Quantitative Analysis of Root System Architecture and Fresh Weight Biomass Traits Highlight Phenotypic Variation in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Germplasm

Quantitative Analysis of Root System Architecture and Fresh Weight Biomass Traits Highlight Phenotypic Variation in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) 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Germplasm Kingsley Ochar, Dae-Won Ki, Suyun Moon, Matilda Ntowaa Bissah, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460160/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) exhibits remarkable diversity in its root morphology and architecture, varying widely in length, thickness, shape, and branching patterns. These traits are crucial for nutrient and water uptake, adaptation to stress or different environments and cultivation practices, as well as marketability. Despite their breeding potential, comprehensive evaluation of root traits across diverse genotypes remains limited. This study assessed root morphological and architectural variability in 23 radish accessions, including wild relatives, landraces, and cultivars from nine different countries in order to inform selection and breeding strategies. Results Plants were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions, and root traits quantified using digital imaging and methods. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation (p < 0.01) for almost all traits, across genotype, except average length of link. Descriptive analysis indicated wide variability in most traits, including root length, forks, crossings, and tips. Turkish accessions had the highest average root length and branching traits, while Chinese and Korean accessions exhibited greater root diameter and biomass-related traits. Landraces developed the most extensive root systems, wild relatives showed high trait variability, and cultivars were more uniform in root volume and diameter. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations among root length, surface area, projected area, and branching traits, suggesting a coordinated module for soil exploration. Conversely, root fresh weight, root-shoot ratio, and link surface features were negatively correlated with architectural traits. Principal component analysis grouped traits into functional clusters, with the first five components explaining 93.485% of total variation. The first principal component (60.402%) was primarily driven by strong positive loadings from number of root tips, root length, number of crossings, forks, projected area, surface area, and average projected area of link. The cluster and biplot analysis differentiated accessions based on trait expression, and identified accessions PI140433 (G1), HA17 (G18), Kvarta (G19), and CHERISH-1 (G22) as major contributors to phenotypic diversity. Conclusion This study revealed the multidimensional variation in radish root traits and identified valuable accessions with distinct or integrated trait profiles. The study provides a strong foundation for trait-based selection and ideotype development in radish breeding programs targeting improved adaptability, resource-use efficiency, and market traits. Accession fresh weight biomass radish germplasm root system architecture Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction Radish ( Raphanus sativus L., 2n = 2x = 18) is an ancient, and globally distributed annual or biennial herbaceous crop within the Brassicaceae family [1, 2]. The genus Raphanus comprises two species, R. sativus and R. raphanistrum , with the latter including five subspecies: raphanistrum, landra, maritimus, microcarpus, and rostratus [3]. Radish is widely cultivated and consumed, especially in Asia, Europe, and North America [4, 5], and in South Korea, it accounts for approximately 10% of total vegetable cultivation area, driven by increasing consumer demand [6]. The popularity of the crop is attributed to its short growth cycle, swollen taproot, crisp texture, pungent flavor, and broad agroecological adaptability. The morphological diversity in radish, expressed in variations of root shape, size, and color, makes it an excellent model for studies on root development and secondary metabolite accumulation [2]. The root of radish comprises both hypocotyl-derived upper and root-derived lower regions and serves as a storage site for starch and various bioactive compounds. Additionally, the crop displays highly diverse leaf morphologies and edible siliques, with consumption habits shaped by regional preferences [7, 8]. Both root and shoot tissues are nutritionally valuable, containing carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber [4]; however, the leafy parts are frequently underutilized, particularly in regions where root consumption is prioritized. Substantial morphological and physiological variation exists among cultivated radish accessions worldwide, primarily shaped by consumer preferences and local agroecological conditions. These variations serve as critical selection parameters for breeding programs aiming to improve root quality, stress resilience, disease resistance, and adaptability [2, 9]. Characterizing and conserving radish germplasm is, therefore, essential to ensure the success of crop improvement initiatives. Germplasm resources, including wild relatives, landraces, and modern cultivars offer invaluable genetic diversity and underpin breeding objectives related to agronomic, nutritional, and phytochemical traits. In particular, wild radish ( R. raphanistrum subsp. sativus ) carries alleles linked to resistance against both biotic and abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and pests [10, 11]. The National Agrobiodiversity Center of the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in Jeonju, South Korea, maintains a diverse radish germplasm collection [2]. Besides, these are popular cultivars such as Asian seed twenty-day-old radish (AS20DOR) and CHERISH 1 which are characterized by rapid growth (~ 20 days post-sowing), compact root morphology, and suitability for fresh salads and urban gardening. Despite their increasing use, there is limited phenotypic characterization of these cultivars, particularly regarding root morphological traits. This gap in phenotypic data hinders optimal utilization in breeding and agronomic planning. Additionally, radish production faces persistent constraints from preharvest physiological disorders such as forking, cracking, pithiness, and internal browning[12]. These defects, which significantly reduce both yield and market appeal, are primarily influenced by environmental factors, such as moisture stress, temperature fluctuations, soil structure, nutrient imbalances, and improper harvest timing that disrupt root tissue metabolism and structural development [12]. Root morphology and architecture are critical for nutrient and water uptake, abiotic stress tolerance, and overall crop productivity [13, 14]. Specific root morphological traits such as root length, diameter, surface area, and volume are vital for breeding nutrient- and water-efficient cultivars, especially in environmentally stressed conditions [15–17]. Root system architecture (RSA), comprising parameters like primary root length, lateral root number, growth angle, and root biomass, is shaped by both genetic and environmental factors [13, 18] and has become a strategic focus in crop improvement programs aiming to enhance stress resilience and yield potential [19, 20]. Although root traits are recognized as promising breeding targets for improved nutrient use efficiency, particularly phosphorus, potassium, and calcium [16, 21], the practical assessment of root systems has lagged behind due to challenges in accessing intact roots and the labor-intensive nature of traditional methods [19]. Technological advancements, such as 2D image-based root phenotyping platforms (e.g., WinRHIZO Pro), have made it possible to quantify root traits like total root length, surface area, average diameter, volume, tip number, and branching [14, 22], yet these tools remain underutilized in radish research. To address these gaps, the present study employs a 2D image-based phenotyping technique (WinRHIZO Pro) to systematically evaluate root morphological traits across a diverse panel of radish accessions from the RDA Genebank, including AS20DOR and CHERISH 1 as control. Conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions, which allow for efficient environmental regulation and disease mitigation, this research introduces a robust phenotyping framework for radish root traits. The findings are expected to enhance breeding strategies targeting improved root quality, stress tolerance, and cultivation efficiency, while also promoting the sustainable utilization of genetic resources in both commercial and subsistence agriculture. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Plant Growth and Experimental setup Seeds of twenty-three radish accessions of diverse phenotypic characteristics were obtained from the Rural Development Administration (RDA) Genebank, located at the National Agro-biodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea. As detailed in Additional file 1, these accessions originated from nine different countries, including seven from Russia, six from China, and two each from South Korea, Nepal, and USA. The rest of the countries (Iran, Japan, Uzbekistan, and Turkey) had a single accession each. Prior to sowing, seeds were surface-sterilized using 70% ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) for 1 minute, followed by thorough rinsing with sterile distilled water to minimize microbial contamination. The seeds were sown in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes measuring 6 cm in diameter and 40 cm in height, filled with commercial horticultural soil (Tobirang, Baekkwang Fertility, Andong, Korea). Two seeds were planted and later thinned to retain a single healthy seedling per pipe after germination. The experiment was conducted in a controlled Venlo-type greenhouse at the National Agro-biodiversity Center. The temperature was maintained at 25 ± 1°C during the day (peaking at 32 ± 3°C) and 18 ± 1°C at night. Relative humidity was controlled between 60–70% (average 67 ± 5%). Each genotype was evaluated using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Ten plants per genotype were assessed. Morphological and agronomic data were collected 20 days after sowing to capture the early-stage root development traits. 2.2. Plant Harvesting and Sampling At 20 days after sowing (DAS), corresponding to the early root bulking stage, plants per each genotype were carefully harvested by loosening the soil in each pipe to ensure the integrity roots was preserved. Soil debris around the roots was gently removed by rinsing under clean, low-pressure tap water to avoid mechanical damage. Shoots were separated from roots by excision at the root–shoot junction using sterilized scissors. Immediately after separation, shoot fresh weight (SFW) and root fresh weight (RFW) were measured using an analytical balance with 0.001g precision. To prepare samples for imaging, roots were gently blotted with absorbent paper to remove surface moisture. The cleaned root systems were then evenly spread on a transparent acrylic tray (30 cm × 20 cm) filled with a shallow layer of clean tap water. This setup minimized root overlap, enhanced flatness, and reduced image glare, thereby improving contrast and clarity. Any overlapping roots or debris were carefully disentangled and removed using sterilized tweezers to ensure clean, analyzable images. 2.3. Root Trait Imaging and Analysis Two-dimensional (2D) root phenotyping enables high-throughput assessment of complex root traits, making it ideal for evaluating diverse germplasm collections [22–24]. The clean roots were sent to the laboratory for 2D image acquisition, using a high-resolution flatbed scanner (Expression 12000XL, Epson, Japan) fitted with a transparent acrylic tray (30 cm × 20 cm). Roots were submerged in water and allowed to float freely to maximize image clarity and minimize structural distortion. Each image was saved in PNG format to ensure high-resolution output suitable for detailed analysis. Root trait analysis was performed using the WinRHIZO Pro software (Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada). Prior to analysis, each image was calibrated using a known scale marker. The software automatically segmented the root area and extracted quantitative root phenotypes. Each genotype was imaged and analyzed under the same conditions to ensure consistency. The procedure for the radish root analyses using the WinRHIZO Pro software is shown as work flow in Fig. 1 , and the traits investigated are shown in Table 1 , including fresh weight biomass used for gaining insight into biomass allocation patterns in radish germplasm. Table 1 Description of the 16 quantitative traits studied in the 23 radish germplasm Trait Abbreviation Category Description Root length RL Morphology Total length of roots traced within the 2D scanned image (cm). Projected area PA Morphology 2D area occupied by roots (cm²) Surface area SA Morphology Estimated total surface area of roots (cm²) Root volume RV Morphology Total estimated root volume (cm³) Average diameter AD Morphology Mean diameter of all root segments (mm) Average projected area of link APAL Morphology Mean projected area per segment (cm²) Average surface area of link ASAL Morphology Surface area per root segment (cm²) Average diameter of link ADL Morphology Mean diameter per segment (cm) Number of root tips NRT Architecture Total number of terminal root ends (count) Forks - Architecture Branching points where roots split (count) Number of crossings NOC Architecture Points where roots overlap in 2D (count) Average length of link ALOL Architecture Mean length between forks/tips (cm) Average branching angle of link ABAL Architecture Mean angle at which lateral roots emerge (°) Root fresh weight RFW Fresh biomass Total mean weight of the harvested root (g) Shoot fresh weight SFW Fresh biomass Total mean weight of the harvested shoot (g) Root- Shoot fresh weight RSFW Fresh biomass Root fresh weight to shoot fresh weight (ratio) 2.4. Statistical Analysis Data were expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD) based on three biological replicates per genotype. Descriptive statistics, including minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated to assess the extent of variability among the measured traits. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine significant differences among genotypes for each root morphological and architectural trait. Where significant differences were detected, post-hoc mean comparisons were performed using Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at a significance threshold of p < 0.05. To explore the underlying structure of the data and classify genotypes based on root traits, multivariate analyses were conducted to explore the underlying structure of the data, in terms of patterns of phenotypic variation. These included principal component analysis (PCA) to identify major contributing traits to overall phenotypic variation among accessions, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to classify genotypes into distinct clusters based on phenotypic similarity. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to examine relationships among root morphological and architectural traits. Significant correlations were identified and visualized to reveal trait interdependencies that may influence root system development. The statistical analyses and heatmap generated were performed using RStudio software (version 4.5.0). The graphical visualizations of the PCA were conducted using the SIMCA-P software (v. 13.0, Umetrics, Umeå, Sweden). 3. Results 3.1. Phenotypic variation for root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits in radish The root is the primary edible organ in radish and ultimately determines its yield and quality [25]. Radish materials used in the present study were varied in both their shoot and root morphological characteristics as detailed in the supplementary section (Additional file 1). This study focused on 14 root-related traits, along with shoot fresh weight and the root-to-shoot fresh weight ratio, which were evaluated in greenhouse-grown radish accessions. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) differences among genotypes for almost all traits, while replication and genotype × replication interaction effects were comparatively less significant (Table 2 ). Descriptive statistics (Table 2 ) showed substantial variation in the traits. For instance, the number of forks ranged from 64 to 11,204 (mean = 2303.12), number of root tips from 173 to 7602 (mean = 1866.33), number of crossings from 1 to 2564 (mean = 511.97), and root length from 23.10 to 1435.11 (mean = 354.84 cm). Further genotype-level analysis revealed that accessions, Hong yingtao luobo, Ying tiao shui luobo, and Yingtao meiren (all from China) exhibited the longest root lengths, with average values of 1047.78 (SD: 361.94), 1031.32 (SD: 154.17), and 927.76 cm (SD: 252.58), respectively. Accessions Hong bai 20 ri, had the shortest root length with mean value of 27.38 (SD: 4.91), 34.89 (SD: 13.08), and 47.75 cm (SD: 21.48), respectively. The highest root diameters were recorded in Hong bai 20 ri (2.224 mm; SD: 0.360), Kruglaya chernaya (2.013 mm; SD: 0.743), and Dunganskiy (1.662 mm; SD: 0.647), with the smallest in Ying tiao shui luobo, Puthan Red, and Yingtao meiren (< 0.30 mm). Genotypes Hong yingtao luobo, PI140433, and Ying tiao shui luobo displayed the largest root surface areas, exceeding 28 cm² for projected area and 89 cm² for average surface area. Conversely, Ranniy Krasniy, Hong bai 20 ri, and HA17 showed the lowest surface area values (projected: 3–7 cm²; average: 12–20 cm²). Root volume was highest in Kruglaya chernaya (1.345 cm; SD: 0.456 ³), followed by Hong bai 20 ri (1.055 cm³; SD: 0.256) and Dunganskiy (0.951 cm³; 0.364), whereas CHERISH-1, AS20DOR, and Scarlet Globe had the lowest volumes (≤ 0.534 cm³). The number of forks was particularly high in Hong yingtao luobo (8774.67; SD: 2420.05), Ying tiao shui luobo (6624.67; SD: 1636.46), and PI140433 (5517.67; SD: 841.04), but much lower in Hong bai 20 ri, HA17, and Ranniy Krasniy (< 154 forks). Regarding biomass, Negrityanka showed the highest shoot fresh weight (20.43g; SD: 4.57), while UZB-GJG-2009-10/3–13 exhibited the highest root fresh weight (13.23g; SD: 0.61). The lowest values were recorded in Krakovyanka (shoot: 4.33 g; SD: 1.38) and Ying tiao shui luobo (root: 7.33g; SD: 0.15). The full genotype-specific data is provided in the supplementary material section (Additional file 2). Table 2 Summary and phenotypic variations of 16 root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits in radish Variable Minimum Maximum Mean SD CV Skewness Kurtosis G R G x R RL 23.10 1435.11 354.84 370.355 104.37 1.04 0.01 *** NS NS PA 3.01 39.78 13.98 9.07 64.85 0.96 -0.12 *** NS NS SA 9.47 124.96 43.93 28.49 64.85 0.96 -0.12 *** NS NS RV 0.26 2.77 0.84 0.65 77.65 1.28 0.81 *** * NS AD 0.14 1.83 0.64 0.29 45.81 1.52 3.43 *** * * APAL 173.00 7602.00 1866.33 1573.56 84.31 1.14 1.26 *** ** ** ASAL 64.00 11204.00 2303.12 2696.28 117.07 1.20 0.70 *** ** ** ADL 1.00 2564.00 511.97 635.94 124.21 1.21 0.54 *** NS NS NRT 0.07 0.18 0.09 0.02 19.69 1.56 5.53 *** NS * Forks 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.01 113.46 0.98 0.87 *** NS NS NOC 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.02 76.05 1.86 4.81 *** NS NS ALOL 0.18 0.74 0.33 0.09 27.02 1.84 6.11 NS NS NS ABAL 0.00 58.12 52.84 7.31 13.83 -5.75 40.94 * NS ** SFW 1.40 25.20 13.86 3.63 26.20 0.17 2.01 *** * NS RFW 0.60 15.30 7.08 3.73 52.69 0.00 -0.48 *** NS NS RSFW 0.05 1.00 0.51 0.23 44.64 -0.53 -0.51 *** NS * RL: Root length, PA: Projected area, SA: Surface area, RV: Root volume, AD: Average diameter, APAL: Average projected area of link, ASAL: Average surface area of link, ADL: Average diameter of link, NRT: Number of root tips, NOC: Number of crossings, ALOL: Average length of link, ABAL: Average branching angle of link, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, RFW: Root fresh weight, RSFW: Root- Shoot fresh weight. Table 3 Comparison of radish root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits influenced by country of origin Origin Replication IRN (n = 1) NPL (n = 2) CHN (n = 6) RUS (n = 7) UZB (n = 1) USA (n = 2) JPN (n = 1) TUR (n = 1 ) KOR (n = 2) Root Length Min 832.24 456.96 48.25 353.19 486.48 39.96 172.10 913.75 121.44 Max 962.75 760.09 66.25 630.98 681.89 57.95 640.68 1205.87 370.00 Mean 917.55 592.59 59.48 495.24 602.54 51.37 339.85 1031.32 221.01 SD 73.93 154.06 9.80 139.00 102.75 9.92 261.11 154.17 131.45 CV 8.06 26.00 16.47 28.07 17.05 19.31 76.83 14.95 59.47 Projected Area Min 27.39 16.74 6.82 13.71 16.40 6.15 9.78 25.18 8.09 Max 31.08 24.05 8.55 20.55 22.40 7.92 18.72 31.52 13.22 Mean 28.68 20.64 7.66 16.95 20.20 6.81 13.02 28.53 10.69 SD 2.08 3.68 0.86 3.43 3.30 0.97 4.95 3.18 2.57 CV 7.26 17.81 11.26 20.26 16.34 14.20 38.04 11.15 24.01 Surface Area Min 86.06 52.60 21.44 43.06 51.53 19.33 30.73 79.11 25.40 Max 97.64 75.54 26.86 64.55 70.38 24.87 58.80 99.01 41.53 Mean 90.10 64.85 24.08 53.26 63.45 21.39 40.89 89.63 33.59 SD 6.54 11.55 2.71 10.79 10.37 3.04 15.55 10.00 8.07 CV 7.26 17.81 11.26 20.26 16.34 14.20 38.04 11.15 24.01 Average Diameter Min 0.28 0.41 1.09 0.59 0.32 1.09 0.29 0.26 1.19 Max 0.33 0.63 1.62 0.96 0.35 1.59 0.57 0.30 1.55 Mean 0.31 0.51 1.44 0.73 0.34 1.37 0.46 0.28 1.32 SD 0.03 0.11 0.30 0.20 0.02 0.25 0.15 0.02 0.20 CV 8.06 22.05 20.78 27.58 4.62 18.47 31.88 6.35 15.55 Root Volume Min 0.61 0.49 0.58 0.54 0.43 0.54 0.42 0.55 0.67 Max 0.79 0.75 1.02 0.65 0.62 0.90 0.44 0.67 0.95 Mean 0.71 0.64 0.85 0.61 0.53 0.74 0.43 0.62 0.76 SD 0.09 0.13 0.24 0.06 0.09 0.19 0.01 0.07 0.16 CV 12.79 20.70 28.09 9.91 17.34 24.98 1.63 10.88 21.06 Number of root Tips Min 2536.00 2528.50 490.50 1461.50 2050.00 408.00 1239.00 4136.00 832.50 Max 3872.00 4127.50 759.50 2497.50 4107.00 696.50 3561.00 5300.00 1648.50 Mean 3356.00 3124.00 644.17 2056.33 3019.67 543.83 2200.00 4874.33 1183.83 SD 718.01 874.10 138.54 534.82 1033.54 144.98 1211.58 641.91 419.64 CV 21.39 27.98 21.51 26.01 34.23 26.66 55.07 13.17 35.45 Forks Min 4548.00 3778.00 185.50 1715.50 3030.00 183.50 602.00 5375.00 567.50 Max 6049.00 5782.50 300.50 3860.00 5466.00 226.00 3431.00 8477.00 1823.00 Mean 5517.67 4736.00 238.00 2785.00 4602.67 197.83 1598.00 6624.67 1108.50 SD 841.04 1005.18 58.15 1072.26 1364.14 24.39 1589.41 1636.46 645.48 CV 15.24 21.22 24.43 38.50 29.64 12.33 99.46 24.70 58.23 Number of Crossings Min 945.00 796.00 21.00 385.50 640.00 24.00 92.00 1317.00 91.50 Max 1488.00 1308.00 45.00 978.00 1160.00 31.00 797.00 1863.00 461.00 Mean 1297.67 1019.33 32.83 675.83 974.33 27.33 341.67 1579.67 249.67 SD 305.74 262.18 12.00 296.43 290.13 3.51 394.94 273.59 190.40 CV 23.56 25.72 36.56 43.86 29.78 12.85 115.59 17.32 76.26 Average Length of Link Min 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.09 Max 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.09 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.11 Mean 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.10 SD 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 CV 6.05 9.88 8.19 12.91 12.74 24.15 12.11 21.10 6.77 Average Projected Area of Link Min 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 Max 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 Mean 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 CV 9.75 47.65 15.94 40.08 9.10 12.25 41.60 13.68 48.60 Average Surface Area of Link Min 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 Max 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.06 Mean 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.04 SD 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 CV 10.19 47.84 15.93 40.19 8.29 12.33 40.78 15.13 48.82 Average Diameter of Link Min 0.32 0.31 0.33 0.28 0.30 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.30 Max 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.54 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.30 0.32 Mean 0.35 0.33 0.33 0.38 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.28 0.31 SD 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.14 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.01 CV 9.60 10.14 3.68 36.18 8.73 17.86 14.70 7.56 4.54 Average Branching Angle of Link Min 56.20 54.12 49.37 24.27 56.39 49.56 53.56 55.43 50.24 Max 57.29 57.00 52.71 54.78 56.92 53.28 55.00 57.07 52.92 Mean 56.77 55.53 51.25 44.06 56.66 50.95 54.48 56.04 51.84 SD 0.55 1.44 1.71 17.16 0.27 2.03 0.80 0.90 1.42 CV 0.96 2.59 3.33 38.95 0.47 3.98 1.46 1.61 2.73 Shoot Fresh Weight Min 10.20 12.85 16.10 11.25 13.30 12.05 14.10 11.20 13.10 Max 13.50 13.50 17.60 13.80 16.80 14.35 21.30 16.60 16.10 Mean 11.37 13.12 16.65 12.20 15.63 13.45 18.53 13.77 14.82 SD 1.85 0.34 0.83 1.39 2.02 1.23 3.88 2.71 1.55 CV 16.28 2.59 4.96 11.42 12.93 9.14 20.93 19.68 10.44 Root Fresh Weight Min 2.40 7.95 10.00 4.25 3.00 7.05 8.20 0.60 9.20 Max 5.60 8.65 11.20 5.85 3.60 12.20 11.30 0.90 10.35 Mean 3.73 8.38 10.43 4.82 3.27 9.20 9.47 0.73 9.85 SD 1.67 0.38 0.67 0.90 0.31 2.68 1.63 0.15 0.59 CV 44.61 4.52 6.38 18.61 9.35 29.11 17.17 20.83 5.98 Root-Shoot fresh weight ratio Min 0.24 0.63 0.60 0.38 0.19 0.59 0.44 0.05 0.62 Max 0.41 0.68 0.63 0.41 0.23 0.84 0.58 0.05 0.69 Mean 0.32 0.65 0.62 0.40 0.21 0.67 0.52 0.05 0.66 SD 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.00 0.04 CV 28.29 3.42 1.87 3.19 8.53 21.30 13.79 2.30 5.89 3.2. Variation of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits based on country of origin Table 4 presents the variation in radish root morphological and architectural traits across nine countries of origin. Japanese radish exhibited the widest range in root length (172.10–640.68 mm), projected area (9.78–18.72 cm²), surface area (30.73–58.80 cm²), root tips (1239–3561), crossings (92–797), and shoot fresh weight (14.10–21.30 g). American accessions showed the greatest variability in average link length (0.13–7.05 mm), root fresh weight (0.09–12.20 g), and root-shoot ratio (0.59–0.84). Russian accessions had the widest variation in link diameter (0.28–0.54 mm) and branching angle (24.27–54.78°), while Chinese accessions showed high variability in average diameter (1.09–1.62 mm) and root volume (0.58–1.02 cm³). The highest variability in number of forks (5375–8477) and average surface area (0.02–0.06 cm²) was observed in Turkish and Korean radishes, respectively. In terms of trait averages, Turkish radish recorded the highest values for root length (1054.80 mm), projected area (15.90 cm²), surface area (49.23 cm²), number of root tips (3298), forks (7064), and crossings (702). This was followed by Iranian radishes. Chinese accessions showed the highest average diameter (1.49 mm), root volume (0.85 cm³), and root fresh weight (10.33 g), while Korean radish toped in average surface area of link (0.05 cm²) and root-shoot fresh weight ratio (0.82). Japanese radish had the highest average link length (5.46 mm). Iranian accessions had the highest surface area (0.05 cm²) and branching angle of link (49.83°), and Russian radish recorded the highest average link diameter (0.50 mm). Conversely, the lowest average values for root length (424.32 mm), projected area (10.54 cm²), surface area (35.14 cm²), and number of forks (5634) were found in American radish. Turkish accessions showed the lowest average values for average diameter (1.13 mm), link diameter (0.32 mm), and root-shoot fresh weight ratio (0.59). Overall, both the highest and lowest trait averages were unevenly distributed across radishes from different origins, reflecting diverse genetic and morphological adaptations. Table 4 Comparison of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits across radish wild relative, landraces and cultivated varieties Trait Replication Wild relative (n = 1 ) Landrace (n = 3) Cultivar (n = 13) Root Length Min 23.10 485.94 260.42 Max 48.96 510.10 325.21 Mean 34.89 497.59 302.22 SD 13.08 12.10 36.26 CV 37.49 2.43 12.00 Projected Area Min 3.01 16.67 11.25 Max 5.37 17.97 13.48 Mean 3.96 17.35 12.59 SD 1.25 0.65 1.18 CV 31.45 3.77 9.39 Surface Area Min 9.47 52.37 35.34 Max 16.88 56.47 42.36 Mean 12.44 54.52 39.55 SD 3.91 2.05 3.72 CV 31.45 3.77 9.39 Average Diameter Min 1.07 0.44 0.83 Max 1.31 0.64 1.11 Mean 1.16 0.51 0.94 SD 0.13 0.11 0.15 CV 11.06 22.46 15.67 Root Volume Min 0.29 0.51 0.59 Max 0.46 0.56 0.79 Mean 0.36 0.54 0.67 SD 0.09 0.03 0.11 CV 26.33 5.92 16.20 Number of root Tips Min 173.00 2567.33 1451.92 Max 648.00 2674.00 1815.62 Mean 343.67 2633.44 1666.49 SD 264.21 57.74 190.47 CV 76.88 2.19 11.43 Forks Min 64.00 2561.33 1409.69 Max 170.00 4048.33 2058.00 Mean 123.33 3350.78 1813.08 SD 54.12 747.75 352.01 CV 43.88 22.32 19.41 Number of Crossings Min 1.00 616.33 304.92 Max 24.00 836.33 470.46 Mean 16.33 742.00 407.00 SD 13.28 113.30 89.27 CV 81.30 15.27 21.93 Average Length of Link Min 0.08 0.08 0.09 Max 0.13 0.09 0.10 Mean 0.11 0.08 0.10 SD 0.02 0.01 0.00 CV 22.51 7.85 3.30 Average Projected Area of Link Min 0.01 0.00 0.01 Max 0.02 0.00 0.01 Mean 0.01 0.00 0.01 SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 CV 44.31 17.78 24.32 Average Surface Area of Link Min 0.02 0.01 0.02 Max 0.05 0.01 0.03 Mean 0.03 0.01 0.03 SD 0.01 0.00 0.01 CV 44.46 18.43 24.38 Average Diameter of Link Min 0.21 0.25 0.33 Max 0.32 0.35 0.35 Mean 0.28 0.31 0.34 SD 0.06 0.05 0.01 CV 22.90 17.27 2.97 Average Branching Angle of Link Min 44.87 53.62 48.91 Max 51.37 56.24 53.74 Mean 48.28 54.84 52.02 SD 3.26 1.32 2.69 CV 6.76 2.40 5.18 Shoot Fresh Weight Min 11.80 14.67 12.20 Max 13.10 19.13 14.55 Mean 12.47 16.84 13.71 SD 0.65 2.24 1.31 CV 5.22 13.27 9.57 Root Fresh Weight Min 7.10 5.23 6.50 Max 7.40 8.70 7.33 Mean 7.27 7.11 6.96 SD 0.15 1.75 0.42 CV 2.10 24.63 6.06 Root-Shoot fresh weight ratio Min 0.54 0.33 0.47 Max 0.62 0.52 0.55 Mean 0.58 0.40 0.50 SD 0.04 0.10 0.04 CV 6.66 25.58 8.07 3.3. Variation of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits based on genotype The effect of genotype on radish root traits was assessed across three genotypic groups: wild relatives, landraces, and cultivars (Table 4 ). Significant variation was observed within the germplasm, indicating that genotype had a substantial influence on root morphological and architectural traits. Wild relatives exhibited the widest variability in projected area (3.01–5.37 cm²), surface area (9.47–16.88 cm²), number of root tips (173–648), average link length (0.08–0.13 mm), average projected area (0.01–0.02 cm²), average surface area (0.02–0.05 cm²), link diameter (0.21–0.32 mm), and branching angle (44.87–51.37°), with the most variable traits being surface area, root tips, and link diameter. Landraces showed the highest variability in number of forks (2561.33–4048.33), crossings (616.33–836.33), shoot fresh weight (14.67–19.13 g), root fresh weight (5.23–8.70 g), and root-shoot ratio (0.33–0.52), with forks and shoot fresh weight being the most variable traits. Cultivars displayed the widest variation in root length (260.42–325.21 mm), average diameter (0.83–1.11 mm), and root volume (0.59–0.79 cm³), with average diameter and root volume showing the broadest spread. In terms of trait averages, wild relatives recorded the highest values for average diameter (1.16 mm), link length (0.11 mm), root fresh weight (7.27 g), and root-shoot ratio (0.58). Landraces exhibited the highest mean values for root length (497.59 mm), projected area (17.35 cm²), surface area (54.52 cm²), number of root tips (2633.44), forks (3350.78), crossings (742.00), link branching angle (54.84°), and shoot fresh weight (16.84 g). Cultivars had the highest average root volume (0.67 cm³) and link diameter (0.34 mm). Conversely, wild relatives recorded the lowest average values for multiple traits, including root length (34.89 mm), projected area (3.96 cm²), surface area (12.44 cm²), root volume (0.36 cm³), number of root tips (343.67), forks (123.33), crossings (16.33), link diameter (0.28 mm), branching angle (48.28°), and shoot fresh weight (12.47 g). Landraces showed the lowest averages for average diameter (0.51 mm), link length (0.08 mm), projected area of link (0.00 cm²), surface area of link (0.01 cm²), and root-shoot ratio (0.40), while cultivars recorded the lowest value only for root fresh weight (6.96 g). 3.4. Variations of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits as influenced by root shape Root shape significantly influenced the variation in radish root morphological and architectural traits (Table 5 ). Among the shapes, triangular and transverse triangle roots exhibited the widest variability across most traits. Triangular-shaped roots showed the greatest range in projected area (21.12–26.76 cm²), surface area (66.35–84.08 cm²), number of root tips (3469.00–4178.33), forks (4727.83–6730.33), number of crossings (1076.17–1536.67), and average branching angle of link (46.50–57.01°). Transverse elliptic roots exhibited the broadest variation in average diameter (1.96–2.63 cm), root volume (0.83–1.34 cm³), average length of link (0.08–0.12 cm), average projected area of link (0.01–0.03 cm²), average surface area of link (0.04–0.10 cm²), and shoot fresh weight (10.30–14.40 g). Cylindric root shapes showed the widest range for average diameter of link (0.26–0.33 cm) and root-shoot fresh weight ratio (0.51–0.68), while elliptic roots had the broadest variation in root length (393.78–581.62 cm). In contrast, spheric and inverse triangle shapes exhibited relatively low trait variability. Interestingly, traits with the broadest variation also tended to record the highest mean values, whereas triangular and transverse elliptic shapes, despite high variability were associated with the lowest average values for most traits. Table 5 Comparison of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits as influenced by root shape Variable Value Elliptic (n = 3 ) Spheric (n = 9) Triangular (n = 6 ) Cylindric (n = 1 ) Inverse triangle (n = 3) Transverse elliptic (n = 1) Root Length Min 393.78 155.30 714.79 44.88 78.88 24.50 Max 581.62 211.32 872.16 56.62 152.27 33.05 Mean 459.98 186.06 784.51 49.98 107.49 27.38 SD 105.48 28.41 80.20 6.02 39.28 4.91 CV 22.93 15.27 10.22 12.04 36.54 17.92 Projected Area Min 15.08 9.21 21.12 6.91 7.44 5.11 Max 20.54 10.12 26.76 8.43 9.45 6.48 Mean 17.55 9.80 23.73 7.48 8.30 6.01 SD 2.77 0.51 2.85 0.83 1.04 0.78 CV 15.77 5.23 12.00 11.12 12.50 13.03 Surface Area Min 47.37 28.94 66.35 21.72 23.37 16.05 Max 64.53 31.81 84.08 26.50 29.69 20.36 Mean 55.13 30.80 74.54 23.50 26.07 18.89 SD 8.70 1.61 8.94 2.61 3.26 2.46 CV 15.77 5.23 12.00 11.12 12.50 13.03 Average Diameter Min 0.64 0.73 0.30 1.22 0.91 1.96 Max 1.19 1.06 0.32 1.74 1.46 2.63 Mean 0.91 0.85 0.31 1.51 1.13 2.22 SD 0.28 0.19 0.01 0.27 0.29 0.36 CV 30.46 21.94 2.50 17.60 25.90 16.17 Root Volume Min 0.74 0.49 0.49 0.66 0.56 0.83 Max 1.04 0.61 0.65 1.15 0.81 1.34 Mean 0.84 0.53 0.57 0.90 0.67 1.06 SD 0.17 0.07 0.08 0.25 0.13 0.26 CV 20.25 13.21 13.63 27.32 18.94 24.24 Number of root Tips Min 1819.67 1167.22 3469.00 465.00 710.33 208.00 Max 2088.33 1274.89 4178.33 679.00 1096.00 414.00 Mean 1950.33 1238.70 3735.67 551.33 890.33 290.00 SD 134.48 61.91 386.03 112.83 194.11 109.23 CV 6.90 5.00 10.33 20.46 21.80 37.67 Forks Min 2165.00 890.56 4727.83 226.00 329.00 68.00 Max 3253.33 1310.89 6730.33 274.00 533.00 139.00 Mean 2615.78 1157.30 5518.39 242.00 420.00 96.33 SD 567.70 231.89 1065.68 27.71 103.76 37.61 CV 21.70 20.04 19.31 11.45 24.71 39.04 Number of Crossings Min 451.33 153.67 1076.17 24.00 46.67 6.00 Max 801.67 283.56 1536.67 35.00 96.33 15.00 Mean 606.89 233.89 1267.17 31.00 68.78 9.33 SD 178.43 70.13 240.08 6.08 25.28 4.93 CV 29.40 29.98 18.95 19.62 36.75 52.85 Average Length of Link Min 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.08 Max 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12 Mean 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.10 SD 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 CV 4.91 5.64 7.08 3.97 7.35 17.13 Average Projected Area of Link Min 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 Max 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 Mean 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 CV 28.80 17.85 8.35 15.77 21.29 54.95 Average Surface Area of Link Min 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.04 Max 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.10 Mean 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.06 SD 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 CV 28.71 17.99 8.50 15.98 21.18 55.06 Average Diameter of Link Min 0.35 0.28 0.30 0.26 0.32 0.31 Max 0.40 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.53 0.34 Mean 0.38 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.41 0.33 SD 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.02 CV 6.89 7.47 4.90 11.64 26.63 5.06 Average Branching Angle of Link Min 53.99 52.55 46.50 49.56 49.56 44.68 Max 55.54 53.29 57.01 55.45 52.79 51.01 Mean 54.77 52.97 53.29 52.21 51.46 48.05 SD 0.78 0.38 5.88 2.99 1.68 3.18 CV 1.42 0.72 11.04 5.73 3.27 6.63 Shoot Fresh Weight Min 13.17 14.33 10.28 12.30 12.67 14.00 Max 13.63 16.49 12.82 16.30 14.90 19.60 Mean 13.33 15.34 11.74 14.00 13.44 15.90 SD 0.26 1.08 1.31 2.07 1.26 3.20 CV 1.95 7.06 11.16 14.76 9.38 20.16 Root Fresh Weight Min 6.60 8.89 2.72 6.30 7.20 10.30 Max 7.30 9.40 2.82 10.00 8.73 14.40 Mean 6.99 9.08 2.76 8.47 7.74 12.00 SD 0.36 0.28 0.05 1.93 0.86 2.14 CV 5.10 3.09 1.84 22.79 11.08 17.81 Root-Shoot fresh weight ratio Min 0.48 0.56 0.24 0.51 0.58 0.73 Max 0.55 0.63 0.34 0.68 0.59 0.81 Mean 0.51 0.60 0.27 0.60 0.58 0.76 SD 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.01 0.04 CV 8.36 5.93 21.21 13.98 1.00 5.69 3.5. Cluster analysis of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits Cluster analysis was performed to visualize the association between the 23 radish accessions and the studied traits (Fig. 2 ). Two distinct grouping patterns were observed for both accessions and traits. Cluster 1 comprised eight accessions Puthan Red (G3), Negrityanka (G21), PI140433 (G1), HA17 (G18), Kruglaya chernaya (G11), UZB-GJG-2009-10/3–13 (G9), Ranniy Krasniy (G5) and Chempion (G8), majority of which originated from Russia. These accessions generally showed higher values for traits such as root surface area, projected area, root length, number of crossings, forks, root tips, and average branching angle of link, except for accession Negrityanka (G21), which recorded a low value for the latter trait. Cluster 2 included the majority of the accessions and exhibited an opposite trend, with lower values for the above traits but higher values for average surface area of link, projected area of link, average diameter, root-shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, and average link length. Accession Kvarta (G19) showed distinctly higher values for average link diameter and root volume, while accession CHERISH-1 (G22) was uniquely associated with higher average projected area and surface area of link. Clustering did not align with geographic origin or genotypic category. 