Arthrobacter rhizophilus sp. nov., an organic phosphate solubilizing bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of Meconopsis integrifolia

Arthrobacter rhizophilus sp. nov., an organic phosphate solubilizing bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of Meconopsis integrifolia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report Arthrobacter rhizophilus sp. nov., an organic phosphate solubilizing bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of Meconopsis integrifolia Yongxia Wang, Chengxin Zhang, Yan Wang, Delong Kong, Zhen Xing, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8214307/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A Gram-staining-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated strain MI7-26 T , with organic phosphate solubilizing ability was isolated from rhizosphere soil of Meconopsis integrifolia , Nyingchi, Xizang, China. Optimal growth conditions were observed at 30 ℃, pH 7.0 and 0.5% (w/v) NaCl. A comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MI7-26 T showed the highest similarity to Arthrobacter bambusae GM18 T (98.6% sequence similarity); Arthrobacter gyeryongensis DCY72 T (98.5%); Pseudarthrobacter enclensis NIO-1008 T (97.5%). The genome size was 4.81 Mb and the G + C content was 63.1 mol%. Whole genome-based analysis revealed that MI7-26 T is more closely related to Arthrobacter ramosus , Arthrobacter gyeryongensis , and Arthrobacter bambusae , with both the Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values below the thresholds used for species delineation (ANI < 90%, dDDH < 40%). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15:0 and anteiso-C 17:0 . The predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified glycolipids. The major quinone was menaquinone MK-9(H 2 ). The cell-wall peptidoglycan was A3 α type, containing lysine and alanine. Phenotypically, strain MI7-26 T differed from its close relatives by being positive for the Voges-Proskauer reaction, methyl red test, and hydrolysis of Tween 80, as well as for enzyme activities of β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain MI7-26 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Arthrobacter , for which the name Arthrobacter rhizophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MI7-26 T (= GDMCC 1.3254 T = JCM 35693 T ). Meconopsis integrifolia Arthrobacter rhizosphere soil organic phosphorus solubilization polyphasic taxonomy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 INTRODUCTION Meconopsis integrifolia is a herb of the poppy family that grows in the high mountains of 3400–5000 m [ 1 ]. Due to its particularity of its habitat, it has become an endangered species, especially as a Tibetan medicine resource that can treat pneumonia, liver pain, headache and edema [ 2 ], which should be paid more attention and protected. Rhizosphere microorganisms were said to be the second genome of plants, especially beneficial microorganisms such as phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria have been reported to promote plant growth through their own secretion of products, or have antagonistic effects on pathogenic bacteria [ 3 ], but bacteria in the rhizosphere of Meconopsis have rarely been reported. The genus Arthrobacter was first proposed by Conn and Dimmick [ 4 ] in 1947, belonging to the family Micrococcaceae . According to the List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN; https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/Arthrobacter ), and currently comprises 74 species of with a validly published and correct name (accessed on 27 October 2025). The genus Arthrobacter is widely distributed across diverse environmental sources [ 5 ]. Members of the genus Arthrobacter are Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, some exhibit a rod-coccus morphological cycle, which contained 55–72 mol% DNA G + C content, and anteiso-C 15:0 and anteiso-C 17:0 as the major cellular fatty acids [ 6 ]. The quinone system is composed of MK-9(H 2 ) or MK-8(H 2 ) as the predominant quinone and A3 α or A4 α as the cell-wall peptidoglycan structural type [ 7 , 8 ]. In this study, we report a novel species of the genus Arthrobacter , an organic phosphate solubilizing bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of M.integrifolia , designated as MI7-26 T , and characterized using a polyphasic approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND CULTURE OF STRAIN Strain MI7-26 T was collected from rhizosphere soil of M . integrifolia , Nyingchi in Xizang, China (N 29°36′34″, E 94°39′17″). One gram of rhizosphere soil was mixed with 9 ml sterile water and shaken at 150 rpm for 30 min. The suspension was serially diluted cultured on the nutrient agar (NA; Difco) medium after at 30 ℃ for 3 days, separated colonies were picked and serially streaked onto NA plates incubating at 30 ℃ to obtain single colony. Strain MI7-26 T was obtained after several re-streaking and transfer onto NA plates. The pure culture of strain MI7-26 T was preserved at -80 ℃ in nutrient broth (NB; Difco) medium with 60% (v/v) glycerol. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND 16S rRNA GENE SEQUENCING The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MI7-26T, amplified with primers 27F and 1492R, was compared with sequences of closely related type strains obtained from the EzBioCloud server ( https://www.ezbiocloud.net/ ) [ 9 ] using the CLUSTAL X program [ 10 ]. Phylogenetic trees were analysed with neighbour-joining (NJ) [ 11 ], maximum-likelihood (ML) and maximum-parsimony (MP) [ 12 ] by using MEGA 7.0 [ 13 ]. Tree topologies were evaluated by bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates. Evolutionary distances were calculated according to the algorithm of the Kimura’s two-parameter model for the NJ, MP and ML trees method. Furthermore, genomic phylogenetic relationships were computed using the Type Genome Server (TYGS; https://tygs.dsmz.de/ ) [ 14 ] and the AutoMLST pipeline ( https://automlst.ziemertlab.com ) [ 15 ], which are based on genome-to-genome distances and concatenated core genes, respectively. GENOME SEQUENCE ANALYSIS The genomes of strain MI7-26 T were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform by Guangzhou Magigene Company. Raw reads were de novo -assembled using SPAdes (version 3.5.0) [ 16 ]. The genomic G + C content was determined by the draft genome sequencing. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) were calculated according to the minimal standards proposed by Chun et al. [ 17 ]. The dDDH values were calculated by Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator 3.0 online ( http://ggdc.dsmz.de ) [ 18 ]. The ANI value between two genomes was calculated using the OrthoANIu algorithm ( https://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/ani ) [ 19 ]. The average amino acid Identity (AAI) was calculated using the Majorbio Cloud Platform ( https://analysis.majorbio.com/tools/ ) [ 20 ]. MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS The morphological characteristics of strain MI7-26 T were observed after growth on NA medium for 3 days at 30 ℃. The cells were examined by light microscope (Nikon 80i, Tokyo, Japan) and transmission electron microscope (Hitachi 7500, Tokyo, Japan) [ 21 ]. The temperature range for growth was determined on NA medium for 7 days at 4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 37, 40 and 45 ℃. NaCl tolerance was checked with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 (%w/v)) added to NB medium (present configuration without sodium chloride). pH dependent growth was evaluated also in NB medium using sterile