Intelligent Tourism for a Fragile Ecosystem: Promoting Sustainability in the Santurbán Paramo with Industry 4.0

Intelligent Tourism for a Fragile Ecosystem: Promoting Sustainability in the Santurbán Paramo with Industry 4.0 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Intelligent Tourism for a Fragile Ecosystem: Promoting Sustainability in the Santurbán Paramo with Industry 4.0 Marco Flórez, Eduardo Carrillo, Jhon Linares, Francisco Mendes This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139973/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Paramo de Santurbán in Colombia, a unique ecosystem, is under threat from mining activities and the challenge of sustainable water management. This study investigates tourism as a potential solution, highlighting the importance of understanding tourism stakeholders' impact on the ecosystem's sustainable development. Utilizing the MACTOR software, the analysis included a wide range of stakeholders—thematic experts, tourism entrepreneurs, and governance professionals. Findings indicate that various stakeholders, notably the government, local communities, and tourism entrepreneurs, significantly influence the Paramo. The government is crucial in ensuring tourism's sustainability through regulation, whereas local communities, although benefiting from tourism, require protection against its potential negative impacts. These insights are instrumental for strategic tourism planning and promotion in the Santurbán Paramo, guiding decision-makers towards sustainable ecosystem management. Sustainable tourism stakeholder analysis Santurbán Paramo MACTOR intelligent territories Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction The tourism sector plays a pivotal role in fostering economic growth in developing nations, and Colombia is no exception. In recent years, the Colombian government has made substantial investments in tourism with the aim of bolstering visitor numbers and generating foreign exchange (Goffi et al., 2019 ; Rico-Ramírez & Gómez-Caipa, 2021 ). Given Colombia's rich array of ecosystems, opportunities abound for attracting both domestic and international tourists, particularly in the realms of ecotourism and scientific tourism (González-Cortés & Husain-Talero, 2020 ). The Santurbán Paramo, situated in the northeastern region of Colombia, stands out as a habitat boasting a distinctive variety of high-altitude equatorial paramo ecosystems, featuring numerous lagoons and rivers originating in its wetlands and holding considerable potential for the expansion of ecotourism (Duarte-Abadía & Boelens, 2016 ; García, 2013 ). Refer to Fig. 1 for its geographical location within Colombia. Presently, in Santurbán, an ongoing social conflict ensues, involving diverse social and economic stakeholders, notably mining associations that serve as the primary economic catalyst for the region, landowning peasants engaged in agricultural activities, and environmentalists. This conflict originates from mining operations, producing water-polluting byproducts, encompassing heavy metals like mercury and arsenic, along with toxins like cyanide (Alonso et al., 2020 ). At the same time, agricultural practices in the area contribute to the contamination of water sources through pesticides, intensifying challenges for downstream communities reliant on this vital resource and fueling tensions between water-related concerns and the economic pursuits of the local populace (Serrano & Serrano, 2017 ). In response to these challenges, the Colombian government has instituted a buffer zone encircling the paramo, prohibiting mining and agriculture in this designated area while advocating for the repurposing of lands historically allocated to these activities. This transition has prompted the community to explore alternative livelihoods, including levying fees on tourists visiting the lagoons. Regrettably, effective measures to safeguard the environment from the adverse impacts of tourism are yet to be implemented. To address this issue, this study advocates the use of a prospective stakeholder analysis in the Santurbán Paramo, serving as a tool to comprehensively understand the needs and expectations of key stakeholders in the tourism chain. These stakeholders encompass the local community, tourists, environmentalists, hoteliers, transporters, government authorities, among others (Amoako et al., 2022 ; Seyitoğlu & Ivanov, 2020 ). The results of this analysis can support the strengthening of tourism in the region, which is currently seeking economic development opportunities (Su et al., 2019 ). Examining these interactions facilitates the exploration of potential future scenarios, supported by the MACTOR software, utilizing a methodology proven to gauge the interactions among diverse actors and their relevance (Camargo et al., 2021 ; Venegas, Sánchez-Alfonso, Vesga, Sustainability, et al., 2022). This document follows a structured approach, commencing with a presentation of the theoretical underpinnings supporting intelligent and sustainable tourism. Subsequently, it provides a detailed description of the applied methodology, concluding with the presentation and analysis of future scenarios. The impetus behind this work lies in the development of a proposal for an intelligent tourism framework in the Santurbán Paramo. This proposal is grounded in an analysis of the community's needs, leveraging the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies and scientific knowledge (Flórez et al., 2022 ). The essential challenge facing tourism as a viable option lies in harmonizing its implementation with the needs of the environment. Mismanaged tourism can exert adverse influences on the environment, including pollution, habitat degradation, and the proliferation of invasive species (Metilelu et al., 2022 ). To mitigate these effects, tourism must be developed sensibly, lessening its impact on the environment, but also actively supporting local populations in their economic growth. Preserving regional culture and heritage poses additional hurdles that must be overcome for the realization of sustainable tourism in the Santurbán Paramo. The objective of the research articulated in this paper is to delineate the role of stakeholders in crafting a sustainable tourism framework for the Santurbán Paramo. The framework is predicated on the following principles: Sustainability: Tourism ought to be structured in a way that minimizes its negative impacts on both the environment and local communities. Community Participation: In the planning and development of tourism, the active involvement of local communities is imperative. Innovation: Leveraging new technologies is instrumental in fashioning tourism practices that are more sustainable. The analysis employs a methodology utilizing the Mactor software to scrutinize interactions among diverse actors in the realm of tourism. This methodology facilitates the identification of key players and their influence on tourism development, while also pinpointing potential future scenarios for tourism in the Santurbán Paramo. The results of the research highlight the possibility of establishing sustainable tourism in the Santurbán Paramo. However, there exist behavioral challenges among stakeholders that necessitate attention to fully realize this potential. 2. Literature review 2.1 Smart and sustainable tourism management Smart and sustainable tourism management represents a conceptual framework dedicated to the proficient organization and execution of tourism activities, harnessing cutting-edge technologies for destination management efficiency and sustainability (Hamid et al., 2021; Khan et al., 2017). The integration of artificial intelligence for recommendation systems, big data techniques for processing information, and IoT sensors for real-time data collection characterizes the technological backbone of this paradigm (Bulchand-Gidumal, 2022; Cepeda-Pacheco & Domingo, 2022; Rocha, 2020) . A pivotal component of this framework is the commitment to the sustainable implementation of tourism, particularly pertinent in the context of the Santurbán Paramo—a meticulously preserved area. This commitment underscores the protection of local culture and communities, simultaneous with the pursuit of enhanced economic benefits for residents. The recommended system is meticulously crafted to harmonize these dual objectives, ensuring the protection of the paramo while delivering a positive experience for tourists. This comprehensive initiative proposes a unified system that integrates robust governance policies, local residents, tourist enterprises, guides, and technology to foster the sustainability of the region. Anticipated outcomes encompass supporting the conservation process of the paramo biome and cultivating a conservation culture. The latter acknowledges the indispensable role of tourist guides and promoters, crucial in managing continuous visitor traffic through the area(Donbak, 2020; Tătar et al., 2018). To achieve these objectives, a thorough literature review was conducted, delving into prior research dedicated to the development of high-quality, environmentally conscious smart tourism—the fundamental objective of this study. The cornerstone of intelligent tourism is rooted in the integration of technological networks, the Internet of Things, and virtual reality, image recognition, and machine learning (Başer et al., 2019). These applications, necessitating advanced digital processing techniques, are compounded by the vast data generated daily from tourism-related social networks, thus requiring the application of big data techniques (Ardito et al., 2019). 2.2 Stakeholder Analysis In its inception, stakeholder theory was directed towards managing individuals within organizations to enhance outcomes in projects involving multiple contributors (Freeman, 2010; Laplume et al., 2008). Conceptually, this theory seeks to comprehend the workings of a system beyond its constituents and processes, incorporating the interests of various actors (Freeman, 2010). This approach, incorporating sociological aspects, was developed to analyze strategies and objectives that could enhance the policies and strategies of organizations. Applying stakeholder theory to organizational management involves scrutinizing actors, their characteristics, and their inclinations to understand fundamentally how they organize, collaborate, or impede objectives set by an organization or social project. This analytical approach has been effectively employed across diverse research fields, including business management, such as in biogas management (Rambaree et al., 2021), the formulation of models for public administration management (Sakharova et al., 2021), environmental management in vast lakes (Holifield & Williams, 2019) , and sustainable tourism management (Berggren Ek & Espling, 2021; Spadaro et al., 2023; Wanner & Pröbstl-Haider, 2019) , among others. Stakeholder theory provides a framework for investigating administration and governance concerning social issues, particularly pertinent to the future development of intelligent tourism in the Santurbán paramo, where diverse interests converge. Its application proves instrumental in establishing appropriate interactions between these interests (Dmytriyev et al., 2021). Originating as an approach for strategic analysis, the objectives of stakeholder theory were to enhance the policies and strategies of organizations (Freeman et al., 2020). The relevance of this theory to the Santurbán tourism case lies in the intricate interplay among various actors who can either support or counteract each other, influencing the establishment of a sustainable, intelligent tourism system. Numerous previous studies have explored the intersection between tourism and stakeholder theory. For example, (Nilsson & Aquino, 2021) delved into rural tourism in Europe, while (Li et al., 2020) examined tourism in world-renowned heritage areas, studying how stakeholders integrate and collaborate. (Serravalle et al., 2019) employed the stakeholder approach to analyze digital technologies such as augmented reality and their application in museum tourism, culminating in a conceptual model for such environments. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of stakeholders in the Santurbán Paramo, a strategic ecosystem for Colombia. For this purpose, stakeholder theory will be combined with the MACTOR program, a valuable tool for stakeholder analysis in various fields of knowledge. A literature review in Scopus and Web of Science demonstrated the application of MACTOR in various studies from 2018 to 2023. These studies, published in high -impact journals, validate the usefulness of MACTOR as a scientific tool in areas such as energy consumption, personnel management, and product design, the results are presented in Table 1. The MACTOR software will be used to identify and categorize the stakeholders of the Paramo de Santurbán, as well as to understand their interests, relationships, and strategies. Information will be collected through interviews, surveys, and documentary analysis. The research is expected to identify key stakeholders in Paramo de Santurbán, understand their interests and relationships, and assess their impact on the ecosystem. This data will enable the formulation of strategies aimed at the sustainable management of the paramo. Table 1 Research conducted with the use of MACTOR software Authors Year Subject area Summary Bortoni, Edson C., et al (Bortoni et al., 2020) 2020 Energy Efficiency Analysis of efficient electric motor utilization, incorporating key variable selection, control agent involvement, and expert thematic insights to propose policies enhancing energy usage across regions of Brazil Boumaour, Amina, et al (Boumaour et al., 2018) 2018 Governance in marine protected areas A stakeholder analysis focusing on the management of Gouraya National Park in Algeria, an area of both ecological and economic significance, was conducted through a combination of direct interviews and the application of MACTOR software. This approach facilitated the quantification of each stakeholder's influence in achieving the established objectives. Rees, Gareth H., et al (Rees et al., 2018) 2018 Healthcare systems Investigation into healthcare personnel interactions employing mixed methodologies, including semi-structured interviews and MACTOR software, to inform policy-making in workforce planning. Guangying Jin, et al (Jin et al., 2023) 2023 Risk management in product design and development. This study advocates for combining Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) with MACTOR software utilization to enhance risk management throughout the product design and development process. This approach is applicable across various projects, including engineering, logistics, and financial endeavors. Meza-Arce, Mercedes I., et al (Meza-Arce et al., 2020) 2020 Watching tourism This research analyzes power relations among stakeholders in Guadalupe Island's shark-watching tourism sector, based on MACTOR software findings. The results demonstrate a predominant power imbalance favoring government agencies, underscoring the critical role of balance in the tourism ecosystem's performance. Venegas, Camilo, et al (Venegas, Sánchez-Alfonso, Vesga, Martín, et al., 2022) 2022 Biosolids management This article employs the MICMAC and MACTOR prospective methodologies to examine the key factors and stakeholders influencing the management and recycling of biosolids. Cerezo-Narváez, A., et al (Cerezo-Narváez et al., 2021) 2021 building process The aim of this study was to assess the diverse actors within the construction industry, employing MACTOR analysis to identify their influence and dependency relationships.. 2.3 Future Scenarios Methodology Introduced in 2012 by Peter Schwartz (Schwartz, 2012a), the technique known as scenario planning offers a strategic approach for analyzing and preparing for potential future scenarios and challenges that a project or organization might encounter, as originally described by Godet in 2000 (Godet, 2000). This methodology relies on generating various hypothetical scenarios based on distinct assumptions and driving forces and has been applied across business, government, and non-profit sectors. It aids in the development of forward-looking policies, strategic planning, and risk assessment, thus enabling anticipation of and preparation for future challenges across various domains, as evidenced by Markmann and colleagues in 2013 (Markmann et al., 2013). The scenario planning methodology typically encompasses the following phases: · Participant and Objective Identification: This phase engages key stakeholders and defines the scope of the scenario planning exercise (Flynn et al., 2018). · Environmental Assessment: This phase involves gathering and analyzing data concerning the external environment, identifying trends, critical uncertainties, and driving forces that could shape the future (Oliver & Parrett, 2018) . · Scenario Formulation: Based on the identified uncertainties, a set of diverse and plausible future scenarios is developed. Each scenario provides a detailed narrative that describes a potential future and the path by which the world might arrive at such a state (Spaniol & Rowland, 2019) . · Analysis of Strategic Implications and Alternatives: For each scenario, the implications for the organization are evaluated, and strategic options for an effective response are explored (Oliver & Parrett, 2018) . · Strategy Formulation and Execution: This phase involves formulating strategies that demonstrate resilience across various scenarios, along with adaptable action plans that can be modified in response to environmental changes. · Monitoring and Revision: This phase establishes a monitoring framework to track key indicators that could signal a shift towards a particular scenario, thereby enabling necessary strategic adjustments. The integration of scenario planning with anticipatory analysis has evolved and its currency remains as a tool for effectively navigating through contemporary uncertainties and complexities. This assertion is supported by the analysis of six case studies ranging from environmental sustainability to the transition towards renewable energy and corporate innovation, as detailed by (Elsawah et al., 2020). These cases emphasize the necessity of stakeholder inclusion in the planning process and the importance of linking scenarios across different dimensions—geographical, sectoral, and temporal—to achieve a comprehensive systems analysis that incorporates both social and environmental elements. In that same timeframe, (Witt et al., 2020) showcased the synergy between scenario planning, energy systems analysis, and multi-criteria approaches in facilitating a shift towards a sustainable energy framework. A specific case study in Lower Saxony, Germany, illustrated the efficacy of this integrated approach in tackling complex issues and assessing energy alternatives amidst external uncertainties. From a corporate perspective, (Oliveira et al., 2021) proposed a model that merges future scenario development with multi-criteria decision-making techniques for selecting business ventures for incubation. This model not only enhances the efficiency of existing evaluation mechanisms but also proves versatile across different incubation contexts. Moreover, (Burt & Nair, 2020) delved into the concept of 'unlearning' within the scope of scenario planning, arguing that shedding entrenched beliefs could lead to a clearer anticipatory strategic vision. This research introduces a novel angle on how scenario planning can stimulate innovation and foster organizational adaptability. Lastly, (Rodríguez-Rivero et al., 2020) applied strategic foresight in managing a developmental project in Colombia, illustrating this approach's effectiveness in strategically foreseeing and adjusting to future challenges, thereby significantly improving project implementation. The aggregation of these studies highlights the significance and utility of scenario planning and prospective analysis across a broad spectrum of contexts, accentuating their role in both theoretical and practical advancements across various fields. Embracing these methodologies enhances strategic decision-making, encourages active engagement from stakeholders, and adeptly addresses uncertainty, underscoring their contribution to promoting sustainability, innovation, and adaptability amid uncertain futures, as is the case currently being studied in the Santurbán protected area in Colombia. 3. Methodology This research builds upon the foundational work of (Flórez et al., 2022) to identify the factors and key players influencing the implementation of sustainable tourism in the study area. Adopting a prospective approach, as outlined by (Godet, 2000), comprehensive fieldwork was conducted, which included structured interviews and leveraging the expertise of an anonymous panel of eighteen stakeholders. This panel included distinguished individuals from various sectors, such as university professors specialized in academia, tourism experts, entrepreneurs, community representatives (Ryan & Deci, 2000), public sector officials, and two specialists in innovation and technology. The iterative nature of engagement with these experts ensured a deep exploration of their insights. The methodological framework, informed by (Godet, 2000) approach, not only aligns with the research objectives but also establishes a solid foundation for analyzing the multifaceted aspects of sustainable tourism. Including diverse stakeholders adds depth to the study, reflecting a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics in sustainable tourism implementation. The methodology used in this study unfolds through distinct stages, each playing a crucial role in developing a comprehensive understanding of the tourism environment in the Santurbán Paramo. The methodological rigor is exemplified through the following sequential steps: 1. SWOT Model: An initial diagnostic snapshot of the current state of the region's tourism sector was provided, synthesized from a review of sector studies and expert insights (Namugenyi et al., 2019; Wirahayu et al., 2019). 2. Structural Analysis: Using Micmac software (Fathi et al., 2022) , a structural analysis was conducted to identify key variables crucial for the Santurbán Paramo tourism system, contributing to an understanding of its structural dynamics. 3. Dominant and Influential Actors: Actors wielding the power to shape the trajectory of the tourism chain were identified. Concurrently, a conceptual framework (Flórez et al., 2022) was presented to lay the groundwork for future development. 