3.6. Principal Components Analysis The PCA of 16 quantitative traits revealed that the first five principal components (PCs) accounted for 93.485% of the total variance, with eigenvalues of 9.664, 2.002, 1.586, 0.876, and 0.830, respectively (Table 6 ). The first principal component (PC1) explained 60.402% of the total variation and was primarily driven by strong positive loadings from number of root tips, root length, number of crossings, forks, projected area, surface area, and average projected area of link (FL > 0.900). Negative contributions to PC1 came from traits such as average projected area of link (-0.904), average diameter (-0.887), average surface area of link (-0.898), root fresh weight (-0.767), and root-shoot fresh weight ratio (-0.763). PC2 explained 12.511% of the variation and differentiated accessions based on root volume (0.861), average diameter of link (0.606), and moderate contributions from projected area, surface area, and other diameter-related traits. PC3, contributing 9.912%, was influenced by average branching angle of link (0.617), shoot fresh weight (0.668), root fresh weight (0.514), and a negative loading from average link length (-0.563). PC4 and PC5 explained 5.475% and 5.185% of the variation, respectively. PC4 highlighted shoot fresh weight (0.600), link length (0.375), and a negative influence of branching angle (-0.366), while PC5 was defined by negative loading from average diameter of link (-0.662) and a positive contribution from branching angle (0.442). Table 6 The first five principal components, showing Eigenvalues, and individual and cumulative contributions of variables. Root trait PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 Root length 0.955 0.242 -0.038 0.050 0.116 Projected Area 0.930 0.314 0.075 0.071 0.101 Surface Area 0.930 0.314 0.075 0.071 0.101 Average Diameter -0.887 0.389 -0.015 -0.167 0.097 Root Volume -0.369 0.861 0.238 -0.105 0.082 Number of root Tips 0.965 0.159 0.056 0.006 0.091 Forks 0.945 0.264 0.077 -0.050 0.092 Number of Crossings 0.949 0.269 0.017 -0.041 0.103 Average Length of Link -0.542 0.059 -0.563 0.375 -0.085 Average Projected Area of Link -0.904 0.348 -0.072 -0.124 0.097 Average Surface Area of Link -0.898 0.358 -0.084 -0.139 0.098 Average Diameter of Link -0.233 0.606 0.098 0.291 -0.662 Average Branching Angle of ink 0.363 -0.230 0.617 -0.366 -0.442 Shoot fresh eight -0.313 -0.106 0.668 0.601 0.175 Root fresh weight -0.767 -0.051 0.514 0.128 0.207 Root shoot fresh weight ratio -0.763 -0.011 0.281 -0.219 0.139 Eigenvalue 9.664 2.002 1.586 0.876 0.830 Proportion 60.402 12.511 9.912 5.475 5.185 Cumulative 60.402 72.913 82.826 88.301 93.485 The PCA loading plot (Fig. 3 A) revealed distinct associations among the measured traits along the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2). Traits such as projected area (PA), surface area (SA), number of crossings (NOC), root length (RL), number of root tips (NRT), and number of forks (forks) showed strong positive loadings on both PC1 and PC2. Their distant positions from the origin and close proximity to each other indicate strong mutual correlations and a dominant role in the total variation explained by these components. In contrast, root volume (RV) and average diameter of link (ADL) exhibited strong negative loadings on both PC1 and PC2, with root volume being the more prominent contributor. Traits like average diameter (AD), average projected area of link (APAL), average surface area of link (ASAL), root-shoot fresh weight ratio (RSFW), and average length of link (ALOL) were negatively associated with PC1 but positively associated with PC2. These traits clustered tightly, suggesting a shared influence on variation distinct from the dominant root branching traits. Among them, average diameter, average projected area of link, average surface area of link and root fresh weight (RFW) were positioned far from the axis. Average branching angle of link (ABAL) had a weak contribution, showing a positive loading on PC1 and a negative loading on PC2, with an isolated placement, indicating minimal influence on the major variance The PCA score plot (Fig. 3 B) clearly distinguished genotypic groups based on trait associations, reinforcing the clustering patterns and uncovering both central and outlier behaviors among the radish accessions. Accessions Puthan Red (G3), PI140433 (G1), HA17 (G18), and Negrityanka (G21) were located in the positive direction of both PC1 and PC2, and contributing significantly to the overall variation. These genotypes were associated with key traits such as root length, projected area, surface area, number of root tips, forks, and crossings, traits which are indicative of robust root architecture. Conversely, accessions Kvarta (G19), CHERISH-1 (G22), Hong bai 20 ri (G15), Krakovyanka (G20), and Kisumi ― hatsukadaikon (G12) were found in the negative PC1 but positive PC2 quadrant. In particular, accessions Kvarta (G19), CHERISH-1 (G22), and Hong bai 20 ri showed a distant positioning from the origin, reflecting unique trait patterns divergent from the main population. A majority of accessions, including Ying tiao shui luobo (G10), Scarlet globe (G2), CHN-AWS-1994-5765 (G4), Akamaruwatsuka (G13), Hong yingtao luobo (G17), Yingtao luobo 115 (G6), Yingtao meiren (G14), and Nihon oto luobo (G16) were grouped in the negative direction of both PC1 and PC2, with accessions Ying tiao shui luobo and Scarlet globe contributing significantly to variation and displaying shared trait characteristics. A smaller group of six accessions appeared in the positive PC1 but negative PC2 quadrant, showing distinct yet less pronounced contributions. 3.7. Analysis of correlation coefficients The Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) positive and negative relationships among radish quantitative traits (Fig. 4 ; Table S7). The strongest positive correlations (p < 0.001) were observed between projected area and surface area ( r = 1.00), number of forks and number of crossings ( r = 1.00), average projected area and average surface area ( r = 1.00), root length and projected area/surface area ( r = 0.99), and root length and number of crossings ( r = 0.99). Traits such as average projected area of link, average surface area of link, root fresh weight, root-shoot fresh weight ratio, and average diameter showed significant (p -0.600) with root length, projected area, surface area, number of root tips, forks, and number of crossings. Generally, traits like average diameter of link, shoot fresh weight, root volume, root fresh weight, and average branching angle of link showed weak or non-significant correlations with most traits. For instance, no significant correlation was found between root length and root volume or between average diameter of link and shoot fresh weight, indicating independence between these trait dimensions. Root fresh weight correlated significantly and positively with shoot fresh weight ( r = 0.64, p < 0.001), and even more strongly with root-shoot fresh weight ratio ( r = 0.88, p < 0.001), while the correlation between shoot fresh weight and root-shoot ratio was not significant. 4. Discussion 4.1. Variations of Radish Root system architecture, and fresh weight biomass Root system development is a key quantitative trait influencing adaptability of plants across environments, and knowledge about root behavior is vital for improving yields, breeding resilient varieties, and conserving biodiversity [26]. Given that root traits differ significantly among genotypes; remarkable phenotypic variation is expected among accessions with diverse genetic backgrounds. Radish, a dicotyledonous species, develops a taproot system composed of a primary root and lateral roots, making it a suitable model for studying root architecture. As emphasized by Ghimire et al, image-based phenotyping is gaining momentum due to its precision and efficiency in applications such as yield prediction, disease detection, shoot analysis, and seed trait characterization[27]. In this study, we employed WinRHIZO to quantify root morphological traits, including total root length (TRL), surface area, volume, average diameter, and number of tips, forks, and crossings across 23 radish accessions under greenhouse conditions. This approach supports ongoing efforts in root phenomics to enhance crop performance in variable environments [14, 28]. The ANOVA revealed significant genotypic variation across nearly all traits, with minimal genotype × replication interaction, suggesting that trait expression was predominantly under genetic control. Traits such as root length (23.10–1435.11 cm), number of tips (173–7602), and number of forks (5375–8477) exhibited broad ranges, demonstrating extensive phenotypic diversity in radish root systems. These results support findings by Ibrahim et al. [15], who reported significant genotypic variation in nine root and shoot biomass traits in Brassica napus under low-potassium conditions, with CVs ranging from 9.95–61.34%. The highest coefficients of variation (> 100%) in our study were recorded for number of crossings, forks, average projected area of link, and root length, while lower CVs (13–30%) were observed for average branching angle, link length, shoot fresh weight, and average diameter, implying stability in core structural features and greater flexibility in lateral root development. These traits reflect underlying differences in lateral root branching, key to effective soil exploration and nutrient uptake [21, 29]. Our findings also align with those of Yang et al. [20], who identified eight RSA traits, including TRL (total root length), TRSA (total root surface area), and RAD (root average diameter) as significantly varying among the Brassica genotypes (p ≤ 0.05), with the number of root tips ranging from 20 to 2,753 and CVs reaching 124.55% for tertiary root length. Similarly, in our radish accessions, substantial diversity in branching traits (tips, forks, crossings) underscores genotypic differentiation in lateral and tertiary root development, which are critical for adaptability and resource-use efficiency. Genotype-level analysis revealed marked differences in root system architecture (RSA) among accessions. Hong yingtao luobo, Ying tiao shui luobo, and Yingtao meiren, all of Chinese origin, exhibited the longest roots, reflecting strong potential for deeper soil exploration. In contrast, Hong bai 20 ri, HA17, and Kruglaya chernaya showed extremely short root lengths, indicating shallow rooting phenotypes that may be more vulnerable to drought and nutrient limitations. Root diameter, a trait associated with mechanical penetration, water transport, and biomass allocation, also showed meaningful variation among radish accessions. This corroborates previous work by Wu et al. [29] and Jaramillo et al. [30], who highlighted its functional role in root-soil interaction and internal physiology. Thick roots were found in Hong bai 20 ri, Kruglaya chernaya, and Dunganskiy, suggesting adaptations for biomass accumulation and anchorage. Conversely, Ying tiao shui luobo, Puthan Red, and Yingtao meiren showed fine root structures, which may support finer soil foraging networks but with reduced bulk. Root surface area, another key trait related to nutrient absorption efficiency, also distinguished accessions. High surface areas were recorded in Hong yingtao luobo, PI140433, and Ying tiao shui luobo, whereas Ranniy Krasniy, Hong bai 20 ri, and HA17 displayed minimal surface development, potentially limiting absorptive capacity. Root volume patterns followed similar trends, with Kruglaya chernaya, Hong bai 20 ri, and Dunganskiy exceeding 0.95 cm³, while CHERISH-1, AS20DOR, and Scarlet Globe exhibited the smallest volumes (< 0.534 cm³), possibly reflecting differences in overall root mass allocation. Branching traits such as the number of forks, tips, and crossings were highest in Hong yingtao luobo, Ying tiao shui luobo, and PI140433, confirming their strong lateral development potential. These traits are critical for resource use efficiency and adaptability in stress-prone environments [20]. In contrast, accessions like Hong bai 20 ri, HA17, and Ranniy Krasniy displayed limited branching (< 154 forks), suggesting a restricted root exploratory capacity and potential yield limitations under suboptimal conditions. Biomass accumulation, an important indicator of vigor, also varied. Negrityanka produced the highest shoot fresh weight, whereas UZB-GJG-2009-10/3–13 showed the highest root fresh weight, highlighting differential partitioning strategies. On the other hand, Krakovyanka and Ying tiao shui luobo recorded the lowest shoot and root weights, aligning with their smaller RSA and possibly reflecting stress susceptibility or lower growth vigor. Given the characteristic radish taproot architecture, composed of a prominent primary root and lateral branches, RSA significantly affects both root yield and marketability. Our data reinforce the potential of RSA traits to serve as selection criteria in radish breeding programs. Current breeding targets include early maturity, root uniformity, abiotic stress tolerance, and bolting resistance [31], traits directly linked to root system development. In the face of climate change, optimizing RSA becomes even more urgent. Water scarcity is increasingly limiting global crop productivity [32], and radish is particularly vulnerable to drought, with reductions in biomass and photosynthetic function under stress [33, 34]. Traits such as deep root length and shoot fresh weight are known to decline under water-limited conditions [32, 35]. Identifying genotypes with deeper, more efficient rooting systems offers a viable path toward improved drought resilience [36]. Traits like deep rooting, high surface area, and extensive lateral branching—as found in Hong yingtao luobo, Ying tiao shui luobo, and PI140433—may serve as ideal targets for improving drought resilience and nutrient-use efficiency. Traits such as root length and shoot fresh weight, known to decline under drought conditions [32, 35], were also among those showing high variability, offering avenues for selecting robust genotypes. The extensive RSA variation captured in this study lays a foundation for breeding radish cultivars with improved adaptability, yield stability, and resource efficiency. Incorporating these traits into selection pipelines, especially for stress-prone and nutrient-deficient environments can support sustainable productivity gains. Ultimately, the utilization of RSA traits aligns with the broader vision of a second green revolution that leverages root phenomics for future food security [37]. 