Heavy metal contamination in soil and health risk assessment through onion consumption in Mojo and Koka, Ethiopia

Heavy metal contamination in soil and health risk assessment through onion consumption in Mojo and Koka, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Heavy metal contamination in soil and health risk assessment through onion consumption in Mojo and Koka, Ethiopia Hailu Reta, Nibret Mekonen, Bayissa Leta This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3869068/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and horticultural crops grown under irrigation in the Mojo and Koka sites in Oromia, Ethiopia, and to evaluate the potential health risks that these metals may cause to consumers. For this investigation, a total of 50 onion ( Allium porrum L .) and 50 soil samples were gathered. The content of heavy metals was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) after the samples' digest using microwave-assisted digestion. The mean concentrations of examined trace elements in onion (mg/kg) were found in the range of 0.80 to 0.95, for As 1.77 to 0.91 for Sn, 2.09 to 1.49 for Pb, 12.29 to 7.31 for B, 13.85 to 12.33 for Zn, 0.34 to 0.25 for Cd, 1.83 to 1.78 for Hg, 11.29 to 7.54 for Cu, 0.83 to 0.78 for Ni, 0.34 to 0.31 for Co, 78.39 to 42.19 for Fe, 17.03 to 11.56 for Mn, and 1.03to 1.02 for Cr. Given that the average levels of Pb, Hg, Cd, and As in onions at both irrigation sites surpassed the upper limit of allowable levels established by the joint FAO/WHO commission. These metals' concentrations in soil are found to be within acceptable bounds. As compared to other literatures, their concentration really exceeded in both irrigation sites. According to the metal pollution load index, the overall pollution load of trace metals, including As, Pb, Cd, and Hg, was found to be moderately higher in both irrigation locations for the majority of the onions under study. The results, which were computed using an adult consumer's food intake, indicated that the Pb and Hg dietary exposure levels were much higher than the daily intake amounts that were considered tentatively tolerated. The soil-to-onion transfer factor showed that whereas Fe has a strong sorption to the soil colloids, metal Cu is comparatively poorly maintained in the soil. The degree of metal enrichment in soils and sediments is higher than in other literatures, according to the soil pollution indices. Thus, swift action is needed to stop the issue and guarantee public safety along the food system's supply chain. Heavy metals health risk assessment irrigation ICP-OES Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction The global concern over heavy metal pollution of the environment has been exacerbated by urbanization, industry, greater population density, improved living conditions, and economic development [ 1 ]. Numerous organic and inorganic pollutants, primarily toxic heavy metals, are released into the environment either directly or indirectly as a result of human or natural activity. These pollutants are extremely harmful to human health and other living things, even at low concentrations, because there is no reliable method of removal [ 1 , 2 ]. Vegetables poisoned by heavy metals may have been irrigated with tainted soil and water. Due to their high vitamin and mineral content as well as their consistent antioxidant properties, vegetables are an essential part of the human diet. Vegetable consumption is progressively rising as a result of increased knowledge of their nutritional value, and one of the most important features of food quality is trace metal contamination [ 3 ]. Potentially harmful metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium, as well as probably essential metals like cobalt, nickel, and vanadium, and essential metals like zinc, selenium, and iron, can all be categorized as trace metals. Even at low concentrations, consuming those harmful metals over an extended period of time can be very deadly [ 4 , 5 ]. In addition to contaminating the land, contaminated water irrigation can have an impact on the safety and quality of food [ 6 ]. In Ethiopia's Central Rift Valley, residents use wastewater from various industrial sources to irrigate horticulture crops during the dry season. Consuming vegetables grown in contaminated soil and water could put a large number of people at risk for health problems. The Rift valley region of Ethiopia (Modjo and Koka regions) has very little and insufficient data on trace metals in soil and vegetable samples grown under irrigation by potentially polluted rivers. Furthermore, the sample preparation and analysis in those few works did not make use of microwave digestion or Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Because there are so many companies in this area of the country, the ecology there is quite vulnerable to contamination. Thus, the goal of this study is to ascertain the concentration of harmful metals in regularly consumed onion vegetables that are grown with irrigation and in the soil in which they are planted, as well as the potential health effects of those metals on the consumer based on dietary consumption. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Reagents and chemicals Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 , 30%), hydrofluoric acid (HF, 70%) (Dong Woo Fine-Chem Iksan, Korea), concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) 37% (Fluka, Germany), nitric acid (HNO 3 ) 69% (Fluka), and ultrapure deionized water (18.2 M.cm) (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) were the chemicals used. A 10 mg/L multi-elemental standard solution from Ana pure Krait, Daejeon, Korea was used for preparing standards for calibration curves. 2.2. Instrumentation The Multiwave 3000 microwave system (Anton Paar, Graz, Austria) was used for the digestion of the samples. It was programmable for time and power between 600 and 1400 W and came with 16 high-pressure polytetrafluoroethylene vessels (MF 100). The examined elements were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The device was running at 1.0 kW of forward plasma power, 99.95% spectral quality nitrogen gas, 16.0 L/min of plasma flow rate, and 1.2 L/min of auxiliary and 1.0 L/min (nebulizer) flow rate [ 7 , 8 ]. 2.3. Study area The study regions include the Koka Town area (Ejersa Joro Kebele) and Mojo (Lome woreda). Modjo is located 73 kilometers to the east of Addis Ababa, Ethiopian. Its elevation is between 1788 and 1825 meters above sea level, and its latitude and longitude are 8°39′N 39°5′E. With a grid reference of 8º27.154´ latitude and 39º03.894´ longitude, Koka (Ejersa Joro Kebele) is situated 85 kilometers southeast of Addis Ababa. 2.3.1. Sample collection A total of 25 vegetable (onion) and 25 soil samples were collected in polyethylene bags from the irrigation sites (Koka and Mojo) in the dry season. 2.3.2. Sample preparation and microwave digestion The collected onion samples were cleaned with deionized water, dried between layers of sterile scientific tissue paper, and cut with a stainless steel knife. Homogenized onion and soil samples were grounded using titanium blades and stored for further analysis. A 0.5 grams of each onion and soil samples, were accurately weighed directly into separate digestion vessels in microwave digestion and 7.0 mL of concentrated HNO 3 and 2.0 mL of H 2 O 2 were added in to onion samples [ 9 ], and 10 mL of HNO 3 and 3.0 mL of HF were added for soil samples [ 10 , 11 ]. To assess instrumental drift, a number of analytical blanks that underwent the identical digestion and dissolving process were also included and examined [7 and 8]. 2.4. Soil pollution indices Indexes such as the integrated pollution load index, enrichment factors, and pollution load index were taken into consideration in order to measure the extent of metal pollution or enrichment in the soils of the two sites. 2.4.1. Pollution load index (PI) The pollution load of trace metals in the soil samples was calculated [ 12 ]. PI = Ci / Si (1) Where Ci is the measured concentration of the metals under examination in the soils, Si is the metals' geochemical background concentration, and PI is the evaluation score assigned to each sample. Each metal is categorized according to its PI value as low (PI ≤ 1.0), moderate (1.0 3.0) contamination. 2.4.2. Integrated pollution load index (IPI) The pollution load index values for all the metals under consideration was determined [ 13 , 14 ]. IPI is categorized as having four levels of contamination: low (IPI ≤ 1.0), moderate (1.0 < IPI ≤ 2.0), high (2.0 5). 2.5. Soil-vegetable transfer coefficient (TF) The kinds of plants, the quantity and kinds of heavy metals, soil type, and other factors all affect how quickly heavy metals are transferred to and accumulated by plants [ 15 ].The transfer factor which quantifies the relative differences in bioavailability of metals to plants was analyzed by [ 16 ]. TF = C Plant / C Soil (2) Where; C plant is metal concentration in vegetable and C soil stands for metal concentration in soil. Low coefficient demonstrates the strong sorption of metals to the soil colloids [ 17 ]. 2.6. Health risk assessment The target hazard quotient and hazard index, the metal pollution load index, and the projected dietary exposure were used to evaluate the health risks of trace elements associated with the consumption of onions. 