Pre-exposure prophylaxis awareness and HIV/AIDS healthcare provider conversations among Hispanic women

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Talleff This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7767436/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Sexuality Research and Social Policy → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction : Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective tool for HIV prevention, but awareness among Hispanic women remains low. Limited knowledge and a lack of healthcare provider (HCP) conversations about PrEP and HIV/AIDS continue to delay their access to PrEP. Methods : We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 986 Hispanic women aged 18–49 using data from the 2022–2023 National Survey of Family Growth. Weighted descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression models examined the associations between sociodemographic factors, HIV risk behaviors, PrEP awareness, and HIV/AIDS-related HCP conversations. Results : Findings reveal that women with an associate or bachelor’s degree were 165% more likely to be aware of PrEP. In comparison, those with a graduate degree were 281% more likely compared to those with a high school education or less. Furthermore, discussions with HCPs about PrEP and HIV/AIDS were influenced by age and risky sexual behaviors, with each additional year of age increasing the likelihood of such conversations by 3%. Conclusion : To enhance PrEP awareness among Hispanic women, targeted education and outreach efforts are essential to overcoming cultural stigma and provider biases. Policy Implications: To reduce disparities in PrEP uptake, healthcare systems should implement culturally tailored education strategies, expand bilingual resources, and encourage HCPs to initiate PrEP discussions during routine care. Such interventions are critical for advancing equity in HIV prevention and achieving the national goal of reducing new HIV infections. PrEP awareness HCP conversations Hispanic women HIV risk behaviors HIV prevention Introduction Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective intervention for preventing HIV infection, especially among individuals at increased risk of acquiring the virus [ 1 ]. Despite its well-documented efficacy, PrEP use among racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States, particularly Hispanic or Latino individuals, remains disproportionately low [ 1 – 4 ]. According to recent data, while Hispanic/Latino individuals represent approximately 29% of new HIV diagnoses, they account for only about 13% of PrEP users [ 5 , 6 ]. Several factors contribute to this disparity, including limited awareness and knowledge about PrEP, cultural and behavioral influences, financial and insurance-related barriers, language barriers, and restricted access to healthcare services [ 2 , 3 ]. Disparities among Hispanic individuals exist throughout the PrEP continuum—an implementation framework designed to identify individuals at high risk for HIV, enhance awareness of PrEP, increase prescribing and uptake of PrEP, and ensure program adherence and retention [ 5 ]. For example, according to the 2022 National HIV Surveillance Report, Hispanic males are four times more likely to have either HIV or AIDS compared to non-Hispanic White males, and Hispanic females are nearly three times as likely as non-Hispanic White females to die of HIV-related causes [ 6 ]. The root causes of these disparities are related to health inequities and social and structural barriers, policies, practices, and norms [ 7 , 8 ]. Healthcare providers (HCPs) play an important role in increasing PrEP awareness and facilitating access [ 9 ]. Studies have shown that provider-initiated discussions about PrEP significantly increase uptake among at-risk populations [ 10 ]. However, many Hispanic women report never having a conversation with their HCP about HIV prevention, further limiting their awareness and understanding of PrEP use as a viable option [ 10 ]. Barriers such as stigma, cultural norms, and implicit biases within the healthcare system contribute to this gap in provider engagement [ 11 ]. Hispanic women may face stigma related to discussing sexual and reproductive health with their HCPs, leading to discomfort and reluctance to inquire about PrEP [ 8 ]. Additionally, some HCPs may have preconceived misconceptions about which populations should be offered PrEP, leading to missed opportunities for prevention. These biases may stem from outdated beliefs, a lack of awareness about current PrEP guidelines, or societal stigma surrounding HIV risk behaviors [ 11 ]. For example, some HCPs may primarily associate PrEP with men who have sex with men (MSM) and fail to consider other high-risk populations, such as heterosexual individuals who have multiple sex partners, drug users, or women who are at high risk due to their partners not knowing their HIV status. HIV PrEP studies involving Hispanic women are underrepresented, as existing research predominantly focuses on MSM and transgender women [ 12 ]. This leaves significant knowledge gaps regarding the unique barriers and facilitators affecting PrEP uptake among at-risk ethnic populations and cisgender women. Addressing these research gaps is essential to developing targeted, culturally responsive interventions that promote PrEP awareness and improve health education within Hispanic communities. Therefore, this study aims to examine the sociodemographic and behavioral factors influencing PrEP awareness among Hispanic women. Methods Study Sample A descriptive, cross-sectional analysis was conducted from data from the 2022–2023 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services [ 13 ], the NSFG is a household survey that includes males and females residing in the United States who are non-institutionalized and between the ages of 15 and 49. The NSFG is a probability-based, multi-stage survey that provides national estimates on sexual behavior, reproductive health, and contraception. Its methodology is detailed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [ 13 ]. The 2022–2023 NSFG surveyed a total of 1,232 Hispanic women; after applying the exclusion criteria, the final sample of this study included 986 Hispanic women aged 18–49 years who had ever discussed HIV/AIDS with an HCP, had ever heard of PrEP, and provided a valid response to their total family income. Measures Participants were asked if they had ever heard about PrEP medications and if they had ever discussed with an HCP about HIV/AIDS. Education was categorized as a variable with five levels (less than high school diploma/general educational development (GED); high school graduate/GED; some college; associate or bachelor’s degree; graduate degree). Health insurance status was categorized as yes (having current health insurance coverage) or no (not having coverage). Missing and refused responses are treated as no. Total family income was measured as a 4-category variable (less than $ 20,000; $ 20,000 - $ 39,999; $ 40,000 - $ 74,999; $ 75,000 or greater). Marital status was measured as a 3- category variable (currently married; divorced, separated, widowed, or annulled; never married). The presence of the following sexual practices determined whether an individual was classified as being at-risk of sexual HIV acquisition: 1) had anal sex with a man; 2) had oral sex with a man; 3) ever received oral sex from a man; 4) ever performed oral sex on a man; 5) ever performed oral sex on a woman; and 6) used a condom at last vaginal intercourse with a man. Responses were yes and no. Question 6 was reverse-coded to reflect not using a condom during their most recent sexual encounter and participating in a risky sexual behavior. These sexual practices were included because prior research indicates that there is a risk of HIV/AIDS with the exchange of bodily fluids and when not using contraceptives such as condoms or dental dams [ 14 ]. Data Analysis Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 23.0 with the complex samples add-on module. Weighted descriptive statistics characterized the prevalence of sociodemographic factors, HIV risk behaviors, PrEP awareness, and HIV/AIDS HCP conversations among Hispanic women. Chi-square tests