4.2. Variation of Root Morphological and Architectural Traits Based on Origin Roots are vital for plant adaptation and productivity, with RSA, including traits such as root length, spread, and lateral root development found to exhibit high plasticity in response to environmental conditions [9]. This plasticity means that accessions from different geographic origins may have evolved distinct RSA traits as adaptive responses to their native environments. Consequently, studying diverse accessions can reveal valuable genetic variation in root traits, which is critical for breeding crops with more efficient root systems suited to various growing conditions [18]. The variation in root morphological and architectural traits among radish accessions from diverse geographical origins observed in this study underscores the influence of ecological adaptation and genetic background on trait expression. These differences reflect not only inherent genetic diversity but also evolutionary responses to specific environmental conditions and breeding histories [38]. Root systems are dynamic structures and respond to environmental stimuli by altering traits such as length, angle, branching, and diameter, traits closely linked to water and nutrient acquisition, biomass allocation, and stress tolerance [38, 39]. In the present study, Japanese accessions exhibited the broadest variation in key RSA traits, including root length, number of tips, forks, and shoot biomass, suggesting a genetically rich germplasm shaped by longstanding cultivation and breeding. These traits are crucial for nutrient uptake efficiency and may enhance drought resilience and yield potential, as a large and deeply branched root system facilitates soil resource exploration [40]. Turkish accessions showed the highest mean values for total root length, root tips, forks, and crossings, traits that reflect a vigorous and well-distributed root system. Total root length is positively associated with root mass, absorptive capacity, and root depth, which are important for accessing deeper soil moisture and improving overall plant vigor [40]. Root crossing and branching patterns, in particular, determine the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots in the soil and have been identified as vital traits for drought tolerance in cereals and legumes [41]. Therefore, Turkish genotypes may serve as valuable genetic sources for breeding programs targeting drought-prone environments. Chinese radishes demonstrated high variability and mean values in average diameter and root volume. These traits are indicative of thick, well-developed storage roots, which contribute to marketable yield and stress buffering capacity. Larger root volume also supports higher resource storage and transport capacity, making these accessions suitable for breeding high-yielding cultivars for favorable environments [22, 42]. American accessions, while generally lower in performance for many traits, showed the greatest variability in average link length, root fresh weight, and root-shoot ratio. These traits suggest unique biomass partitioning strategies, potentially reflecting adaptations to specific agroecological constraints. A high root-shoot ratio, for example, is often indicative of greater investment in root biomass under water-limited conditions, which can improve survival and productivity in arid climates [37, 43]. Russian accessions displayed significant variation in branching angle and link diameter, traits associated with mechanical stability and root foraging strategies. Wider branching angles may facilitate horizontal soil exploration, while variable link diameter influences root conductivity and biomass allocation [29, 30]. These traits have also been reported to improve drought resilience in legumes through enhanced water uptake and transport efficiency [41]. Korean radish accessions, which showed superior average surface area and root-shoot ratio, exhibited traits favorable for efficient biomass distribution and stress adaptation. Increased surface area enhances root-soil contact, improving resource uptake, particularly in low-input systems. A higher root-shoot ratio also contributes to efficient water use and drought survival, highlighting their utility in breeding for resource-limited environments [37, 38]. Importantly, the variation in specific root traits across all origins demonstrates that genetic diversity exists globally, and even accessions with moderate overall performance may harbor extreme or valuable traits. For example, Chinese, Turkish, Chinese, and Iranian accessions recorded the highest mean values for average diameter (AD), total root length (TRL), root volume (RV), and surface area (SA), respectively, and these traits are known to contribute directly to water and nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and yield [22, 42]. Root diameter and the number of forks, in particular, are critical traits influencing root hydraulic conductance and nutrient acquisition. Smaller root diameters have been shown to increase the surface area available for water absorption, thereby enhancing drought tolerance and transmission of resources under stress [41]. In the current study, genotypes exhibiting thinner diameters and higher fork numbers, especially from Turkey and Japan are promising candidates for breeding climate-resilient varieties. Taken together, these findings validate the ecological and genetic basis of RSA trait diversity across radish accessions and emphasize the importance of incorporating diverse germplasm into breeding programs. By leveraging key traits such as root length, diameter, branching pattern, and surface area, it is possible to develop cultivars tailored for specific agroecological zones, thereby enhancing productivity, resilience, and sustainability. 4.3. Variation of Root Morphological and Architectural Traits Based on Genotype Genetic variability is a cornerstone of plant biodiversity and forms the basis for developing improved cultivars with desirable traits. Enhancing genetic diversity, particularly in Brassica genotypes, remains a key breeding objective aimed at achieving resilience, adaptability, and high yield [44–46]. To breed crops with optimized root system architecture (RSA), substantial efforts must be devoted to characterizing the inherent variation in root traits across different species and genotypes [47]. In this context, radish germplasm presents a rich source of morphological diversity in both shoot and root systems, including variation in root color, shape, size, and structure, traits shaped by its long domestication history and adaptation to diverse agroecological conditions [31, 48, 49]. This phenotypic variation, resulting from both natural and artificial selection pressures, has led to the emergence of distinct radish types such as black, white, red, and round variants [31, 50]. Characterizing and utilizing this diversity is crucial for breeding programs targeting improved RSA and related agronomic traits. In the present study, significant genotypic differences were observed in root morphological and architectural traits among three major radish groups, wild relatives, landraces, and cultivars, thus highlighting their distinct contributions to trait diversity and breeding potential. Wild relatives displayed the greatest variability in fine-scale architectural traits such as projected area, surface area (SA), number of root tips, average link length, and branching angle. These traits are functionally significant as they are associated with enhanced root complexity and exploration capacity, key attributes for nutrient uptake, stress resilience, and adaptability in marginal environments [14, 29, 51]. The wide variation in surface area and number of tips among wild genotypes also supports their utility for RSA improvement in breeding programs, as these traits increase absorptive root surface and contribute to better root-soil contact under water- and nutrient-limited conditions [52, 53]. Landraces were characterized by higher variability in traits related to root branching and biomass production, including the number of forks, crossings, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and root-to-shoot fresh weight ratio. This suggests that landraces, having evolved under farmer selection, harbor intermediate and versatile RSA traits that can be harnessed to improve both root architecture and productivity [48, 54]. Landraces exhibited superior average values in root length, projected area, root surface area, number of forks, and crossings, which are traits known to be linked to root density and deeper penetration [29, 40]. Toot length (RL) and specific root length (SRL) are particularly crucial for root system efficiency, as longer and finer roots enhance nutrient acquisition, especially phosphorus, under resource-limited environments [39]. Cultivars, in contrast, showed the highest variability in traits such as root length, root volume, fork number, and average diameter, which are often targeted in commercial breeding for marketable yield and consumer preferences [14, 55]. While modern breeding has narrowed some trait ranges, cultivars in this study retained significant diversity in traits associated with size and marketability, although they exhibited the lowest root fresh weight on average (6.96 g). This narrowing may reflect targeted selection for uniformity and consumer-driven traits such as shape, flavor, and color rather than root biomass allocation or stress adaptation [31]. Interestingly, wild relatives recorded the highest average values for traits such as average diameter, link length, root fresh weight, and root-to-shoot fresh weight ratio. These findings support the role of wild genotypes as reservoirs of robust root traits, which are particularly valuable under drought or low-input farming conditions [13]. A higher root-shoot ratio suggests a greater allocation of biomass to roots, enhancing the capacity of plants for water and nutrient uptake, an essential adaptation for improving crop resilience to environmental stress [52, 56]. In terms of overall performance, all radish accessions in this study (100%) had higher shoot fresh weight than root fresh weight, with root-shoot ratios ranging from 0.33 to 0.58. Accessions, particularly wild relatives, with higher ratios may be valuable in breeding programs targeting drought resistance, nutrient-use efficiency, and deeper rooting capacity. Root traits such as diameter and number of forks, which influence root conductivity and water uptake, are also associated with improved drought tolerance in legumes and cereals [53]. Roots with smaller diameters have been reported to facilitate higher hydraulic conductance by increasing the surface area available for water uptake, a strategy useful for stress adaptation [29]. The broad genetic variation among wild relatives and landraces underscores their importance as strategic genetic resources for RSA optimization. By integrating root morphological traits such as root length, diameter, surface area, and branching patterns, radish breeding programs can improve water and nutrient acquisition, yield stability, and environmental adaptability, key goals in meeting future food security demands and adapting crops to climate change [28, 51, 56]. 