solutions of citric acid/Na 2 HPO 4 (pH 4.0 to 5.0), Na 2 HPO 4 /NaH 2 PO 4 buffer (pH 6.0 to 8.0), NaHCO 3 /Na 2 CO 3 buffer (pH 9.0 to 10.0) or Na 2 HPO 4 /NaOH buffer (pH 11.0) or KCl/NaOH buffer (pH 12.0). Cell motility was tested by hanging-drop method throughout a tube containing semisolid medium [ 22 ]. Gram-stain reaction, catalase and oxidase activities, Voges–Proskauer reaction, H 2 S production, hydrolysis of starch, gelatin, casein, cellulose, tyrosine and Tweens 20, 40, 60 and 80 were determined as described by Smibert & Krieg [ 23 ]. Additional physiological and biochemical features were determined using the API ZYM, 20NE and 50CH strips (bioMérieux) as described by the manufacturer’s instructions. CHEMOTAXONOMIC ANALYSIS Strain MI7-26 T and the reference strain were cultured on trypticase soy agar (TSA; Difco) medium at 30 ℃ and cells were harvested in the late exponential phase. Cellular fatty acids analysis was carried out as described by Sakamoto et al. [ 24 ]. The identification and quantification of the fatty acid methyl esters as well as the numerical analysis of the fatty acid profiles were carried out by the Sherlock Microbial Identification System with the standard MIS Library Generation Software (VERSION 6.0 and Date 4, Microbial ID) and a 6890N gas chromatograph (Agilent) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Quantitative analysis of the peptidoglycan amino acids was performed by gas chromatography according to the method of MacKenzie et al. [ 25 ]. The cell wall peptidoglycan was obtained and purified according to the description by Schleifer & Kandler [ 26 ]. Menaquinones were extracted and purified from freeze-dried cells and analysed as described previously using LC-MS [ 27 ]. Polar lipids were extracted and separated using a two-dimensional TLC and silica gel 60 F 254 aluminium-backed thin-layer plates (Merck) [ 28 ]. IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING ABILITY OF STRAIN The isolated and purified bacteria were prepared into bacterial suspensions and cultured overnight. Suspensions (10 µL) were absorbed and inoculated in the organic phosphus agar medium [ 29 ] with 3 replicates for each bacterium, and cultured at 30 ℃. On day 7, the medium was observed for the appearance of transparent circles, which indicated that it had the function of dissolving organic phosphorus (Fig. S5). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS The complete nucleotide sequence (1426 bp, accession number: OP795868) was determined by cloning and sequencing, and the results of EzTaxon server analysis indicated that strain MI7-26 T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Arthrobacter bambusae GM18 T (98.57% sequence similarity), Arthrobacter gyeryongensis DCY72 T (98.48%), Pseudarthrobacter enclensis NIO-1008 T (97.48%) and less than 97.50% for other type strains. The NJ, ML and MP trees showed that strain MI7-26 T was alone in one branch and don’t cluster with other type strains (Fig. 1 , S1 and S2). The draft genome sequence of strain MI7-26 T was 4,813,939 bp including 78 contigs with N50 as 141,811 coding sequences and has been deposited at NCBI GenBank under accession number JAPFFT000000000. The DNA G + C content of strain MI7-26 T was calculated to be 63.1 mol% according to the genome sequence, which included in the scope of G + C content reported for the genus Arthrobacter [ 10 ]. To further clarify the phylogenetic position of strain MI7-26 T , genome-based analyses were conducted against closely related species, which involved calculations of digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), average nucleotide identity (ANI), and average amino acid identity (AAI) (Table S1 ). The results showed that the ANI values with the closest relatives, Arthrobacter ramosus (88.17%), Arthrobacter gyeryongensis (87.57%), Arthrobacter bambusae (87.19%), and Arthrobacter methylotrophus (86.22%), were all below the suggested species threshold of 95–96%. Similarly, the dDDH values (35.7%, 34.2%, 32.9%, and 31.2%, respectively) were well below the 70% species delineation threshold. The corresponding AAI values were 91.2%, 90.85%, 90.67%, and 89.8%. These collective genomic findings robustly support the proposal that strain MI7-26 T represents a novel species within the genus Arthrobacter . For a more precise phylogenetic resolution, genome-based phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using both the TYGS (Fig. 2 ) platform and the AutoMLST pipeline (Fig. S3). In both trees, strain MI7-26 T consistently formed a distinct clade alongside A. ramosus , A. gyeryongensis , and A. bambusae , confirming its phylogenetic position within the genus Arthrobacter and its uniqueness as an independent lineage. PHENOTYPIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Cells of strain MI7-26 T were rod shaped of 0.4–0.7 µm in width and 1.0-1.6 µm in length (Fig. 3 ). The positive results of Voges-Proskauer, methyl red test, hydrolysis of Tween 80, enzyme activities of esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, α -galactosidase, β -glucuronidase, α -glucosidase and N -acetyl- β -glucosaminidase, assimilation of glucose and mannose for strain MI7-26 T were different from A . bambusae GM18 T . The negative results of oxidase, hydrolysis of esculin, Tween 20, enzyme activity of β -galactosidase, assimilation of urease and β -glucosidase for strain MI7-26 T were different from A . bambusae GM18 T and A . gyeryongensis DCY72 T . Differential characteristics of strain MI7-26 T and the reference strains were shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Differential characteristics between strain MI7-26 T and the type strains of its closely related species Strains: 1, MI7-26 T ; 2, Arthrobacter bambusae GM18 T ; 3, Arthrobacter gyeryongensis DCY72 T ; 4, Pseudarthrobacter enclensis NIO-1008 T . Data of strains 1 and 2 are from this study, and other data were obtained from Hoang et al. [ 5 ] and Dastager et al. [ 30 ], respectively. All strains were cultivated with the same medium and growth conditions. +, Positive; -, negative; w, weak reaction; nd, not determined. Characteristic 1 2 3 4 Oxidase - + + - Voges-Proskauer + - nd - Methyl red test + - nd - Hydrolysis of: Esculin - + + - Cellulose - - + - Gelatin - - + - Tween 20 - + + nd Tween 80 + - - nd Enzyme activities: Alkaline phosphatase - - + - Esterase (C4) + - w + Esterase Lipase (C8) + - + - Lipase (C14) + - + - Valine arylamidase + - + - Cystine arylamidase + - + - Trypsin + - + - Chymotrypsin + - + - Naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase + - + + α -Galactosidase + - + - β -Galactosidase - + + - β -Glucuronidase + - - - α -Glucosidase + - + - β -Glucosidase + + + - N -Acetyl- β -glucosaminidase + - - - Assimilation of: Urease - + + - β -Glucosidase - + + - β -Galactosidase - + - + Glucose + - + + Arabinose - - - + Mannose + - + + Mannitol + + + - N -Acetyl-glucosamine + + - - Maltose - - + + Gluconate - - + + DNA G + C content (mol%) 63.1 61.0 64.5 61.3 CHEMOTAXONOMIC ANALYSIS The cellular fatty acids (> 1%) of strain MI7-26 T were anteiso-C 15:0 (71.9%), anteiso-C 17:0 (16.5%), iso-C 16:0 (4.5%), iso-C 15:0 (3.7%) and C 16:0 (1.1%), and other fatty acids shown in Table 2 . Strain MI7-26 T shared a similar fatty acid profile with its close relatives A. bambusae GM18 T and A. gyeryongensis DCY72 T . In contrast, it was distinct from P. enclensis NIO-1008 T , which contained fatty acids such as iso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0 that were absent in MI7-26 T [ 30 ]. The cell-wall peptidoglycan consisted of alanine and lysine, and its structure was the A3 α type. The predominant