4. Defining Strategic Objectives: Building on defined pillars for the tourism development model in Santurbán and informed by expert consultations, strategic objectives for the sector were formulated. 5. MACTOR Analysis: The MACTOR software facilitated an in-depth analysis of stakeholder interactions, strategically linking them with the sector's goals and challenges. Weights assigned in the dependency and influence matrix guided this process. 6. Stakeholder and Strategic Objectives Relationship: MACTOR software was further used to examine the relationship between stakeholders and strategic objectives, elucidating the influence of stakeholders on project development. 7. Future Scenarios Analysis: Drawing from key variables identified through MIMAC analysis and influential actors from MACTOR analysis, an analysis of future scenarios was conducted. This forward-looking exploration aimed to anticipate potential developments and challenges, contributing to a more resilient and adaptable tourism framework in the Santurbán Paramo. The flow chart of the applied methodology can be seen in Figure 2. 3.1. Strategic objectives for sustainable and smart tourism The formulation of strategic objectives for the advancement of smart and sustainable tourism, grounded in technological applications, emerged from a comprehensive structural analysis utilizing MIMAC and insights gleaned from expert opinions. In a concerted effort to identify the most influential actors, representatives from each group were selectively chosen and engaged through semi-structured surveys. This process culminated in the identification of four overarching strategic challenges, each accompanied by a set of fifteen specific objectives. The ensuing objectives are delineated below and systematically grouped based on the challenges they are designed to address, as detailed in Table 2: Table 2. Objectives set for tourism in Santurbán. Objectives Acronyms Challenge 1. To help create and maintain sustainable tourism for the Paramo de Santurbán area. TurSosten Create a protective environment for the Santurbán paramo biome based on knowledge and appreciation of the area. 2. Promote scientific tourism in the Paramo de Santurbán. ImpTurPS 3. To create social awareness about the care of the Paramo de Santurbán area. CreConSocP 4. To increase knowledge of flora and fauna of the Paramo de Santurbán zone. DifConFyF 5. To improve the income of the people who own the land in the Paramo de Santurbán. MejIngDuPS Develop a substitute source of income for inhabitants and landowners who cannot exploit their land due to its delimitation as a protected area. 6. To increase the demand for tourism agencies in the Paramo de Santurbán area. MejDemAgTP 7. Increased flow of tourists for the benefit of transport companies. BenTransp 8. Promote technological development in the Paramo de Santurbán region. ImpDesTecP 9. Coverage to promote Accessible Tourism. TurisAcc 10. Improve the tourism experience when visiting the Paramo de Santurbán through technology. MejExpePS Generate the development of the technological environment to implement smart tourism in the region and replicate the model in other protected areas in Colombia. 11. Develop technological projects applied to tourism. ProTecnTur 12. Generate the best options for tourists through innovation. Innovación 13. To promote and develop Technological Tourism in Colombia. PyDTurTecC 14. Promote the concept of digital marketing for tourism in the Santurbán Paramo area. MarketDigi Dynamize the promotion of tourism in the Santurbán paramo using social networks. 15. Use social networks to promote tourism in the Santurbán Paramo. RedSocPrTP 3.2. Stakeholder selection The efficacy of stakeholder analysis hinges upon the meticulous selection of relevant actors. This process commences with the identification of entities possessing the operational capacity to exert influence on the established objectives of the system (Poudyal et al., n.d.). Guided by these criteria and expert insights, stakeholders were judiciously chosen from diverse groups, including government bodies, local inhabitants, area traders, academic representatives, and conservationists. In total, 18 stakeholders were thoughtfully considered. A representative sample of the analyzed stakeholders is presented in Table 3 for reference Table 3 . Stakeholders’ sustainable tourism in Santurbán. Stakeholders Acronyms 1. Inhabitants of the Area HabZona 2. Farmers' associations in the tourism sector AsoCamST 3. Municipal Governors GobMunic 4. Departmental Governors GobDepart 5. National Governors GobNacion 6. Environmental Conservation Entities EntMedAmb 7. Local businessmen ComerZon 8. Academy Academia 9. Travel Agencies AgeViaje 10. Actors in the armed conflict in Colombia. AcConArC 11. Large mining companies GranEmpMin 12. Owners of the land where the moor is referenced. DueñosPred 13 Traders in the Zone. ComerZona 14. Hoteliers Hoteleros 15. Tourist guides. GuíTurís 16. Miners' associations. AsoMineros 17. Public and private banking. BanPuYPri 18. Conservation experts. ExpEnConse Stakeholders underwent a participatory treatment facilitated through focus groups, delving into the challenges associated with the implementation of smart and sustainable tourism (Glicken, 2000). Employing the Mactor methodology, each stakeholder was ascribed a weight corresponding to their impact on other stakeholders, forming an influence matrix. This matrix elucidates power relations among stakeholders, with values ranging from (0) for null influence to (4) for a very strong impact, a calibration meticulously deliberated upon by our panel of experts. Structured interviews were conducted with these stakeholders, assessing topics concerning environmental, sociocultural, and economic sustainability as perceived in the Santurbán Paramo (Franciosi et al., 2021; Lindman et al., 2020; Rusciano et al., 2020). Particularly noteworthy was the input from tourism service providers officially registered with the governmental regulatory entity. Surveys were administered in the municipalities of Vetas, Suratá, Matanza, Tona, and California, encompassing the Santurbán Paramo's sphere of influence within the Santander department. Their insights bear significant weight in this analysis, providing crucial perspectives on current practices and their alignment with the objectives of this research 3.3. Utilization of MACTOR Software for Stakeholder Analysis Once the strategic objectives for the sustainable development of tourism in Santurbán are set and selecting relevant stakeholders through the aforementioned processes, the focus shifted to acquiring data on these stakeholders, crucial for the implementation of the tourism strategy. Semi-structured surveys, encompassing functions, interests, relationships with other stakeholders, and their current positions vis-à-vis the objectives, were employed to gather pertinent information. This data, serving as input, guided the experts in assigning weights to the relationships between actors. The application of the MACTOR software involved a qualitative assessment of power relationships among stakeholders, encompassing the following steps (Macioszek et al., 2023): Matrix of Direct Influences (MDI): This matrix encapsulates the relationships among all involved actors. Values, ranging from 0 to 4, were assigned based on the degree of influence. A score of (0) signified no influence, while (4) indicated a substantial capacity to question the very existence of one actor by another. The MDI was crafted through collaboration with the expert panel. Each expert evaluated pairwise relationships, and these assessments were then subjected to descriptive statistical methods—standard deviation, interquartile range, and mode—ensuring consensus and determining the final values for the 18x18 matrix (Flórez et al., 2022). The detailed values can be found in figure 3. Matrix of Valued Positions Actor X Objective (2MAO): This matrix represents the alignment of each actor with the defined objectives. In MACTOR nomenclature, it is referred to as the Actor X Objective (2MAO) (Riadh, 2022). Evaluation, ranging from 0 to 4, assigns a positive sign for support, a negative sign for opposition, and a zero denotes a neutral stance toward the analyzed objective. The methodology employed for the MDI was replicated to determine these values. The assigned values are illustrated in Figure 4, which serves as input for the MACTOR software. MACTOR facilitates the identification of pivotal actors and their interconnections with other stakeholders. The comprehension of power dynamics and the influence wielded by each stakeholder in the prospective implementation of sustainable tourism in Santurbán will be significantly enhanced through the utilization of this valuable information. 4. Results The Santurbán region's parties involved in the advancement of sustainable tourism were analyzed using MACTOR (Burbano et al., 2022 ). Based on this analysis, the results found for the most critical actors in the interactions, such as surveys, interviews, literature review, etc., reviews be presented below. 4. Mactor Analysis After entering data in MACTOR software, the direct and indirect influences for sustainable and intelligent tourism growth were obtained. This analysis allowed us to know the determining actors. Figure 5 shows the results generated by the MACTOR software, providing a visual representation of the results. These are presented in four quadrants according to the relationship of influence and dependence between them (Ben-Daoud et al., 2022 ; Castaño-Castellanos & Becerra-Ardila, 2020 ; Mohamed et al., 2021 ); in the lower left half-plane are the autonomous actors corresponding to Mining Associations (AsoMineros) and Actors of the armed conflict in Colombia (AcConArC). In the lower right half-plane are the actors with strong influence on the advancement of sustainable tourism but with low dependence, which indicates that they are significant but not necessary in this case, Large mining companies (GranEmpMin), Conservation experts (ExpEnConse), Academia and almost at the proper upper limit the Transporters to the páramo zone (TransParam). In the upper left half-plane are the dominant actors that have strong influence and low dependence; they have the power to influence the process, but their dependence on the system in the implementation of the strategic challenges is low, corresponding to traders in the area (ComerZon), farmers associations (AsoCamST), environmental conservation entities (EntMedAmb) and bordering almost on the limits are hoteliers and private and public banks (BanPuYPri). Finally, in the right half-plane, the linking actors, the latter being the most important in the further development of the strategic challenges. These include the national (GobNacion), departmental (GobDepart), and local (GobMunic) governments, as well as the inhabitants (HabZona) and landowners (DueñosPred), travel agencies (AgeViaje) and tourist guides (GuíTurís). Mactor allows us to observe the convergences and divergences between the actors that participated in the study. Figure 6 shows these relationships, with the most decisive lines being those with the greatest convergence and the weakest those with the least. The several state agencies that supervise the creation of public policies for the growth of the tourism industry exhibits convergences, as well as convergences between the academic actors and the entities in charge of overseeing the sustainability of the paramo. Divergences were noted among mining associations, landowners, and conservationist entities due to conceptual discordance in their visions for the future use of the territory. 5. Tourism Service Providers The advancement of sustainable tourism is significantly augmented through the active participation of tourism service providers (Marin-Pantelescu et al., 2019 ). This study conducted a comprehensive survey of tourism service providers in the municipalities of California, Vetas, Suratá, Toná, and Matanza within the influence zone of the Santurbán Paramo in Santander, Colombia. The findings indicate: A limited number of tourism service providers are present in the region, predominantly comprising small-scale enterprises. Hotels exhibit low occupancy rates, primarily catering to individuals employed in the mining industry. Accommodation prices are modest, ranging between US $ 9 and US $ 26 per night. Absence of tailored plans for diverse visitor categories among tourism service providers. Less than 20% of personnel responsible for delivering tourism services have undergone formal customer service training. Guides leading tours lack proficiency in English. These results underscore the imperative need to enhance the capabilities and education of tourism service providers in the paramo. The resultant improvement in the sustainability of tourism in the region will yield substantial benefits for the local community. 6. Inhabitants of the area The inhabitants of Santurbán have a rich history in mining and agriculture, as most of the inhabitants of the towns of Vetas and California depend on mining for their livelihoods. (Duarte-Abadía et al., 2023 ). Additionally, the municipalities of Tona and Surata play crucial roles as producers of potatoes and Junca onions, with some residents engaging in cattle ranching. However, recent years have witnessed social conflicts in the region stemming from a Colombian Constitutional Court ruling that delineates land use in the paramo. This ruling restricts certain areas from mining and agriculture, prioritizing the conservation of water resources. As revealed in the conducted interviews, it is evident that inhabitants persist in their traditional practices, leading to adverse consequences for sustainable land use management. These include: The discharge of mining byproducts such as cyanide and mercury into water sources, with detrimental effects on water consumers (Londoño et al., 2019 ; Mantey et al., 2020 ; Song et al., 2019 ). Unrestrained use of agrochemicals by farmers, prioritizing economic costs over potential ecosystemic consequences (Ruuskanen et al., 2022 ; Wang & Cernava, 2020 ). Damaging impact of extensive cattle ranching on vegetation cover. Limited environmental awareness among the region's inhabitants, with recent associations primarily focused on preserving traditional lifestyles and showing minimal interest in environmental protection if it entails economic losses. There is an urgent need to offer enhanced training and education on sustainable land use practices to the region's inhabitants. Additionally, efforts should be directed towards promoting alternative economic activities that are environmentally friendly. 7. Governmental entities In the domain of the judicial branch, the national government's involvement in the area is rooted in Constitutional Court Sentence C-035, which delineated the paramo zone but predominantly impacted artisanal miners. Notably, large mining companies retained their exploitation titles in the unprotected area, intensifying general discontent among the population. This has led to an ongoing, protracted struggle since 2014, marked by a lack of a definitive agreement on this delimitation. Turning to the national legislative branch, a response to this persistent social struggle resulted in the enactment of Law 1930 on July 27, 2018. This law aims to establish comprehensive guidelines for the management of moorlands in Colombia. Its articles lay the groundwork for the protection of moorlands, recognizing them as vital sites for water resource generation. The legislation also introduced the role of moorland manager for the area's inhabitants, entrusting the regulation of this position to the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. Specifically addressing tourism, Article 27 acknowledges ecotourism as a social and financial strategy for conservation, subject to proper regulation by competent authorities in moorland ecosystems. The recognition of ecotourism activities in these areas is contingent upon special regulation by environmental authorities due to the additional anthropic pressure they may face. While this provision opens avenues for sustainable tourism growth in the Santurbán moor, its specific management by environmental authorities remains to be specified (Parra-Romero, 2022 ). Conspicuously, the executive branch of government has been notably absent in implementing infrastructure and basic sanitation measures. This is evident in the inadequate condition of access roads, deficient wastewater management systems, and a lack of digital connectivity in much of the rural sector. To foster the development of the area's tourism potential, government policies must be harmonized. Such coordination will pave the way for optimal growth scenarios and sustainability, aligning with broader objectives (Kubickova & Campbell, 2020 ; Liu et al., 2020 ). 8. Analysis of possible scenarios The prospective analysis serves as a tool to comprehend impact variables and stakeholders in forthcoming scenarios, enabling a reasonable anticipation of potential challenges in policy implementation. One widely employed methodology in prospective scenario analysis is the Peter Schwartz axis methodology (Schwartz, 2012b ). This approach integrates results derived from structural analysis, stakeholder analysis, and expert opinions. The Schwartz axis delineates four quadrants on a Cartesian plane, as depicted in Fig. 7 . The first quadrant represents the best expectations, characterized by positive trends, while the third quadrant signifies the worst-case scenario, depicting a system collapse (Camarena et al., 2022 ). Scenario 1 , envisions the continuity of tourism without sustainability indicators. In this scenario, tourism in the Santurbán area persists with current tourist levels visiting from the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga. However, this scenario lacks technological advancements, relies on traditional methods, and neglects ecological protection. Causes The absence of synergy between the state, service providers, and technological drivers hinders progress. Insufficient infrastructure for smart tourism development and inadequate management of tourist impacts on the environment by environmental authorities are key factors. Consequences Tourism becomes a source of income for only a minority of the sector's inhabitants. Unregulated tourism negatively impacts the paramo's resources, potentially leading to the permanent closure of this economic activity in the protected area. Challenge The crucial challenge is to devise a policy directed at establishing an Industry 4.0 infrastructure for the implementation of smart tourism in the paramo area. This necessitates fostering collaboration among stakeholders, enhancing technological integration, and implementing sustainable tourism practices to ensure the enduring viability of tourism in the region. Scenario 2 , tourism grows sustainably and smartly. In this optimistic scenario, the envisioned technological advancements materialize, and regulations are instituted in harmony with the demands of the protected environment. A framework emphasizing environmental protection is forged through scientific knowledge and technology. Access for international tourists is enhanced, fostering economic growth that translates into improved income for the local community and tourism service providers. Causes The impetus for this positive scenario lies in the proactive efforts of national and local governments, which implement incentives for tourism development. This involves creating necessary infrastructure and regulations that foster a symbiotic relationship between tourism and sustainability. Both tourism service providers and tourists actively leverage technology to deliver a unique experience while preserving the environment. Consequences Tourism experiences sustainable growth, contributing to the economic well-being of the people in the Santurbán area. Challenge The primary challenge in this scenario is to consolidate a comprehensive public policy that engages all stakeholders. Utilizing Industry 4.0 technology, this policy should be geared towards establishing smart tourism practices. This involves integrating technological solutions across the tourism value chain, from planning and booking to on-site experiences, to ensure sustainable growth and responsible tourism in the Santurbán area. Scenario 3 , Conditions are created but not implemented in practice. In this scenario, despite the formulation of public policies and the development of necessary infrastructure, the practical implementation falls short due to a lack of ecological awareness among service providers and visiting tourists. Causes The absence of training and controls hinders the sustainable utilization of resources by tourism service providers and tourists. The gap in knowledge and awareness prevents the effective adoption of ecologically responsible practices. Consequences The region experiences repeated visits by massive groups of tourists who, lacking awareness and technological tools designed for environmental protection, exert adverse impacts on the paramo's sustainability. Over time, the necessity arises to restrict entry and suspend tourism activities to mitigate the negative consequences. Challenge The central challenge in this scenario is to instill a robust culture of sustainability among tourism service providers. This entails implementing comprehensive training programs, regulatory frameworks, and awareness campaigns to foster responsible practices among all stakeholders. Building a shared commitment to ecological preservation is crucial to ensuring the long-term viability of tourism in the Santurbán area. Scenario 4 , Public policy on tourism differs from the needs of tourism in the sector. In this scenario, public tourism policy lacks congruence with the demands of the tourism sector in the region. Environmental policies, both at the national and local level, run counter to the implementation of tourism and impede its potential for growth. Causes Norms and regulations issued for the paramo sector prohibit its utilization as a visitor-accessible area, prioritizing only environmental interests. This misalignment between policy and the practical needs of the tourism sector creates barriers to its development. Consequences Tourism faces substantial hindrances as policies restrict access to the paramo sector, hindering both community and environmental interests. The sector