2.6.1. Estimated dietary exposure (EDI) The estimated daily intake of the metals considered in this study were determined based on their mean concentration in onion and the estimated daily consumption of the vegetables in gram [ 18 ]. \(EDI=\frac{C*D food intake}{BWaverage}\) (3) Where; C is the concentration (mg/kg) of the trace metals present in the onion vegetables, D is the daily intake of food in kg per person (0.100 kg) and BW represents the average body weight in kg of a consumer, an adult (70 kg) [ 19 ]. 2.6.2. Target hazard quotient (THQ) Equation ( 4 ) was used to determine the THQ. It is assumed that THQ values 1. $$THQ=\frac{Ef*ED*EIF*CM*Cf*0.001}{BW*TA}$$ 4 Where; BW is the average body weight for adult in (70 kg) of a consumer, CM is the metal concentration (mg/kg) present in the onion, Ef is exposure frequency (365 day/year), and ED is the daily food consumption in (65 years), FIR is the average food (vegetable) consumption (240 g/person/ day) and TA is the average exposure time (65yrs x 365 days), 0.001 is unit conversion factor and Cf is concentration conversion factor for fresh vegetable weight to dry weight (which is 0.085) [ 20 ]. 2.6.3. Health risk index (HRI) The specific health risks associated with each of the heavy metals that were tested in the same vegetable have been shown to accumulate; this is represented by the health risk index (HRI) [ 21 ]. HRI = ∑THQ (5) 3. Results and Discussion Table 1 shows the average concentration and standard deviation (SD) of the following heavy metals in soil taken from the two irrigation sites: As, Sn, Pb, B, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr. While the mean concentrations Zn, Hg, Cu, Sn, and Mn were found in higher quantities in Mojo than in Koka, the average metal concentration in the soil sample collected from the two sites (Koka and Mojo) revealed that almost all metals were found in higher concentrations in Koka than in Mojo. The accumulation of metal concentrations (mg/kg) in the soil from higher to lower Fe > Mn > Zn > Sn > Pb > Cr > Ni > B > Cu > As > Co > Hg > Cd, and Fe > Mn > Zn > Sn > Cr > Pb > As > B > Ni > Cu > Co > Hg > Cd in Mojo and Koka sites, respectively. The Mojo and Koka sites had an average Fe concentration of 78.39 mg/kg and 42.19 mg/kg, respectively, in the onion sample. The mean concentrations of several metals are shown in Table 2 for samples of vegetables, onions. The average concentrations of As, Sn, Pb, B, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr in onion were 0.95, 1.77, 2.09, 12.29, 12.33, 0.34, 1.78, 11.29, 0.83, 0.34, 78.39, 17.03, and 1.03 ,correspondingly, in the Mojo site and 0.80, 0.91, 1.49, 7.31, 13.85, 0.25, 1.83, 7.54, 0.78, 0.31, 42.19, 11.56, and 1.02, respectively, in the Koka site. The Mojo irrigation site had greater amounts of practically all metal concentrations than the Koka location, with the exception of zinc (Zn) and mercury (Hg). This suggests that the Mojo irrigation site is more contaminated with heavy metals than the Koka irrigation site. The maximum allowable level established by the joint FAO/WHO commission Table 2 was exceeded by the mean concentration values of As, Pb, and Cd (mg/kg) in the onions in both irrigation sites. In the literature, the maximum amount of Pb, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr in onion were found 0.67, 0.25, 0.14, 3.6, 0.16 and 0.44, respectively [22], but in this study, the concentrations of these elements were found to be higher amount. According to [7], the metal concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Mn, and Fe in onion were found 44.2, 9.2, 0.2, 7.7, 659.6 and 1034.3, respectively, which indicates, the concentration of Zn, Pb, Mn and Fe were found to be in higher amount compared with in this study but metals Cu and Ni were also found in lower amount compared to in this study. Table 1 . Concentration (mg/kg) of trace metals (mean and SD) in soil (N = 25) from Mojo (M), and (N=25) from Koka irrigation sites. Sampling Sites Conc. As Sn Pb B Zn Cd Hg Cu Ni Co Fe Mn Cr MS 1 Mean 15.28 35.52 24.35 23.12 68.08 3.33 3.87 14.47 21.38 8.45 26943.33 726.67 25.43 SD 0.06 0.64 0.17 0.85 0.12 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.00 15.28 15.28 0.06 MS 2 Mean 13.83 31.62 21.97 21.77 54.68 3.02 3.48 13.18 17.55 6.77 23241.67 606.67 20.68 SD 0.03 0.13 0.06 0.51 0.20 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.03 11.55 5.77 0.06 MS 3 Mean 11.93 55.15 20.13 12.97 50.37 1.25 4.47 13.35 15.13 7.12 21560.00 1016.67 17.20 SD 0.06 0.87 0.40 0.33 0.46 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.16 0.03 34.64 23.09 0.09 MS 4 Mean 13.52 59.50 22.32 11.12 55.27 3.10 4.65 14.22 16.97 7.07 21898.33 1110.00 19.53 SD 0.03 0.31 0.03 0.36 0.28 0.09 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.03 11.55 5.00 0.20 MS 5 Mean 12.42 28.73 18.97 18.67 49.93 2.62 3.82 13.07 18.08 7.55 23690.00 893.33 18.28 SD 0.03 0.14 0.03 0.63 0.24 0.12 0.12 0.03 0.25 0.09 128.55 5.77 0.16 KS1 Mean 32.52 40.23 26.62 26.20 67.92 3.65 4.20 14.85 24.33 7.57 30853.33 868.33 29.15 SD 0.12 0.32 0.03 1.17 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.03 2.87 54.85 5.77 0.17 KS2 Mean 29.67 29.73 27.72 22.67 65.40 2.78 3.37 14.48 20.08 7.88 26430.00 691.67 24.38 SD 0.35 6.71 0.06 0.58 1.56 0.55 0.45 0.03 0.51 0.23 13.23 2.89 0.03 KS3 Mean 23.15 24.70 24.23 20.12 46.88 2.78 3.33 11.52 24.68 11.13 28235.00 921.67 28.80 SD 0.09 6.12 0.03 0.72 0.23 0.06 0.12 0.08 0.32 0.06 111.69 2.89 0.26 KS4 Mean 18.70 35.52 24.35 23.12 67.83 3.32 3.87 14.47 21.37 7.95 26953.33 733.33 25.43 SD 0.09 0.64 0.17 0.85 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.00 32.15 5.77 0.06 KS5 Mean 14.33 26.85 28.98 21.08 59.18 2.90 3.53 11.38 26.02 11.50 24408.33 940.00 29.98 SD 0.14 8.41 5.74 0.56 0.21 0.09 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.05 40.41 8.66 0.06 US EPA [23] 200 110 270 72 N/A N/A [7] 133.2 236.8 36.9 1.1 54015.8 3597.1 [24] 34.6 90.7 83.7 249.2 43317.8 1446.8 *Maximum permissible limits (mg/kg) 32 - 750 - 400 350 - 200 150 50 50,000 2000 50 * Represents references for maximum permissible limit for agricultural soil: UNEP (united nation environment program, 2013). Table 2. Concentration (mg/kg) of trace metals (mean and SD) in cultivated vegetable (onion) (N = 25) in Mojo (M), and (N=25) from Koka irrigation sites. S. Sites Conc. As Sn Pb B Zn Cd Hg Cu Ni Co Fe Mn Cr MO 1 Mean 1.03 1.52 2.40 6.90 14.52 0.32 1.82 6.90 0.93 0.38 41.10 14.55 0.75 SD 0.03 0.13 0.00 0.17 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.31 0.17 MO 2 Mean 0.97 1.70 1.83 5.63 12.33 0.28 1.72 8.12 0.93 0.32 42.55 13.60 0.75 SD 0.03 0.48 0.03 1.24 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.23 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.17 0.01 MO 3 Mean 1.73 4.58 3.78 35.80 12.72 0.48 2.15 3.32 1.47 0.63 245.62 39.72 2.35 SD 0.03 0.44 0.06 0.54 2.45 0.03 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.12 4.94 0.89 0.65 MO 4 Mean 0.57 0.30 1.08 6.58 10.78 0.43 1.58 31.38 0.35 0.13 31.10 8.47 0.62 SD 0.03 0.00 0.06 1.20 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.06 0.67 0.15 0.03 MO 5 Mean 0.43 0.75 1.37 6.55 11.32 0.20 1.62 6.72 0.47 0.22 31.60 8.82 0.68 SD 0.03 0.05 0.06 1.39 0.06 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.19 0.03 KO1 Mean 0.75 0.20 1.45 7.52 18.37 0.18 1.85 6.13 0.40 0.27 44.58 10.08 1.80 SD 0.00 0.05 0.09 0.51 0.51 0.03 0.13 0.65 0.05 0.03 1.08 0.12 0.05 KO2 Mean 0.70 0.80 1.72 8.30 14.22 0.27 1.85 8.33 0.83 0.25 40.27 15.20 0.88 SD 0.00 0.17 0.12 0.61 0.28 0.03 0.00 0.29 0.03 0.00 1.15 0.00 0.03 KO3 Mean 0.78 0.92 1.38 7.55 14.08 0.25 2.13 7.47 0.92 0.40 43.17 9.28 0.95 SD 0.06 0.12 0.03 0.36 0.13 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.00 2.11 2.89 0.05 KO4 Mean 0.80 0.92 1.32 7.55 9.08 0.27 1.63 7.45 0.80 0.27 40.33 9.52 0.70 SD 0.00 0.12 0.06 0.36 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.13 0.00 0.03 1.49 0.06 0.00 KO5 Mean 0.98 1.70 1.60 5.63 13.50 0.28 1.70 8.30 0.93 0.35 42.60 13.70 0.75 SD 0.03 0.48 0.00 1.24 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 [23] 0.67 0.25 0.14 3.6 0.16 0.44 [7] 7.7 44.2 9.2 0.2 1034.3 659.6 Maximum permissible limits (mg/kg) 0.1 a 0.1 b 0.3 a 5 b 60 a 60 b 0.02 a 0.2 b 0.01 c 0.2 a 40 a 1.5 a 0.1 a 450 a 425 c 500 a 5 a 5 b a WHO/FAO (codex alimentarius commission. Joint FAO/WHO, 2007); [34] b FAO/WHO (codex alimentarius commission. Joint FAO/WHO, 1993); [35] c WHO/FAO (Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO, 2001); [36] Table 3. Pollution load index (PI) of the soil samples. Heavy metals Background soil (mg/kg) [7, 25, 26, 27] Mean Con. (mg/kg) IP Mojo Koka Mojo Koka As 18.4 13.61 23.43 0.74 1.27 Sn 52.3 44.12 32.47 0.84 0.62 Pb 21.4 21.66 26.61 1.01 1.24 B 23.2 17.12 23.16 0.74 1.00 Zn 95 59.01 57.40 0.62 0.60 Cd 2.1 2.29 3.22 1.09 1.53 Hg 2.81 4.07 3.77 1.45 1.34 Cu 20 13.77 13.12 0.31 0.29 Ni 68 18.26 23.05 0.27 0.34 Co 14.91 7.61 9.53 0.51 0.64 Fe 47200 24251.67 27630.83 0.51 0.59 Mn 860 858.33 815.83 1.00 0.95 Cr 8.2 21.32 27.18 2.60 3.31 As shown in Table 3 the overall load of metals in onion growing at each irrigation site, Mojo and Koka were computed and assessed. It is observed that in most of the onion studied the