respiratory quinone of strain MI7-26 T was MK-9(H 2 ), which was similar to genus Arthrobacter . The major polar lipids had diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified glycolipids (Fig. S4). Table 2 Cellular fatty acids of strain MI7-26 T and its relative reference strains Strains: 1, MI7-26 T ; 2, Arthrobacter bambusae GM18 T ; 3, Arthrobacter gyeryongensis DCY72 T ; 4, Pseudarthrobacter enclensis NIO-1008 T . Values are percentages of the total fatty acids. TR, Trace amount (< 0.5%). Fatty acids 1 2 3 4 C 14:0 tr tr tr 1.9 C 16:0 1.1 3.4 1.0 5.5 C 18:0 tr 1.0 - - iso-C 14:0 0.5 1.7 1.5 2.0 iso-C 15:0 3.7 4.9 7.8 15.5 iso-C 16:0 4.5 7.9 6.6 10.5 iso-C 17:0 0.5 tr 0.7 2.1 anteiso-C 15:0 71.9 64.3 71.4 47.9 anteiso-C 17:0 16.5 14.2 10.2 10.2 Summed Features are fatty acids that cannot be resolved reliably from another fatty acid using the chromatographic conditions chosen. The MIDI system groups these fatty acids together as one feature with a single percentage of the total. GENOME ANALYSES The genome of strain MI7-26 T was 4,817,452 bp long including 114 contigs with an N50 value of 152,509 and a genome coverage of 80.0×. The DNA G + C content was 63.1 mol%, the mean length was 422,58.4bp. The MI7-26 T genome’s RAST annotation provides initial annotations of gene functions for MI7-26 T ’s genomes, such as phosphorus metabolism (consistent with its observed ability to solubilize organic phosphorus, Fig. S5), secondary metabolism, etc. Furthermore, we annotated the genome of MI7-26 T through Proksee ( https://proksee.ca/projects/new accessed on 28 Oct 2025) (Fig. S6). Antibiotic resistance gene prediction identified the vanY gene, which is part of the vanB cluster. This gene cluster confers resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics ( https://card.mcmaster.ca/ accessed on 28 Oct 2025). TAXONOMIC CONCLUSION On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics described above, strain MI7-26 T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Arthrobacter for which the name Arthrobacter rhizophilus sp. nov. is proposed. DESCRIPTION OF ARTHROBACTER RHIZOPHILUS SP.NOV Arthrobacter rhizophilus (rhi.zo’phi.lus. Gr. fem. n. rhiza , a root; Gr. masc. adj. philos , loving; N.L. masc. adj. rhizophilus , root-loving) Cells are aerobic, Gram-staining-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile and 0.4–0.6 µm in width and 1.0-1.6 µm in length. The colonies are 1.0-2.4 mm in diameter, white, transparent and have regular margins and smooth after growth at 30 ℃ for 3 days on NA medium. The temperature range for growth is from 25 to 37 ℃ (optimum, 30 ℃). The pH range for growth is from 6.0 to 10.0 (optimum, 7.0). The NaCl concentration range for growth is from 0 to 6.0% (optimum, 0.5%). Produce catalase and acetoin, and hydrolyzes Tween 80, but does not produce oxidase or hydrogen sulfide, and does not hydrolyze starch, casein, gelatin, cellulose, Tween 20 or Tween 60. Produce esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, α-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase, but not alkaline phosphatase or β-galactosidase. It assimilates glucose, mannose, mannitol and N-acetyl-glucosamine, and produces acid from D-ribose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, D-maltose, D-lactose, D-sucrose and D-trehalose. The major fatty acids (> 10%) are anteiso-C 15:0 and anteiso-C 17:0 . The peptidoglycan structural type is A3 α type. The major quinone is menaquinone MK-9(H 2 ). The main polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified glycolipids. The type strain is MI7-26 T (= GDMCC 1.3254 T = JCM 35693 T ), which was isolated from felty soil collected from rhizosphere soil, Nyingchi, Xizang, China. The genomic DNA G + C content of the type strain is 63.1 mol%. Abbreviations ANI average nucleotide identity dDDH digital DNA-DNA hybridization AAI average amino acid identity NA nutrient agar NB nutrient broth Declarations Author contributions Conceptualization, funding acquisition and supervision: ZX and ZR; Laboratory work, data analysis and writing of the original draft: YW, CZ and DK; Article content revision, data organization, and formatting: YW; Reviewing and editing of the manuscript: ZX and ZR. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Funding information This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFE0104900) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 3211101206). Data availability The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MI7-26 T is OP795868. The GenBank accession number for the draft genome sequence of strain MI7-26 T is JAPFFT000000000 (RefSeq assembly accession: GCF_026241105). Conflict of interest The research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval The authors have declared that no ethical issues exist. Research Involving Human and/or Animal Participants This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Consent to Participate and Consent for Publication All authors agree to have participated in the research proposed to be published and agree to be published in the journal. References Lin JZ (1999) Rare alpine flowers— Meconopsis . 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Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterials.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 14 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 28 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 26 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8214307","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":557486497,"identity":"b4ea1e30-a319-46eb-b1a0-2f9478713f9c","order_by":0,"name":"Yongxia Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Resources and Environment, Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yongxia","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":557486498,"identity":"ec793284-a1c2-4c4e-9f16-13aaab6833d1","order_by":1,"name":"Chengxin Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chengxin","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":557486499,"identity":"48411f30-aa2d-4933-a01b-361fa91103d3","order_by":2,"name":"Yan Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Resources and Environment, Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":557486500,"identity":"ecc7f5d0-b963-4a36-87aa-21b5a732ac52","order_by":3,"name":"Delong Kong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Delong","middleName":"","lastName":"Kong","suffix":""},{"id":557486501,"identity":"e555a38c-7b4e-48d8-bef2-7ad9d8d46323","order_by":4,"name":"Zhen Xing","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Resources and Environment, Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhen","middleName":"","lastName":"Xing","suffix":""},{"id":557486502,"identity":"eca8ec70-3d87-4194-bc2d-ba26d1157b15","order_by":5,"name":"Zhiyong Ruan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACxgYJMPWAZC3MBqRoAVNsEkSpNp+R/Ozhzx0Wif3S7dcqftTY2TOwnz2AV4vMjTRzA8kzEokz55wpu9lzLDmxgScvAa8WCYkEMwnDNonEDTdy0m4zsDEnMEjw4PeThET6N4lEqJZihn/19kRoyTGTOAjWkn6MmbHtMDD0CGnheVMm2dgmYTxzRg6zZG/f8cQ2nhwCWtjTt0n+bKuT7ZdIf/jhx7dqe372M8TFj2MDA9Q9bESpBwJ7Bgb2B8QqHgWjYBSMghEGACZGQbs1v+QQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhiyong","middleName":"","lastName":"Ruan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-26 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16:41:06","extension":"xml","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97552,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"21bdc2b728f745ebb8c0af239165f58d1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8214307/v1/4e1e7445836864b2bca584b8.xml"},{"id":98051216,"identity":"540b560b-9de4-4f1a-b2e7-1a26c7b34988","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-12 09:06:05","extension":"html","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104250,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8214307/v1/0a19a38fa49d8e39967939a5.html"},{"id":98051206,"identity":"cebdff62-33c9-498a-a54d-e00757dc5465","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-12 09:06:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":630108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic tree based on neighbor-joining methods that displays the links between strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and related taxa. Black circles represent nodes that were also present in the trees generated using the maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony methods. At the branch nodes, bootstrap values based on 1000 replicates are displayed. The scale bar represents 0.002 substitutions per nucleotide site.