4.4. Variation of Root Morphological and Architectural Traits as influenced by Root Shape Shape and size of radish storage roots are known to change dynamically during the course of plant growth and development[57]. In this study, the observed variation across root shapes underscores the strong influence of morphology on trait expression and functional diversity in radish. Specifically, triangular and transverse elliptic shapes exhibited the greatest variability across multiple root architectural traits, suggesting a high degree of developmental plasticity. This variability may reflect genetic flexibility that allows for broader adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. However, the co-occurrence of high variability with relatively low average trait values in these shapes may also indicate inconsistent developmental stability or differential allocation of resources during growth. In contrast, cylindric and elliptic root shapes demonstrated more consistent performance, with shape-specific dominance in certain traits. Cylindrical roots were associated with higher root-shoot ratios, while elliptic roots exhibited the longest average root lengths. These patterns suggest potential functional specialization, where certain root shapes may confer advantages in resource acquisition or storage capacity. The association between high trait means and broad variability in particular shapes reveals the importance of root morphology as a selection marker in breeding programs targeting root performance. These findings align with previous reports by [31], who documented that ancient radish varieties were primarily long and tapered, traits that likely supported deeper soil penetration and better anchorage. Over time, domestication and selection have given rise to more diverse forms, including cylindrical, apically bulbous, elliptic, and spherical roots, which reflect both aesthetic preferences and adaptive needs. This morphological diversification provides a valuable framework for targeting specific traits in root-focused breeding efforts. Supporting this perspective, Zaki et al conducted a detailed study on three radish cultivars with distinct root shapes, including long, round, and thin types, tracking morphological and anatomical changes over a six-week period [58]. They found that significant differences in root thickness became evident by the fourth week after sowing. The taproots of long-type plants continued to elongate, whereas those in round-type plants failed to extend further, and thin-type roots exhibited only minimal increases in both length and diameter. These observations imply that root shape is not merely a static morphological feature, but a developmental outcome influenced by genetic programming and growth dynamics. Consequently, different root shapes may follow divergent anatomical trajectories, which in turn affect nutrient storage, transport, and mechanical support. Generally, the integration of current and prior findings reinforces the idea that root shape plays a critical role in modulating the expression of root architectural traits. The diverse root forms seen in radish are not only outcomes of genetic variability but also important indicators of functional capacity. As such, root shape should be considered a key morphological marker for phenotypic screening, trait-based selection, and genetic improvement in radish breeding programs aimed at yield optimization, stress resilience, and adaptability. 4.5. Cluster Analysis of Root Morphological and Architectural Traits The cluster analysis clearly revealed two distinct grouping patterns among the radish accessions based on root morphological and architectural traits, indicating the presence of substantial phenotypic diversity. Accessions in Cluster 1, which included eight entries, half from Russia were characterized by higher values for traits related to root size and branching complexity, such as root surface area, projected area, root length, number of forks, crossings, and root tips. These traits are often associated with greater soil exploration capacity and could be beneficial for nutrient and water uptake efficiency. However, the exception of accession Negrityanka from Russia (#21), which had a notably low average branching angle of link, highlights that even within clusters, trait expression may vary and requires individual assessment. In contrast, accessions in Cluster 2, representing the majority, exhibited lower values for the aforementioned traits but showed higher values for shoot and root biomass, average diameter, link dimensions, and root-shoot fresh weight ratio. These accessions may favor biomass accumulation and radial root development over extensive branching, suggesting different adaptive strategies or breeding targets. The accession-specific outliers such as accession Kvarta (#19) (with distinctively high link diameter and root volume) and accession CHERISH-1 (#22) (with elevated link surface and projected area) emphasize the potential for targeted trait selection within clusters. Interestingly, the clustering patterns did not correspond to geographic origin or genotypic classifications (wild relative, landrace, or cultivar), suggesting that the observed trait variations are more trait-specific and largely independent of origin or domestication status. This reveals the complexity of trait inheritance and highlights the value of phenotypic assessment over categorical classification in breeding programs. Thus, trait performance may be independently inherited across diverse backgrounds, offering potential for targeted trait-based selection in radish improvement programs. These findings provide a practical framework for identifying diverse accessions with desirable root traits for use in radish improvement, particularly for stress adaptation or yield optimization. 4.6. Principal Component Analysis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to reduce the dimensionality of the root trait dataset and to identify key phenotypic variables driving variation among the 23 radish accessions [59]. The results demonstrated that a few principal components captured the majority of total variation, revealing underlying patterns of phenotypic diversity. PC1 alone accounted for over 60% of the variation and was heavily influenced by root architectural traits such as root tips, total root length, and surface area. These traits are critical indicators of root system complexity and soil exploration capacity, as confirmed by their high positive loadings on PC1. In contrast, traits such as root fresh weight, average root diameter, and root-shoot fresh weight ratio showed strong negative contributions to PC1, suggesting a trade-off between fine root branching and biomass allocation. The structure of the PCA parallels findings by Yang et al. [46], who reported that PC1 and PC2 collectively explained 70.5% of the variation in Brassica root systems, with PC1 (53.0%) being driven primarily by total root length (TRL), total root surface area (TRSA), total lateral root length (TLRL), and total primary root length (TPRL). Similar to our study, their PCA biplot highlighted TRL as the most influential trait, followed closely by TRSA, reinforcing the importance of these variables as central contributors to RSA-related variation. In line with this, Ibrahim et al found that two major principal components explained more than 60% of phenotypic variance in Brassica napus under low-potassium stress[15]. Traits such as TRL, TRSA, total root volume (TRV), root fresh weight (RFW), and shoot fresh weight (SFW) dominated PC1, accounting for 48.64% of the variability, while PC2 (20.67%) was mainly influenced by the root–shoot ratio (RSR). These trends reinforce our observations that architectural traits and biomass traits contribute distinct axes of variation and should be considered in tandem in breeding programs. In our analysis, PC2 and PC3 refined the variation structure further. PC2 primarily emphasized volumetric and thickness-related traits, including root volume and average link diameter, suggesting their importance in distinguishing accessions with robust root biomass. PC3 captured traits related to biomass distribution and internal structure, such as root and shoot fresh weights and link-based architectural metrics, providing insight into the interaction between above- and below-ground growth. PC4 and PC5 contributed less to overall variance but identified subtler distinctions, such as differences in branching angle and link geometry, traits that may influence root penetration and nutrient uptake efficiency. The PCA loading plot further illustrated these findings by grouping traits with similar functional roles. Root length, surface area, root tips, forks, and crossings were tightly clustered and showed strong positive loadings on PC1 and PC2, confirming their strong intercorrelation and dominant role in shaping overall phenotypic variation. In contrast, traits like average diameter, average link surface area, and shoot fresh weight exhibited distinct loading patterns, indicating they contribute to alternative dimensions of variation related to structural thickness and biomass accumulation. Traits with limited contribution, such as average branching angle, reflected relatively minor variation among accessions and may play a secondary role in RSA-based differentiation The multidimensional nature of trait variation captured through PCA underscores the complexity of root system development and the need for multi-trait selection strategies in breeding. The observed divergence between architectural complexity (e.g., root length and branching) and biomass-related traits (e.g., root volume, diameter) aligns with prior findings [15, 46] and highlights potential trade-offs or complementary roles among these traits. These insights can inform targeted selection of ideotypes tailored to specific environmental challenges, such as drought tolerance or nutrient-use efficiency, and support the development of radish cultivars with optimized RSA for sustainable agricultural production. The PCA biplot effectively captured the complex variation among radish genotypes, revealed distinct phenotypic clusters and highlighted specific accessions with valuable trait combinations. Accessions 1 and 18, positioned positively on both PC1 and PC2, were associated with multiple favorable traits such as enhanced root length, surface area, and branching architecture, making them strong candidates for general-purpose improvement or high-performance ideotypes. Accessions Kvarta (#19), and CHERISH-1 (#22), on the other hand, demonstrated unique trait configurations, as evidenced by their isolated positions far from the origin, suggesting that they possess non-typical or novel combinations of traits—possibly offering untapped genetic diversity for specialized breeding targets, such as adaptation to stress or niche cultivation systems. The clustering of several accessions in the negative quadrants reflects more conservative or uniform trait profiles, potentially representing baseline phenotypes or less adaptive plasticity. Their shared structure could also offer stability across environments but may require enhancement for specific traits. Together, these results demonstrate the power of PCA in dissecting complex trait interactions and identifying both integrative and divergent accessions. Genotypes like PI140433 (#1), HA17 (#18), Kvarta (#19), and CHERISH-1 (#22) offer unique opportunities for trait-based selection in radish breeding, whether the goal is to optimize root architecture, biomass allocation, or overall plant performance. 4.7. Phenotypic Correlation Analysis Phenotypic correlations among root morphological traits provide critical insights into the functional organization of root systems and guide trait selection for breeding stress-resilient, resource-efficient crops [60]. In this study, Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant (P < 0.05) positive and negative relationships among radish quantitative traits, underscoring the structural and functional diversity across accessions. The strongest positive correlations (P < 0.001) were observed among traits central to root architecture and spatial expansion: projected area and surface area ( r = 1.00), number of forks and number of crossings ( r = 1.00), average projected area and average surface area ( r = 1.00), and root length with both projected area and number of crossings ( r = 0.99). These near-perfect associations reflect a cohesive architectural module in the radish root system, wherein traits related to length, branching, and surface expansion are tightly coordinated. This synergy implies that selection for one trait (e.g., root length) may simultaneously enhance other desirable traits (e.g., root tips or forks), thereby improving water and nutrient uptake and promoting soil anchorage, an observation also reported in maize and Brassica systems [15, 46, 61, 62]. Similar high correlations have been reported across other species. Yang et al. [46] found strong Spearman rank correlations among total root length (TRL), total root surface area (TRSA), and total lateral root length (TLRL) ( r = 0.80–0.96), while Guo et al. [61] observed correlations of r = 0.90 and r = 0.72 between TRL and TRSA, and TRL and root volume, respectively, in maize. In Brassica napus, Ibrahim et al. [15, 19] also found strong positive associations between TRL, TRSA, and root fresh weight ( r = 0.58–0.99). These parallel findings suggest a conserved relationship between elongation, surface development, and root biomass across species, supporting the validity of using these traits as selection criteria in radish breeding as well. On the contrary, strong negative correlations were observed between radish architectural traits and biomass or thickness-related traits such as root fresh weight, average diameter, and link surface attributes ( r > − 0.600, P < 0.001). This divergence suggests two dominant root growth strategies: one characterized by highly branched, fine roots optimized for soil exploration, and another defined by thicker, denser roots potentially suited for storage and mechanical strength. These findings are consistent with Guo et al. [61], who reported a negative correlation ( r = − 0.44) between total root length and average root diameter, and Ahmad et al. [16], who observed an inverse relationship between shoot fresh weight and root-shoot ratio ( r = − 0.37), indicating that resource partitioning strategies vary widely among genotypes. Interestingly, root length showed no significant correlation with root volume, and average diameter of link was not significantly correlated with shoot fresh weight in our dataset. This independence between architectural and volumetric traits reinforces the multidimensional nature of root trait expression, whereby elongation, branching, and biomass accumulation are regulated by distinct genetic or physiological pathways. This aligns with the findings of Ibrahim et al, who reported negligible correlations between TRL and root volume ( r = − 0.10) or root number ( r = 0.02), highlighting