and t -tests were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively (Table 1 ). Multiple logistic regression models were utilized to investigate the association between sociodemographic factors and HIV risk behaviors concerning the probability of PrEP awareness and HIV/AIDS HCP conversations (Table 2 ). Table 1 Hispanic new mothers PrEP awareness and HIV/AIDS healthcare provider conversations, 2022–2023 NSFG (N = 986). PrEP awareness HIV/AIDS HCP conversations Characteristic or Behavior No (n = 723) n (%) Yes (n = 263) n (%) χ 2 p -value No (n = 691) n (%) Yes (n = 295) n (%) χ 2 p -value Demographics Age in years 31.78 a (0.55 b ) 32.40 a (0.57 b ) 0.90 c .374 31.61 a (0.57 b ) 32.67 a (0.64 b ) 1.34 c .185 Education 82.43 < .001 8.58 .294 Less than high school diploma or GED 189 (28.6) 28 (12.8) 149 (24.7) 68 (24.4) high school diploma or GED 172 (27.7) 34 (16.1) 142 (25.3) 64 (23.7) Some college 135 (17.1) 43 (14.9) 129 (17.2) 49 (15.0) Associate or bachelor’s degree 71 (8.8) 43 (12.6) 73 (8.0) 41 (13.9) Graduate degree 156 (17.8) 115 (43.5) 198 (24.8) 73 (23.0) Current health insurance 6.07 .018 2.67 .165 No 156 (23.6) 35 (16.1) 139 (23.1) 52 (18.5) Yes 567 (76.4) 223 (83.9) 552 (76.9) 243 (81.5) Total family income 33.35 < .001 18.00 .025 Less than $ 20,000 164 (21.2) 37 (13.3) 130 (18.7) 71 (20.5) $ 20,000 to $ 39,999 181 (25.4) 57 (22.0) 157 (21.3) 81 (31.9) $ 40,000 to $ 74,999 206 (28.0) 54 (20.2) 194 (29.0) 66 (19.2) $ 75,000 or more 172 (25.4) 115 (44.4) 210 (30.9) 77 (28.4) Marital status 5.60 .082 1.81 .576 Currently married 246 (35.5) 108 (43.5) 256 (38.4) 98 (35.5) Divorced, separated, widowed or annulled 74 (13.4) 23 (9.9) 69 (13.0) 28 (11.4) Never married 403 (51.1) 132 (46.7) 366 (48.6) 169 (53.2) HIV risk behaviors Ever had anal sex with a man 15.34 .003 9.06 .020 No 558 (76.1) 159 (63.3) 516 (75.7) 201 (66.5) Yes 165 (23.9) 104 (36.7) 175 (24.3) 94 (33.5) Ever had oral sex with a man 22.98 < .001 7.95 .024 No 266 (35.5) 45 (19.1) 232 (34.1) 79 (25.1) Yes 457 (64.5) 218 (80.9) 459 (65.9) 216 (74.9) Ever received oral sex from a man 22.37 < .001 14.04 .006 No 295 (39.6) 56 (23.0) 265 (39.2) 86 (26.8) Yes 428 (60.4) 207 (77.0) 426 (60.8) 209 (73.2) Ever perform oral sex on a man 31.81 < .001 3.48 .128 No 294 (40.7) 48 (20.8) 251 (37.6) 91 (31.4) Yes 429 (59.3) 215 (79.2) 440 (62.4) 204 (68.6) Ever perform oral sex on a woman 9.71 .014 14.57 .003 No 678 (92.6) 222 (86.0) 644 (93.3) 256 (85.7) Yes 45 (7.4) 41 (14.0) 47 (6.7) 39 (14.3) Did not use a condom at last vaginal intercourse with man 1.04 .517 1.40 .409 Used 140 (21.9) 58 (25.1) 132 (21.7) 66 (25.1) Did not use 583 (78.1) 205 (74.9) 559 (78.3) 229 (74.9) Note. PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; HIV/AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HCP, healthcare provider; NSFG, National Survey of Family Growth; GED, general educational development. Percentages are weighted. a Weighted mean; b Weighted standard error; c t -statistic Table 2 Demographics and HIV risk behaviors associated with PrEP awareness and healthcare provider conversations, 2022–2023 NSFG (N = 986). Characteristic or Behavior PrEP awareness OR (95% CI) HIV/AIDS HCP conversations OR (95% CI) † Age in years 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) * Education Less than high school diploma or GED Reference Reference high school diploma or GED 1.14 (0.54, 2.40) 0.91 (0.58, 1.43) Some college 1.62 (0.85, 3.09) 0.72 (0.42, 1.23) Associate or bachelor’s degree 2.65 (1.12, 6.32) * 1.69 (0.86, 3.31) Graduate degree 3.81 (1.97, 7.36) *** 0.87 (0.46, 1.66) Current health insurance No Reference Reference Yes 1.10 (0.70, 1.71) 1.46 (0.97, 2.21) Total family income Less than $ 20,000 Reference Reference $ 20,000 to $ 39,999 1.46 (0.72, 2.97) 1.36 (0.79, 2.35) $ 40,000 to $ 74,999 0.94 (0.50, 1.76) 0.59 (0.30, 1.15) $ 75,000 or more 1.71 (0.86, 3.41) 0.74 (0.40, 1.37) Marital status Currently married Reference Reference Divorced, separated, widowed or annulled 0.84 (0.48, 1.45) 0.87 (0.49, 1.55) Never married 1.05 (0.68, 1.62) 1.50 (1.00, 2.25) Ever had anal sex with a man No Reference Reference Yes 1.25 (0.80, 1.97) 1.31 (0.92, 1.87) Ever had oral sex with a man No Reference Reference Yes 0.57 (0.09, 3.69) 0.58 (0.19, 1.78) Ever received oral sex from a man No Reference Reference Yes 0.99 (0.41, 2.40) 3.10 (1.22, 7.86) * Ever perform oral sex on a man No Reference Reference Yes 2.66 (0.48, 14.85) 0.70 (0.21, 2.29) Ever perform oral sex on a woman No Reference Reference Yes 1.55 (0.88, 2.71) 2.12 (1.17, 3.86) * Did not use a condom at last vaginal intercourse with man Used Reference Reference Did not use 0.80 (0.47, 1.36) 0.84 (0.54, 1.31) Note. PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; HIV/AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HCP, healthcare provider; NSFG, National Survey of Family Growth; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001. Results The final analytical sample was 986 Hispanic women. Table 1 presents the descriptives of the sample. Respondents who indicated PrEP awareness had a mean age of 32.40 years, had some college education or higher (76.43%), had current health insurance (84.79%), and were not currently married (58.94%). Hispanic women who indicated having HCP conversations about HIV/AIDS were, on average, 32.67 years old, tended to have a high school degree or more (76.95%), had health insurance (82.37%), had a higher family income greater than $ 40,000 (48.47%) and were not currently married (66.78%). [Table 1 here] Education level had a significant association with PrEP awareness ( χ ² = 82.43, p < .001), as evidenced by higher awareness among individuals with graduate degrees. People who had health insurance demonstrated a significantly higher awareness of PrEP ( χ ² = 6.07, p = .018). Higher family income levels also correlated with increased awareness, as indicated by a significant difference ( χ ² = 33.35, p < .001). PrEP awareness had also significant relationships with individuals who reported ever having anal sex with a man ( χ ² = 15.34, p = .003), ever having oral sex with a man ( χ ² = 22.98, p < .001), ever receiving oral sex from a man ( χ ² = 22.37, p < .001), ever performing oral sex on a man ( χ ² = 31.81, p < .001), and ever performing oral sex on a woman ( χ ² = 9.71, p = .014). HIV/AIDS conversations with HCPs had a significant association with family income levels ( χ ² = 18.00, p = .025). These conversations also had a significant association with individuals who reported having anal sex with men ( χ ² = 9.06, p = .020), receiving oral sex from men ( χ ² = 14.04, p = .006), and performing oral sex on women ( χ ² = 14.57, p = .003). Table 2 presents the odds ratios of PrEP awareness and the likelihood of HCP conversations on HIV/AIDS, respectively, for Hispanic women. [Table 2 here] PrEP Awareness Hispanic women with an associate’s or bachelor’s degree were 165% more likely to be aware of PrEP compared to those with less than a high school diploma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.12, 6.32), and Hispanic women with a graduate degree were 281% more likely (aOR: 3.81; 95% CI: 1.97, 7.36). HCP Conversations about HIV/AIDS Age and whether an individual performed oral sex on another woman influenced HIV/AIDS HCP conversations. Each additional year of age was associated with a 3% increase in the likelihood of having such a conversation (aOR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.04). There was also a 112% increase in the likelihood of HIV/AIDS HCP conversations among Hispanic women who had oral sex with another woman (aOR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.86). Discussion The present study reveals significant disparities in PrEP awareness and HIV/AIDS HCP conversations among Hispanic women in the United States. Consistent with previous research, our findings indicate that higher educational attainment is a strong predictor of PrEP awareness, suggesting that individuals with higher education may have greater access to health information about PrEP [ 15 – 17 ]. This also highlights the role of education in improving health literacy and engagement in preventive healthcare measures. Even though studies show that oral sex poses little or no risk for HIV transmission, women who