overall pollution load of trace metals such as As, Pb, Cd and Hg were moderately higher in both irrigation sites. And the reasons could be the number of industries which damp there unregulated wastes to the nearby streams which ultimately end up for irrigation use. Table 4. Transfer factors of trace metals from the soil into the vegetable (onion) samples. Heavy metals (mg/kg) For soil samples For onion samples Soil to onion transfer factors (TF) Mojo Koka Mojo Koka Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max TF of Mojo sites TF of Koka sites As 11.93 15.28 14.33 32.52 0.43 1.73 0.70 0.98 0.11 0.03 Sn 28.73 59.50 24.70 40.23 0.30 4.58 0.20 1.70 0.08 0.04 Pb 18.97 24.35 24.23 28.98 1.08 3.78 1.32 1.72 0.16 0.06 B 11.12 23.12 20.12 26.20 5.63 35.80 5.63 8.30 1.55 0.32 Zn 49.93 68.08 46.88 67.92 10.78 14.52 9.08 18.37 0.21 0.27 Cd 1.25 3.33 2.78 3.65 0.20 0.48 0.18 0.28 0.15 0.08 Hg 3.48 4.65 3.33 4.20 1.58 2.15 1.63 2.13 0.46 0.51 Cu 13.07 14.47 11.38 14.85 3.32 31.38 6.13 8.33 2.17 0.56 Ni 15.13 21.38 20.08 26.02 0.35 1.47 0.40 0.93 0.07 0.04 Co 6.77 8.45 7.57 11.50 0.13 0.63 0.25 0.40 0.07 0.03 Fe 21560.00 26943.33 24408.33 30853.33 31.10 245.62 40.27 44.58 0.01 0.00 Mn 606.67 1110.00 691.67 940.00 8.47 39.72 9.28 15.20 0.04 0.02 Cr 17.20 25.43 24.38 29.98 0.62 2.35 0.70 1.80 0.09 0.06 Soil-vegetable transfer coefficient The term "transfer factor," also known as "plant concentration factor" (PCF), refers to a metric that describes how trace hazardous chemicals are transferred from the soil to the plant body. It depends on the characteristics of the soil and the vegetable. The transfer coefficient, which measures the proportional variations in the metals' bioavailability to the onion under study, is presented in Table 4. In vegetable (onion) samples, the trace metal trend according to TF was as follows: Cu > B > Hg > Zn > Pb > Cd > As > Cr > Sn > Ni > Co > Mn > Fe. This indicates that while Fe has considerable sorption to the soil colloids, Cu is either kept in the soil comparatively poorly or is absorbed by plants more effectively. The pattern aligns with a research conducted by [28]. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) Based on the mean concentration of each metal in each meal and the corresponding consumption rate of the onion, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the metals considered in this study by the adult population was calculated. The most popular method for assessing the health risks associated with metals in food is to calculate the anticipated dietary intake values and compare them to the prescribed dietary standards and acceptable upper intake values. The Food and Nutrition Board of the United States [29] for adults and the Joint World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives [30, 31, 32 have set those values. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of individual metals as a result of consumption of onion have followed the increasing order of Co = Cd < Ni < As < Cr < Sn < Hg < Pb < Cu < B < Zn < Mn < Fe as shown in the Table 5. The EDI of Pb, As, and Cd obtained in this study were greater than the data reported, despite the fact that the EDI of metals analysed in this study due to the consumption of onion were found to be less than the corresponding recommended dietary intakes (RDI) and provisionally tolerable daily intake (PTDI) values [32, 33]. Table 5 . Estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and Health risk index (HRI) of heavy metals. Elements Mojo site Koka site EDI THQ EDI THQ As 0.0014 0.0003 0.0011 0.0002 Sn 0.0025 0.0005 0.0013 0.0003 Pb 0.0030 0.0006 0.0021 0.0004 B 0.0176 0.0036 0.0104 0.0021 Zn 0.0176 0.0036 0.0198 0.0040 Cd 0.0005 0.0001 0.0004 0.0001 Hg 0.0025 0.0005 0.0026 0.0005 Cu 0.0161 0.0033 0.0108 0.0022 Ni 0.0012 0.0002 0.0011 0.0002 Co 0.0005 0.0001 0.0004 0.0001 Fe 0.1120 0.0228 0.0603 0.0123 Mn 0.0243 0.0050 0.0165 0.0034 Cr 0.0015 0.0003 0.0015 0.0003 HRI 0.0409 0.0262 Target hazard quotient and hazard index The upper acceptable intake (or standard reference dosage) and the amount of a contaminant consumed are compared in the target hazard quotient, an integrated risk index. The target hazard quotients of each examined constituent add up to the hazard index. When several metal exposures are added together, the amount of harmful effects that hazardous metals have on a sample is linear. Based on the findings presented in Table 5, it is clear that there is no potential health risk associated with onion eating. All metal THQs in the onion studied in this study were found to be less than 1. Conclusion This study shows that the level of heavy metal concentrations in soil and onion samples collected from Mojo and Koka sites. There has been no discernible variation in the irrigated soil in these study regions, according to the results of some metals in the irrigated lands. Heavy metal contamination was present in the irrigated onions on the research locations. The results indicated that the dietary exposure level of Pb and Hg was found to be well above the provisionally tolerable daily intake values. The levels of heavy metal concentrations, such as As, Pb, Cd, and Hg, exceeded the permissible limits set by the joint FAO/WHO guideline, and their health significance was calculated based on the dietary intake of an adult consumer. It was discovered that metals including Sn, B, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr were within allowable bounds. In the sample sites, onions had a high bio-concentration factor, also known as a transfer factor. It is noted that in both irrigation sites, the overall pollution load of trace metals, including As, Pb, Cd, and Hg, was somewhat higher in the majority of the onion study. Fe has a significant sorption to the soil colloids, while Cu is comparatively poorly maintained in the soil or more effectively absorbed by plants. Therefore, to reduce the direct impact of these dangerous heavy metals on the human-ecological systems, management and proper treatment are important before releasing industrial wastes into the environment. Declarations Author Contribution Each authors has their own contributions on this article and the lists are accordingly their roles during the work. Acknowledgment The Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research’s Directorate of food science and nutrition research has provided financial assistance for this project. The author wishes to convey their heartfelt gratitude for their assistance and contribution to the completion of this article. Data availability statement The data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article. The used materials are available in the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Laboratory. References Ali H, Khan E (2017) Environmental chemistry in the twenty-first century. Environ Chem Lett 15(2):329–346 Ghosh AK, Bhatt MA, Agrawal HP (2012) Effect of long-term application of treated sewage water on heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in Northern India, vol 184. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, pp 1025–1036 Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall FM (2009) Heavy metals in vegetables collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of India. 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Annals of Environmental Science and Toxicology 6(1):035–040 Habte G, Choi JY, Nho EY, Jamila N, Khan N, Hwang IM, Kim KS (2017) Determination of essential and toxic elements in tropical fruit by microwave-assisted digestion and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Anal Lett 50(6):1025–1039 Bettinelli M, Beone GM, Spezia S, Baffi C (2000) Determination of heavy metals in soils and sediments by microwave-assisted digestion and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry analysis. Anal Chim Acta 424(2):289–296 Lemessa F, Simane B, Seyoum A, Gebresenbet G (2022) Analysis of the concentration of heavy metals in soil, vegetables and water around the bole Lemi industry park, Ethiopia. Heliyon, 8(12) Chen TB, Zheng YM, Lei M, Huang ZC, Wu HT, Chen H, Fan KK, Yu K, Wu X, Tian QZ (2005) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. Chemosphere 60(4):542–551 Sun Y, Zhou Q, Xie X, Liu R (2010) Spatial, sources and risk assessment of heavy metal contamination of urban soils in typical regions of Shenyang, China. J Hazard Mater 174(1–3):455–462 Wei B, Yang L (2010) A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchem J 94(2):99–107 Sharma S, Nagpal AK, Kaur I (2018) Heavy metal contamination in soil, food crops and associated health risks for residents of Ropar wetland, Punjab, India and its environs. Food Chem 255:15–22 Kachenko AG, Singh B (2006) Heavy metals contamination in vegetables grown in urban and metal smelter contaminated sites in Australia. Water Air Soil Pollut 169:101–123 Coultate T (2023) Food: the chemistry of its components. Royal Society of Chemistry Woldetsadik D, Drechsel P, Keraita B, Itanna F, Gebrekidan H (2017) Heavy metal accumulation and health risk assessment in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming sites of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Food Contam 4:1–13 Manual A (2011) Dietary guidelines for Indians. Natl Inst Nutr 2:89–117 Harmanescu M, Alda LM, Bordean DM, Gogoasa