experiences stagnation, unable to grow while balancing the well-being of the community and environmental conservation. Challenge The main challenge in this scenario is to foster a conducive environment for the growth of tourism in protected areas within the frameworks of both national and local policies. This involves advocating for policies that strike a balance between environmental conservation and the socio-economic benefits that sustainable tourism can bring to the region. Aligning policies with the nuanced needs of the tourism sector is essential for fostering a thriving and sustainable tourism industry in the Santurbán area. 5. Discussion The deployment of qualitative methodologies, facilitated by the use of MACTOR software, has enabled a deep dive into the array of direct and indirect factors influencing the evolution of sustainable and intelligent tourism within the Santurbán region. This analysis pinpointed the pivotal roles of various stakeholders, including local inhabitants, property owners, travel agencies, tour guides, and government agencies at both the national and local levels. Their significant impact is recognized as crucial for navigating the strategic challenges identified in this study. This observation aligns with the research by (Cerveny et al., 2022 ), highlighting the vital role that community engagement plays in fortifying and advancing tourism services. Furthermore, the MACTOR analysis proved instrumental in identifying points of agreement and contention among the stakeholders, as demonstrated in Fig. 6 . It revealed alignments among governmental bodies tasked with tourism development and the synergy between academic institutions and entities dedicated to the sustainability of the Paramo ecosystem. Bolstering these collaborations could empower educational institutions to develop targeted training programs, potentially raising the bar for tourism service quality in Santurbán, as outlined by (Ollivaud & Haxton, 2019 ). The study also exposed significant divergences, especially among mining associations, landowners, and conservationist groups, showcasing the deep-rooted conflicts in land-use visions. The contrasting agendas—economic development versus environmental preservation (Kopnina, 2020 )—underscore the complex stakeholder dynamics. Direct interactions with the tourism service provider network in Santurbán, through surveys and interviews, have unearthed insights into their dedication to sustainability across various dimensions, from economic to environmental. A notable discovery is that the majority of hotels in the area function as small enterprises with low occupancy rates, catering mainly to merchants and miners. This scenario reveals a local economy heavily reliant on these sectors, a reliance overlooked by government authorities in their conservation efforts, leading to social discontent and unrest (Gutierrez Pacheco, 2019 ). The present scenario shows an absence of cohesive tourism strategies and a lack of adequate training for those tasked with delivering tourism services, especially those not aligning with international standards. The deficiency in language skills among guides and their lack of formal knowledge about the local biodiversity highlight critical areas needing improvement. These gaps underscore an urgent need for educational programs aimed at enhancing the quality and training of tourism services within the Santurbán Paramo region. Discussions with local communities have highlighted their marginalization from environmental conversations, pointing out a dependency on poorly regulated artisanal mining activities that lead to water pollution with dangerous substances like cyanide and mercury (Rey et al., 2021 ). The limited awareness among farmers regarding the broader ecological impacts of agrochemicals, coupled with a general disinterest in environmental conservation due to economic considerations, calls for educational workshops by environmental authorities to promote awareness and encourage sustainable practices. Despite having the resources to improve conditions in the Paramo, the government has shown minimal effort in implementing essential infrastructure and sanitation. Observations from field visits and feedback from both locals and visitors reflect a sentiment of neglect and dissatisfaction, which diminishes the region's potential for tourism (Villabona Rangel, 2021 ). Legislative efforts have largely been symbolic, with initiatives such as the comprehensive management of paramos falling short in practical application. Likewise, judicial delineations for protection by the constitutional court have prompted public dissent due to a lack of thorough evaluation. The process of identifying stakeholders, understanding their interrelations, and engaging directly with them has paved the way for envisioning various future scenarios. The most desirable scenario envisions a collaborative approach involving government bodies, service providers, and technology innovators to promote intelligent and sustainable tourism. In this scenario, the government would work closely with stakeholders to develop public policies that address Santurbán's unique needs, balancing environmental conservation with economic development, infrastructure improvements, and job creation for the local populace. Integrating incentives for tourism development into these policies is deemed essential (Yanes et al., 2019 ). Conversely, the least favorable scenarios focus on the challenges associated with fostering a culture of sustainability among tourism service providers and tourists. The aim of this research is to introduce technological solutions that support a conservation-oriented culture, thereby transforming the experiences of both visitors and providers in the Santurbán area. 6. Conclusions This study scrutinized the current state of tourism in the Colombian region of Santurbán Paramo, aiming to identify potential influences on its future growth. Utilizing the MACTOR technology tool, a prospective analysis explored the intricate interactions among key players, providing insights into sustainable tourism growth. Stakeholders pivotal to sustainable tourism were consulted, with a specific focus on Industry 4.0 technologies. The application of stakeholder theories helped identify effective partnerships and propose future scenarios crucial for policymaking. Additionally, the paper delved into the analysis of the primary actors in Santurbán Paramo's tourism chain, highlighting the region's convulsive state arising from the conflict between water source conservation and extensive mining, resulting in political and social tensions. Field observations and surveys underscored the nascent stage of sustainable tourism, coupled with a limited understanding of technology's potential. Current conditions for tourism development were deemed inadequate for the conservation of the paramo biome, revealing a lack of cohesion with the community and conflicting interests in land use rooted in a historical tradition of mining spanning over 400 years. The integration of various forces in the region has been hindered, partly due to the absence of a culture of sustainable resource management in the paramo. Urgent initiatives, especially in biodiversity management training for stakeholders, particularly tourist guides, are imperative. The government's intervention is critical not only in environmental aspects but also in infrastructure and basic sanitation. The current juncture presents a historic opportunity for sustainable development, driven by an emerging environmental consciousness and the acknowledgment of the region's natural wealth. Stakeholder selection ensured diverse perspectives, crucial for understanding the region's prospects for sustainable and intelligent tourism. Influence-dependence analyses underscored the need to direct efforts toward developing an environmental policy for Santurbán Paramo's use as a tourist attraction. This policy should fundamentally transform land use, shifting towards sustainability and ensuring resources for expanding technological infrastructure, thereby reinforcing the region as an intelligent territory (Lom et al., 2016 ; Svítek et al., 2020 ). Long-term sustainability of this policy relies on emerging from community consensus and receiving support from regional and national governments as harmonizing and guarantor entities. The analysis of future scenarios emphasized the urgency of fostering synergy between academia and local governments for generating training plans in environmental resource management for current tourism providers. Failing to act promptly may result in irreparable environmental damage from the uncontrolled influx of tourists. Ensuring harmonic development in the tourism sector necessitates comprehensive preparation for all stakeholders. In its entirety, this study contributes significantly to the qualitative analysis of forces steering land use in Santurbán, serving as a valuable guide for government entities and sector associations in formulating policies for the sustainable growth of the region in favor of tourism. 7. Limitations and opportunities for future research With the help of a team of experts, this study employed a qualitative research methodology. The experts gave their ratings, which were then transformed into numerical values using the MACTOR software. Therefore, these results are based on the interpretation and perception of the participants and may be influenced by their own experiences and opinions. This qualitative approach provides important information on the impressions and criteria of Santurbán stakeholders but does not allow a quantitative assessment of the impact on employment, the local economy, or the environment. It is advisable for future research to explore alternative approaches and utilize additional data sources to gain a comprehensive understanding of the situation. A study is also proposed on the technologies that would support the technological framework for tourism development to be truly intelligent. Declarations Author Contribution M.F., E.C., and F.M. conceptualized the study and designed the methodology.M.F. and J.L. conducted the experiments and collected the data.M.F. and E.C. analyzed the data and prepared the initial draft of the results section.M.F., E.C., and F.M. interpreted the results and wrote the main manuscript text.J.L. prepared all figures and tables.All authors reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version for submission. References Alonso, D. L., Pérez, R., Okio, C. K. Y. A., & Castillo, E. (2020). Assessment of mining activity on arsenic contamination in surface water and sediments in southwestern area of Santurbán paramo, Colombia. Journal of Environmental Management, 264 , 110478. Amoako, G. K., Obuobisa-Darko, T., & Ohene Marfo, S. (2022). Stakeholder role in tourism sustainability: The case of Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum and centre for art and culture in Ghana. International Hospitality Review, 36 (1), 25–44. Ardito, L., Cerchione, R., Del Vecchio, P., & Raguseo, E. (2019). Big data in smart tourism: challenges, issues and opportunities. In Current Issues in Tourism (Vol. 22, Issue 15, pp. 1805–1809). Taylor & Francis. Başer, G., Doğan, O., & Al-Turjman, F. (2019). Smart tourism destination in smart cities paradigm: A model for antalya. Artificial Intelligence in IoT, 63–83. Ben-Daoud, M., El Mahrad, B., Moroșanu, G. A., Elhassnaoui, I., Moumen, A., El Mezouary, L., ELbouhaddioui, M., Essahlaoui, A., & Eljaafari, S. (2022). Stakeholders’ Interaction in Water Management System: Insights from a MACTOR Analysis in the R’Dom Sub-basin, Morocco. Environmental Management, 1–16. Berggren Ek, A., & Espling, E. (2021). Sustainable Stakeholder Framework for Hotels: Supporting Sustainable Tourism Management in Vlora, Albania . Bortoni, E. C., Magalhães, L. P., Nogueira, L. A. H., Bajay, S. V, & Cassula, A. M. (2020). An assessment of energy efficient motors application by scenarios evaluation. Energy Policy, 140 , 111402. Boumaour, A., Grimes, S., Brigand, L., & Larid, M. (2018). Integration process and stakeholders’ interactions analysis around a protection project: Case of the National park of Gouraya, Algeria (South-western Mediterranean). Ocean & Coastal Management, 153 , 215–230. Bulchand-Gidumal, J. (2022). Impact of artificial intelligence in travel, tourism, and hospitality. In Handbook of e-Tourism (pp. 1943–1962). Springer. Burbano, D. V, Valdivieso, J. C., Izurieta, J. C., Meredith, T. C., & Ferri, D. Q. (2022). “Rethink and reset” tourism in the Galapagos Islands: Stakeholders’ views on the sustainability of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3 (2), 100057. Burt, G., & Nair, A. K. (2020). Rigidities of imagination in scenario planning: Strategic foresight through ‘Unlearning.’ Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 153 , 119927. Camarena, J. L., Osorio Vera, F. J., Rojas Jimenez, H. H., Borda Medina, E., Esteban Torregroza, J. C., & Tabares-Valencia, J. D. (2022). Future public policy guidelines for the sustainable development of Guaviare, Colombia for the year 2035. Foresight, 24 (2), 248–275. Camargo, M., Palominos, P., Marche, B., Toledo, F., Boly, V., & Alfaro, M. (2021). A multi-stakeholder system-based methodology to evaluate the needs of innovation ecosystems. Research in Engineering Design, 32 (4), 489–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00163-021-00368-7 Castaño-Castellanos, J. K., & Becerra-Ardila, L. E. (2020). Study of scenarios associated with the development of the MACTOR Agropolis in the Middle Magdalena region of Santander-Colombia. Dyna, 87 (212), 134–143. Cepeda-Pacheco, J. C., & Domingo, M. C. (2022). Deep learning and Internet of Things for tourist attraction recommendations in smart cities. Neural Computing and Applications, 34 (10), 7691–7709. Cerezo-Narváez, A., Pastor-Fernández, A., Otero-Mateo, M., & Ballesteros-Pérez, P. (2021). The relationship between building agents in the context of integrated project management: A prospective analysis. Buildings, 11 (5), 184. Cerveny, L. K., Derrien, M. M., Miller, A. B., & Meyer, C. (2022). Partnership and community engagement models for stewarding national scenic trails: A social-ecological systems perspective. Tourism Planning & Development, 19 (3), 204–226. Dmytriyev, S. D., Freeman, R. E., & Hörisch, J. (2021). The relationship between stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility: Differences, similarities, and implications for social issues in management. Journal of Management Studies, 58 (6), 1441–1470. Donbak, E. R. (2020). Tourist Guides as Representatives of Sustainable Tourism: Evidence From Turkey. In Cases on Tour Guide Practices for Alternative Tourism (pp. 39–54). IGI Global. Duarte-Abadía, B., & Boelens, R. (2016). Disputes over territorial boundaries and diverging valuation languages: The Santurban hydrosocial highlands territory in Colombia. Water International, 41 (1), 15–36. Duarte-Abadía, B., Boelens, R., & Buitrago, E. (2023). Neoliberal commensuration and new enclosures of the commons: mining and market–environmentalism governmentalities. Territory, Politics, Governance, 11 (7), 1480–1500. Elsawah, S., Hamilton, S. H., Jakeman, A. J., Rothman, D., Schweizer, V., Trutnevyte, E., Carlsen, H., Drakes, C., Frame, B., & Fu, B. (2020). Scenario processes for socio-environmental systems analysis of futures: a review of recent efforts and a salient research agenda for supporting decision making. Science of the Total Environment, 729 , 138393. Fathi, M. R., Zeinali, M., Torabi, M., & Alavizadeh, S. M. (2022). Structural analysis of the future of Iranian online banking employing a MICMAC approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 183 , 121943. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121943 Flórez, M. F., Linares, J. F., Carrillo, E., Mendes, F. M., & de Sousa, B. (2022). Proposal for a Framework to Develop Sustainable Tourism on the Santurbán Moor, Colombia, as an Alternative Source of Income between Environmental Sustainability and Mining. Sustainability, 14 (14), 8728. Flynn, M., Ford, J. D., Pearce, T., Harper, S. L., & Team, I. R. (2018). Participatory scenario planning and climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability research in the Arctic. Environmental Science & Policy, 79 , 45–53. Franciosi, C., Di Pasquale, V., Iannone, R., & Miranda, S. (2021). Multi-stakeholder perspectives on indicators for sustainable maintenance performance in production contexts: An exploratory study. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 27 (2), 308–330. Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach . Cambridge university press. Freeman, R. E., Phillips, R., & Sisodia, R. (2020). Tensions in stakeholder theory. Business & Society, 59 (2), 213–231. García, H. (2013, May 5). Valoración De Los Bienes Y Servicios Ambientales Provistos Por El Páramo De Santurbán . Glicken, J. (2000). Getting stakeholder participation ‘right’: a discussion of participatory processes and possible pitfalls. Environmental Science & Policy, 3 (6), 305–310. Godet, M. (2000). The art of scenarios and strategic planning: tools and pitfalls. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 65 (1), 3–22. Goffi, G., Cucculelli, M., & Masiero, L. (2019). Fostering tourism destination competitiveness in developing countries: The role of sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209 , 101–115. González-Cortés, L. D., & Husain-Talero, S. (2020). Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Tourism in Colombia: A Baseline Study in Post-conflict Regions. International Journal of Social Sustainability in Economic, Social & Cultural Context, 16 (2). Gutierrez Pacheco, Y. P. (2019). Las fallas en el proceso de delimitación del complejo de páramo Santurbán-Berlín: Análisis de componente socio económico . Hamid, R. A., Albahri, A. S., Alwan, J. K., Al-Qaysi, Z. T., Albahri, O. S., Zaidan, A. A., Alnoor, A., Alamoodi, A. H., & Zaidan, B. B. (2021). How smart is e-tourism? A systematic review of smart tourism recommendation system applying data management. Computer Science Review, 39 , 100337. Holifield, R., & Williams, K. C. (2019). Recruiting, integrating, and sustaining stakeholder participation in environmental management: A case study from the Great Lakes Areas of Concern. Journal of Environmental Management, 230 , 422–433. Jin, G., Sperandio, S., & Girard, P. (2023). Selecting risk response strategies to minimize human errors in a design project for factories of the future. Expert Systems with Applications, 120120. Khan, M. S., Woo, M., Nam, K., & Chathoth, P. K. (2017). Smart city and smart tourism: A case of Dubai. Sustainability, 9 (12), 2279. Kopnina, H. (2020). Education for the future? Critical evaluation of education for sustainable development goals. The Journal of Environmental Education, 51 (4), 280–291. Kubickova, M., & Campbell, J. M. (2020). The role of government in agro-tourism development: a top-down bottom-up approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 23 (5), 587–604. Laplume, A. O., Sonpar, K., & Litz, R. A. (2008). Stakeholder theory: Reviewing a theory that moves us. Journal of Management, 34 (6), 1152–1189. Lindman, Å., Ranängen, H., & Kauppila, O. (2020). Guiding corporate social responsibility practice for social license to operate: A Nordic mining perspective. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7 (3), 892–907. Liu, C., Dou, X., Li, J., & Cai, L. A. (2020). Analyzing government role in rural tourism development: An empirical investigation from China. Journal of Rural Studies, 79 , 177–188. Li, Y., Lau, C., & Su, P. (2020). Heritage tourism stakeholder conflict: A case of a World Heritage Site in China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 18 (3), 267–287. Lom, M., Pribyl, O., & Svitek, M. (2016). Industry 4.0 as a part of smart cities. 2016 Smart Cities Symposium Prague (SCSP) , 1–6. Londoño, N. A. C., Velásquez, H. I., & McIntyre, N. (2019). Comparing the environmental sustainability of two gold production methods using integrated Emergy and Life Cycle Assessment. Ecological Indicators, 107 , 105600. Macioszek, E., Cieśla, M., & Granà, A. (2023). Future Development of an Energy-Efficient Electric Scooter Sharing System Based on a Stakeholder Analysis Method. Energies, 16 (1), 554. Mantey, J., Nyarko, K. B., Owusu-Nimo, F., Awua, K. A., Bempah, C. K., Amankwah, R. K., Akatu, W. E., & Appiah-Effah, E. (2020). Mercury contamination of soil and water media from different illegal artisanal small-scale gold mining operations (galamsey). Heliyon, 6 (6), e04312. Marin-Pantelescu, A., Tăchiciu, L., Căpuşneanu, S., & Topor, D. I. (2019). Role of tour operators and travel agencies in promoting sustainable tourism. Amfiteatru Economic, 21 (52), 654–669. Markmann, C., Darkow, I.-L., & Von Der Gracht, H. (2013). A Delphi-based risk analysis—Identifying and assessing future challenges for supply chain security in a multi-stakeholder environment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80 (9), 1815–1833. Metilelu, O. O., Adeniyi, M. O., & Ekum, M. I. (2022). Modelling the Dynamic Effect of Environmental Pollution on Coastal Tourism in Nigeria. Scientific African, e01364. Meza-Arce, M. I., Malpica-Cruz, L., Hoyos-Padilla, M. E., Mojica, F. J., Arredondo-García, M. C., Leyva, C., Zertuche-Chanes, R., & Santana-Morales, O. (2020). Unraveling the white shark observation tourism at Guadalupe Island, Mexico: Actors, needs and sustainability. Marine Policy, 119 , 104056. Mohamed, B.-D., El Mahrad, B., Moroșanu, G. A., Elhassnaoui, I., Moumen, A., El Mezouary, L., ELbouhaddioui, M., Essahlaoui, A., & Eljaafari, S. (2021). Stakeholders’ interactions in Water Management System: Insights from a MACTOR analysis in the R’Dom Sub-basin, Morocco . Namugenyi, C., Nimmagadda, S. L., & Reiners, T. (2019). Design of a SWOT analysis model and its evaluation in diverse digital business ecosystem contexts. Procedia Computer Science, 159 , 1145–1154. Nilsson, P. Å., & Aquino, J. (2021). The Interplay of Stakeholder Theory and Blind Spot Theory in Rural Tourism Development. Athens Journal of Tourism, 8 (2), 89–106. Oliveira, A. S., Gomes, C. F. S., Clarkson, C. T., Sanseverino, A. M., Barcelos, M. R. S., Costa, I. P. A., & Santos, M. (2021). Multiple criteria decision making and prospective scenarios model for selection of companies to be incubated. Algorithms, 14 (4), 111. Oliver, J. J., & Parrett, E. (2018). Managing future uncertainty: Reevaluating the role of scenario planning. Business Horizons, 61 (2), 339–352. Ollivaud, P., & Haxton, P. (2019). Making the most of tourism in Indonesia to promote sustainable regional development . Parra-Romero, A. (2022). ¿ De quién es el páramo de Santurbán? Ancestralidad minera como narrativa de defensa del territorio en el municipio de Vetas, Santander. CS, 36 , 147–177. Poudyal, B., Maraseni, T., Forests, G. C.