reported performing oral sex on another woman or receiving oral sex from a man were more likely to discuss HIV/AIDS with a healthcare provider [ 18 , 19 ]. These findings point to potential provider biases or assumptions about sexual identity, which may influence whether conversations about PrEP are initiated [ 10 ]. Prior studies have shown that healthcare providers are more likely to offer PrEP to patients perceived as high risk based on stereotypes or limited risk profiles, rather than through individualized assessments [ 20 ]. Older age was also a significant factor, with each additional year increasing the likelihood of engaging in HIV/AIDS conversations with healthcare providers. A qualitative study with older Latina women has found that provider-initiated conversations significantly increase HIV counseling and testing uptake, overcoming low perceived risk [ 21 ]. Collectively, these findings indicate that older Hispanic women might be more receptive to and indeed benefit from proactive HIV prevention conversations, highlighting the importance of culturally and demographically tailored engagement strategies. This contrasts with previous research suggesting that healthcare providers are less likely to discuss PrEP with older patients due to ageist assumptions or a lack of perceived risk [ 22 , 23 ]. National data show that HIV is often underdiagnosed or diagnosed late in older adults. In 2021, 34% of people aged 55 and older were diagnosed with late-stage HIV, indicating persistent gaps in timely testing and prevention efforts [ 24 ]. Despite the demonstrated efficacy of PrEP in preventing HIV transmission [ 1 ], its uptake among Hispanic women remains disproportionately low [ 4 ]. The lack of provider-initiated discussions on HIV prevention among Hispanic women is concerning, as prior research has found that provider recommendations are one of the strongest predictors of PrEP uptake [ 9 ]. This communication gap emphasizes the need for culturally tailored interventions that encourage providers to discuss PrEP with Hispanic women, regardless of perceived risk. A combination of structural, cultural, and provider-level barriers likely contributes to this disparity. Language barriers, financial constraints, and lack of culturally competent healthcare services have been identified as key obstacles limiting PrEP uptake in Hispanic communities [ 2 ]. Although PrEP is an effective biomedical tool for HIV prevention, its affordability remains a significant barrier to access for many Hispanic women [ 25 ]. Our results indicated that lower household income was significantly associated with lower PrEP awareness. The out-of-pocket cost of branded PrEP medications, such as Truvada, is approximately $ 2,000 USD per month, while the generic version costs about $ 60 USD per month [ 26 ]. Even with the reduced cost of the generic, it remains unaffordable for many low-income individuals, particularly those who are uninsured or underinsured. Programs such as the Ready, Set, PrEP program and Gilead’s Advancing Access aim to reduce financial barriers [ 27 – 29 ]. However, awareness and enrollment in such programs remain limited among Hispanic women due to language barriers, immigration status, and unfamiliarity with navigating the United States healthcare system [ 30 , 31 ]. These findings have implications not only at the clinical and community levels but also for the national HIV prevention strategy. Specifically, they align with the goal outlined in the Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative, which aims to reduce new HIV infections by 90% by 2030 [ 32 ]. One of the core pillars of this initiative, prevention, emphasizes expanding access to PrEP among underserved populations. Our study identifies gaps in both awareness and provider-patient communication that directly hinder progress toward these national goals. Some limitations must be taken into consideration. Since the NSFG relies on participants’ recollections, responses are subject to recall bias. Furthermore, due to the nature of the subject matter, it is possible that respondents answered questions based on the researchers’ expectations, which might contribute to response bias. Some participants in the NSFG may have misinterpreted survey questions, resulting in potential inaccuracies in their responses. Finally, while we included various HIV-related risk behaviors, these do not account for important contextual factors such as a partner’s HIV status, use of viral suppression, or immigration-related barriers to healthcare access. This study also has strengths, as it uses a nationally representative sample, which means the results can be generalized to the general U.S. population. The NSFG’s methodological rigor enhances the generalizability and reliability of its findings [ 12 , 13 ]. Conclusion To mitigate disparities in PrEP awareness and address the lack of discussions between HCPs and Hispanic women, it is imperative to promote proactive engagement by HCPs in conversations regarding PrEP and HIV prevention. Integrating PrEP discussions into routine healthcare encounters, particularly in settings that predominantly serve Hispanic women, such as community health centers and reproductive health clinics, could significantly enhance PrEP awareness and uptake. Moreover, ensuring the availability of bilingual PrEP-related educational materials and implementing culturally responsive health education programs can empower Hispanic women to make informed decisions about their HIV prevention options. Addressing these disparities is essential for reducing HIV incidence among Hispanics and achieving national HIV prevention goals [ 32 ]. Future research should explore tailored interventions to increase PrEP uptake and examine the structural and systemic barriers limiting provider-patient communication on HIV prevention in Hispanic communities. Abbreviations AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome aOR Adjusted odds ratio CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CI Confidence interval EHE Ending the HIV Epidemic GED General educational development HCP Healthcare provider HHS U.S. Department of Health and Human Services HIV Human immunodeficiency virus MSM Men who have sex with men NASTAD National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors NSFG National Survey of Family Growth PEP Post-exposure prophylaxis PnR PrEP-to-Need Ratio PrEP Pre-exposure prophylaxis SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences USD United States dollar USPSTF United States Preventive Services Task Force Declarations Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Code availability Not applicable. 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Is insurance a barrier to HIV preexposure prophylaxis? Clarifying the issue. American Journal Of Public Health , 110 (1), 61–64. 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305389 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Ready, Set, PrEP program. Washington (DC): HHS (2024). Available from: https://www.getyourprep.com [cited 2025 Mar 10]. Gilead Sciences. Advancing Access® program. Foster City (CA): Gilead Sciences (2024). Available from: https://www.gileadadvancingaccess.com National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors. PrEP and PEP assistance programs. Washington (DC): NASTAD (2024). Available from: https://nastad.org/prepcost-resources/prep-assistance-programs Johnson, J., Radix, A., Copeland, R., & Chacón, G. (2022). Building racial and gender equity into a national PrEP access program. The Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics : A Journal Of The American Society Of Law, Medicine & Ethics , 50 (S1), 55–59. 10.1017/jme.2022.37 Cyrus, E., Villalba, K., Jean-Gilles, M. (2023). Barriers and perceived facilitators for PrEP use among women of color in South Florida: findings from the Empowering Women to Take Control of Their Sexual Health Summit. medRxiv [Preprint]. May 23. 10.1101/2023.05.23.23290385 Fauci, A. S., Redfield, R. R., Sigounas, G., Weahkee, M. D., & Giroir, B. P. (2019). Ending the HIV epidemic: a plan for the United States. Journal Of The American Medical Association , 321 (9), 844–845. 