I, Gergen I (2011) Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area; a case study: Banat County, Romania. Chem Cent J 5:1–10 Chen C, Qian Y, Chen Q, Li C (2011) Assessment of daily intake of toxic elements due to consumption of vegetables, fruits, meat, and seafood by inhabitants of Xiamen, China. J Food Sci 76(8):T181–T188 Ullah N, Ur Rehman M, Ahmad B, Ali I, Younas M, Aslam MS, Rahman AU, Taheri E, Fatehizadeh A, Rezakazemi M (2022) Assessment of heavy metals accumulation in agricultural soil, vegetables and associated health risks. PLoS ONE 17(6):e0267719 Rockwell DC, Warren GJ, Bertram PE, Salisbury DK, Burns NM (2005) The US EPA Lake Erie indicators monitoring program 1983–2002: trends in phosphorus, silica, and chlorophyll a in the central basin. J Great Lakes Res 31:23–34 Tasrina RC, Rowshon AAMR, Mustafizur AMR, Rafiqul I, Ali MP (2015) Heavy metals contamination in vegetables and its growing soil. J Environ Anal Chem 2(142):2–6 Zhang J, Peng W, Lin M, Liu C, Chen S, Wang X, Gui H (2023) Environmental geochemical baseline determination and pollution assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil of typical coal-based cities: A case study of Suzhou City in Anhui Province, China. Heliyon, 9(4) Santos-Francés F, Martínez-Graña A, Rojo A, P. and, García Sánchez A (2017) Geochemical background and baseline values determination and spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in soils of the Andes mountain range (Cajamarca-Huancavelica, Peru). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 14(8), p.859 Alfaro MR, Montero A, Ugarte OM, do Nascimento CWA, de Aguiar Accioly AM, Biondi CM, da Silva YJAB (2015) Background concentrations and reference values for heavy metals in soils of Cuba. Environ Monit Assess 187:1–10 Joint FAO (2003) Summary and conclusions of the sixty-first meeting of the Joint FAO/ WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA), JECFA, Rome , Shaheen N, Irfan NM, Khan IN, Islam S, Islam MS, Ahmed MK (2016) Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: Health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere 152:431–438 Kim JA, Lee SH, Choi SH, Jung KK, Park MS, Jeong JY, Hwang MS, Yoon HJ, Choi DW (2012) Heavy metal risk management: case analysis. Toxicol Res 28:143–149 Joint FAO (2011) World health organization and WHO expert committee on food additives, Evaluation of certain contaminants in food: seventy-second [72nd] report of the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, World health organization, https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-data base/chemical.aspx?chemID = 3511 FNB F, Board N (2001) Institute of medicine Joint FAO, WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (1993) Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Twenty-first Session, Rome, 29 June-12 July,[ie 3–8 July] 1995: Report of the Fourteenth Session of the Codex Committee on Fats and Oils, London, United Kingdom, 27 September-1 October 1993 . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Zimbabwe: implications for human health. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 112 (1), pp.41–48 WHO/FAO (2007) Expert committee on food additives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 329–336 Joint FAO/WHO expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (1993) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: 41st report of the Joint FAO/WHO expert Committee on Food Additives, World Health Organization, Geneva, Technical Reports Series No. 837, Joint FAO, World Health, Organization (2001) Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified foods: report of a Joint FAO (No. WHO/FOS/2001.01). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Highlights.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3869068","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":267520836,"identity":"d1b26613-a3bd-4c41-af3e-859c513e91f7","order_by":0,"name":"Hailu Reta","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwbGxgNglvxjEC0hQ4yWBrBSBoa0BBDNQ4QWBgaolhwQm4GwFnP2ww2HeffY1PE3nPn86kaNBQ8D++GjG/BpsexJbDjM8yxNQuJg7zbrnGNAh/Gkpd3A67ADIC0HDkswHObdZpzDBtQiwWOGX8v5hyAt/yXkj/E8M875R4yWG2BbDkgYnOFhfpzbRpSWhw0H5xxIltx4g82MObdPgoeNoF/Opz988OaAHb/cDebHn3O+1cnxsx8+hlcLMmCTAJPEKgcB5g+kqB4Fo2AUjIKRAwA8HkzFkjhawAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hailu","middleName":"","lastName":"Reta","suffix":""},{"id":267520837,"identity":"057e6c36-955f-4a6a-bee8-feb6f94e3bdd","order_by":1,"name":"Nibret Mekonen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nibret","middleName":"","lastName":"Mekonen","suffix":""},{"id":267520838,"identity":"c041d31f-ce21-4ea5-94ba-ed50653ad0a3","order_by":2,"name":"Bayissa Leta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ambo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bayissa","middleName":"","lastName":"Leta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-16 07:16:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3869068/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3869068/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49831309,"identity":"8cb45103-cfce-44b9-9a43-f16186aeae79","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 16:44:06","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":386972,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy areas from Koka and Mojo, Oromia, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3869068/v1/275867082cbed12e4cfa02ac.jpeg"},{"id":51167474,"identity":"005bfbac-ea56-4e97-b28c-f4a02fbe3a5d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-15 09:44:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":434458,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3869068/v1/524dd082-cdfc-4414-922c-369c506dff2a.pdf"},{"id":49831308,"identity":"afebf6c1-8529-4cbe-89f5-194767b02f25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 16:44:06","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":14218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Highlights.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3869068/v1/41969e51382d04680f7c8daf.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Heavy metal contamination in soil and health risk assessment through onion consumption in Mojo and Koka, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe global concern over heavy metal pollution of the environment has been exacerbated by urbanization, industry, greater population density, improved living conditions, and economic development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Numerous organic and inorganic pollutants, primarily toxic heavy metals, are released into the environment either directly or indirectly as a result of human or natural activity. These pollutants are extremely harmful to human health and other living things, even at low concentrations, because there is no reliable method of removal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetables poisoned by heavy metals may have been irrigated with tainted soil and water. Due to their high vitamin and mineral content as well as their consistent antioxidant properties, vegetables are an essential part of the human diet. Vegetable consumption is progressively rising as a result of increased knowledge of their nutritional value, and one of the most important features of food quality is trace metal contamination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Potentially harmful metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium, as well as probably essential metals like cobalt, nickel, and vanadium, and essential metals like zinc, selenium, and iron, can all be categorized as trace metals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven at low concentrations, consuming those harmful metals over an extended period of time can be very deadly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to contaminating the land, contaminated water irrigation can have an impact on the safety and quality of food [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In Ethiopia's Central Rift Valley, residents use wastewater from various industrial sources to irrigate horticulture crops during the dry season. Consuming vegetables grown in contaminated soil and water could put a large number of people at risk for health problems. The Rift valley region of Ethiopia (Modjo and Koka regions) has very little and insufficient data on trace metals in soil and vegetable samples grown under irrigation by potentially polluted rivers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the sample preparation and analysis in those few works did not make use of microwave digestion or Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Because there are so many companies in this area of the country, the ecology there is quite vulnerable to contamination. Thus, the goal of this study is to ascertain the concentration of harmful metals in regularly consumed onion vegetables that are grown with irrigation and in the soil in which they are planted, as well as the potential health effects of those metals on the consumer based on dietary consumption.