-, & 2019, undefined. (n.d.). Scientific forest management practice in Nepal: Critical reflections from stakeholders’ perspectives. Mdpi.Com . https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010027 Rambaree, K., Sundström, A., Wang, Z., & Wright, S. A. I. (2021). Qualitative stakeholder analysis for a Swedish regional biogas development: A thematic network approach. Sustainability, 13 (14), 8003. Rees, G. H., Crampton, P., Gauld, R., & MacDonell, S. (2018). Rethinking health workforce planning: capturing health system social and power interactions through actor analysis. Futures, 99 , 16–27. Rey, V., Ríos, C. A., Vargas, L. Y., & Valente, T. M. (2021). Use of natural zeolite-rich tuff and siliceous sand for mine water treatment from abandoned gold mine tailings. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 220 , 106660. Riadh, H. (2022). Intelligent tourism system using prospective techniques and the Mactor methodology: a case study of Tunisian tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 25 (9), 1376–1398. Rico-Ramírez, M. S., & Gómez-Caipa, J. C. (2021). Ecoturismo como alternativa de desarrollo económico, ambiental y cultural: un reto en calidad, formación y consolidación de la economía naranja. Gestión y Ambiente, 24 (Supl3), 22–32. Rocha, J. (2020). Smart tourism and smart destinations for a sustainable future. Journal: Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals Decent Work and Economic Growth, 871 , 880. Rodríguez-Rivero, R., Ortiz-Marcos, I., Díaz-Barcos, V., & Lozano, S. A. (2020). Applying the strategic prospective approach to project management in a development project in Colombia. International Journal of Project Management, 38 (8), 534–547. Rusciano, V., Civero, G., & Scarpato, D. (2020). Social and ecological high influential factors in community gardens innovation: An empirical survey in Italy. Sustainability, 12 (11), 4651. Ruuskanen, S., Fuchs, B., Nissinen, R., Puigbò, P., Rainio, M., Saikkonen, K., & Helander, M. (2022). Ecosystem consequences of herbicides: The role of microbiome. Trends in Ecology & Evolution . Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 68. Sakharova, S., Avdeeva, I., Golovina, T., & Parakhina, L. (2021). The public administration of the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone based on a stakeholder approach. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , 678 (1), 012035. Schwartz, P. (2012a). The art of the long view: planning for the future in an uncertain world . Currency. Schwartz, P. (2012b). The art of the long view: planning for the future in an uncertain world . https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=T-r36 bIZA44C&oi=fnd&pg=PR13&dq=The+art+of+the+long+view:+paths+to+strategic+insight+for+yourself+and+your +company&ots=1T09ZmXXK4&sig=97hCz5zuUYNU7cMGRpuKTBowqz4 Serrano, M. R., & Serrano, Y. T. R. (2017). Incidencias de la resolución no. 2090 de 2014 del ministerio de ambiente y desarrollo sostenible, frente a los derechos adquiridos de propietarios–caso páramo de Santurbán. Hipótesis Libre , 11 . Serravalle, F., Ferraris, A., Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A., & Christofi, M. (2019). Augmented reality in the tourism industry: A multi-stakeholder analysis of museums. Tourism Management Perspectives, 32 , 100549. Seyitoğlu, F., & Ivanov, S. (2020). A conceptual framework of the service delivery system design for hospitality firms in the (post-) viral world: The role of service robots. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91 , 102661. Song, J., Liu, Q., & Sheng, Y. (2019). Distribution and risk assessment of trace metals in riverine surface sediments in gold mining area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191 , 1–13. Spadaro, I., Pirlone, F., Bruno, F., Saba, G., Poggio, B., & Bruzzone, S. (2023). Stakeholder Participation in Planning of a Sustainable and Competitive Tourism Destination: The Genoa Integrated Action Plan. Sustainability, 15 (6), 5005. Spaniol, M. J., & Rowland, N. J. (2019). Defining scenario. Futures & Foresight Science, 1 (1), e3. Su, M. M., Wall, G., Wang, Y., & Jin, M. (2019). Livelihood sustainability in a rural tourism destination-Hetu Town, Anhui Province, China. Tourism Management, 71 , 272–281. Svítek, M., Skobelev, P., & Kozhevnikov, S. (2020). Smart City 5.0 as an urban ecosystem of Smart services. Service Oriented, Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing Systems for Industry of the Future: Proceedings of SOHOMA 2019 9 , 426–438. Tătar, C.-F., Herman, G. V., & Gozner, M. (2018). Tourist guides’ contribution to sustainability in Romania. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 21 (1), 282–287. Venegas, C., Sánchez-Alfonso, A. C., Vesga, F.-J., Martín, A., Celis-Zambrano, C., & González Mendez, M. (2022). Identification and Evaluation of Determining Factors and Actors in the Management and Use of Biosolids through Prospective Analysis (MicMac and Mactor) and Social Networks. Sustainability, 14 (11), 6840. Venegas, C., Sánchez-Alfonso, A., Vesga, F., Sustainability, A. M.-, & 2022, undefined. (2022). Identification and Evaluation of Determining Factors and Actors in the Management and Use of Biosolids through Prospective Analysis (MicMac and Mactor) and. Mdpi.Com , 14 (11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116840 Villabona Rangel, É. A. (2021). Transformaciones por el conflicto socioecológico generado por los cambios del uso del suelo en el capital social de las comunidades del Páramo de Santurbán: caso California, Santander . Wang, M., & Cernava, T. (2020). Overhauling the assessment of agrochemical-driven interferences with microbial communities for improved global ecosystem integrity. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 4 , 100061. Wanner, A., & Pröbstl-Haider, U. (2019). Barriers to stakeholder involvement in sustainable rural tourism development—experiences from southeast europe. Sustainability, 11 (12), 3372. Wirahayu, Y. A., Purwito, H., & Insani, N. (2019). Community-based tourism management in Santen Beach, Banyuwangi. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , 243 (1), 012059. Witt, T., Dumeier, M., & Geldermann, J. (2020). Combining scenario planning, energy system analysis, and multi-criteria analysis to develop and evaluate energy scenarios. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242 , 118414. Yanes, A., Zielinski, S., Diaz Cano, M., & Kim, S. (2019). Community-based tourism in developing countries: A framework for policy evaluation. Sustainability, 11 (9), 2506. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4139973","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":282076776,"identity":"3f4e766c-8378-4154-a03b-036d5117b696","order_by":0,"name":"Marco Flórez","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNACGwsQyfiAgU0CSCcQoyUNpJKB2YBkLUD1bAyEtei2n3344UOChJx5e/uzap4yCwZ+9hwDhh8VuLWYnUk3lpyRIGEsc+ZA2m2ecxIMkj1vDBh7zuDRciCNjZn3h0TiDImEY7d52yQYDG7kGDAztuHRcv4ZGzNPAlCL/MO2YpAWe4JabqRBtUgwA60D2SJBUMszZrBfJHjSmCXnnJPgkTjzrOAgXr+cT2MEhpiNnAT78Ycf3pTVyfG3J298gC/EMAAPiDhAgoZRMApGwSgYBVgAAP9TRZ1WkUYNAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"UDI University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marco","middleName":"","lastName":"Flórez","suffix":""},{"id":282076777,"identity":"42d391b0-9a65-41a8-a8d9-4fd5c1ada1e9","order_by":1,"name":"Eduardo Carrillo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UNAB University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eduardo","middleName":"","lastName":"Carrillo","suffix":""},{"id":282076778,"identity":"d7a84be4-fd66-42a3-ad31-9f15093fac39","order_by":2,"name":"Jhon Linares","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UDI University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jhon","middleName":"","lastName":"Linares","suffix":""},{"id":282076779,"identity":"3f8b86e5-5624-4fe3-9c52-0b4f24e56275","order_by":3,"name":"Francisco Mendes","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UFERSA University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Francisco","middleName":"","lastName":"Mendes","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-21 01:29:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139973/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139973/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53406748,"identity":"d3d1c220-2910-44d9-a176-772aa64f1f4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 15:38:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":332637,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of Santurbán moor in Colombia, Reference image. Source: own elaboration.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139973/v1/0a1ebfbe9645e281da89d0e0.jpeg"},{"id":53406744,"identity":"0acaaa61-0183-4793-822c-6acd631ace8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 15:38:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":120834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMethodology applied in research. Source: own elaboration.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139973/v1/4b2f34b106452b38a5f2addc.png"},{"id":53407274,"identity":"baf660bb-494e-4642-8b83-b2b7a147ae76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 15:46:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMatrix of Actors Objectives (2MAO).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139973/v1/5f260b461d6a38949107d376.png"},{"id":53406745,"identity":"57e6b4f0-0eee-4591-9503-2a0856b91078","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 15:38:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45077,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMatrix of Direct Influences (MDI).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139973/v1/3ba8d1958aabaf9ed06bdacd.png"},{"id":53406750,"identity":"6c2530a7-3aca-4454-a455-6749cc586798","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 15:38:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":224350,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of influences and dependencies between actors. Source: own elaboration.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139973/v1/d866efbba16df28ea0e871dd.jpeg"},{"id":53406746,"identity":"f8b887bf-3bab-4efd-8d46-51429305daa5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 15:38:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConvergences among stakeholders. Source: own elaboration.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139973/v1/8a2500977b3c0edd6f968b65.jpeg"},{"id":53406749,"identity":"639ba8f0-23fa-420d-acbb-958eab4d2529","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 15:38:03","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":182333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePeter Schwartz's axes of Mactor analysis. Source: own elaboration.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139973/v1/2c35b457e4b645ccc1b7c757.png"},{"id":53407922,"identity":"c9652b87-4fbf-4d8a-8e32-6d8e58334e56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 15:54:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1193806,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139973/v1/0e9022fb-290e-4ec3-bd5e-d24968fd799c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Intelligent Tourism for a Fragile Ecosystem: Promoting Sustainability in the Santurbán Paramo with Industry 4.0","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe tourism sector plays a pivotal role in fostering economic growth in developing nations, and Colombia is no exception. In recent years, the Colombian government has made substantial investments in tourism with the aim of bolstering visitor numbers and generating foreign exchange (Goffi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Rico-Ram\u0026iacute;rez \u0026amp; G\u0026oacute;mez-Caipa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Given Colombia's rich array of ecosystems, opportunities abound for attracting both domestic and international tourists, particularly in the realms of ecotourism and scientific tourism (Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Cort\u0026eacute;s \u0026amp; Husain-Talero, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo, situated in the northeastern region of Colombia, stands out as a habitat boasting a distinctive variety of high-altitude equatorial paramo ecosystems, featuring numerous lagoons and rivers originating in its wetlands and holding considerable potential for the expansion of ecotourism (Duarte-Abad\u0026iacute;a \u0026amp; Boelens, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Garc\u0026iacute;a, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Refer to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e for its geographical location within Colombia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresently, in Santurb\u0026aacute;n, an ongoing social conflict ensues, involving diverse social and economic stakeholders, notably mining associations that serve as the primary economic catalyst for the region, landowning peasants engaged in agricultural activities, and environmentalists. This conflict originates from mining operations, producing water-polluting byproducts, encompassing heavy metals like mercury and arsenic, along with toxins like cyanide (Alonso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). At the same time, agricultural practices in the area contribute to the contamination of water sources through pesticides, intensifying challenges for downstream communities reliant on this vital resource and fueling tensions between water-related concerns and the economic pursuits of the local populace (Serrano \u0026amp; Serrano, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In response to these challenges, the Colombian government has instituted a buffer zone encircling the paramo, prohibiting mining and agriculture in this designated area while advocating for the repurposing of lands historically allocated to these activities. This transition has prompted the community to explore alternative livelihoods, including levying fees on tourists visiting the lagoons. Regrettably, effective measures to safeguard the environment from the adverse impacts of tourism are yet to be implemented.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address this issue, this study advocates the use of a prospective stakeholder analysis in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo, serving as a tool to comprehensively understand the needs and expectations of key stakeholders in the tourism chain. These stakeholders encompass the local community, tourists, environmentalists, hoteliers, transporters, government authorities, among others (Amoako et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Seyitoğlu \u0026amp; Ivanov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The results of this analysis can support the strengthening of tourism in the region, which is currently seeking economic development opportunities (Su et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamining these interactions facilitates the exploration of potential future scenarios, supported by the MACTOR software, utilizing a methodology proven to gauge the interactions among diverse actors and their relevance (Camargo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Venegas, S\u0026aacute;nchez-Alfonso, Vesga, Sustainability, et al., 2022). This document follows a structured approach, commencing with a presentation of the theoretical underpinnings supporting intelligent and sustainable tourism. Subsequently, it provides a detailed description of the applied methodology, concluding with the presentation and analysis of future scenarios.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impetus behind this work lies in the development of a proposal for an intelligent tourism framework in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo. This proposal is grounded in an analysis of the community's needs, leveraging the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies and scientific knowledge (Fl\u0026oacute;rez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe essential challenge facing tourism as a viable option lies in harmonizing its implementation with the needs of the environment. Mismanaged tourism can exert adverse influences on the environment, including pollution, habitat degradation, and the proliferation of invasive species (Metilelu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). To mitigate these effects, tourism must be developed sensibly, lessening its impact on the environment, but also actively supporting local populations in their economic growth. Preserving regional culture and heritage poses additional hurdles that must be overcome for the realization of sustainable tourism in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objective of the research articulated in this paper is to delineate the role of stakeholders in crafting a sustainable tourism framework for the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo. The framework is predicated on the following principles:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainability: Tourism ought to be structured in a way that minimizes its negative impacts on both the environment and local communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity Participation: In the planning and development of tourism, the active involvement of local communities is imperative.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovation: Leveraging new technologies is instrumental in fashioning tourism practices that are more sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis employs a methodology utilizing the Mactor software to scrutinize interactions among diverse actors in the realm of tourism. This methodology facilitates the identification of key players and their influence on tourism development, while also pinpointing potential future scenarios for tourism in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the research highlight the possibility of establishing sustainable tourism in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo. However, there exist behavioral challenges among stakeholders that necessitate attention to fully realize this potential.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature review","content":"\u003ch2\u003e2.1\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Smart and sustainable tourism management\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSmart and sustainable tourism management represents a conceptual framework dedicated to the proficient organization and execution of tourism activities, harnessing cutting-edge technologies for destination management efficiency and sustainability (Hamid et al., 2021; Khan et al., 2017). The integration of artificial intelligence for recommendation systems, big data techniques for processing information, and IoT sensors for real-time data collection characterizes the technological backbone of this paradigm \u003cspan lang=\"ES-CO\"\u003e(Bulchand-Gidumal, 2022; Cepeda-Pacheco \u0026amp; Domingo, 2022; Rocha, 2020)\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA pivotal component of this framework is the commitment to the sustainable implementation of tourism, particularly pertinent in the context of the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo\u0026mdash;a meticulously preserved area. This commitment underscores the protection of local culture and communities, simultaneous with the pursuit of enhanced economic benefits for residents. The recommended system is meticulously crafted to harmonize these dual objectives, ensuring the protection of the paramo while delivering a positive experience for tourists.