking including means and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estandard deviation.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot sure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTot. Fr-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM.S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsses-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCancer of the lung\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRespiratory disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecancer of throat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efair\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight gain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisease of the heart\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efair\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoss of appetite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efair\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuberculosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.632\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStroke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeeth discoloration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow immunity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eneutral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAddiction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects on other people health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom this table (2), it seemed that most of the sample they know all the disorders in this table caused by smoking except for the items weight gain (1.44) 51% and stroke 36.66 with low mean (1.44) ,1.64 respectively and they thought that smoking didn\u0026rsquo;t had large effect on those conditions. The highest percentage 83% of the sample believed that smoking caused respiratory diseases with the mean (2.74 ) and 77% of them believed that smoking caused cancer of the lungs with high mean 2.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(3): Overall Knowledge of smokers about the effect of smoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM.S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssess\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Sure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efair\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS. D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;stander deviation, M. S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;mean of score, low\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1-1.66. moderate\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.67\u0026ndash;2.33, high\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.34-3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 3 indicated that the overall knowledge of the students about the disorders caused by smoking were fair with the mean of score 2.29.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency of factors leading to smoking including means and standard deviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot sure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTot. Fr-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM.S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssess-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesire\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.876\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emoderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife burden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.982\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-determination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emoderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy stress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.765\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStress, anxiety and worry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFriends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.771\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einfluence by others\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking is generally Pretty\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emoderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall Factors leading to smoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM.S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssess\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Sure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;stander deviation, M.S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;mean of score, low\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1-1.66. moderate\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.67\u0026ndash;2.33, high\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.34-3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e showed the overall factors which lead to smoking with high mean score 2.42\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study covered a number of issues related to smoking status. Table\u0026nbsp;(1) declared that the majority of the sample were male, their ages between (19\u0026ndash;23) years old, while the minority of them female (6%) this is in agreement with Alasqah et al and Oncel et al 2011 found that the cigarette smoking is more prevalence in male than female, men are more likely to smoke cigarette than female in all countries possibly because of their emotional status or working pressure and they spend a lot of their time with their friends, in addition female facing more restriction to go out home, moreover ,the cultural and the social norms were reasons for decrease the prevalence of female smokers and make them expose to diseases related to smoking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Al-Naggar et al (2014) Furthermore, in a study carried out in different Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia and Palestine found that the smoking prevalence among male students higher than the female students, in addition, smoking is socially accepted for male in Arab countries than female [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, various studies recognized the role of sociodemographic data such age, gender, socioeconomic status are related to behaviors cigarette smoking and may have important role in smoking status [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study most of the sample started smoking between the 3\u0026ndash;4 years of college and about have of the sample 49.99% started smoking at age more than 18 years\u0026rsquo; old which is consisted with previous study conducted by [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] declared that about 70% of the smokers stopped smoking because of having good knowledge and information on effects of smoking. However, in general the sample of this study had good education and socioeconomic status more than the others people, with high number of males. Moreover, reported that there is clear evidence that smoking and influence on health are associated with level of economic status and the education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the majority of the sample think that smoking caused many disorders especially cancer of the lung and respiratory diseases this mean that they know the harmful effects of smoking this finding encourage health promotion and prohibition of smoking in public areas, in addition ministry of health should stress on young people to avoid smoking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies showed that no association between smoking and weight-related