10.1001/jama.2019.1343 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Sexuality Research and Social Policy → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Talleff","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Texas Woman’s University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jennifer","middleName":"L.","lastName":"Talleff","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-02 14:53:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7767436/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7767436/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-026-01309-6","type":"published","date":"2026-03-04T16:00:05+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94593679,"identity":"3ea12e72-895e-4882-a874-1cbcaeeb9c69","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-28 18:25:59","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43742,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Mansucript.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7767436/v1/50e235432720a55dad6998b7.docx"},{"id":94593311,"identity":"081e26dd-426a-48fb-949e-ff45780c8887","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-28 18:24:58","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7767436/v1/554cf067ff2733db0df8f4da.docx"},{"id":94593418,"identity":"088a37ed-1ad8-42b6-8239-e55c48e64a12","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-28 18:25:18","extension":"json","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"17463ee7e7384184aa66f7dd5f595c6c.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7767436/v1/c6be13528f7a0c46806545ab.json"},{"id":94593680,"identity":"c0405b84-c338-4dd1-b027-b9b4c17565a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-28 18:26:00","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":105830,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"17463ee7e7384184aa66f7dd5f595c6c1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7767436/v1/6407d1a971804779d226c0ac.xml"},{"id":94593571,"identity":"209d1457-c508-4323-87d5-3ec2cb85320d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-28 18:25:43","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":105440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"17463ee7e7384184aa66f7dd5f595c6c1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7767436/v1/9c500f418036d106dc84c870.xml"},{"id":94593567,"identity":"a8cfae48-0a9e-4353-a120-3acf43d12c03","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-28 18:25:42","extension":"html","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":114620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7767436/v1/d9dd8a0ad3adb04d89d78a76.html"},{"id":104251420,"identity":"eb0b10de-7612-4336-adcb-86560194339b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-09 16:13:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":904990,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7767436/v1/4fdbd936-90a5-4d64-a2b1-22ad47bb8ee2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Pre-exposure prophylaxis awareness and HIV/AIDS healthcare provider conversations among Hispanic women","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective intervention for preventing HIV infection, especially among individuals at increased risk of acquiring the virus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite its well-documented efficacy, PrEP use among racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States, particularly Hispanic or Latino individuals, remains disproportionately low [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. According to recent data, while Hispanic/Latino individuals represent approximately 29% of new HIV diagnoses, they account for only about 13% of PrEP users [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Several factors contribute to this disparity, including limited awareness and knowledge about PrEP, cultural and behavioral influences, financial and insurance-related barriers, language barriers, and restricted access to healthcare services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisparities among Hispanic individuals exist throughout the PrEP continuum\u0026mdash;an implementation framework designed to identify individuals at high risk for HIV, enhance awareness of PrEP, increase prescribing and uptake of PrEP, and ensure program adherence and retention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, according to the 2022 National HIV Surveillance Report, Hispanic males are four times more likely to have either HIV or AIDS compared to non-Hispanic White males, and Hispanic females are nearly three times as likely as non-Hispanic White females to die of HIV-related causes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The root causes of these disparities are related to health inequities and social and structural barriers, policies, practices, and norms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare providers (HCPs) play an important role in increasing PrEP awareness and facilitating access [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies have shown that provider-initiated discussions about PrEP significantly increase uptake among at-risk populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. However, many Hispanic women report never having a conversation with their HCP about HIV prevention, further limiting their awareness and understanding of PrEP use as a viable option [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Barriers such as stigma, cultural norms, and implicit biases within the healthcare system contribute to this gap in provider engagement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Hispanic women may face stigma related to discussing sexual and reproductive health with their HCPs, leading to discomfort and reluctance to inquire about PrEP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, some HCPs may have preconceived misconceptions about which populations should be offered PrEP, leading to missed opportunities for prevention. These biases may stem from outdated beliefs, a lack of awareness about current PrEP guidelines, or societal stigma surrounding HIV risk behaviors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, some HCPs may primarily associate PrEP with men who have sex with men (MSM) and fail to consider other high-risk populations, such as heterosexual individuals who have multiple sex partners, drug users, or women who are at high risk due to their partners not knowing their HIV status.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHIV PrEP studies involving Hispanic women are underrepresented, as existing research predominantly focuses on MSM and transgender women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This leaves significant knowledge gaps regarding the unique barriers and facilitators affecting PrEP uptake among at-risk ethnic populations and cisgender women. Addressing these research gaps is essential to developing targeted, culturally responsive interventions that promote PrEP awareness and improve health education within Hispanic communities. Therefore, this study aims to examine the sociodemographic and behavioral factors influencing PrEP awareness among Hispanic women.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Sample\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA descriptive, cross-sectional analysis was conducted from data from the 2022\u0026ndash;2023 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], the NSFG is a household survey that includes males and females residing in the United States who are non-institutionalized and between the ages of 15 and 49. The NSFG is a probability-based, multi-stage survey that provides national estimates on sexual behavior, reproductive health, and contraception. Its methodology is detailed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The 2022\u0026ndash;2023 NSFG surveyed a total of 1,232 Hispanic women; after applying the exclusion criteria, the final sample of this study included 986 Hispanic women aged 18\u0026ndash;49 years who had ever discussed HIV/AIDS with an HCP, had ever heard of PrEP, and provided a valid response to their total family income.