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Reagents and chemicals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrogen peroxide (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 30%), hydrofluoric acid (HF, 70%) (Dong Woo Fine-Chem Iksan, Korea), concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) 37% (Fluka, Germany), nitric acid (HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) 69% (Fluka), and ultrapure deionized water (18.2 M.cm) (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) were the chemicals used. A 10 mg/L multi-elemental standard solution from Ana pure Krait, Daejeon, Korea was used for preparing standards for calibration curves.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Instrumentation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Multiwave 3000 microwave system (Anton Paar, Graz, Austria) was used for the digestion of the samples. It was programmable for time and power between 600 and 1400 W and came with 16 high-pressure polytetrafluoroethylene vessels (MF 100). The examined elements were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The device was running at 1.0 kW of forward plasma power, 99.95% spectral quality nitrogen gas, 16.0 L/min of plasma flow rate, and 1.2 L/min of auxiliary and 1.0 L/min (nebulizer) flow rate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study regions include the Koka Town area (Ejersa Joro Kebele) and Mojo (Lome woreda). Modjo is located 73 kilometers to the east of Addis Ababa, Ethiopian. Its elevation is between 1788 and 1825 meters above sea level, and its latitude and longitude are 8\u0026deg;39\u0026prime;N 39\u0026deg;5\u0026prime;E. With a grid reference of 8\u0026ordm;27.154\u0026acute; latitude and 39\u0026ordm;03.894\u0026acute; longitude, Koka (Ejersa Joro Kebele) is situated 85 kilometers southeast of Addis Ababa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.1. Sample collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 25 vegetable (onion) and 25 soil samples were collected in polyethylene bags from the irrigation sites (Koka and Mojo) in the dry season.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.2. Sample preparation and microwave digestion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected onion samples were cleaned with deionized water, dried between layers of sterile scientific tissue paper, and cut with a stainless steel knife. Homogenized onion and soil samples were grounded using titanium blades and stored for further analysis. A 0.5 grams of each onion and soil samples, were accurately weighed directly into separate digestion vessels in microwave digestion and 7.0 mL of concentrated HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and 2.0 mL of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were added in to onion samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], and 10 mL of HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and 3.0 mL of HF were added for soil samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. To assess instrumental drift, a number of analytical blanks that underwent the identical digestion and dissolving process were also included and examined \u003cb\u003e[7\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003e8].\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Soil pollution indices\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndexes such as the integrated pollution load index, enrichment factors, and pollution load index were taken into consideration in order to measure the extent of metal pollution or enrichment in the soils of the two sites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.1. Pollution load index (PI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pollution load of trace metals in the soil samples was calculated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ci / Si (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere Ci is the measured concentration of the metals under examination in the soils, Si is the metals' geochemical background concentration, and PI is the evaluation score assigned to each sample. Each metal is categorized according to its PI value as low (PI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1.0), moderate (1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;PI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3.0), or high (PI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3.0) contamination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.2. Integrated pollution load index (IPI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pollution load index values for all the metals under consideration was determined [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. IPI is categorized as having four levels of contamination: low (IPI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1.0), moderate (1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;IPI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;2.0), high (2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;IPI\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5), and extremely high (IPI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Soil-vegetable transfer coefficient (TF)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe kinds of plants, the quantity and kinds of heavy metals, soil type, and other factors all affect how quickly heavy metals are transferred to and accumulated by plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].The transfer factor which quantifies the relative differences in bioavailability of metals to plants was analyzed by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003ePlant\u003c/sub\u003e / C\u003csub\u003eSoil\u003c/sub\u003e (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere; C\u003csub\u003eplant\u003c/sub\u003e is metal concentration in vegetable and C\u003csub\u003esoil\u003c/sub\u003e stands for metal concentration in soil. Low coefficient demonstrates the strong sorption of metals to the soil colloids [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Health risk assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe target hazard quotient and hazard index, the metal pollution load index, and the projected dietary exposure were used to evaluate the health risks of trace elements associated with the consumption of onions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.1. Estimated dietary exposure (EDI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe estimated daily intake of the metals considered in this study were determined based on their mean concentration in onion and the estimated daily consumption of the vegetables in gram [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(EDI=\\frac{C*D food intake}{BWaverage}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (3) Where; C is the concentration (mg/kg) of the trace metals present in the onion vegetables, D is the daily intake of food in kg per person (0.100 kg) and BW represents the average body weight in kg of a consumer, an adult (70 kg) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.2. Target hazard quotient (THQ)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation (\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) was used to determine the THQ. It is assumed that THQ values\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 carry no non-carcinogenic hazards. On the other hand, significant health risks are thought to be possible if the THQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$THQ=\\frac{Ef*ED*EIF*CM*Cf*0.001}{BW*TA}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere; BW is the average body weight for adult in (70 kg) of a consumer, CM is the metal concentration (mg/kg) present in the onion, Ef is exposure frequency (365 day/year), and ED is the daily food consumption in (65 years), FIR is the average food (vegetable) consumption (240 g/person/ day) and TA is the average exposure time (65yrs x 365 days), 0.001 is unit conversion factor and Cf is concentration conversion factor for fresh vegetable weight to dry weight (which is 0.085) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.3. Health risk index (HRI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe specific health risks associated with each of the heavy metals that were tested in the same vegetable have been shown to accumulate; this is represented by the health risk index (HRI) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHRI = \u0026sum;THQ (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 shows the average concentration and standard deviation (SD) of the following heavy metals in soil taken from the two irrigation sites: As, Sn, Pb, B, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr. While the mean concentrations Zn, Hg, Cu, Sn, and Mn were found in higher quantities in Mojo than in Koka, the average metal concentration in the soil sample collected from the two sites (Koka and Mojo) revealed that almost all metals were found in higher concentrations in Koka than in Mojo. The accumulation of metal concentrations (mg/kg) in the soil from higher to lower Fe \u0026gt; Mn \u0026gt; Zn \u0026gt; Sn \u0026gt; Pb \u0026gt; Cr \u0026gt; Ni \u0026gt; B \u0026gt; Cu \u0026gt; As \u0026gt; Co \u0026gt; Hg \u0026gt; Cd, and Fe \u0026gt; Mn \u0026gt; Zn \u0026gt; Sn \u0026gt; Cr \u0026gt; Pb \u0026gt; As \u0026gt; B \u0026gt; Ni \u0026gt; Cu \u0026gt; Co \u0026gt; Hg \u0026gt; Cd in Mojo and Koka sites, respectively. The Mojo and Koka sites