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8214307/v1/2549294fbc0cdbc646799550.jpeg"},{"id":98051207,"identity":"b0b7c238-6720-42eb-904a-357ecccc4faf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-12 09:06:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":589976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic tree was inferred from whole-genome comparative analysis, illustrating the relationship between strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and its related species. The tree was constructed using the Type (Strain) Genome Server (TYGS; https://tygs.dsmz.de/). Black circles at the nodes indicate branches that were also recovered in the phylogeny generated using the AutoMLST pipeline (https://automlst.ziemertlab.com). Bootstrap values based on 1000 replicates are shown at the branch nodes. The scale bar represents 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide site.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8214307/v1/2f195826934f8aeecca171eb.jpeg"},{"id":98428735,"identity":"fb0e8fb6-8cdf-413e-881a-efac1b5c1408","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:42:19","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":464501,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTransmission electron micrograph of cell of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e. Bar, 1.0 μm. The strain was incubated on NA at 37 ℃ for 3 days.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8214307/v1/a3bdfa7ca1f2fe339478a8d1.png"},{"id":98444492,"identity":"9faaae08-0304-4f33-9bd2-aa16279945b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 17:16:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2602942,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8214307/v1/11dc35ec-bb06-4b75-9976-ad3fc15687ba.pdf"},{"id":98051219,"identity":"331b745a-c36e-476f-a580-829680450ba4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-12 09:06:07","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":47360527,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterials.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8214307/v1/24b69bd6cfa5884cc004e52b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Arthrobacter rhizophilus sp. nov., an organic phosphate solubilizing bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of Meconopsis integrifolia","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeconopsis integrifolia\u003c/em\u003e is a herb of the poppy family that grows in the high mountains of 3400\u0026ndash;5000 m [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to its particularity of its habitat, it has become an endangered species, especially as a Tibetan medicine resource that can treat pneumonia, liver pain, headache and edema [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], which should be paid more attention and protected. Rhizosphere microorganisms were said to be the second genome of plants, especially beneficial microorganisms such as phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria have been reported to promote plant growth through their own secretion of products, or have antagonistic effects on pathogenic bacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], but bacteria in the rhizosphere of \u003cem\u003eMeconopsis\u003c/em\u003e have rarely been reported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe genus \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e was first proposed by Conn and Dimmick [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] in 1947, belonging to the family \u003cem\u003eMicrococcaceae\u003c/em\u003e. According to the List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN; \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/Arthrobacter\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/Arthrobacter\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and currently comprises 74 species of with a validly published and correct name (accessed on 27 October 2025). The genus \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e is widely distributed across diverse environmental sources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Members of the genus \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e are Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, some exhibit a rod-coccus morphological cycle, which contained 55\u0026ndash;72 mol% DNA G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content, and anteiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e and anteiso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e as the major cellular fatty acids [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The quinone system is composed of MK-9(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) or MK-8(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) as the predominant quinone and A3\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e or A4\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e as the cell-wall peptidoglycan structural type [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, we report a novel species of the genus \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e, an organic phosphate solubilizing bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of \u003cem\u003eM.integrifolia\u003c/em\u003e, designated as MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e, and characterized using a polyphasic approach.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND CULTURE OF STRAIN\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was collected from rhizosphere soil of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cem\u003eintegrifolia\u003c/em\u003e, Nyingchi in Xizang, China (N 29\u0026deg;36\u0026prime;34\u0026Prime;, E 94\u0026deg;39\u0026prime;17\u0026Prime;). One gram of rhizosphere soil was mixed with 9 ml sterile water and shaken at 150 rpm for 30 min. The suspension was serially diluted cultured on the nutrient agar (NA; Difco) medium after at 30 ℃ for 3 days, separated colonies were picked and serially streaked onto NA plates incubating at 30 ℃ to obtain single colony. Strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was obtained after several re-streaking and transfer onto NA plates. The pure culture of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was preserved at -80 ℃ in nutrient broth (NB; Difco) medium with 60% (v/v) glycerol.