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Participants were asked if they had ever heard about PrEP medications and if they had ever discussed with an HCP about HIV/AIDS. Education was categorized as a variable with five levels (less than high school diploma/general educational development (GED); high school graduate/GED; some college; associate or bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree; graduate degree). Health insurance status was categorized as yes (having current health insurance coverage) or no (not having coverage). Missing and refused responses are treated as no. Total family income was measured as a 4-category variable (less than \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e20,000; \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e20,000 - \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e39,999; \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e40,000 - \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e74,999; \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e75,000 or greater). Marital status was measured as a 3- category variable (currently married; divorced, separated, widowed, or annulled; never married). The presence of the following sexual practices determined whether an individual was classified as being at-risk of sexual HIV acquisition: 1) had anal sex with a man; 2) had oral sex with a man; 3) ever received oral sex from a man; 4) ever performed oral sex on a man; 5) ever performed oral sex on a woman; and 6) used a condom at last vaginal intercourse with a man. Responses were yes and no. Question 6 was reverse-coded to reflect not using a condom during their most recent sexual encounter and participating in a risky sexual behavior. These sexual practices were included because prior research indicates that there is a risk of HIV/AIDS with the exchange of bodily fluids and when not using contraceptives such as condoms or dental dams [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using IBM SPSS 23.0 with the complex samples add-on module. Weighted descriptive statistics characterized the prevalence of sociodemographic factors, HIV risk behaviors, PrEP awareness, and HIV/AIDS HCP conversations among Hispanic women. Chi-square tests and \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-tests were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Multiple logistic regression models were utilized to investigate the association between sociodemographic factors and HIV risk behaviors concerning the probability of PrEP awareness and HIV/AIDS HCP conversations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHispanic new mothers PrEP awareness and HIV/AIDS healthcare provider conversations, 2022\u0026ndash;2023 NSFG (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;986).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrEP awareness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHIV/AIDS HCP conversations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristic or Behavior\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;723)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;263)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;691)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;295)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDemographics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge in years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e (0.55\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e (0.57\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e (0.57\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e (0.64\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than high school diploma or GED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68 (24.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehigh school diploma or GED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172 (27.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142 (25.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64 (23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome college\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (14.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociate or bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (12.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198 (24.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73 (23.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent health insurance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156 (23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139 (23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e567 (76.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223 (83.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e552 (76.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243 (81.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal family income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e20,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e164 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 (20.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e20,000 to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e39,999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (22.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81 (31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e40,000 to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e74,999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206 (28.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54 (20.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e194 (29.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (19.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e75,000 or more\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115 (44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210 (30.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.576\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e246 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e256 (38.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced, separated, widowed or annulled\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69 (13.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403 (51.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132 (46.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e366 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169 (53.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIV risk behaviors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEver had anal sex with a man\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e558 (76.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159 (63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e516 (75.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201 (66.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165 (23.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104 (36.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175 (24.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94 (33.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEver had oral sex with a man\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e266 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (19.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e232 (34.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (25.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e457 (64.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218 (80.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e459 (65.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e216 (74.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEver received oral sex from a man\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e295 (39.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 (23.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e265 (39.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86 (26.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e428 (60.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e207 (77.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e426 (60.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e209 (73.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEver perform oral sex on a man\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.128\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e294 (40.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (20.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e251 (37.