had an average Fe concentration of 78.39 mg/kg and 42.19 mg/kg, respectively, in the onion sample. \u0026nbsp;The mean concentrations of several metals are shown in Table 2 for samples of vegetables, onions. The average concentrations of As, Sn, Pb, B, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr in onion were 0.95, 1.77, 2.09, 12.29, 12.33, 0.34, 1.78, 11.29, 0.83, 0.34, 78.39, 17.03, and 1.03 ,correspondingly, in the Mojo site and 0.80, 0.91, 1.49, 7.31, 13.85, 0.25, 1.83, 7.54, 0.78, 0.31, 42.19, 11.56, and 1.02, respectively, in the Koka site. The Mojo irrigation site had greater amounts of practically all metal concentrations than the Koka location, with the exception of zinc (Zn) and mercury (Hg). This suggests that the Mojo irrigation site is more contaminated with heavy metals than the Koka irrigation site. The maximum allowable level established by the joint FAO/WHO commission Table 2 was exceeded by the mean concentration values of As, Pb, and Cd (mg/kg) in the onions in both irrigation sites. In the literature, the maximum amount of Pb, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr in onion were found 0.67, 0.25, 0.14, 3.6, 0.16 and 0.44, respectively [22], but in this study, the concentrations of these elements were found to be higher amount. According to [7], the metal concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Mn, and Fe in onion were found 44.2, 9.2, 0.2, 7.7, 659.6 and 1034.3, respectively, which indicates, the concentration of Zn, Pb, Mn and Fe were found to be in higher amount compared with in this study but metals Cu and Ni were also found in lower amount compared to in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Concentration (mg/kg) of trace metals (mean and SD) in soil (N = 25) from Mojo (M), and (N=25) from Koka irrigation sites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSampling Sites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMS 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26943.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e726.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.818181818181818%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.808080808080808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.848484848484848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMS 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23241.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e606.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.818181818181818%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.808080808080808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.848484848484848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMS 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21560.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1016.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.818181818181818%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.808080808080808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.848484848484848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMS 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21898.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1110.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.818181818181818%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.808080808080808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.848484848484848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMS 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23690.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e893.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.818181818181818%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.808080808080808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.848484848484848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKS1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30853.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e868.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.818181818181818%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.808080808080808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.848484848484848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKS2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26430.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e691.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.818181818181818%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.808080808080808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.848484848484848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKS3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28235.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e921.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.818181818181818%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.808080808080808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.848484848484848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKS4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26953.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e733.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.818181818181818%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.808080808080808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.848484848484848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKS5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24408.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e940.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.818181818181818%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.808080808080808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.848484848484848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.944444444444445%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS EPA [23]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[7]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54015.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3597.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[24]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43317.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1446.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.705685618729097%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Maximum permissible limits (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0200668896321075%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.128205128205129%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.695652173913043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.1348940914158305%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.131549609810479%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eRepresents references for maximum permissible limit for agricultural soil: UNEP (united nation environment program, 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Concentration (mg/kg) of trace metals (mean and SD) in cultivated vegetable (onion) (N = 25) in Mojo (M), and (N=25) from Koka irrigation sites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS. Sites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMO 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.026348808030113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.771643663739021%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.912170639899623%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.030112923462987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMO 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.026348808030113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.771643663739021%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.912170639899623%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.030112923462987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMO 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.026348808030113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.771643663739021%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.912170639899623%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.030112923462987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMO 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.026348808030113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.771643663739021%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.912170639899623%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.030112923462987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMO 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.026348808030113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.771643663739021%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.912170639899623%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.030112923462987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKO1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.026348808030113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.771643663739021%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.912170639899623%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.030112923462987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKO2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.026348808030113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.771643663739021%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.912170639899623%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.030112923462987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKO3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.026348808030113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.771643663739021%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.912170639899623%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.030112923462987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKO4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.026348808030113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.771643663739021%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.912170639899623%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.030112923462987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKO5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.026348808030113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.398996235884567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.52823086574655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.771643663739021%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.912170639899623%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.030112923462987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.900878293601004%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[23]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[7]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1034.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e659.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.810068649885583%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum permissible limits (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.407322654462242%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.835240274599542%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.864988558352403%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.038901601830664%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e425\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.322654462242563%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.2929061784897025%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e WHO/FAO (codex alimentarius commission. Joint FAO/WHO, 2007); [34]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eFAO/WHO (codex alimentarius commission. Joint FAO/WHO, 1993); [35]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e WHO/FAO (Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO, 2001); [36]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Pollution load index (PI) of the soil samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"828\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeavy metals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBackground soil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/kg) \u003cstrong\u003e[7, 25, 26, 27]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.507246376811594%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean Con. (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.159420289855074%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"12\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.2093023255814%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMojo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.7906976744186%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKoka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"15\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"55.10204081632653%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMojo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.89795918367347%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKoka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"14\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24251.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27630.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e858.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e815.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.768115942028986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.594202898550725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.565217391304348%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"0%\" height=\"19\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 3 the overall load of metals in onion growing at each irrigation site, Mojo and Koka were computed and assessed. It is observed that in most of the onion studied the overall pollution load of trace metals such as As, Pb, Cd and Hg were moderately higher in both irrigation sites. And the reasons could be the number of industries which damp there unregulated wastes to the nearby streams which ultimately end up for irrigation use.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Transfer factors of trace metals from the soil into the vegetable (onion) samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"882\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeavy metals (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.292517006802722%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor soil samples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.891156462585034%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor onion samples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil to onion transfer factors (TF)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.28735632183908%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMojo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.586206896551722%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKoka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.137931034482758%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMojo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.988505747126435%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKoka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.94308943089431%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.94308943089431%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.94308943089431%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.130081300813009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.130081300813009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.130081300813009%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.634146341463415%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTF of Mojo sites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.634146341463415%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTF of Koka sites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21560.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26943.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24408.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30853.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e606.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1110.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e691.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e940.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.16326530612245%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.482993197278912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.802721088435374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSoil-vegetable transfer coefficient\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe term \u0026quot;transfer factor,\u0026quot; also known as \u0026quot;plant concentration factor\u0026quot; (PCF), refers to a metric that describes how trace hazardous chemicals are transferred from the soil to the plant body. It depends on the characteristics of the soil and the vegetable. The transfer coefficient, which measures the proportional variations in the metals\u0026apos; bioavailability to the onion under study, is presented in Table 4. In vegetable (onion) samples, the trace metal trend according to TF was as follows: Cu \u0026gt; B \u0026gt; Hg \u0026gt; Zn \u0026gt; Pb \u0026gt; Cd \u0026gt; As \u0026gt; Cr \u0026gt; Sn \u0026gt; Ni \u0026gt; Co \u0026gt; Mn \u0026gt; Fe. This indicates that while Fe has considerable sorption to the soil colloids, Cu is either kept in the soil comparatively poorly or is absorbed by plants more effectively. The pattern aligns with a research conducted by [28].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEstimated Daily Intake (EDI)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the mean concentration of each metal in each meal and the corresponding consumption rate of the onion, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the metals considered in this study by the adult population was calculated. The most popular method for assessing the health risks associated with metals in food is to calculate the anticipated dietary intake values and compare them to the prescribed dietary standards and acceptable upper intake values. The Food and Nutrition Board of the United States [29]\u0026nbsp;for adults and the Joint World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives [30, 31, 32 have set those values.\u0026nbsp;The estimated daily intake (EDI) of individual metals as a result of consumption of onion have followed the increasing order of\u0026nbsp;Co = Cd \u0026lt; Ni \u0026lt; As \u0026lt; Cr \u0026lt; Sn \u0026lt; Hg \u0026lt; Pb \u0026lt; Cu \u0026lt; B \u0026lt; Zn \u0026lt; Mn \u0026lt; Fe as shown in the Table 5.