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND 16S rRNA GENE SEQUENCING\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MI7-26T, amplified with primers 27F and 1492R, was compared with sequences of closely related type strains obtained from the EzBioCloud server (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ezbiocloud.net/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ezbiocloud.net/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] using the CLUSTAL X program [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Phylogenetic trees were analysed with neighbour-joining (NJ) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], maximum-likelihood (ML) and maximum-parsimony (MP) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] by using MEGA 7.0 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Tree topologies were evaluated by bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates. Evolutionary distances were calculated according to the algorithm of the Kimura\u0026rsquo;s two-parameter model for the NJ, MP and ML trees method. Furthermore, genomic phylogenetic relationships were computed using the Type Genome Server (TYGS; \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://tygs.dsmz.de/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://tygs.dsmz.de/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] and the AutoMLST pipeline (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://automlst.ziemertlab.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://automlst.ziemertlab.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], which are based on genome-to-genome distances and concatenated core genes, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGENOME SEQUENCE ANALYSIS\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe genomes of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform by Guangzhou Magigene Company. Raw reads were \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e-assembled using SPAdes (version 3.5.0) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The genomic G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content was determined by the draft genome sequencing. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) were calculated according to the minimal standards proposed by Chun et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The dDDH values were calculated by Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator 3.0 online (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://ggdc.dsmz.de\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://ggdc.dsmz.de\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. The ANI value between two genomes was calculated using the OrthoANIu algorithm (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/ani\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/ani\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The average amino acid Identity (AAI) was calculated using the Majorbio Cloud Platform (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://analysis.majorbio.com/tools/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://analysis.majorbio.com/tools/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe morphological characteristics of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were observed after growth on NA medium for 3 days at 30 ℃. The cells were examined by light microscope (Nikon 80i, Tokyo, Japan) and transmission electron microscope (Hitachi 7500, Tokyo, Japan) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The temperature range for growth was determined on NA medium for 7 days at 4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 37, 40 and 45 ℃. NaCl tolerance was checked with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 (%w/v)) added to NB medium (present configuration without sodium chloride). pH dependent growth was evaluated also in NB medium using sterile solutions of citric acid/Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eHPO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (pH 4.0 to 5.0), Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eHPO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/NaH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e buffer (pH 6.0 to 8.0), NaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e buffer (pH 9.0 to 10.0) or Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eHPO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/NaOH buffer (pH 11.0) or KCl/NaOH buffer (pH 12.0). Cell motility was tested by hanging-drop method throughout a tube containing semisolid medium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Gram-stain reaction, catalase and oxidase activities, Voges\u0026ndash;Proskauer reaction, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS production, hydrolysis of starch, gelatin, casein, cellulose, tyrosine and Tweens 20, 40, 60 and 80 were determined as described by Smibert \u0026amp; Krieg [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Additional physiological and biochemical features were determined using the API ZYM, 20NE and 50CH strips (bioM\u0026eacute;rieux) as described by the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCHEMOTAXONOMIC ANALYSIS\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and the reference strain were cultured on trypticase soy agar (TSA; Difco) medium at 30 ℃ and cells were harvested in the late exponential phase. Cellular fatty acids analysis was carried out as described by Sakamoto et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The identification and quantification of the fatty acid methyl esters as well as the numerical analysis of the fatty acid profiles were carried out by the Sherlock Microbial Identification System with the standard MIS Library Generation Software (VERSION 6.0 and Date 4, Microbial ID) and a 6890N gas chromatograph (Agilent) according to the manufacturers\u0026rsquo; instructions. Quantitative analysis of the peptidoglycan amino acids was performed by gas chromatography according to the method of MacKenzie et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The cell wall peptidoglycan was obtained and purified according to the description by Schleifer \u0026amp; Kandler [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Menaquinones were extracted and purified from freeze-dried cells and analysed as described previously using LC-MS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Polar lipids were extracted and separated using a two-dimensional TLC and silica gel 60 F 254 aluminium-backed thin-layer plates (Merck) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eIDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING ABILITY OF STRAIN\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe isolated and purified bacteria were prepared into bacterial suspensions and cultured overnight. Suspensions (10 \u0026micro;L) were absorbed and inoculated in the organic phosphus agar medium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] with 3 replicates for each bacterium, and cultured at 30 ℃. On day 7, the medium was observed for the appearance of transparent circles, which indicated that it had the function of dissolving organic phosphorus (Fig. S5).