consequences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. While, Kassani et al declared that there are relations between smoking and decrease in weight. This could be smoking may cause increase in metabolism rate and loss of appetite [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast the result of the current study showed about half of the sample had loss of appetite and only 23% of them had weight gain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, a positive relation between smoking and various cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer of the lung, teeth discolorations and addiction have been found in different studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. This is consisted with this study. The finding of the current study revealed that the majority of the study sample believed that smoking may cause various effects on different body systems such as the heart, the respiratory system, and the immune system this is in agreement with other researches results, however, the reason for this mechanism is not clear and didn\u0026rsquo;t fully understood [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ein contrast [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], stated that it is interesting to mentioned that smokers reported that smoking has no damage to their health and never think about the harmful effects of smoking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study conducted by [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], indicated that the majority of the sample smoke when they were outside of their house this revealed that problems and tensions may facing them at work place may be considered factors which can deal with them to encourage smoking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies reported that most of the sample think that the cause of smoking was family problems, stress and anxiety, life burden, this could be due to a new environment, anxiety and stress and difficulties which may happen in making relations with new friends [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. A study conducted by oncel et al found that 46.2% of study sample smoking started because of their friends and stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, friends have more influence than family members on starting of smoking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, presence of smoker friends, and smoker in the family, had very vital effects on the implementation of smoking behaviors. The smoking family relation reported in various studies which emphasis on family children collaborations during adolescent\u0026rsquo;s period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] reported that the social effect of friends, teachers, parents and the need to alleviate worry, tension and stress are the most important factors lead to smoking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the current study finding indicated that there is lower concern about the effects of smoking because a high rate of smokers reported that smoking may cause various disorders and didn\u0026rsquo;t think about the damage of their health. However, the findings of this study cannot be not generalized to all smokers in the country because of the sample small size.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the result of this study the researchers concluded the following: -\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 -smoking should be avoided at any age because it may have vital influences on body.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 -High percentage of the sample were male, unmarried live in urban area with sufficient income\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-young people should be aware about the danger of cigarettes smoking and the important risk factors in causing harmful effects on the body.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-The majority of them believed that the cause of smoking was family problem, stress and anxiety, in addition to life pressure. Moreover, the overall knowledge of the students about the disorders caused by smoking were fair with the mean of score 2.29.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRecommendation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study recommends the following:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of various media may help in stopping smoking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelping the students to stop smoking through encourage their family by instructing the students to avoid any assembly that include smoking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncreasing the knowledge and awareness about the harmful effects of smoking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4- Ministry of health should have good health strategies to prohibit, and increase awareness about the health danger caused by smoking In addition, preventing smoking in university restaurants and public places.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthical Approval:\u003c/em\u003e Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of the University of Al-Mustaqbal, Iraq (Approval No.5965/22).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent to participate and consent to publish: Not applicable.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e No funding was received for conducting this study.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003col start=\"4\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: \u003c/strong\u003eThe researchers received no funding for conducting this work.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003col start=\"5\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003col start=\"6\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Contribution Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFakhria Muhaibes:\u003c/strong\u003e planned the research work and performed the experiments performed the data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"7\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMohammed Mohaibes: \u003c/strong\u003ePerformed the data collections and analysis and contributed to the writing of the paper.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization [WHO]. Prevalence of tobacco smoking. July 1 (2020) from \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/gho/ tobacco\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKassani A, Bahamian A, Menati R, Hassanzadeh J (2016) Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Associated Factors among Male Citizens in Tehran, Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 17\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBolego C, Poli A, Paoletti R (2002) Smok Gend Cardiovasc Res 53:568\u0026ndash;576\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Wynaden D, Heslop B, Heslop K, Barrl L (2016) The chasm of care: where does the mental health nursing responsibility lie for the physical health care of people with severe mental illness. Int J Ment Health Nurs 25 6)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Mawalli A (2015) Non-communicable diseases: Shining a light. On cardiovascular diseases Oman\u0026rsquo;s biggest killer. Oman Med J 30(4):227\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld health organization cooperation strategy for WHO and Iraq 2012\u0026ndash;2017 Regional office for the Eastern Mediterranean.2013\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdulateef DS, Ali AJ, Abdulateef DS (2016) Smoking Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Among