Effects of oxygen uptake kinetics on 100-m and 800-m front crawl performance in pubertal swimmers

Effects of oxygen uptake kinetics on 100-m and 800-m front crawl performance in pubertal swimmers | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of oxygen uptake kinetics on 100-m and 800-m front crawl performance in pubertal swimmers Marek Strzała, Raul Bartolomeu, Piotr Krężałek, Kamil Sokołowski, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8027267/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose This study assessed the effect of oxygen uptake V ̇O 2 kinetics on swimming performance on 100-m (V100) and 800-m (V800) races. Method In male puberty swimmers, pulling force (Fave) and V ̇O 2 kinetics were measured in tethered swimming, and V ̇O 2 amplitude (V ̇O_(2\_A)) and time constant (τ) were calculated. Biological age (BA) and such physical characteristics as body mass (BM), skeletal muscle mass of body segments, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body length (TBL) were considered in mutual interdependence and in the context of their influence on swimming performance. Results Depending on the significant differences in BA, swimmers were divided into early maturing and late maturing, and these groups presented differences in V ̇O 2 kinetics and in Fave in relation to V ̇O 2 and BM. Considering all swimmers, V ̇O 2 in the subsequent 10-s periods was positively related to Fave, muscle mass of particular body segments, TBL, and BA. The same was observed between subsequent Fave in 10-s periods and V ̇O_(2_A) and body physical indicators: muscle mass, TBL, and BA. Longer τ was not positively related to V100 or V800; e.g., the indicator of V ̇O 2 kinetics (V ̇O_231-60) was strongly related to FFM (0.60; p < 0.001), Fave1-60 (0.72; p < 0.001), and, though less significantly, to TBL (0.44; p < 0.001). The collected physiological and anthropometric data mostly strongly influenced V100 and mostly moderately influenced V800; TBL was a weaker predictor of swimming performance. Conclusion s V ̇O 2 kinetics constitutes an appropriate indicator of well-trained physiological predispositions, which translate into skillfully performed front crawl races (V100, V800). This study showed that stronger, denser, shorter, and, in general, physiologically more mature puberty swimmers have an advantage in front crawl races. oxygen uptake kinetics tethered force exercise physiology anthropometrics maturation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 07 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 05 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 04 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8027267","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":547002599,"identity":"f6e4fa91-349b-449e-b2a6-b83bfcaef55a","order_by":0,"name":"Marek 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swimmers","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"oxygen uptake kinetics, tethered force, exercise physiology, anthropometrics, maturation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8027267/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8027267/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose \u003c/strong\u003eThis study assessed the effect of oxygen uptake V ̇O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e kinetics on swimming performance on 100-m (V100) and 800-m (V800) races.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod\u003c/strong\u003e In male puberty swimmers, pulling force (Fave) and V ̇O\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003ekinetics were measured in tethered swimming, and V ̇O\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;amplitude (V ̇O_(2\\_A)) and time constant (τ) were calculated. Biological age (BA) and such physical characteristics as body mass (BM), skeletal muscle mass of body segments, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body length (TBL) were considered in mutual interdependence and in the context of their influence on swimming performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e Depending on the significant differences in BA, swimmers were divided into early maturing and late maturing, and these groups presented differences in V ̇O\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;kinetics and in Fave in relation to V ̇O\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;and BM. Considering all swimmers, V ̇O\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;in the subsequent 10-s periods was positively related to Fave, muscle mass of particular body segments, TBL, and BA. The same was observed between subsequent Fave in 10-s periods and V ̇O_(2_A) and body physical indicators: muscle mass, TBL, and BA. Longer τ was not positively related to V100 or V800; e.g., the indicator of V ̇O\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;kinetics (V ̇O_231-60) was strongly related to FFM (0.60; p \u0026lt; 0.001), Fave1-60 (0.72; p \u0026lt; 0.001), and, though less significantly, to TBL (0.44; p \u0026lt; 0.001). The collected physiological and anthropometric data mostly strongly influenced V100 and mostly moderately influenced V800; TBL was a weaker predictor of swimming performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003es V ̇O\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;kinetics constitutes an appropriate indicator of well-trained physiological predispositions, which translate into skillfully performed front crawl races (V100, V800). This study showed that stronger, denser, shorter, and, in general, physiologically more mature puberty swimmers have an advantage in front crawl races.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of oxygen uptake kinetics on 100-m and 800-m front crawl performance in pubertal swimmers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-19 11:23:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8027267/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-19T10:53:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-18T13:50:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-15T09:12:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"247268082203928512471959960099229225387","date":"2025-11-10T15:04:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"58677060825862246133946593551574129826","date":"2025-11-10T07:31:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"145771349371695954935529855764912160887","date":"2025-11-10T07:07:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T06:36:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T17:05:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-05T11:29:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-05T11:29:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","date":"2025-11-04T09:34:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b49045de-cec9-4fa2-a5d2-4c457350d301","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T16:04:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8027267","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01644-6","journal":{"identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-10 16:00:28","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 10th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-19 11:23:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01644-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01644-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8027267","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8027267","identity":"rs-8027267","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}