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe complete nucleotide sequence (1426 bp, accession number: OP795868) was determined by cloning and sequencing, and the results of EzTaxon server analysis indicated that strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter bambusae\u003c/em\u003e GM18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (98.57% sequence similarity), \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter gyeryongensis\u003c/em\u003e DCY72\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (98.48%), \u003cem\u003ePseudarthrobacter enclensis\u003c/em\u003e NIO-1008\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (97.48%) and less than 97.50% for other type strains. The NJ, ML and MP trees showed that strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was alone in one branch and don\u0026rsquo;t cluster with other type strains (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, S1 and S2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe draft genome sequence of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was 4,813,939 bp including 78 contigs with N50 as 141,811 coding sequences and has been deposited at NCBI GenBank under accession number JAPFFT000000000. The DNA G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was calculated to be 63.1 mol% according to the genome sequence, which included in the scope of G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content reported for the genus \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. To further clarify the phylogenetic position of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e, genome-based analyses were conducted against closely related species, which involved calculations of digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), average nucleotide identity (ANI), and average amino acid identity (AAI) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). The results showed that the ANI values with the closest relatives, \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter ramosus\u003c/em\u003e (88.17%), \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter gyeryongensis\u003c/em\u003e (87.57%), \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter bambusae\u003c/em\u003e (87.19%), and \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter methylotrophus\u003c/em\u003e (86.22%), were all below the suggested species threshold of 95\u0026ndash;96%. Similarly, the dDDH values (35.7%, 34.2%, 32.9%, and 31.2%, respectively) were well below the 70% species delineation threshold. The corresponding AAI values were 91.2%, 90.85%, 90.67%, and 89.8%. These collective genomic findings robustly support the proposal that strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e represents a novel species within the genus \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor a more precise phylogenetic resolution, genome-based phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using both the TYGS (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) platform and the AutoMLST pipeline (Fig. S3). In both trees, strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e consistently formed a distinct clade alongside \u003cem\u003eA. ramosus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. gyeryongensis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eA. bambusae\u003c/em\u003e, confirming its phylogenetic position within the genus \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e and its uniqueness as an independent lineage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePHENOTYPIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCells of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were rod shaped of 0.4\u0026ndash;0.7 \u0026micro;m in width and 1.0-1.6 \u0026micro;m in length (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The positive results of Voges-Proskauer, methyl red test, hydrolysis of Tween 80, enzyme activities of esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-galactosidase, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-glucuronidase, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-glucosidase and \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-acetyl-\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-glucosaminidase, assimilation of glucose and mannose for strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were different from \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ebambusae\u003c/em\u003e GM18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e. The negative results of oxidase, hydrolysis of esculin, Tween 20, enzyme activity of \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-galactosidase, assimilation of urease and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-glucosidase for strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were different from \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ebambusae\u003c/em\u003e GM18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003egyeryongensis\u003c/em\u003e DCY72\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e. Differential characteristics of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and the reference strains were shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferential characteristics between strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and the type strains of its closely related species Strains: 1, MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e; 2, \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter bambusae\u003c/em\u003e GM18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e; 3, \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter gyeryongensis\u003c/em\u003e DCY72 \u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e; 4, \u003cem\u003ePseudarthrobacter enclensis\u003c/em\u003e NIO-1008\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e. Data of strains 1 and 2 are from this study, and other data were obtained from Hoang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] and Dastager et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], respectively. All strains were cultivated with the same medium and growth conditions. +, Positive; -, negative; w, weak reaction; nd, not determined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOxidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVoges-Proskauer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethyl red test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHydrolysis of:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEsculin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCellulose\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGelatin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTween 20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTween 80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003end\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnzyme activities:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlkaline phosphatase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEsterase (C4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ew\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEsterase Lipase (C8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLipase (C14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValine arylamidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCystine arylamidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrypsin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChymotrypsin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNaphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Galactosidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Galactosidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Glucuronidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Glucosidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Glucosidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-Acetyl-\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-glucosaminidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssimilation of:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Glucosidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Galactosidase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlucose\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArabinose\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMannose\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMannitol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-Acetyl-glucosamine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaltose\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGluconate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDNA G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content (mol%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCHEMOTAXONOMIC ANALYSIS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cellular fatty acids (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1%) of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were anteiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e (71.9%), anteiso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e (16.5%), iso-C\u003csub\u003e16:0\u003c/sub\u003e (4.5%), iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e (3.7%) and C\u003csub\u003e16:0\u003c/sub\u003e (1.1%), and other fatty acids shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e shared a similar fatty acid profile with its close relatives \u003cem\u003eA. bambusae\u003c/em\u003e GM18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. gyeryongensis\u003c/em\u003e DCY72\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e. In contrast, it was distinct from \u003cem\u003eP. enclensis\u003c/em\u003e NIO-1008\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e, which contained fatty acids such as iso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0 that were absent in MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The cell-wall peptidoglycan consisted of alanine and lysine, and its structure was the A3\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e type. The predominant respiratory quinone of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was MK-9(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), which was similar to genus \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e. The major polar lipids had diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified glycolipids (Fig. S4).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCellular fatty acids of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and its relative reference strains Strains: 1, MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e; 2, \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter bambusae\u003c/em\u003e GM18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e; 3, \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter gyeryongensis\u003c/em\u003e DCY72\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e; 4, \u003cem\u003ePseudarthrobacter enclensis\u003c/em\u003e NIO-1008\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e. Values are percentages of the total fatty acids. TR, Trace amount (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.5%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFatty acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003etr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003etr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003etr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e18:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003etr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e14:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e16:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003etr\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e0.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eanteiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eanteiso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eSummed Features are fatty acids that cannot be resolved reliably from another fatty acid using the chromatographic conditions chosen. The MIDI system groups these fatty acids together as one feature with a single percentage of the total.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGENOME ANALYSES\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe genome of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was 4,817,452 bp long including 114 contigs with an N50 value of 152,509 and a genome coverage of 80.0\u0026times;. The DNA G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content was 63.1 mol%, the mean length was 422,58.4bp. The MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e genome\u0026rsquo;s RAST annotation provides initial annotations of gene functions for MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026rsquo;s genomes, such as phosphorus metabolism (consistent with its observed ability to solubilize organic phosphorus, Fig. S5), secondary metabolism, etc. Furthermore, we annotated the genome of MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e through Proksee (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://proksee.ca/projects/new\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://proksee.ca/projects/new\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e accessed on 28 Oct 2025) (Fig. S6). Antibiotic resistance gene prediction identified the \u003cem\u003evanY\u003c/em\u003e gene, which is part of the \u003cem\u003evanB\u003c/em\u003e cluster. This gene cluster confers resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://card.mcmaster.ca/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://card.mcmaster.ca/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e accessed on 28 Oct 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTAXONOMIC CONCLUSION\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics described above, strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is considered to represent a novel species within the genus \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e for which the name \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter rhizophilus\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. is proposed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDESCRIPTION OF\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eARTHROBACTER RHIZOPHILUS\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eSP.NOV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArthrobacter rhizophilus\u003c/em\u003e (rhi.zo\u0026rsquo;phi.lus. Gr. fem. n. \u003cem\u003erhiza\u003c/em\u003e, a root; Gr. masc. adj. \u003cem\u003ephilos\u003c/em\u003e, loving; N.L. masc. adj. \u003cem\u003erhizophilus\u003c/em\u003e, root-loving)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCells are aerobic, Gram-staining-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile and 0.4\u0026ndash;0.6 \u0026micro;m in width and 1.0-1.6 \u0026micro;m in length. The colonies are 1.0-2.4 mm in diameter, white, transparent and have regular margins and smooth after growth at 30 ℃ for 3 days on NA medium. The temperature range for growth is from 25 to 37 ℃ (optimum, 30 ℃). The pH range for growth is from 6.0 to 10.0 (optimum, 7.0). The NaCl concentration range for growth is from 0 to 6.0% (optimum, 0.5%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProduce catalase and acetoin, and hydrolyzes Tween 80, but does not produce oxidase or hydrogen sulfide, and does not hydrolyze starch, casein, gelatin, cellulose, Tween 20 or Tween 60. Produce esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, α-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase, but not alkaline phosphatase or β-galactosidase. It assimilates glucose, mannose, mannitol and N-acetyl-glucosamine, and produces acid from D-ribose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, D-maltose, D-lactose, D-sucrose and D-trehalose.