Health Care Professionals from Sulaymaniyah City/Iraq. Libertas Academica 9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaey HA, Wahhaudi MMA, Hashim HM, Ali OH, Nadium N, Shamki BA (2011) Smoking among health care providers. Identifications of associated factors in Hilla city during the year 2011. Medical J. Babylon 8\u0026thinsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChezhian C, Murthy SPS (2016) S.Singh,A.K.Josshi,S.Exploring factors that influence smoking initiation and cessation among current smokers. J Clin Diagn Res 9 (5)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDawood OT, Rashan MA, Hassali MA, Saleem F Knowledge and perception about health risks of cigarette smoking among Iraqi smokers. J Pharm Bioallied Sci, (8) 2\u0026ndash;2016\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlasqah I, Mahmud L, East L, Usher K A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of smoking among Saudi adolescents. Saudi Med J 40 (9) 2019\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOncel SY, Gebizlioglu OL, Alioglu FA (2011) Risk factors for smoking behavior among university students. Turkish J Med Sci Vol 4:6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Naggar RA, Bobryshev YV, Anil S (2014) Pattern of shisha and cigarette smoking in the general population in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNasser AMA, Geng, Al-Wesabi SA (2020) The prevalence of smoking (Cigarette and Waterpipe) among university students in some Arab Countries. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 21(3)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Omari O, Sharour LA, Heslop, K.Wynaden,D.Alkhawaldeh A, Kalf A (2021) Knowledge, Attitudes,Prevelance and Associated Factors of Cigarette Smoking Among University Students : A Cross Sectional Study. J Community Health 46:450\u0026ndash;456\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Vitaro F, wanner B, Brendgen M, Gendreau P (2004) Differential contribution of parents and friend to smoking trajectories during adolescence. Additive Behav 29\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchindler-Ruwisch J, Augustson E (2015) BMI and Smoking: Interrelated Factors among Cessation. Am J Health Behav 39\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBush J, White M, Kai J, Rankin J, Bhopal R (2003) Understanding influences on smoking in Bangladeshi and Pakistan adults: community based, qualitative study. BMJ.326;062\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Qidwai W, Zaid NP Characteristics of smoker and their Knowledge about Smoking at a teaching hospital in Karachi. Pakistan J Med Sci 21, (1),109\u0026ndash;1112005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnsari K, Farooqi FA Comparison and prevalence of smoking among Saudi females from different Department of the College of Applied Medical Sciences in Dammam. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2017:11:56\u0026ndash;62\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Senol Y, Donmez L, Turkay M, Aktekin M (2006) The incidence of smoking and risk factors for smoking initiation in medical faculty students: cohort study. Biomedical Cent BMC Public Health 6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSansone G, Raute LJ, Fong GT, Sinha D Knowledge of health effects and Intentions to Quit Among Smokers in India: Findings From the Tobacco Control Policy (T CP)India Pilot Survey.Int. J Environ Rese Public Health .2012,9,564\u0026ndash;578.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAthyros VG, Domas M, Karaginnis D, Mikhailidis DP (2013) Effect of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation on plasma lipoproteins and associated major cardiovascular risk factors:a narrative review. Curr Med Res Opin 29, 10\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Islami F, Torre LA, Jemal A (2015) Global trends of lung cancer mortality and smoking prevalence. Translational Lung Cancer Res 4:327\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Qiao Q, Tervahauta M, Nissinen A, Tuomilheto J Mortality from all causes and from coronary heart diseases related to smoking and changes in smoking during a 35-years follow \u0026ndash;up of middle-age Finnish. Eur Heart J 21:1621\u0026ndash;16262000\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Binnd A, Rajesh G, Ahmed J Insight into smoking cessation among current smoking in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14 (5) 2013\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWill JC, Galuska DA, Ford ES, Mokdad A, Calle EE (2001) Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive a positive association from a large prospective cohort study Int. J Epidemiol 30:540\u0026ndash;546\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Gilgamesh University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"smoking, associated factors, students","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5547315/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5547315/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective of the study:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. Asses the sociodemographic characteristics for the students who were smoker in regard to their age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Find out their knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. Determine the factors leading to smoking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod: \u003c/strong\u003eA descriptive analytic study design was adopted at the university of Al-Mustaqbel. A convenience sample of 300 students chose purposively from different level of their study. A questionnaire was developed by the researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: The majority of the students were male (94%) smokers, their age of started smoking more than 18 years, with sufficient income, about half of them their families and friends know that they were smoker, most of them know that the disorder caused by smoking, and the majority of them 76.33% think that the causes of smoking was family problem, stress and anxiety. in addition to the life burden, friends and influence by others had high mean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eMajority of the study sample age between 18-23 years old, male, unmarried and lived in urban area. High percentage of them thinks that smoking causes cancer of the lung, and respiratory diseases. The majority of the sample believed that the cause of smoking was family problem, stress and anxiety, and life burden.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations\u003c/strong\u003e: The use of various media may help in stopping smoking and helping the students to stop smoking through encourage their family by instructing the students to avoid any assembly that include smoking.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Smoking Knowledge and its associated factors among Al-Mustaqbel University students in Al Hilla City","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-03 13:43:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5547315/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4356ff38-e5cf-4b53-90cd-3879b42e1666","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":40926986,"name":"Nursing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-16T12:08:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-03 13:43:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5547315","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5547315","identity":"rs-5547315","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}