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis comprehensive initiative proposes a unified system that integrates robust governance policies, local residents, tourist enterprises, guides, and technology to foster the sustainability of the region. Anticipated outcomes encompass supporting the conservation process of the paramo biome and cultivating a conservation culture. The latter acknowledges the indispensable role of tourist guides and promoters, crucial in managing continuous visitor traffic through the area(Donbak, 2020; Tătar et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo achieve these objectives, a thorough literature review was conducted, delving into prior research dedicated to the development of high-quality, environmentally conscious smart tourism\u0026mdash;the fundamental objective of this study. The cornerstone of intelligent tourism is rooted in the integration of technological networks, the Internet of Things, and virtual reality, image recognition, and machine learning (Başer et al., 2019). These applications, necessitating advanced digital processing techniques, are compounded by the vast data generated daily from tourism-related social networks, thus requiring the application of big data techniques \u0026nbsp;(Ardito et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Stakeholder Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn its inception, stakeholder theory was directed towards managing individuals within organizations to enhance outcomes in projects involving multiple contributors (Freeman, 2010; Laplume et al., 2008). Conceptually, this theory seeks to comprehend the workings of a system beyond its constituents and processes, incorporating the interests of various actors (Freeman, 2010). This approach, incorporating sociological aspects, was developed to analyze strategies and objectives that could enhance the policies and strategies of organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApplying stakeholder theory to organizational management involves scrutinizing actors, their characteristics, and their inclinations to understand fundamentally how they organize, collaborate, or impede objectives set by an organization or social project. This analytical approach has been effectively employed across diverse research fields, including business management, such as in biogas management (Rambaree et al., 2021), the formulation of models for public administration management (Sakharova et al., 2021), environmental management in vast lakes \u003cspan lang=\"ES-CO\"\u003e(Holifield \u0026amp; Williams, 2019)\u003c/span\u003e, and sustainable tourism management \u003cspan lang=\"ES-CO\"\u003e(Berggren Ek \u0026amp; Espling, 2021; Spadaro et al., 2023; Wanner \u0026amp; Pr\u0026ouml;bstl-Haider, 2019)\u003c/span\u003e, among others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStakeholder theory provides a framework for investigating administration and governance concerning social issues, particularly pertinent to the future development of intelligent tourism in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n paramo, where diverse interests converge. Its application proves instrumental in establishing appropriate interactions between these interests (Dmytriyev et al., 2021). Originating as an approach for strategic analysis, the objectives of stakeholder theory were to enhance the policies and strategies of organizations (Freeman et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relevance of this theory to the Santurb\u0026aacute;n tourism case lies in the intricate interplay among various actors who can either support or counteract each other, influencing the establishment of a sustainable, intelligent tourism system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumerous previous studies have explored the intersection between tourism and stakeholder theory. For example, \u003cspan lang=\"ES-CO\"\u003e(Nilsson \u0026amp; Aquino, 2021)\u003c/span\u003e delved into rural tourism in Europe, while (Li et al., 2020) examined tourism in world-renowned heritage areas, studying how stakeholders integrate and collaborate. (Serravalle et al., 2019) employed the stakeholder approach to analyze digital technologies such as augmented reality and their application in museum tourism, culminating in a conceptual model for such environments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis paper aims to evaluate the impact of stakeholders in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo, a strategic ecosystem for Colombia. For this purpose, stakeholder theory will be combined with the MACTOR program, a valuable tool for stakeholder analysis in various fields of knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA literature review in Scopus and Web of Science demonstrated the application of MACTOR in various studies from 2018 to 2023. These studies, published in high\u0026nbsp;-impact journals, validate the usefulness of MACTOR as a scientific tool in areas such as energy consumption, personnel management, and product design, the results are presented in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe MACTOR software will be used to identify and categorize the stakeholders of the Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n, as well as to understand their interests, relationships, and strategies. Information will be collected through interviews, surveys, and documentary analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research is expected to identify key stakeholders in Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n, understand their interests and relationships, and assess their impact on the ecosystem. This data will enable the formulation of strategies aimed at the sustainable management of the paramo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 Research conducted with the use of MACTOR software\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"665\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.112781954887218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubject area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSummary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.112781954887218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBortoni, Edson C., et al (Bortoni et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnergy Efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of efficient electric motor utilization, incorporating key variable selection, control agent involvement, and expert thematic insights to propose policies enhancing energy usage across regions of Brazil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.112781954887218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoumaour, Amina, et al \u0026nbsp;(Boumaour et al., 2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernance in marine protected areas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA stakeholder analysis focusing on the management of Gouraya National Park in Algeria, an area of both ecological and economic significance, was conducted through a combination of direct interviews and the application of MACTOR software. This approach facilitated the quantification of each stakeholder\u0026apos;s influence in achieving the established objectives.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.112781954887218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRees, Gareth H., et al (Rees et al., 2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthcare systems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInvestigation into healthcare personnel interactions employing mixed methodologies, including semi-structured interviews and MACTOR software, to inform policy-making in workforce planning.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.112781954887218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGuangying Jin, et al (Jin et al., 2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk management in product design and development.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study advocates for combining Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) with MACTOR software utilization to enhance risk management throughout the product design and development process. This approach is applicable across various projects, including engineering, logistics, and financial endeavors.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.112781954887218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeza-Arce, Mercedes I., et al (Meza-Arce et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWatching tourism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis research analyzes power relations among stakeholders in Guadalupe Island\u0026apos;s shark-watching tourism sector, based on MACTOR software findings. The results demonstrate a predominant power imbalance favoring government agencies, underscoring the critical role of balance in the tourism ecosystem\u0026apos;s performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.112781954887218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVenegas, Camilo, et al (Venegas, S\u0026aacute;nchez-Alfonso, Vesga, Mart\u0026iacute;n, et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiosolids management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis article employs the MICMAC and MACTOR prospective methodologies to examine the key factors and stakeholders influencing the management and recycling of biosolids.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.112781954887218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCerezo-Narv\u0026aacute;ez, A., et al (Cerezo-Narv\u0026aacute;ez et al., 2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebuilding process\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.962406015037594%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to assess the diverse actors within the construction industry, employing MACTOR analysis to identify their influence and dependency relationships..\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.3 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFuture Scenarios Methodology\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroduced in 2012 by Peter Schwartz (Schwartz, 2012a), the technique known as scenario planning offers a strategic approach for analyzing and preparing for potential future scenarios and challenges that a project or organization might encounter, as originally described by Godet in 2000 (Godet, 2000). This methodology relies on generating various hypothetical scenarios based on distinct assumptions and driving forces and has been applied across business, government, and non-profit sectors. It aids in the development of forward-looking policies, strategic planning, and risk assessment, thus enabling anticipation of and preparation for future challenges across various domains, as evidenced by Markmann and colleagues in 2013 (Markmann et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scenario planning methodology typically encompasses the following phases:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Participant and Objective Identification: This phase engages key stakeholders and defines the scope of the scenario planning exercise (Flynn et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Environmental Assessment: This phase involves gathering and analyzing data concerning the external environment, identifying trends, critical uncertainties, and driving forces that could shape the future\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan lang=\"ES-CO\"\u003e(Oliver \u0026amp; Parrett, 2018)\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Scenario Formulation: Based on the identified uncertainties, a set of diverse and plausible future scenarios is developed. Each scenario provides a detailed narrative that describes a potential future and the path by which the world might arrive at such a state\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan lang=\"ES-CO\"\u003e(Spaniol \u0026amp; Rowland, 2019)\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Analysis of Strategic Implications and Alternatives: For each scenario, the implications for the organization are evaluated, and strategic options for an effective response are explored\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan lang=\"ES-CO\"\u003e(Oliver \u0026amp; Parrett, 2018)\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Strategy Formulation and Execution:\u0026nbsp;This phase involves formulating strategies that demonstrate resilience across various scenarios, along with adaptable action plans that can be modified in response to environmental changes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Monitoring and Revision:\u0026nbsp;This phase establishes a monitoring framework to track key indicators that could signal a shift towards a particular scenario, thereby enabling necessary strategic adjustments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe integration of scenario planning with anticipatory analysis has evolved and its currency remains as a tool for effectively navigating through contemporary uncertainties and complexities. This assertion is supported by the analysis of six case studies ranging from environmental sustainability to the transition towards renewable energy and corporate innovation, as detailed by (Elsawah et al., 2020). These cases emphasize the necessity of stakeholder inclusion in the planning process and the importance of linking scenarios across different dimensions\u0026mdash;geographical, sectoral, and temporal\u0026mdash;to achieve a comprehensive systems analysis that incorporates both social and environmental elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn that same timeframe, (Witt et al., 2020) showcased the synergy between scenario planning, energy systems analysis, and multi-criteria approaches in facilitating a shift towards a sustainable energy framework. A specific case study in Lower Saxony, Germany, illustrated the efficacy of this integrated approach in tackling complex issues and assessing energy alternatives amidst external uncertainties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom a corporate perspective, (Oliveira et al., 2021) proposed a model that merges future scenario development with multi-criteria decision-making techniques for selecting business ventures for incubation. This model not only enhances the efficiency of existing evaluation mechanisms but also proves versatile across different incubation contexts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, (Burt \u0026amp; Nair, 2020) delved into the concept of \u0026apos;unlearning\u0026apos; within the scope of scenario planning, arguing that shedding entrenched beliefs could lead to a clearer anticipatory strategic vision. This research introduces a novel angle on how scenario planning can stimulate innovation and foster organizational adaptability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLastly, (Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Rivero et al., 2020) applied strategic foresight in managing a developmental project in Colombia, illustrating this approach\u0026apos;s effectiveness in strategically foreseeing and adjusting to future challenges, thereby significantly improving project implementation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aggregation of these studies highlights the significance and utility of scenario planning and prospective analysis across a broad spectrum of contexts, accentuating their role in both theoretical and practical advancements across various fields. Embracing these methodologies enhances strategic decision-making, encourages active engagement from stakeholders, and adeptly addresses uncertainty, underscoring their contribution to promoting sustainability, innovation, and adaptability amid uncertain futures, as is the case currently being studied in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n protected area in Colombia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research builds upon the foundational work of (Fl\u0026oacute;rez et al., 2022) \u0026nbsp;to identify the factors and key players influencing the implementation of sustainable tourism in the study area. Adopting a prospective approach, as outlined by (Godet, 2000), comprehensive fieldwork was conducted, which included structured interviews and leveraging the expertise of an anonymous panel of eighteen stakeholders. This panel included distinguished individuals from various sectors, such as university professors specialized in academia, tourism experts, entrepreneurs, community representatives (Ryan \u0026amp; Deci, 2000), public sector officials, and two specialists in innovation and technology. The iterative nature of engagement with these experts ensured a deep exploration of their insights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe methodological framework, informed by (Godet, 2000) \u0026nbsp; approach, not only aligns with the research objectives but also establishes a solid foundation for analyzing the multifaceted aspects of sustainable tourism. Including diverse stakeholders adds depth to the study, reflecting a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics in sustainable tourism implementation. The methodology used in this study unfolds through distinct stages, each playing a crucial role in developing a comprehensive understanding of the tourism environment in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo. The methodological rigor is exemplified through the following sequential steps:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; SWOT Model: An initial diagnostic snapshot of the current state of the region\u0026apos;s tourism sector was provided, synthesized from a review of sector studies and expert insights (Namugenyi et al., 2019; Wirahayu et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Structural Analysis: Using Micmac software (Fathi et al., 2022) , a structural analysis was conducted to identify key variables crucial for the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo tourism system, contributing to an understanding of its structural dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Dominant and Influential Actors: Actors wielding the power to shape the trajectory of the tourism chain were identified. Concurrently, a conceptual framework (Fl\u0026oacute;rez et al., 2022) was presented to lay the groundwork for future development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Defining Strategic Objectives: Building on defined pillars for the tourism development model in Santurb\u0026aacute;n and informed by expert consultations, strategic objectives for the sector were formulated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MACTOR Analysis: The MACTOR software facilitated an in-depth analysis of stakeholder interactions, strategically linking them with the sector\u0026apos;s goals and challenges. Weights assigned in the dependency and influence matrix guided this process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Stakeholder and Strategic Objectives Relationship: MACTOR software was further used to examine the relationship between stakeholders and strategic objectives, elucidating the influence of stakeholders on project development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Future Scenarios Analysis: Drawing from key variables identified through MIMAC analysis and influential actors from MACTOR analysis, an analysis of future scenarios was conducted. This forward-looking exploration aimed to anticipate potential developments and challenges, contributing to a more resilient and adaptable tourism framework in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe flow chart of the applied methodology can be seen in Figure 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. \u0026nbsp; Strategic objectives for sustainable and smart tourism\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe formulation of strategic objectives for the advancement of smart and sustainable tourism, grounded in technological applications, emerged from a comprehensive structural analysis utilizing MIMAC and insights gleaned from expert opinions. In a concerted effort to identify the most influential actors, representatives from each group were selectively chosen and engaged through semi-structured surveys. This process culminated in the identification of four overarching strategic challenges, each accompanied by a set of fifteen specific objectives. The ensuing objectives are delineated below and systematically grouped based on the challenges they are designed to address, as detailed in Table 2:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eObjectives set for tourism in Santurb\u0026aacute;n.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObjectives\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcronyms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChallenge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. To help create and maintain sustainable tourism for the Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n area.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTurSosten\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreate a protective environment for the Santurb\u0026aacute;n paramo biome based on knowledge and appreciation of the area.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Promote scientific tourism in the Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpTurPS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. To create social awareness about the care of the Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n area.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreConSocP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. To increase knowledge of flora and fauna of the Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n zone.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifConFyF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. To improve the income of the people who own the land in the Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMejIngDuPS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDevelop a substitute source of income for inhabitants and landowners who cannot exploit their land due to its delimitation as a protected area.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6. To increase the demand for tourism agencies in the Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n area.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMejDemAgTP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7. Increased flow of tourists for the benefit of transport companies.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenTransp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8. Promote technological development in the Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n region.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpDesTecP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9. Coverage to promote Accessible Tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTurisAcc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10. Improve the tourism experience when visiting the Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n through technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMejExpePS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenerate the development of the technological environment to implement smart tourism in the region and replicate the model in other protected areas in Colombia.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11. Develop technological projects applied to tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProTecnTur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12. Generate the best options for tourists through innovation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInnovaci\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13. To promote and develop Technological Tourism in Colombia.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePyDTurTecC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14. Promote the concept of digital marketing for tourism in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo area.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarketDigi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDynamize the promotion of tourism in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n paramo using social networks.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15. Use social networks to promote tourism in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRedSocPrTP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2. \u0026nbsp; Stakeholder selection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe efficacy of stakeholder analysis hinges upon the meticulous selection of relevant actors. This process commences with the identification of entities possessing the operational capacity to exert influence on the established objectives of the system (Poudyal et al., n.d.). Guided by these criteria and expert insights, stakeholders were judiciously chosen from diverse groups, including government bodies, local inhabitants, area traders, academic representatives, and conservationists. In total, 18 stakeholders were thoughtfully considered. A representative sample of the analyzed stakeholders is presented in Table 3 for reference\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e. Stakeholders\u0026rsquo; sustainable tourism in Santurb\u0026aacute;n.