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe major fatty acids (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10%) are anteiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e and anteiso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e. The peptidoglycan structural type is A3\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e type. The major quinone is menaquinone MK-9(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e). The main polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified glycolipids.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe type strain is MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;GDMCC 1.3254\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;JCM 35693\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e), which was isolated from felty soil collected from rhizosphere soil, Nyingchi, Xizang, China. The genomic DNA G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content of the type strain is 63.1 mol%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eANI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eaverage nucleotide identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003edDDH\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edigital DNA-DNA hybridization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAAI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eaverage amino acid identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enutrient agar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNB\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enutrient broth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, funding acquisition and supervision: ZX and ZR; Laboratory work, data analysis and writing of the original draft: YW, CZ and DK; Article content revision, data organization, and formatting: YW; Reviewing and editing of the manuscript: ZX and ZR. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFE0104900) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 3211101206).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is OP795868. The GenBank accession number for the draft genome sequence of strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is JAPFFT000000000 (RefSeq assembly accession: GCF_026241105).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have declared that no ethical issues exist.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Involving Human and/or Animal Participants\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate and Consent for Publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors agree to have participated in the research proposed to be published and agree to be published in the journal.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLin JZ (1999) Rare alpine flowers\u0026mdash;\u003cem\u003eMeconopsis\u003c/em\u003e. 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Arch Microbiol 196:775\u0026ndash;782. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-014-1016-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s00203-014-1016-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"current-microbiology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Current Microbiology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Meconopsis integrifolia, Arthrobacter, rhizosphere soil, organic phosphorus solubilization, polyphasic taxonomy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8214307/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8214307/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA Gram-staining-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e, with organic phosphate solubilizing ability was isolated from rhizosphere soil of \u003cem\u003eMeconopsis integrifolia\u003c/em\u003e, Nyingchi, Xizang, China. Optimal growth conditions were observed at 30 ℃, pH 7.0 and 0.5% (w/v) NaCl. A comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e showed the highest similarity to \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter bambusae\u003c/em\u003e GM18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (98.6% sequence similarity); \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter gyeryongensis\u003c/em\u003e DCY72\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (98.5%); \u003cem\u003ePseudarthrobacter enclensis\u003c/em\u003e NIO-1008\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (97.5%). The genome size was 4.81 Mb and the G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content was 63.1 mol%. Whole genome-based analysis revealed that MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is more closely related to \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter ramosus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter gyeryongensis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter bambusae\u003c/em\u003e, with both the Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values below the thresholds used for species delineation (ANI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;90%, dDDH\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40%). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e and anteiso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e. The predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified glycolipids. The major quinone was menaquinone MK-9(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e). The cell-wall peptidoglycan was A3\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e type, containing lysine and alanine. Phenotypically, strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e differed from its close relatives by being positive for the Voges-Proskauer reaction, methyl red test, and hydrolysis of Tween 80, as well as for enzyme activities of β-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is considered to represent a novel species of the genus \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e, for which the name \u003cem\u003eArthrobacter rhizophilus\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MI7-26\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;GDMCC 1.3254\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;JCM 35693\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Arthrobacter rhizophilus sp. nov., an organic phosphate solubilizing bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of Meconopsis integrifolia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-12 09:06:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8214307/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-20T09:21:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-14T08:37:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"275984078823625877325434117455452015029","date":"2026-01-06T01:57:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-28T16:44:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"317795309010833701978729929425901302674","date":"2025-12-26T15:46:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T08:40:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T20:26:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T15:51:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Current Microbiology","date":"2025-11-26T14:56:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"current-microbiology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Current Microbiology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b3782468-5c57-49f1-8c53-c99c2cc7d7ec","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-26T09:25:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-12 09:06:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8214307","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8214307","identity":"rs-8214307","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}