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 (31.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e429 (59.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215 (79.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e440 (62.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e204 (68.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEver perform oral sex on a woman\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e678 (92.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e222 (86.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e644 (93.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e256 (85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (14.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDid not use a condom at last vaginal intercourse with man\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.517\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.409\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140 (21.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (25.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (25.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDid not use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e583 (78.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e205 (74.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e559 (78.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e229 (74.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNote. PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; HIV/AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HCP, healthcare provider; NSFG, National Survey of Family Growth; GED, general educational development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentages are weighted. \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eWeighted mean; \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eWeighted standard error; \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-statistic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographics and HIV risk behaviors associated with PrEP awareness and healthcare provider conversations, 2022\u0026ndash;2023 NSFG (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;986).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristic or Behavior\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePrEP awareness\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHIV/AIDS HCP conversations\u003c/span\u003e OR (95% CI)\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge in years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.97, 1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03 (1.01, 1.04)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than high school diploma or GED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehigh school diploma or GED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14 (0.54, 2.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91 (0.58, 1.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome college\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.62 (0.85, 3.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.42, 1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociate or bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.65 (1.12, 6.32)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69 (0.86, 3.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.81 (1.97, 7.36)\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.46, 1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent health insurance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10 (0.70, 1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46 (0.97, 2.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal family income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e20,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e20,000 to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e39,999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46 (0.72, 2.97)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36 (0.79, 2.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e40,000 to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e74,999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94 (0.50, 1.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59 (0.30, 1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e75,000 or more\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71 (0.86, 3.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74 (0.40, 1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced, separated, widowed or annulled\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84 (0.48, 1.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.49, 1.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.68, 1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50 (1.00, 2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEver had anal sex with a man\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25 (0.80, 1.97)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.31 (0.92, 1.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEver had oral sex with a man\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57 (0.09, 3.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58 (0.19, 1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEver received oral sex from a man\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.41, 2.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.10 (1.22, 7.86)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEver perform oral sex on a man\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.66 (0.48, 14.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70 (0.21, 2.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEver perform oral sex on a woman\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.55 (0.88, 2.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.12 (1.17, 3.86)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDid not use a condom at last vaginal intercourse with man\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDid not use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80 (0.47, 1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84 (0.54, 1.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNote. PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; HIV/AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HCP, healthcare provider; NSFG, National Survey of Family Growth; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05; \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01; \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe final analytical sample was 986 Hispanic women. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the descriptives of the sample. Respondents who indicated PrEP awareness had a mean age of 32.40 years, had some college education or higher (76.43%), had current health insurance (84.79%), and were not currently married (58.94%). Hispanic women who indicated having HCP conversations about HIV/AIDS were, on average, 32.67 years old, tended to have a high school degree or more (76.95%), had health insurance (82.37%), had a higher family income greater than \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e40,000 (48.47%) and were not currently married (66.78%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation level had a significant association with PrEP awareness (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 82.43, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), as evidenced by higher awareness among individuals with graduate degrees. People who had health insurance demonstrated a significantly higher awareness of PrEP (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 6.07, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.018). Higher family income levels also correlated with increased awareness, as indicated by a significant difference (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 33.35, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). PrEP awareness had also significant relationships with individuals who reported ever having anal sex with a man (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 15.34, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003), ever having oral sex with a