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStakeholders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcronyms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Inhabitants of the Area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabZona\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Farmers\u0026apos; associations in the tourism sector\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsoCamST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Municipal Governors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGobMunic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Departmental Governors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGobDepart\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. National Governors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGobNacion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Environmental Conservation Entities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntMedAmb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7. Local businessmen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComerZon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Academy \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcademia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9. Travel Agencies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgeViaje\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10. Actors in the armed conflict in Colombia.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcConArC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11. Large mining companies\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGranEmpMin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12. Owners of the land where the moor is referenced.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDue\u0026ntilde;osPred\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 Traders in the Zone.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComerZona\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14. Hoteliers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHoteleros\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15. Tourist guides.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGu\u0026iacute;Tur\u0026iacute;s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16. Miners\u0026apos; associations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsoMineros\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17. Public and private banking.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBanPuYPri\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.505050505050505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18. Conservation experts.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.494949494949495%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExpEnConse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStakeholders underwent a participatory treatment facilitated through focus groups, delving into the challenges associated with the implementation of smart and sustainable tourism (Glicken, 2000). Employing the Mactor methodology, each stakeholder was ascribed a weight corresponding to their impact on other stakeholders, forming an influence matrix. This matrix elucidates power relations among stakeholders, with values ranging from (0) for null influence to (4) for a very strong impact, a calibration meticulously deliberated upon by our panel of experts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStructured interviews were conducted with these stakeholders, assessing topics concerning environmental, sociocultural, and economic sustainability as perceived in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo (Franciosi et al., 2021; Lindman et al., 2020; Rusciano et al., 2020). Particularly noteworthy was the input from tourism service providers officially registered with the governmental regulatory entity. Surveys were administered in the municipalities of Vetas, Surat\u0026aacute;, Matanza, Tona, and California, encompassing the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo\u0026apos;s sphere of influence within the Santander department. Their insights bear significant weight in this analysis, providing crucial perspectives on current practices and their alignment with the objectives of this research\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3. \u0026nbsp; Utilization of MACTOR Software for Stakeholder Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce the strategic objectives for the sustainable development of tourism in Santurb\u0026aacute;n are set and selecting relevant stakeholders through the aforementioned processes, the focus shifted to acquiring data on these stakeholders, crucial for the implementation of the tourism strategy. Semi-structured surveys, encompassing functions, interests, relationships with other stakeholders, and their current positions vis-\u0026agrave;-vis the objectives, were employed to gather pertinent information. This data, serving as input, guided the experts in assigning weights to the relationships between actors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe application of the MACTOR software involved a qualitative assessment of power relationships among stakeholders, encompassing the following steps (Macioszek et al., 2023):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMatrix of Direct Influences (MDI): This matrix encapsulates the relationships among all involved actors. Values, ranging from 0 to 4, were assigned based on the degree of influence. A score of (0) signified no influence, while (4) indicated a substantial capacity to question the very existence of one actor by another.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe MDI was crafted through collaboration with the expert panel. Each expert evaluated pairwise relationships, and these assessments were then subjected to descriptive statistical methods\u0026mdash;standard deviation, interquartile range, and mode\u0026mdash;ensuring consensus and determining the final values for the 18x18 matrix (Fl\u0026oacute;rez et al., 2022). The detailed values can be found in figure 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMatrix of Valued Positions Actor X Objective (2MAO): This matrix represents the alignment of each actor with the defined objectives. In MACTOR nomenclature, it is referred to as the Actor X Objective (2MAO) (Riadh, 2022). Evaluation, ranging from 0 to 4, assigns a positive sign for support, a negative sign for opposition, and a zero denotes a neutral stance toward the analyzed objective.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe methodology employed for the MDI was replicated to determine these values. The assigned values are illustrated in Figure 4, which serves as input for the MACTOR software.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;MACTOR facilitates the identification of pivotal actors and their interconnections with other stakeholders. The comprehension of power dynamics and the influence wielded by each stakeholder in the prospective implementation of sustainable tourism in Santurb\u0026aacute;n will be significantly enhanced through the utilization of this valuable information.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Santurb\u0026aacute;n region's parties involved in the advancement of sustainable tourism were analyzed using MACTOR (Burbano et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Based on this analysis, the results found for the most critical actors in the interactions, such as surveys, interviews, literature review, etc., reviews be presented below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4. Mactor Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter entering data in MACTOR software, the direct and indirect influences for sustainable and intelligent tourism growth were obtained. This analysis allowed us to know the determining actors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the results generated by the MACTOR software, providing a visual representation of the results. These are presented in four quadrants according to the relationship of influence and dependence between them (Ben-Daoud et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Casta\u0026ntilde;o-Castellanos \u0026amp; Becerra-Ardila, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Mohamed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e); in the lower left half-plane are the autonomous actors corresponding to Mining Associations (AsoMineros) and Actors of the armed conflict in Colombia (AcConArC). In the lower right half-plane are the actors with strong influence on the advancement of sustainable tourism but with low dependence, which indicates that they are significant but not necessary in this case, Large mining companies (GranEmpMin), Conservation experts (ExpEnConse), Academia and almost at the proper upper limit the Transporters to the p\u0026aacute;ramo zone (TransParam). In the upper left half-plane are the dominant actors that have strong influence and low dependence; they have the power to influence the process, but their dependence on the system in the implementation of the strategic challenges is low, corresponding to traders in the area (ComerZon), farmers associations (AsoCamST), environmental conservation entities (EntMedAmb) and bordering almost on the limits are hoteliers and private and public banks (BanPuYPri). Finally, in the right half-plane, the linking actors, the latter being the most important in the further development of the strategic challenges. These include the national (GobNacion), departmental (GobDepart), and local (GobMunic) governments, as well as the inhabitants (HabZona) and landowners (Due\u0026ntilde;osPred), travel agencies (AgeViaje) and tourist guides (Gu\u0026iacute;Tur\u0026iacute;s).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMactor allows us to observe the convergences and divergences between the actors that participated in the study. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows these relationships, with the most decisive lines being those with the greatest convergence and the weakest those with the least. The several state agencies that supervise the creation of public policies for the growth of the tourism industry exhibits convergences, as well as convergences between the academic actors and the entities in charge of overseeing the sustainability of the paramo. Divergences were noted among mining associations, landowners, and conservationist entities due to conceptual discordance in their visions for the future use of the territory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e5. Tourism Service Providers\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe advancement of sustainable tourism is significantly augmented through the active participation of tourism service providers (Marin-Pantelescu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This study conducted a comprehensive survey of tourism service providers in the municipalities of California, Vetas, Surat\u0026aacute;, Ton\u0026aacute;, and Matanza within the influence zone of the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo in Santander, Colombia. The findings indicate:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eA limited number of tourism service providers are present in the region, predominantly comprising small-scale enterprises.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHotels exhibit low occupancy rates, primarily catering to individuals employed in the mining industry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccommodation prices are modest, ranging between US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e9 and US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e26 per night.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsence of tailored plans for diverse visitor categories among tourism service providers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 20% of personnel responsible for delivering tourism services have undergone formal customer service training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuides leading tours lack proficiency in English.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results underscore the imperative need to enhance the capabilities and education of tourism service providers in the paramo. The resultant improvement in the sustainability of tourism in the region will yield substantial benefits for the local community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e6. Inhabitants of the area\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inhabitants of Santurb\u0026aacute;n have a rich history in mining and agriculture, as most of the inhabitants of the towns of Vetas and California depend on mining for their livelihoods. (Duarte-Abad\u0026iacute;a et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the municipalities of Tona and Surata play crucial roles as producers of potatoes and Junca onions, with some residents engaging in cattle ranching. However, recent years have witnessed social conflicts in the region stemming from a Colombian Constitutional Court ruling that delineates land use in the paramo. This ruling restricts certain areas from mining and agriculture, prioritizing the conservation of water resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs revealed in the conducted interviews, it is evident that inhabitants persist in their traditional practices, leading to adverse consequences for sustainable land use management. These include:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe discharge of mining byproducts such as cyanide and mercury into water sources, with detrimental effects on water consumers (Londo\u0026ntilde;o et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mantey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnrestrained use of agrochemicals by farmers, prioritizing economic costs over potential ecosystemic consequences (Ruuskanen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Wang \u0026amp; Cernava, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDamaging impact of extensive cattle ranching on vegetation cover.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited environmental awareness among the region's inhabitants, with recent associations primarily focused on preserving traditional lifestyles and showing minimal interest in environmental protection if it entails economic losses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is an urgent need to offer enhanced training and education on sustainable land use practices to the region's inhabitants. Additionally, efforts should be directed towards promoting alternative economic activities that are environmentally friendly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e7. Governmental entities\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the domain of the judicial branch, the national government's involvement in the area is rooted in Constitutional Court Sentence C-035, which delineated the paramo zone but predominantly impacted artisanal miners. Notably, large mining companies retained their exploitation titles in the unprotected area, intensifying general discontent among the population. This has led to an ongoing, protracted struggle since 2014, marked by a lack of a definitive agreement on this delimitation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurning to the national legislative branch, a response to this persistent social struggle resulted in the enactment of Law 1930 on July 27, 2018. This law aims to establish comprehensive guidelines for the management of moorlands in Colombia. Its articles lay the groundwork for the protection of moorlands, recognizing them as vital sites for water resource generation. The legislation also introduced the role of moorland manager for the area's inhabitants, entrusting the regulation of this position to the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. Specifically addressing tourism, Article 27 acknowledges ecotourism as a social and financial strategy for conservation, subject to proper regulation by competent authorities in moorland ecosystems. The recognition of ecotourism activities in these areas is contingent upon special regulation by environmental authorities due to the additional anthropic pressure they may face. While this provision opens avenues for sustainable tourism growth in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n moor, its specific management by environmental authorities remains to be specified (Parra-Romero, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConspicuously, the executive branch of government has been notably absent in implementing infrastructure and basic sanitation measures. This is evident in the inadequate condition of access roads, deficient wastewater management systems, and a lack of digital connectivity in much of the rural sector. To foster the development of the area's tourism potential, government policies must be harmonized. Such coordination will pave the way for optimal growth scenarios and sustainability, aligning with broader objectives (Kubickova \u0026amp; Campbell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e8. Analysis of possible scenarios\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prospective analysis serves as a tool to comprehend impact variables and stakeholders in forthcoming scenarios, enabling a reasonable anticipation of potential challenges in policy implementation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne widely employed methodology in prospective scenario analysis is the Peter Schwartz axis methodology (Schwartz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012b\u003c/span\u003e). This approach integrates results derived from structural analysis, stakeholder analysis, and expert opinions. The Schwartz axis delineates four quadrants on a Cartesian plane, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. The first quadrant represents the best expectations, characterized by positive trends, while the third quadrant signifies the worst-case scenario, depicting a system collapse (Camarena et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eScenario 1\u003c/b\u003e, envisions the continuity of tourism without sustainability indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this scenario, tourism in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n area persists with current tourist levels visiting from the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga. However, this scenario lacks technological advancements, relies on traditional methods, and neglects ecological protection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCauses\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absence of synergy between the state, service providers, and technological drivers hinders progress. Insufficient infrastructure for smart tourism development and inadequate management of tourist impacts on the environment by environmental authorities are key factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsequences\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eTourism becomes a source of income for only a minority of the sector's inhabitants. Unregulated tourism negatively impacts the paramo's resources, potentially leading to the permanent closure of this economic activity in the protected area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eChallenge\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe crucial challenge is to devise a policy directed at establishing an Industry 4.0 infrastructure for the implementation of smart tourism in the paramo area. This necessitates fostering collaboration among stakeholders, enhancing technological integration, and implementing sustainable tourism practices to ensure the enduring viability of tourism in the region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eScenario 2\u003c/b\u003e, tourism grows sustainably and smartly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this optimistic scenario, the envisioned technological advancements materialize, and regulations are instituted in harmony with the demands of the protected environment. A framework emphasizing environmental protection is forged through scientific knowledge and technology. Access for international tourists is enhanced, fostering economic growth that translates into improved income for the local community and tourism service providers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCauses\u003c/b\u003e The impetus for this positive scenario lies in the proactive efforts of national and local governments, which implement incentives for tourism development. This involves creating necessary infrastructure and regulations that foster a symbiotic relationship between tourism and sustainability. Both tourism service providers and tourists actively leverage technology to deliver a unique experience while preserving the environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsequences\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eTourism experiences sustainable growth, contributing to the economic well-being of the people in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eChallenge\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary challenge in this scenario is to consolidate a comprehensive public policy that engages all stakeholders. Utilizing Industry 4.0 technology, this policy should be geared towards establishing smart tourism practices. This involves integrating technological solutions across the tourism value chain, from planning and booking to on-site experiences, to ensure sustainable growth and responsible tourism in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eScenario 3\u003c/b\u003e, Conditions are created but not implemented in practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this scenario, despite the formulation of public policies and the development of necessary infrastructure, the practical implementation falls short due to a lack of ecological awareness among service providers and visiting tourists.