\u0026nbsp;The EDI of Pb, As, and Cd obtained in this study were greater than the data reported, despite the fact that the EDI of metals analysed in this study due to the consumption of onion were found to be less than the corresponding recommended dietary intakes (RDI) and provisionally tolerable daily intake (PTDI) values [32, 33].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and Health risk index (HRI) of heavy metals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"542\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.76383763837639%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMojo site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.601476014760145%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKoka site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.058956916099774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.43764172335601%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTHQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.210884353741495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.292517006802722%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTHQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0603\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.439114391143912%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.324723247232473%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14022140221402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.461254612546124%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.634686346863468%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.76383763837639%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0.0409\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.601476014760145%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0.0262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTarget hazard quotient and hazard index\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe upper acceptable intake (or standard reference dosage) and the amount of a contaminant consumed are compared in the target hazard quotient, an integrated risk index. The target hazard quotients of each examined constituent add up to the hazard index. When several metal exposures are added together, the amount of harmful effects that hazardous metals have on a sample is linear. Based on the findings presented in Table 5, it is clear that there is no potential health risk associated with onion eating. All metal THQs in the onion studied in this study were found to be less than 1.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study shows that the level of heavy metal concentrations in soil and onion samples collected from Mojo and Koka sites. There has been no discernible variation in the irrigated soil in these study regions, according to the results of some metals in the irrigated lands. Heavy metal contamination was present in the irrigated onions on the research locations. The results indicated that the dietary exposure level of Pb and Hg was found to be well above the provisionally tolerable daily intake values. The levels of heavy metal concentrations, such as As, Pb, Cd, and Hg, exceeded the permissible limits set by the joint FAO/WHO guideline, and their health significance was calculated based on the dietary intake of an adult consumer. It was discovered that metals including Sn, B, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr were within allowable bounds. In the sample sites, onions had a high bio-concentration factor, also known as a transfer factor. It is noted that in both irrigation sites, the overall pollution load of trace metals, including As, Pb, Cd, and Hg, was somewhat higher in the majority of the onion study. Fe has a significant sorption to the soil colloids, while Cu is comparatively poorly maintained in the soil or more effectively absorbed by plants. Therefore, to reduce the direct impact of these dangerous heavy metals on the human-ecological systems, management and proper treatment are important before releasing industrial wastes into the environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach authors has their own contributions on this article and the lists are accordingly their roles during the work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research\u0026rsquo;s Directorate of food science and nutrition research has provided financial assistance for this project. The author wishes to convey their heartfelt gratitude for their assistance and contribution to the completion of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article. The used materials are available in the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAli H, Khan E (2017) Environmental chemistry in the twenty-first century. Environ Chem Lett 15(2):329\u0026ndash;346\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhosh AK, Bhatt MA, Agrawal HP (2012) Effect of long-term application of treated sewage water on heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in Northern India, vol 184. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, pp 1025\u0026ndash;1036\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall FM (2009) Heavy metals in vegetables collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of India. 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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Zimbabwe: implications for human health. \u003cem\u003eAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e112\u003c/em\u003e(1), pp.41\u0026ndash;48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWHO/FAO (2007) Expert committee on food additives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 329\u0026ndash;336\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJoint FAO/WHO expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (1993) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: 41st report of the Joint FAO/WHO expert Committee on Food Additives, World Health Organization, Geneva, Technical Reports Series No. 837,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJoint FAO, World Health, Organization (2001) Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified foods: report of a Joint FAO (No. WHO/FOS/2001.01). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Heavy metals, health risk assessment, irrigation, ICP-OES","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3869068/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3869068/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and horticultural crops grown under irrigation in the Mojo and Koka sites in Oromia, Ethiopia, and to evaluate the potential health risks that these metals may cause to consumers. For this investigation, a total of 50 onion (\u003cem\u003eAllium porrum L\u003c/em\u003e.) and 50 soil samples were gathered. The content of heavy metals was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) after the samples' digest using microwave-assisted digestion. The mean concentrations of examined trace elements in onion (mg/kg) were found in the range of 0.80 to 0.95, for As 1.77 to 0.91 for Sn, 2.09 to 1.49 for Pb, 12.29 to 7.31 for B, 13.85 to 12.33 for Zn, 0.34 to 0.25 for Cd, 1.83 to 1.78 for Hg, 11.29 to 7.54 for Cu, 0.83 to 0.78 for Ni, 0.34 to 0.31 for Co, 78.39 to 42.19 for Fe, 17.03 to 11.56 for Mn, and 1.03to 1.02 for Cr. Given that the average levels of Pb, Hg, Cd, and As in onions at both irrigation sites surpassed the upper limit of allowable levels established by the joint FAO/WHO commission. These metals' concentrations in soil are found to be within acceptable bounds. As compared to other literatures, their concentration really exceeded in both irrigation sites. According to the metal pollution load index, the overall pollution load of trace metals, including As, Pb, Cd, and Hg, was found to be moderately higher in both irrigation locations for the majority of the onions under study. The results, which were computed using an adult consumer's food intake, indicated that the Pb and Hg dietary exposure levels were much higher than the daily intake amounts that were considered tentatively tolerated. The soil-to-onion transfer factor showed that whereas Fe has a strong sorption to the soil colloids, metal Cu is comparatively poorly maintained in the soil. The degree of metal enrichment in soils and sediments is higher than in other literatures, according to the soil pollution indices. Thus, swift action is needed to stop the issue and guarantee public safety along the food system's supply chain.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Heavy metal contamination in soil and health risk assessment through onion consumption in Mojo and Koka, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-18 16:44:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3869068/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f925046f-48a6-40d5-8f81-158aaa49421c","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-15T09:44:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-18 16:44:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3869068","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3869068","identity":"rs-3869068","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}