man (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 22.98, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), ever receiving oral sex from a man (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 22.37, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), ever performing oral sex on a man (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 31.81, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), and ever performing oral sex on a woman (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 9.71, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.014). HIV/AIDS conversations with HCPs had a significant association with family income levels (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 18.00, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.025). These conversations also had a significant association with individuals who reported having anal sex with men (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 9.06, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.020), receiving oral sex from men (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 14.04, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.006), and performing oral sex on women (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2; = 14.57, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the odds ratios of PrEP awareness and the likelihood of HCP conversations on HIV/AIDS, respectively, for Hispanic women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePrEP Awareness\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHispanic women with an associate\u0026rsquo;s or bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree were 165% more likely to be aware of PrEP compared to those with less than a high school diploma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.12, 6.32), and Hispanic women with a graduate degree were 281% more likely (aOR: 3.81; 95% CI: 1.97, 7.36).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHCP Conversations about HIV/AIDS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Age and whether an individual performed oral sex on another woman influenced HIV/AIDS HCP conversations. Each additional year of age was associated with a 3% increase in the likelihood of having such a conversation (aOR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.04). There was also a 112% increase in the likelihood of HIV/AIDS HCP conversations among Hispanic women who had oral sex with another woman (aOR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.86).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study reveals significant disparities in PrEP awareness and HIV/AIDS HCP conversations among Hispanic women in the United States. Consistent with previous research, our findings indicate that higher educational attainment is a strong predictor of PrEP awareness, suggesting that individuals with higher education may have greater access to health information about PrEP [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. This also highlights the role of education in improving health literacy and engagement in preventive healthcare measures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEven though studies show that oral sex poses little or no risk for HIV transmission, women who reported performing oral sex on another woman or receiving oral sex from a man were more likely to discuss HIV/AIDS with a healthcare provider [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings point to potential provider biases or assumptions about sexual identity, which may influence whether conversations about PrEP are initiated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Prior studies have shown that healthcare providers are more likely to offer PrEP to patients perceived as high risk based on stereotypes or limited risk profiles, rather than through individualized assessments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOlder age was also a significant factor, with each additional year increasing the likelihood of engaging in HIV/AIDS conversations with healthcare providers. A qualitative study with older Latina women has found that provider-initiated conversations significantly increase HIV counseling and testing uptake, overcoming low perceived risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Collectively, these findings indicate that older Hispanic women might be more receptive to and indeed benefit from proactive HIV prevention conversations, highlighting the importance of culturally and demographically tailored engagement strategies. This contrasts with previous research suggesting that healthcare providers are less likely to discuss PrEP with older patients due to ageist assumptions or a lack of perceived risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. National data show that HIV is often underdiagnosed or diagnosed late in older adults. In 2021, 34% of people aged 55 and older were diagnosed with late-stage HIV, indicating persistent gaps in timely testing and prevention efforts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the demonstrated efficacy of PrEP in preventing HIV transmission [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], its uptake among Hispanic women remains disproportionately low [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The lack of provider-initiated discussions on HIV prevention among Hispanic women is concerning, as prior research has found that provider recommendations are one of the strongest predictors of PrEP uptake [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. This communication gap emphasizes the need for culturally tailored interventions that encourage providers to discuss PrEP with Hispanic women, regardless of perceived risk. A combination of structural, cultural, and provider-level barriers likely contributes to this disparity. Language barriers, financial constraints, and lack of culturally competent healthcare services have been identified as key obstacles limiting PrEP uptake in Hispanic communities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough PrEP is an effective biomedical tool for HIV prevention, its affordability remains a significant barrier to access for many Hispanic women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Our results indicated that lower household income was significantly associated with lower PrEP awareness. The out-of-pocket cost of branded PrEP medications, such as Truvada, is approximately \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e2,000 USD per month, while the generic version costs about \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e60 USD per month [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Even with the reduced cost of the generic, it remains unaffordable for many low-income individuals, particularly those who are uninsured or underinsured. Programs such as the \u003cem\u003eReady, Set, PrEP\u003c/em\u003e program and Gilead\u0026rsquo;s Advancing Access aim to reduce financial barriers [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. However, awareness and enrollment in such programs remain limited among Hispanic women due to language barriers, immigration status, and unfamiliarity with navigating the United States healthcare system [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings have implications not only at the clinical and community levels but also for the national HIV prevention strategy. Specifically, they align with the goal outlined in the Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative, which aims to reduce new HIV infections by 90% by 2030 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. One of the core pillars of this initiative, prevention, emphasizes expanding access to PrEP among underserved populations. Our study identifies gaps in both awareness and provider-patient communication that directly hinder progress toward these national goals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome limitations must be taken into consideration. Since the NSFG relies on participants\u0026rsquo; recollections, responses are subject to recall bias. Furthermore, due to the nature of the subject matter, it is possible that respondents answered questions based on the researchers\u0026rsquo; expectations, which might