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCauses\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absence of training and controls hinders the sustainable utilization of resources by tourism service providers and tourists. The gap in knowledge and awareness prevents the effective adoption of ecologically responsible practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsequences\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe region experiences repeated visits by massive groups of tourists who, lacking awareness and technological tools designed for environmental protection, exert adverse impacts on the paramo's sustainability. Over time, the necessity arises to restrict entry and suspend tourism activities to mitigate the negative consequences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eChallenge\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe central challenge in this scenario is to instill a robust culture of sustainability among tourism service providers. This entails implementing comprehensive training programs, regulatory frameworks, and awareness campaigns to foster responsible practices among all stakeholders. Building a shared commitment to ecological preservation is crucial to ensuring the long-term viability of tourism in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eScenario 4\u003c/b\u003e, Public policy on tourism differs from the needs of tourism in the sector.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this scenario, public tourism policy lacks congruence with the demands of the tourism sector in the region. Environmental policies, both at the national and local level, run counter to the implementation of tourism and impede its potential for growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCauses\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorms and regulations issued for the paramo sector prohibit its utilization as a visitor-accessible area, prioritizing only environmental interests. This misalignment between policy and the practical needs of the tourism sector creates barriers to its development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsequences\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eTourism faces substantial hindrances as policies restrict access to the paramo sector, hindering both community and environmental interests. The sector experiences stagnation, unable to grow while balancing the well-being of the community and environmental conservation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eChallenge\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main challenge in this scenario is to foster a conducive environment for the growth of tourism in protected areas within the frameworks of both national and local policies. This involves advocating for policies that strike a balance between environmental conservation and the socio-economic benefits that sustainable tourism can bring to the region. Aligning policies with the nuanced needs of the tourism sector is essential for fostering a thriving and sustainable tourism industry in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe deployment of qualitative methodologies, facilitated by the use of MACTOR software, has enabled a deep dive into the array of direct and indirect factors influencing the evolution of sustainable and intelligent tourism within the Santurb\u0026aacute;n region. This analysis pinpointed the pivotal roles of various stakeholders, including local inhabitants, property owners, travel agencies, tour guides, and government agencies at both the national and local levels. Their significant impact is recognized as crucial for navigating the strategic challenges identified in this study. This observation aligns with the research by (Cerveny et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), highlighting the vital role that community engagement plays in fortifying and advancing tourism services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the MACTOR analysis proved instrumental in identifying points of agreement and contention among the stakeholders, as demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. It revealed alignments among governmental bodies tasked with tourism development and the synergy between academic institutions and entities dedicated to the sustainability of the Paramo ecosystem. Bolstering these collaborations could empower educational institutions to develop targeted training programs, potentially raising the bar for tourism service quality in Santurb\u0026aacute;n, as outlined by (Ollivaud \u0026amp; Haxton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The study also exposed significant divergences, especially among mining associations, landowners, and conservationist groups, showcasing the deep-rooted conflicts in land-use visions. The contrasting agendas\u0026mdash;economic development versus environmental preservation (Kopnina, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026mdash;underscore the complex stakeholder dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect interactions with the tourism service provider network in Santurb\u0026aacute;n, through surveys and interviews, have unearthed insights into their dedication to sustainability across various dimensions, from economic to environmental. A notable discovery is that the majority of hotels in the area function as small enterprises with low occupancy rates, catering mainly to merchants and miners. This scenario reveals a local economy heavily reliant on these sectors, a reliance overlooked by government authorities in their conservation efforts, leading to social discontent and unrest (Gutierrez Pacheco, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present scenario shows an absence of cohesive tourism strategies and a lack of adequate training for those tasked with delivering tourism services, especially those not aligning with international standards. The deficiency in language skills among guides and their lack of formal knowledge about the local biodiversity highlight critical areas needing improvement. These gaps underscore an urgent need for educational programs aimed at enhancing the quality and training of tourism services within the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussions with local communities have highlighted their marginalization from environmental conversations, pointing out a dependency on poorly regulated artisanal mining activities that lead to water pollution with dangerous substances like cyanide and mercury (Rey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The limited awareness among farmers regarding the broader ecological impacts of agrochemicals, coupled with a general disinterest in environmental conservation due to economic considerations, calls for educational workshops by environmental authorities to promote awareness and encourage sustainable practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite having the resources to improve conditions in the Paramo, the government has shown minimal effort in implementing essential infrastructure and sanitation. Observations from field visits and feedback from both locals and visitors reflect a sentiment of neglect and dissatisfaction, which diminishes the region's potential for tourism (Villabona Rangel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Legislative efforts have largely been symbolic, with initiatives such as the comprehensive management of paramos falling short in practical application. Likewise, judicial delineations for protection by the constitutional court have prompted public dissent due to a lack of thorough evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe process of identifying stakeholders, understanding their interrelations, and engaging directly with them has paved the way for envisioning various future scenarios. The most desirable scenario envisions a collaborative approach involving government bodies, service providers, and technology innovators to promote intelligent and sustainable tourism. In this scenario, the government would work closely with stakeholders to develop public policies that address Santurb\u0026aacute;n's unique needs, balancing environmental conservation with economic development, infrastructure improvements, and job creation for the local populace. Integrating incentives for tourism development into these policies is deemed essential (Yanes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversely, the least favorable scenarios focus on the challenges associated with fostering a culture of sustainability among tourism service providers and tourists. The aim of this research is to introduce technological solutions that support a conservation-oriented culture, thereby transforming the experiences of both visitors and providers in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study scrutinized the current state of tourism in the Colombian region of Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo, aiming to identify potential influences on its future growth. Utilizing the MACTOR technology tool, a prospective analysis explored the intricate interactions among key players, providing insights into sustainable tourism growth. Stakeholders pivotal to sustainable tourism were consulted, with a specific focus on Industry 4.0 technologies. The application of stakeholder theories helped identify effective partnerships and propose future scenarios crucial for policymaking. Additionally, the paper delved into the analysis of the primary actors in Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo's tourism chain, highlighting the region's convulsive state arising from the conflict between water source conservation and extensive mining, resulting in political and social tensions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField observations and surveys underscored the nascent stage of sustainable tourism, coupled with a limited understanding of technology's potential. Current conditions for tourism development were deemed inadequate for the conservation of the paramo biome, revealing a lack of cohesion with the community and conflicting interests in land use rooted in a historical tradition of mining spanning over 400 years. The integration of various forces in the region has been hindered, partly due to the absence of a culture of sustainable resource management in the paramo. Urgent initiatives, especially in biodiversity management training for stakeholders, particularly tourist guides, are imperative. The government's intervention is critical not only in environmental aspects but also in infrastructure and basic sanitation. The current juncture presents a historic opportunity for sustainable development, driven by an emerging environmental consciousness and the acknowledgment of the region's natural wealth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStakeholder selection ensured diverse perspectives, crucial for understanding the region's prospects for sustainable and intelligent tourism. Influence-dependence analyses underscored the need to direct efforts toward developing an environmental policy for Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo's use as a tourist attraction. This policy should fundamentally transform land use, shifting towards sustainability and ensuring resources for expanding technological infrastructure, thereby reinforcing the region as an intelligent territory (Lom et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Sv\u0026iacute;tek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Long-term sustainability of this policy relies on emerging from community consensus and receiving support from regional and national governments as harmonizing and guarantor entities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of future scenarios emphasized the urgency of fostering synergy between academia and local governments for generating training plans in environmental resource management for current tourism providers. Failing to act promptly may result in irreparable environmental damage from the uncontrolled influx of tourists. Ensuring harmonic development in the tourism sector necessitates comprehensive preparation for all stakeholders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn its entirety, this study contributes significantly to the qualitative analysis of forces steering land use in Santurb\u0026aacute;n, serving as a valuable guide for government entities and sector associations in formulating policies for the sustainable growth of the region in favor of tourism.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. Limitations and opportunities for future research","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the help of a team of experts, this study employed a qualitative research methodology. The experts gave their ratings, which were then transformed into numerical values using the MACTOR software. Therefore, these results are based on the interpretation and perception of the participants and may be influenced by their own experiences and opinions. This qualitative approach provides important information on the impressions and criteria of Santurb\u0026aacute;n stakeholders but does not allow a quantitative assessment of the impact on employment, the local economy, or the environment. It is advisable for future research to explore alternative approaches and utilize additional data sources to gain a comprehensive understanding of the situation. A study is also proposed on the technologies that would support the technological framework for tourism development to be truly intelligent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eM.F., E.C., and F.M. conceptualized the study and designed the methodology.M.F. and J.L. conducted the experiments and collected the data.M.F. and E.C. analyzed the data and prepared the initial draft of the results section.M.F., E.C., and F.M. interpreted the results and wrote the main manuscript text.J.L. prepared all figures and tables.All authors reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version for submission.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlonso, D. L., P\u0026eacute;rez, R., Okio, C. K. Y. A., \u0026amp; Castillo, E. (2020). Assessment of mining activity on arsenic contamination in surface water and sediments in southwestern area of Santurb\u0026aacute;n paramo, Colombia. Journal of Environmental Management, \u003cem\u003e264\u003c/em\u003e, 110478.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmoako, G. K., Obuobisa-Darko, T., \u0026amp; Ohene Marfo, S. (2022). Stakeholder role in tourism sustainability: The case of Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum and centre for art and culture in Ghana. International Hospitality Review, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e(1), 25\u0026ndash;44.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArdito, L., Cerchione, R., Del Vecchio, P., \u0026amp; Raguseo, E. (2019). Big data in smart tourism: challenges, issues and opportunities. In \u003cem\u003eCurrent Issues in Tourism\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 22, Issue 15, pp. 1805\u0026ndash;1809). Taylor \u0026amp; Francis.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaşer, G., Doğan, O., \u0026amp; Al-Turjman, F. (2019). Smart tourism destination in smart cities paradigm: A model for antalya. Artificial Intelligence in IoT, 63\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBen-Daoud, M., El Mahrad, B., Moroșanu, G. A., Elhassnaoui, I., Moumen, A., El Mezouary, L., ELbouhaddioui, M., Essahlaoui, A., \u0026amp; Eljaafari, S. (2022). Stakeholders\u0026rsquo; Interaction in Water Management System: Insights from a MACTOR Analysis in the R\u0026rsquo;Dom Sub-basin, Morocco. Environmental Management, 1\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBerggren Ek, A., \u0026amp; Espling, E. (2021). \u003cem\u003eSustainable Stakeholder Framework for Hotels: Supporting Sustainable Tourism Management in Vlora, Albania\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBortoni, E. C., Magalh\u0026atilde;es, L. P., Nogueira, L. A. H., Bajay, S. V, \u0026amp; Cassula, A. M. (2020). An assessment of energy efficient motors application by scenarios evaluation. Energy Policy, \u003cem\u003e140\u003c/em\u003e, 111402.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoumaour, A., Grimes, S., Brigand, L., \u0026amp; Larid, M. (2018). Integration process and stakeholders\u0026rsquo; interactions analysis around a protection project: Case of the National park of Gouraya, Algeria (South-western Mediterranean). Ocean \u0026amp; Coastal Management, \u003cem\u003e153\u003c/em\u003e, 215\u0026ndash;230.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBulchand-Gidumal, J. (2022). Impact of artificial intelligence in travel, tourism, and hospitality. In \u003cem\u003eHandbook of e-Tourism\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 1943\u0026ndash;1962). Springer.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBurbano, D. V, Valdivieso, J. C., Izurieta, J. C., Meredith, T. C., \u0026amp; Ferri, D. Q. (2022). \u0026ldquo;Rethink and reset\u0026rdquo; tourism in the Galapagos Islands: Stakeholders\u0026rsquo; views on the sustainability of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(2), 100057.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBurt, G., \u0026amp; Nair, A. K. (2020). Rigidities of imagination in scenario planning: Strategic foresight through \u0026lsquo;Unlearning.\u0026rsquo; Technological Forecasting and Social Change, \u003cem\u003e153\u003c/em\u003e, 119927.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCamarena, J. L., Osorio Vera, F. J., Rojas Jimenez, H. H., Borda Medina, E., Esteban Torregroza, J. C., \u0026amp; Tabares-Valencia, J. D. (2022). Future public policy guidelines for the sustainable development of Guaviare, Colombia for the year 2035. Foresight, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e(2), 248\u0026ndash;275.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCamargo, M., Palominos, P., Marche, B., Toledo, F., Boly, V., \u0026amp; Alfaro, M. (2021). A multi-stakeholder system-based methodology to evaluate the needs of innovation ecosystems. Research in Engineering Design, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c/em\u003e(4), 489\u0026ndash;506. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/S00163-021-00368-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/S00163-021-00368-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCasta\u0026ntilde;o-Castellanos, J. K., \u0026amp; Becerra-Ardila, L. E. (2020). Study of scenarios associated with the development of the MACTOR Agropolis in the Middle Magdalena region of Santander-Colombia. Dyna, \u003cem\u003e87\u003c/em\u003e(212), 134\u0026ndash;143.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCepeda-Pacheco, J. C., \u0026amp; Domingo, M. C. (2022). Deep learning and Internet of Things for tourist attraction recommendations in smart cities. Neural Computing and Applications, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c/em\u003e(10), 7691\u0026ndash;7709.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCerezo-Narv\u0026aacute;ez, A., Pastor-Fern\u0026aacute;ndez, A., Otero-Mateo, M., \u0026amp; Ballesteros-P\u0026eacute;rez, P. (2021). The relationship between building agents in the context of integrated project management: A prospective analysis. Buildings, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(5), 184.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCerveny, L. K., Derrien, M. M., Miller, A. B., \u0026amp; Meyer, C. (2022). Partnership and community engagement models for stewarding national scenic trails: A social-ecological systems perspective. Tourism Planning \u0026amp; Development, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e(3), 204\u0026ndash;226.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDmytriyev, S. D., Freeman, R. E., \u0026amp; H\u0026ouml;risch, J. (2021). The relationship between stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility: Differences, similarities, and implications for social issues in management. Journal of Management Studies, \u003cem\u003e58\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1441\u0026ndash;1470.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDonbak, E. R. (2020). Tourist Guides as Representatives of Sustainable Tourism: Evidence From Turkey. In \u003cem\u003eCases on Tour Guide Practices for Alternative Tourism\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 39\u0026ndash;54). IGI Global.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuarte-Abad\u0026iacute;a, B., \u0026amp; Boelens, R. (2016). Disputes over territorial boundaries and diverging valuation languages: The Santurban hydrosocial highlands territory in Colombia. Water International, \u003cem\u003e41\u003c/em\u003e(1), 15\u0026ndash;36.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuarte-Abad\u0026iacute;a, B., Boelens, R., \u0026amp; Buitrago, E. (2023). Neoliberal commensuration and new enclosures of the commons: mining and market\u0026ndash;environmentalism governmentalities. Territory, Politics, Governance, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(7), 1480\u0026ndash;1500.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eElsawah, S., Hamilton, S. H., Jakeman, A. J., Rothman, D., Schweizer, V., Trutnevyte, E., Carlsen, H., Drakes, C., Frame, B., \u0026amp; Fu, B. (2020). Scenario processes for socio-environmental systems analysis of futures: a review of recent efforts and a salient research agenda for supporting decision making. Science of the Total Environment, \u003cem\u003e729\u003c/em\u003e, 138393.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFathi, M. R., Zeinali, M., Torabi, M., \u0026amp; Alavizadeh, S. M. (2022). Structural analysis of the future of Iranian online banking employing a MICMAC approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, \u003cem\u003e183\u003c/em\u003e, 121943. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121943\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121943\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFl\u0026oacute;rez, M. F., Linares, J. F., Carrillo, E., Mendes, F. M., \u0026amp; de Sousa, B. (2022). Proposal for a Framework to Develop Sustainable Tourism on the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Moor, Colombia, as an Alternative Source of Income between Environmental Sustainability and Mining. Sustainability, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(14), 8728.