contribute to response bias. Some participants in the NSFG may have misinterpreted survey questions, resulting in potential inaccuracies in their responses. Finally, while we included various HIV-related risk behaviors, these do not account for important contextual factors such as a partner\u0026rsquo;s HIV status, use of viral suppression, or immigration-related barriers to healthcare access. This study also has strengths, as it uses a nationally representative sample, which means the results can be generalized to the general U.S. population. The NSFG\u0026rsquo;s methodological rigor enhances the generalizability and reliability of its findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo mitigate disparities in PrEP awareness and address the lack of discussions between HCPs and Hispanic women, it is imperative to promote proactive engagement by HCPs in conversations regarding PrEP and HIV prevention. Integrating PrEP discussions into routine healthcare encounters, particularly in settings that predominantly serve Hispanic women, such as community health centers and reproductive health clinics, could significantly enhance PrEP awareness and uptake. Moreover, ensuring the availability of bilingual PrEP-related educational materials and implementing culturally responsive health education programs can empower Hispanic women to make informed decisions about their HIV prevention options. Addressing these disparities is essential for reducing HIV incidence among Hispanics and achieving national HIV prevention goals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Future research should explore tailored interventions to increase PrEP uptake and examine the structural and systemic barriers limiting provider-patient communication on HIV prevention in Hispanic communities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAIDS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eaOR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCDC\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConfidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEHE\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnding the HIV Epidemic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGED\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral educational development\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHCP\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare provider\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHHS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU.S. Department of Health and Human Services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHIV\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHuman immunodeficiency virus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMSM\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMen who have sex with men\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNASTAD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNSFG\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational Survey of Family Growth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePEP\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost-exposure prophylaxis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePnR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrEP-to-Need Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePrEP\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-exposure prophylaxis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSPSS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUSD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnited States dollar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUSPSTF\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnited States Preventive Services Task Force\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable. All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 23.0, IBM Corp.), a licensed statistical software. No custom code was developed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDGS conceptualized and designed the study, recruited participants, conducted analyses, interpreted the results, and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. LEE conducted analyses, interpreted the results, and contributed to writing the manuscript. JLT contributed to writing and editing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Elliott Freeman, Head Writing and Publishing Librarian at the LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, for reviewing and editing this article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaeten, J. M., Donnell, D., Ndase, P., et al. (2012). 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Ending the HIV epidemic: a plan for the United States. \u003cem\u003eJournal Of The American Medical Association\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e321\u003c/em\u003e(9), 844\u0026ndash;845. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1001/jama.2019.1343\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1001/jama.2019.1343\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"PrEP awareness, HCP conversations, Hispanic women, HIV risk behaviors, HIV prevention","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7767436/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7767436/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c/strong\u003e: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective tool for HIV prevention, but awareness among Hispanic women remains low. Limited knowledge and a lack of healthcare provider (HCP) conversations about PrEP and HIV/AIDS continue to delay their access to PrEP.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 986 Hispanic women aged 18–49 using data from the 2022–2023 National Survey of Family Growth. Weighted descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression models examined the associations between sociodemographic factors, HIV risk behaviors, PrEP awareness, and HIV/AIDS-related HCP conversations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: Findings reveal that women with an associate or bachelor’s degree were 165% more likely to be aware of PrEP. In comparison, those with a graduate degree were 281% more likely compared to those with a high school education or less. Furthermore, discussions with HCPs about PrEP and HIV/AIDS were influenced by age and risky sexual behaviors, with each additional year of age increasing the likelihood of such conversations by 3%.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: To enhance PrEP awareness among Hispanic women, targeted education and outreach efforts are essential to overcoming cultural stigma and provider biases. Policy Implications: To reduce disparities in PrEP uptake, healthcare systems should implement culturally tailored education strategies, expand bilingual resources, and encourage HCPs to initiate PrEP discussions during routine care. Such interventions are critical for advancing equity in HIV prevention and achieving the national goal of reducing new HIV infections.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Pre-exposure prophylaxis awareness and HIV/AIDS healthcare provider conversations among Hispanic women","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-28 16:53:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7767436/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7b9f05aa-12a4-4d51-b0ac-954409a11a7a","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-09T16:08:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7767436","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-026-01309-6","journal":{"identity":"sexuality-research-and-social-policy","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Sexuality Research and Social Policy"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-04 16:00:05","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 4th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-28 16:53:53","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s13178-026-01309-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-026-01309-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7767436","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7767436","identity":"rs-7767436","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}