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFlynn, M., Ford, J. D., Pearce, T., Harper, S. L., \u0026amp; Team, I. R. (2018). Participatory scenario planning and climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability research in the Arctic. Environmental Science \u0026amp; Policy, \u003cem\u003e79\u003c/em\u003e, 45\u0026ndash;53.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFranciosi, C., Di Pasquale, V., Iannone, R., \u0026amp; Miranda, S. (2021). Multi-stakeholder perspectives on indicators for sustainable maintenance performance in production contexts: An exploratory study. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c/em\u003e(2), 308\u0026ndash;330.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFreeman, R. E. (2010). \u003cem\u003eStrategic management: A stakeholder approach\u003c/em\u003e. Cambridge university press.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFreeman, R. E., Phillips, R., \u0026amp; Sisodia, R. (2020). Tensions in stakeholder theory. Business \u0026amp; Society, \u003cem\u003e59\u003c/em\u003e(2), 213\u0026ndash;231.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGarc\u0026iacute;a, H. (2013, May 5). \u003cem\u003eValoraci\u0026oacute;n De Los Bienes Y Servicios Ambientales Provistos Por El P\u0026aacute;ramo De Santurb\u0026aacute;n\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGlicken, J. (2000). Getting stakeholder participation \u0026lsquo;right\u0026rsquo;: a discussion of participatory processes and possible pitfalls. Environmental Science \u0026amp; Policy, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(6), 305\u0026ndash;310.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGodet, M. (2000). The art of scenarios and strategic planning: tools and pitfalls. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, \u003cem\u003e65\u003c/em\u003e(1), 3\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGoffi, G., Cucculelli, M., \u0026amp; Masiero, L. (2019). Fostering tourism destination competitiveness in developing countries: The role of sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, \u003cem\u003e209\u003c/em\u003e, 101\u0026ndash;115.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGonz\u0026aacute;lez-Cort\u0026eacute;s, L. D., \u0026amp; Husain-Talero, S. (2020). Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Tourism in Colombia: A Baseline Study in Post-conflict Regions. International Journal of Social Sustainability in Economic, Social \u0026amp; Cultural Context, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(2).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGutierrez Pacheco, Y. P. (2019). \u003cem\u003eLas fallas en el proceso de delimitaci\u0026oacute;n del complejo de p\u0026aacute;ramo Santurb\u0026aacute;n-Berl\u0026iacute;n: An\u0026aacute;lisis de componente socio econ\u0026oacute;mico\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHamid, R. A., Albahri, A. S., Alwan, J. K., Al-Qaysi, Z. T., Albahri, O. S., Zaidan, A. A., Alnoor, A., Alamoodi, A. H., \u0026amp; Zaidan, B. B. (2021). How smart is e-tourism? A systematic review of smart tourism recommendation system applying data management. Computer Science Review, \u003cem\u003e39\u003c/em\u003e, 100337.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHolifield, R., \u0026amp; Williams, K. C. (2019). Recruiting, integrating, and sustaining stakeholder participation in environmental management: A case study from the Great Lakes Areas of Concern. Journal of Environmental Management, \u003cem\u003e230\u003c/em\u003e, 422\u0026ndash;433.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJin, G., Sperandio, S., \u0026amp; Girard, P. (2023). Selecting risk response strategies to minimize human errors in a design project for factories of the future. Expert Systems with Applications, 120120.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhan, M. S., Woo, M., Nam, K., \u0026amp; Chathoth, P. K. (2017). Smart city and smart tourism: A case of Dubai. Sustainability, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(12), 2279.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKopnina, H. (2020). Education for the future? Critical evaluation of education for sustainable development goals. The Journal of Environmental Education, \u003cem\u003e51\u003c/em\u003e(4), 280\u0026ndash;291.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKubickova, M., \u0026amp; Campbell, J. M. (2020). The role of government in agro-tourism development: a top-down bottom-up approach. Current Issues in Tourism, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e(5), 587\u0026ndash;604.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLaplume, A. O., Sonpar, K., \u0026amp; Litz, R. A. (2008). Stakeholder theory: Reviewing a theory that moves us. Journal of Management, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1152\u0026ndash;1189.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLindman, \u0026Aring;., Ran\u0026auml;ngen, H., \u0026amp; Kauppila, O. (2020). Guiding corporate social responsibility practice for social license to operate: A Nordic mining perspective. The Extractive Industries and Society, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(3), 892\u0026ndash;907.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu, C., Dou, X., Li, J., \u0026amp; Cai, L. A. (2020). Analyzing government role in rural tourism development: An empirical investigation from China. Journal of Rural Studies, \u003cem\u003e79\u003c/em\u003e, 177\u0026ndash;188.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi, Y., Lau, C., \u0026amp; Su, P. (2020). Heritage tourism stakeholder conflict: A case of a World Heritage Site in China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, \u003cem\u003e18\u003c/em\u003e(3), 267\u0026ndash;287.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLom, M., Pribyl, O., \u0026amp; Svitek, M. (2016). Industry 4.0 as a part of smart cities. \u003cem\u003e2016 Smart Cities Symposium Prague (SCSP)\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLondo\u0026ntilde;o, N. A. C., Vel\u0026aacute;squez, H. I., \u0026amp; McIntyre, N. (2019). Comparing the environmental sustainability of two gold production methods using integrated Emergy and Life Cycle Assessment. Ecological Indicators, \u003cem\u003e107\u003c/em\u003e, 105600.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMacioszek, E., Cieśla, M., \u0026amp; Gran\u0026agrave;, A. (2023). Future Development of an Energy-Efficient Electric Scooter Sharing System Based on a Stakeholder Analysis Method. Energies, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(1), 554.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMantey, J., Nyarko, K. B., Owusu-Nimo, F., Awua, K. A., Bempah, C. K., Amankwah, R. K., Akatu, W. E., \u0026amp; Appiah-Effah, E. (2020). Mercury contamination of soil and water media from different illegal artisanal small-scale gold mining operations (galamsey). Heliyon, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(6), e04312.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarin-Pantelescu, A., Tăchiciu, L., Căpuşneanu, S., \u0026amp; Topor, D. I. (2019). Role of tour operators and travel agencies in promoting sustainable tourism. Amfiteatru Economic, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(52), 654\u0026ndash;669.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarkmann, C., Darkow, I.-L., \u0026amp; Von Der Gracht, H. (2013). A Delphi-based risk analysis\u0026mdash;Identifying and assessing future challenges for supply chain security in a multi-stakeholder environment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, \u003cem\u003e80\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1815\u0026ndash;1833.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMetilelu, O. O., Adeniyi, M. O., \u0026amp; Ekum, M. I. (2022). Modelling the Dynamic Effect of Environmental Pollution on Coastal Tourism in Nigeria. Scientific African, e01364.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeza-Arce, M. I., Malpica-Cruz, L., Hoyos-Padilla, M. E., Mojica, F. J., Arredondo-Garc\u0026iacute;a, M. C., Leyva, C., Zertuche-Chanes, R., \u0026amp; Santana-Morales, O. (2020). Unraveling the white shark observation tourism at Guadalupe Island, Mexico: Actors, needs and sustainability. Marine Policy, \u003cem\u003e119\u003c/em\u003e, 104056.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohamed, B.-D., El Mahrad, B., Moroșanu, G. A., Elhassnaoui, I., Moumen, A., El Mezouary, L., ELbouhaddioui, M., Essahlaoui, A., \u0026amp; Eljaafari, S. (2021). \u003cem\u003eStakeholders\u0026rsquo; interactions in Water Management System: Insights from a MACTOR analysis in the R\u0026rsquo;Dom Sub-basin, Morocco\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNamugenyi, C., Nimmagadda, S. L., \u0026amp; Reiners, T. (2019). Design of a SWOT analysis model and its evaluation in diverse digital business ecosystem contexts. Procedia Computer Science, \u003cem\u003e159\u003c/em\u003e, 1145\u0026ndash;1154.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNilsson, P. \u0026Aring;., \u0026amp; Aquino, J. (2021). The Interplay of Stakeholder Theory and Blind Spot Theory in Rural Tourism Development. Athens Journal of Tourism, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(2), 89\u0026ndash;106.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOliveira, A. S., Gomes, C. F. S., Clarkson, C. T., Sanseverino, A. M., Barcelos, M. R. S., Costa, I. P. A., \u0026amp; Santos, M. (2021). Multiple criteria decision making and prospective scenarios model for selection of companies to be incubated. Algorithms, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(4), 111.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOliver, J. J., \u0026amp; Parrett, E. (2018). Managing future uncertainty: Reevaluating the role of scenario planning. Business Horizons, \u003cem\u003e61\u003c/em\u003e(2), 339\u0026ndash;352.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOllivaud, P., \u0026amp; Haxton, P. (2019). \u003cem\u003eMaking the most of tourism in Indonesia to promote sustainable regional development\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eParra-Romero, A. (2022). \u0026iquest; De qui\u0026eacute;n es el p\u0026aacute;ramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n? Ancestralidad minera como narrativa de defensa del territorio en el municipio de Vetas, Santander. CS, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e, 147\u0026ndash;177.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePoudyal, B., Maraseni, T., Forests, G. C.-, \u0026amp; 2019, undefined. (n.d.). Scientific forest management practice in Nepal: Critical reflections from stakeholders\u0026rsquo; perspectives. \u003cem\u003eMdpi.Com\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/f11010027\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/f11010027\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRambaree, K., Sundstr\u0026ouml;m, A., Wang, Z., \u0026amp; Wright, S. A. I. (2021). Qualitative stakeholder analysis for a Swedish regional biogas development: A thematic network approach. Sustainability, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(14), 8003.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRees, G. H., Crampton, P., Gauld, R., \u0026amp; MacDonell, S. (2018). Rethinking health workforce planning: capturing health system social and power interactions through actor analysis. Futures, \u003cem\u003e99\u003c/em\u003e, 16\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRey, V., R\u0026iacute;os, C. A., Vargas, L. Y., \u0026amp; Valente, T. M. (2021). Use of natural zeolite-rich tuff and siliceous sand for mine water treatment from abandoned gold mine tailings. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, \u003cem\u003e220\u003c/em\u003e, 106660.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRiadh, H. (2022). Intelligent tourism system using prospective techniques and the Mactor methodology: a case study of Tunisian tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1376\u0026ndash;1398.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRico-Ram\u0026iacute;rez, M. S., \u0026amp; G\u0026oacute;mez-Caipa, J. C. (2021). Ecoturismo como alternativa de desarrollo econ\u0026oacute;mico, ambiental y cultural: un reto en calidad, formaci\u0026oacute;n y consolidaci\u0026oacute;n de la econom\u0026iacute;a naranja. Gesti\u0026oacute;n y Ambiente, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e(Supl3), 22\u0026ndash;32.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRocha, J. (2020). Smart tourism and smart destinations for a sustainable future. Journal: Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals Decent Work and Economic Growth, \u003cem\u003e871\u003c/em\u003e, 880.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRodr\u0026iacute;guez-Rivero, R., Ortiz-Marcos, I., D\u0026iacute;az-Barcos, V., \u0026amp; Lozano, S. A. (2020). Applying the strategic prospective approach to project management in a development project in Colombia. International Journal of Project Management, \u003cem\u003e38\u003c/em\u003e(8), 534\u0026ndash;547.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRusciano, V., Civero, G., \u0026amp; Scarpato, D. (2020). Social and ecological high influential factors in community gardens innovation: An empirical survey in Italy. Sustainability, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(11), 4651.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRuuskanen, S., Fuchs, B., Nissinen, R., Puigb\u0026ograve;, P., Rainio, M., Saikkonen, K., \u0026amp; Helander, M. (2022). Ecosystem consequences of herbicides: The role of microbiome. \u003cem\u003eTrends in Ecology \u0026amp; Evolution\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRyan, R. M., \u0026amp; Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, \u003cem\u003e55\u003c/em\u003e(1), 68.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSakharova, S., Avdeeva, I., Golovina, T., \u0026amp; Parakhina, L. (2021). The public administration of the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone based on a stakeholder approach. \u003cem\u003eIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e678\u003c/em\u003e(1), 012035.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchwartz, P. (2012a). \u003cem\u003eThe art of the long view: planning for the future in an uncertain world\u003c/em\u003e. Currency.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchwartz, P. (2012b). \u003cem\u003eThe art of the long view: planning for the future in an uncertain world\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://books.google.es/books?hl=es\u0026amp;lr=\u0026amp;id=T-r36\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://books.google.es/books?hl=es\u0026amp;lr=\u0026amp;id=T-r36\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003ebIZA44C\u0026amp;oi=fnd\u0026amp;pg=PR13\u0026amp;dq=The+art+of+the+long+view:+paths+to+strategic+insight+for+yourself+and+your +company\u0026amp;ots=1T09ZmXXK4\u0026amp;sig=97hCz5zuUYNU7cMGRpuKTBowqz4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSerrano, M. R., \u0026amp; Serrano, Y. T. R. (2017). Incidencias de la resoluci\u0026oacute;n no. 2090 de 2014 del ministerio de ambiente y desarrollo sostenible, frente a los derechos adquiridos de propietarios\u0026ndash;caso p\u0026aacute;ramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n. \u003cem\u003eHip\u0026oacute;tesis Libre\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSerravalle, F., Ferraris, A., Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A., \u0026amp; Christofi, M. (2019). Augmented reality in the tourism industry: A multi-stakeholder analysis of museums. Tourism Management Perspectives, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c/em\u003e, 100549.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSeyitoğlu, F., \u0026amp; Ivanov, S. (2020). A conceptual framework of the service delivery system design for hospitality firms in the (post-) viral world: The role of service robots. International Journal of Hospitality Management, \u003cem\u003e91\u003c/em\u003e, 102661.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSong, J., Liu, Q., \u0026amp; Sheng, Y. (2019). Distribution and risk assessment of trace metals in riverine surface sediments in gold mining area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, \u003cem\u003e191\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpadaro, I., Pirlone, F., Bruno, F., Saba, G., Poggio, B., \u0026amp; Bruzzone, S. (2023). Stakeholder Participation in Planning of a Sustainable and Competitive Tourism Destination: The Genoa Integrated Action Plan. Sustainability, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(6), 5005.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpaniol, M. J., \u0026amp; Rowland, N. J. (2019). Defining scenario. Futures \u0026amp; Foresight Science, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(1), e3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSu, M. M., Wall, G., Wang, Y., \u0026amp; Jin, M. (2019). Livelihood sustainability in a rural tourism destination-Hetu Town, Anhui Province, China. Tourism Management, \u003cem\u003e71\u003c/em\u003e, 272\u0026ndash;281.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSv\u0026iacute;tek, M., Skobelev, P., \u0026amp; Kozhevnikov, S. (2020). Smart City 5.0 as an urban ecosystem of Smart services. \u003cem\u003eService Oriented, Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing Systems for Industry of the Future: Proceedings of SOHOMA 2019 9\u003c/em\u003e, 426\u0026ndash;438.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTătar, C.-F., Herman, G. V., \u0026amp; Gozner, M. (2018). Tourist guides\u0026rsquo; contribution to sustainability in Romania. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(1), 282\u0026ndash;287.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVenegas, C., S\u0026aacute;nchez-Alfonso, A. C., Vesga, F.-J., Mart\u0026iacute;n, A., Celis-Zambrano, C., \u0026amp; Gonz\u0026aacute;lez Mendez, M. (2022). Identification and Evaluation of Determining Factors and Actors in the Management and Use of Biosolids through Prospective Analysis (MicMac and Mactor) and Social Networks. Sustainability, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(11), 6840.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVenegas, C., S\u0026aacute;nchez-Alfonso, A., Vesga, F., Sustainability, A. M.-, \u0026amp; 2022, undefined. (2022). Identification and Evaluation of Determining Factors and Actors in the Management and Use of Biosolids through Prospective Analysis (MicMac and Mactor) and. \u003cem\u003eMdpi.Com\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(11). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/su14116840\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/su14116840\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVillabona Rangel, \u0026Eacute;. A. (2021). \u003cem\u003eTransformaciones por el conflicto socioecol\u0026oacute;gico generado por los cambios del uso del suelo en el capital social de las comunidades del P\u0026aacute;ramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n: caso California, Santander\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang, M., \u0026amp; Cernava, T. (2020). Overhauling the assessment of agrochemical-driven interferences with microbial communities for improved global ecosystem integrity. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e, 100061.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWanner, A., \u0026amp; Pr\u0026ouml;bstl-Haider, U. (2019). Barriers to stakeholder involvement in sustainable rural tourism development\u0026mdash;experiences from southeast europe. Sustainability, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(12), 3372.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWirahayu, Y. A., Purwito, H., \u0026amp; Insani, N. (2019). Community-based tourism management in Santen Beach, Banyuwangi. \u003cem\u003eIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e243\u003c/em\u003e(1), 012059.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWitt, T., Dumeier, M., \u0026amp; Geldermann, J. (2020). Combining scenario planning, energy system analysis, and multi-criteria analysis to develop and evaluate energy scenarios. Journal of Cleaner Production, \u003cem\u003e242\u003c/em\u003e, 118414.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYanes, A., Zielinski, S., Diaz Cano, M., \u0026amp; Kim, S. (2019). Community-based tourism in developing countries: A framework for policy evaluation. Sustainability, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(9), 2506.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sustainable tourism, stakeholder analysis, Santurbán Paramo, MACTOR, intelligent territories","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139973/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139973/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Paramo de Santurb\u0026aacute;n in Colombia, a unique ecosystem, is under threat from mining activities and the challenge of sustainable water management. This study investigates tourism as a potential solution, highlighting the importance of understanding tourism stakeholders' impact on the ecosystem's sustainable development. Utilizing the MACTOR software, the analysis included a wide range of stakeholders\u0026mdash;thematic experts, tourism entrepreneurs, and governance professionals. Findings indicate that various stakeholders, notably the government, local communities, and tourism entrepreneurs, significantly influence the Paramo. The government is crucial in ensuring tourism's sustainability through regulation, whereas local communities, although benefiting from tourism, require protection against its potential negative impacts. These insights are instrumental for strategic tourism planning and promotion in the Santurb\u0026aacute;n Paramo, guiding decision-makers towards sustainable ecosystem management.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Intelligent Tourism for a Fragile Ecosystem: Promoting Sustainability in the Santurbán Paramo with Industry 4.0","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-25 15:37:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139973/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3da2527d-5300-46d2-a249-90d6755b924c","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-04T06:51:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-25 15:37:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4139973","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4139973","identity":"rs-4139973","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}