the need for trait-specific selection depending on breeding goals [19]. Root fresh weight exhibited significant positive correlations with shoot fresh weight ( r = 0.64, P < 0.001), and even more strongly with root-shoot fresh weight ratio ( r = 0.88, P < 0.001), reflecting a coordinated biomass accumulation in root-dominant accessions. However, the lack of correlation between shoot fresh weight and root-shoot ratio suggests that biomass allocation strategies may be largely root-specific and less influenced by above-ground growth dynamics. Similarly, Pooja Triparthi et al investigated root morphological traits using 2D imaging in diverse soybean genotypes and found strong positive correlations between total root length and surface area ( r = 0.96), but significant negative correlations with diameter-related traits [27]. While Kramer-Walter et al emphasized the functional coordination among root, stem, and leaf traits for efficient resource use[63], our findings point to a possible decoupling of root and shoot growth in radish under controlled conditions. The weak and/or non-significant correlations observed among traits like average branching angle of link, average root diameter, and shoot fresh weight further underscore the diversity of root architectural strategies in radish. This suggests that while certain trait clusters (e.g., root length, surface area, forks, and tips) can be targeted jointly for breeding ideotypes suited to enhanced soil exploration and nutrient capture, others (e.g., root volume or average diameter) may require independent selection strategies depending on specific environmental or market goals [27, 40, 42]. These insights provide a basis for designing root ideotypes with specific adaptability and yield potential under varying agroecological conditions. Conclusion This study revealed substantial phenotypic variation in root morphological and architectural traits among 23 diverse radish accessions, encompassing wild relatives, landraces, and cultivars from nine countries. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes in key traits such as root length, number of forks, crossings, root tips, and biomass allocation, which revealed the rich genetic diversity within the radish germplasm. Correlation analysis identified tightly linked trait clusters related to root architecture, while PCA and cluster analysis effectively differentiated accessions based on trait expression, identifying both integrative and divergent phenotypic patterns. In particular, accessions such as PI140433 (#1), HA17 (#18), Kvarta (#19), and CHERISH-1 (#22) were identified as key contributors to variation, representing promising candidates for future breeding. The findings provide valuable insights for radish improvement programs targeting root system development, adaptability, and trait-based selection, and serve as a foundation for targeted ideotype breeding and genetic resource conservation. Abbreviations 2D: Two-dimensional ABAL: Average branching angle of link AD: Average diameter ADL: Average diameter of link ALOL: Average length of link, ANOVA: Analysis of variance APAL: Average projected area of link ASAL: Average surface area of link AS20DOR: Asian seed 20-day-old radish CRD: Completely randomized design CV: Coefficient of variation DAS: Days after sowing HCA: Hierarchical cluster analysis HSD: Honest significant difference G: Genotype G x R: Genotype x Replication interaction effects NOC: Number of crossings NRT: Number of root tips PA: Projected area PVC: polyvinyl chloride R: Replication RDA: Rural development administration RL: Root length RFW: Root fresh weight RSA: Root system architecture RSFW: Root- Shoot fresh weight RV: Root volume SA: Surface area SD: Standard deviations SFW: Shoot fresh weight Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article and its additional files. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study was supported by 2025 the RDA Fellowship Program of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. This research was carried out with the support of the “Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development ( Project NO. PJ01425501/RS-2019-RD007776 ), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea. Authors contributions K.O. : Conceptualization, Methodology, Data analysis, writing – original draft, Writing–review and editing. D.-W.K.: Methodology, Writing –review and editing. S.M .: Methodology, Writing –review and editing. M. N.B . : Methodology, Writing –review and editing. 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Springer; 2021: 275-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66965-2_7 Chishti MS, Shahbaz M, Kaleem M, Shafi S, Mehmood A, Qingzhu Z, Mansha M, Shehzadi N, Rana S, Shahid H: Fertigation with alpha-tocopherol enhances morphological, physiological, and antioxidant responses in radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) under drought stress . BMC Plant Biology 2025, 25 (1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06052-5 Er-Rqaibi S, Lyamlouli K, El Yacoubi H, El Boukhari MEM: Effect of crude extract and polysaccharides derived from Fucus spiralis on radish plants Raphanus sativus L. agrophysiological traits under drought stress . BMC Plant Biology 2025, 25 (1):46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-024-06023-2 Tuver GY, Ekinci M, Yildirim E: Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses to combined cadmium and drought stress in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) . Rendiconti Lincei Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 2022, 33 (2):419-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-022-01062-z Henschel JM, Dantas EFO, de Azevedo Soares V, Dos Santos SK, da Silva Gomes D, Ferreira LM, Lopes AS, Dias TJ, Batista DS: Drought stress mitigation by foliar application of L-carnitine and its effect on radish morphophysiology . Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 2023, 29 (4):579-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-023-01308-6 Dao J, Xing Y, Chen C, Chen M, Wang Z, Chen Y: Changes in shoot and root adaptations of fibrous-root and taproot crops in response to different drought types: A meta-analysis . Agricultural Water Management 2025, 309 :109320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109320 Seethepalli A, Dhakal K, Griffiths M, Guo H, Freschet GT, York LM: RhizoVision Explorer: open-source software for root image analysis and measurement standardization . AoB plants 2021, 13 (6):plab056. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plab056 Yetgin A: Exploring the dynamic nature of root plasticity and morphology in the face of changing environments . Ecological Frontiers 2024, 44 (1):112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2023.07.008 Richardson AE, Lynch JP, Ryan PR, Delhaize E, Smith FA, Smith SE, Harvey PR, Ryan MH, Veneklaas EJ, Lambers H: Plant and microbial strategies to improve the phosphorus efficiency of agriculture . Plant and soil 2011, 349 (1):121-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0950-4 Pan X, Wang P, Wei X, Zhang J, Xu B, Chen Y, Wei G, Wang Z: Exploring root system architecture and anatomical variability in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) seedlings . BMC Plant Biology 2023, 23 (1):449. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04469-4 Quandahor P, Gou Y, Lin C, Coulter JA, Liu C: Comparison of root tolerance to drought and aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) resistance among different potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars . Scientific reports 2021, 11 (1):628. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79766-1 Chung YS, Kim S-H, Park C-W, Na C-I, Kim Y: Treatment with silicon fertilizer induces changes in root morphological traits in soybean ( Glycine max L .) during early growth . Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 2020, 23 (5):445-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-020-00052-7 Prince S, Anower MR, Motes CM, Hernandez TD, Liao F, Putman L, Mattson R, Seethepalli A, Shah K, Komp M: Intraspecific variation for leaf physiological and root morphological adaptation to drought stress in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) . Frontiers in Plant Science 2022, 13 :795011. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.795011 Govindaraj M, Vetriventhan M, Srinivasan M: Importance of genetic diversity assessment in crop plants and its recent advances: an overview of its analytical perspectives . Genetics research international 2015, 2015 (1):431487. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/431487 Yu Z, Fredua-Agyeman R, Hwang S-F, Strelkov SE: Molecular genetic diversity and population structure analyses of rutabaga accessions from Nordic countries as revealed by single nucleotide polymorphism markers . BMC genomics 2021, 22 (1):442. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07762-4 Yang C, Fredua-Agyeman R, Hwang S-F, Gorim LY, Strelkov SE: Genome-wide association studies of root system architecture traits in a broad collection of Brassica genotypes . Frontiers in Plant Science 2024, 15 :1389082. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1389082 Wang J, Kuang L, Wang X, Liu G, Dun X, Wang H: Temporal genetic patterns of root growth in Brassica napus L. revealed by a low-cost, high-efficiency hydroponic system . Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2019, 132 (8):2309-2323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03356-7 Xu L, Wang Y, Dong J, Zhang W, Tang M, Zhang W, Wang K, Chen Y, Zhang X, He Q: A chromosome‐level genome assembly of radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) reveals insights into genome adaptation and differential bolting regulation . Plant Biotechnology Journal 2023, 21 (5):990-1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.14011 Selvakumar R: An update on radish breeding strategies: an overview . Case Studies of Breeding Strategies in Major Plant Species 2022. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108725 Mitsui Y, Shimomura M, Komatsu K, Namiki N, Shibata-Hatta M, Imai M, Katayose Y, Mukai Y, Kanamori H, Kurita K: The radish genome and comprehensive gene expression profile of tuberous root formation and development . Scientific reports 2015, 5 (1):10835. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10835 Kiri IZ: A Review on Plant Root Architecture and Methods for Measuring Root Growth Parameters . Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2023, 9 (1a):57-66. https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v9i1a.6 Tracy SR, Nagel KA, Postma JA, Fassbender H, Wasson A, Watt M: Crop improvement from phenotyping roots: highlights reveal expanding opportunities . Trends in plant science 2020, 25 (1):105-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.10.015 Maqbool S, Ahmad S, Kainat Z, Khan MI, Maqbool A, Hassan MA, Rasheed A, He Z: Root system architecture of historical spring wheat cultivars is associated with alleles and transcripts of major functional genes . BMC Plant Biology 2022, 22 (1):590. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03937-7 Comas LH, Becker SR, Cruz VMV, Byrne PF, Dierig DA: Root traits contributing to plant productivity under drought . Frontiers in plant science 2013, 4 :442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00442 Amin AE-EAZ: Effects of saline water on soil properties and red radish growth in saline soil as a function of co-applying wood chips biochar with chemical fertilizers . BMC Plant Biology 2023, 23 (1):382. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04397-3 Lay L, Mansoor S, Khan W, Islam MS, Ghimire A, Jo H, Chung YS, Kim Y: Advanced High‐Throughput Root Phenotyping and GWAS Identifies Key Genomic Regions in Cowpea During Vegetative Growth Stage . Physiologia Plantarum 2025, 177 (4):e70375. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70375 Iwata H, Niikura S, Matsuura S, Takano Y, Ukai Y: Genetic control of root shape at different growth stages in radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) . Breeding science 2004, 54 (2):117-124. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.54.117 Zaki HE, Takahata Y, Yokoi S: Analysis of the morphological and anatomical characteristics of roots in three radish ( Raphanus sativus ) cultivars that differ in root shape . The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 2012, 87 (2):172-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2012.11512849 Andini R, Zaelani A, Sulaiman MI, Sembiring ER, Jaya R, Gusain M, Bhanot D, Morghade RS, Gaafar A-RZ, Azis A: Genetic diversity of cultivated Gayo Arabica Coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) based on morphological and microsatellite markers . BMC Plant Biology 2025, 25 (1):990. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06768-4 Liu S, Begum N, An T, Zhao T, Xu B, Zhang S, Deng X, Lam H-M, Nguyen HT, Siddique KH: Characterization of root system architecture traits in diverse soybean genotypes using a semi-hydroponic system . Plants 2021, 10 (12):2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122781 Guo W, Wang F, Lv J, Yu J, Wu Y, Wuriyanghan H, Le L, Pu L: Phenotyping, genome‐wide dissection, and prediction of maize root architecture for temperate adaptability . iMeta 2025, 4 (2):e70015. https://doi.org/10.1002/imt2.70015 Pace J, Gardner C, Romay C, Ganapathysubramanian B, Lübberstedt T: Genome-wide association analysis of seedling root development in maize ( Zea mays L.) . BMC genomics 2015, 16 (1):47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1226-9 Kramer‐Walter KR, Bellingham PJ, Millar TR, Smissen RD, Richardson SJ, Laughlin DC: Root traits are multidimensional: specific root length is independent from root tissue density and the plant economic spectrum . Journal of Ecology 2016, 104 (5):1299-1310. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12562 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7460160","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":511039525,"identity":"30597f03-1182-415a-98fc-8610b6dcbd72","order_by":0,"name":"Kingsley Ochar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kingsley","middleName":"","lastName":"Ochar","suffix":""},{"id":511039526,"identity":"e98316d3-41fe-4821-a871-1775e7b8ffeb","order_by":1,"name":"Dae-Won Ki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dae-Won","middleName":"","lastName":"Ki","suffix":""},{"id":511039527,"identity":"cbf7c97a-aa45-4502-824e-2c7a0944250c","order_by":2,"name":"Suyun Moon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suyun","middleName":"","lastName":"Moon","suffix":""},{"id":511039528,"identity":"d1fe3859-d3b7-4fe4-a547-3a963f89f330","order_by":3,"name":"Matilda Ntowaa Bissah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matilda","middleName":"Ntowaa","lastName":"Bissah","suffix":""},{"id":511039529,"identity":"60f7bbd3-c9f3-485a-8ea7-b172639b5ab4","order_by":4,"name":"Seong-Hoon Kim","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIie3QMQrCMBiG4R+EuoTWsaFSr5DiWvQqLcLfpe4FBdMlUw8g9DLFQFxygBZdRPAC7mIRJwdTN4e8Uwg88CUANts/5jvQAIuJNxbvi2GkwCmt1A8EQMuYtTiQzGqRHjqBhHW39FoUC6B1852ws2rkWsSEnlBGWq8gcBMD8TPeEyTuKRO0FCMIiWnY/kUkge7Yk8fOTKDFRuZakknrKFpyCYGJ9B+VyLxAQitcRVwd+4NxGM7vOYuX3lhFF77dhL42DfvM+BKbzWazDegJDTJD1ekJztUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seong-Hoon","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-26 07:53:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460160/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460160/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91191931,"identity":"9dd74641-c63c-4651-9b92-b7a1119927db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 14:40:47","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":326489,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProcedure for radish fresh weight biomass and root system architecture\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7460160/v1/3f0176219a7d1a2e77b9480b.png"},{"id":91191921,"identity":"f378c472-385f-4cff-8b50-1e8c5e059648","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 14:40:47","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58298,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeatmap showing the phenotypic relationship between accessions and root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits in 23 radish accessions. As displayed in the color bond scale, the blue and red colors in the heatmap denotes higher and lower relative values. ABAL: Average branching angle of link, NRT: Number of root tips, NOC: Number of crossings, RL: Root length, PA: Projected area, SA: Surface area, ALOL: Average length of link, ADL: Average diameter of link, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, RFW: Root fresh weight, RSFW: Root- Shoot fresh weight, RV: Root volume, AD: Average diameter, APAL: Average projected area of link, ASAL: Average surface area of link. G1 - G23 represents the 23 radish germplasm studied (Table S2)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7460160/v1/63ea9dbdf74522e5b3f24aed.png"},{"id":91193977,"identity":"6260e73f-c01d-460f-9d4d-c7d59b157a10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 14:48:47","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100285,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrincipal component analysis loading plot of 16 quantitative traits (A) and score plot of the 23 radish germplasm (B) along the first two principal components. ABAL: Average branching angle of link, NRT: Number of root tips, NOC: Number of crossings, RL: Root length, PA: Projected area, SA: Surface area, ALOL: Average length of link, ADL: Average diameter of link, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, RFW: Root fresh weight, RSFW: Root- Shoot fresh weight, RV: Root volume, AD: Average diameter, APAL: Average projected area of link, ASAL: Average surface area of link. G1 to G23 represents the 23 radish germplasm studied (Additional file 1 and 2).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7460160/v1/b623aa6ecafed6f108126836.png"},{"id":91195355,"identity":"8ea6beda-83fe-47e4-962a-b30277a48b76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 14:56:47","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":193256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePearson’s correlation analysis of 16 traits in radish. The traits (abbreviations) are the same as those described in Figure 2. The bigger the circle the stronger and higher the significance. Red and blue circles indicate positive and negative correlations, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7460160/v1/7d4e182f81977dfb51f48108.png"},{"id":91602894,"identity":"e3163bee-9938-4583-8a19-557c1359d719","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-18 08:54:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6291918,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7460160/v1/78b1e81a-f471-4a2c-a278-21adac0468c9.pdf"},{"id":91191922,"identity":"faef5a8b-1ffb-40ea-a204-d4fd97c4cef7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 14:40:47","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":27222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfile.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7460160/v1/f3ab35c5ef57bbfd87b95d12.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Quantitative Analysis of Root System Architecture and Fresh Weight Biomass Traits Highlight Phenotypic Variation in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Germplasm","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRadish (\u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus\u003c/em\u003e L., 2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18) is an ancient, and globally distributed annual or biennial herbaceous crop within the Brassicaceae family [1, 2]. The genus \u003cem\u003eRaphanus\u003c/em\u003e comprises two species, \u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eR. raphanistrum\u003c/em\u003e, with the latter including five subspecies: \u003cem\u003eraphanistrum, landra, maritimus, microcarpus, and rostratus\u003c/em\u003e [3]. Radish is widely cultivated and consumed, especially in Asia, Europe, and North America [4, 5], and in South Korea, it accounts for approximately 10% of total vegetable cultivation area, driven by increasing consumer demand [6]. The popularity of the crop is attributed to its short growth cycle, swollen taproot, crisp texture, pungent flavor, and broad agroecological adaptability. The morphological diversity in radish, expressed in variations of root shape, size, and color, makes it an excellent model for studies on root development and secondary metabolite accumulation [2]. The root of radish comprises both hypocotyl-derived upper and root-derived lower regions and serves as a storage site for starch and various bioactive compounds. Additionally, the crop displays highly diverse leaf morphologies and edible siliques, with consumption habits shaped by regional preferences [7, 8]. Both root and shoot tissues are nutritionally valuable, containing carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber [4]; however, the leafy parts are frequently underutilized, particularly in regions where root consumption is prioritized.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubstantial morphological and physiological variation exists among cultivated radish accessions worldwide, primarily shaped by consumer preferences and local agroecological conditions. These variations serve as critical selection parameters for breeding programs aiming to improve root quality, stress resilience, disease resistance, and adaptability [2, 9]. Characterizing and conserving radish germplasm is, therefore, essential to ensure the success of crop improvement initiatives. Germplasm resources, including wild relatives, landraces, and modern cultivars offer invaluable genetic diversity and underpin breeding objectives related to agronomic, nutritional, and phytochemical traits. In particular, wild radish (\u003cem\u003eR. raphanistrum\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003esativus\u003c/em\u003e) carries alleles linked to resistance against both biotic and abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and pests [10, 11]. The National Agrobiodiversity Center of the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in Jeonju, South Korea, maintains a diverse radish germplasm collection [2]. Besides, these are popular cultivars such as Asian seed twenty-day-old radish (AS20DOR) and CHERISH 1 which are characterized by rapid growth (~\u0026thinsp;20 days post-sowing), compact root morphology, and suitability for fresh salads and urban gardening. Despite their increasing use, there is limited phenotypic characterization of these cultivars, particularly regarding root morphological traits. This gap in phenotypic data hinders optimal utilization in breeding and agronomic planning. Additionally, radish production faces persistent constraints from preharvest physiological disorders such as forking, cracking, pithiness, and internal browning[12]. These defects, which significantly reduce both yield and market appeal, are primarily influenced by environmental factors, such as moisture stress, temperature fluctuations, soil structure, nutrient imbalances, and improper harvest timing that disrupt root tissue metabolism and structural development [12].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot morphology and architecture are critical for nutrient and water uptake, abiotic stress tolerance, and overall crop productivity [13, 14]. Specific root morphological traits such as root length, diameter, surface area, and volume are vital for breeding nutrient- and water-efficient cultivars, especially in environmentally stressed conditions [15\u0026ndash;17]. Root system architecture (RSA), comprising parameters like primary root length, lateral root number, growth angle, and root biomass, is shaped by both genetic and environmental factors [13, 18] and has become a strategic focus in crop improvement programs aiming to enhance stress resilience and yield potential [19, 20]. Although root traits are recognized as promising breeding targets for improved nutrient use efficiency, particularly phosphorus, potassium, and calcium [16, 21], the practical assessment of root systems has lagged behind due to challenges in accessing intact roots and the labor-intensive nature of traditional methods [19]. Technological advancements, such as 2D image-based root phenotyping platforms (e.g., WinRHIZO Pro), have made it possible to quantify root traits like total root length, surface area, average diameter, volume, tip number, and branching [14, 22], yet these tools remain underutilized in radish research. To address these gaps, the present study employs a 2D image-based phenotyping technique (WinRHIZO Pro) to systematically evaluate root morphological traits across a diverse panel of radish accessions from the RDA Genebank, including AS20DOR and CHERISH 1 as control. Conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions, which allow for efficient environmental regulation and disease mitigation, this research introduces a robust phenotyping framework for radish root traits. The findings are expected to enhance breeding strategies targeting improved root quality, stress tolerance, and cultivation efficiency, while also promoting the sustainable utilization of genetic resources in both commercial and subsistence agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Plant Growth and Experimental setup\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeeds of twenty-three radish accessions of diverse phenotypic characteristics were obtained from the Rural Development Administration (RDA) Genebank, located at the National Agro-biodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, Republic of Korea. As detailed in Additional file 1, these accessions originated from nine different countries, including seven from Russia, six from China, and two each from South Korea, Nepal, and USA. The rest of the countries (Iran, Japan, Uzbekistan, and Turkey) had a single accession each. Prior to sowing, seeds were surface-sterilized using 70% ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) for 1 minute, followed by thorough rinsing with sterile distilled water to minimize microbial contamination. The seeds were sown in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes measuring 6 cm in diameter and 40 cm in height, filled with commercial horticultural soil (Tobirang, Baekkwang Fertility, Andong, Korea). Two seeds were planted and later thinned to retain a single healthy seedling per pipe after germination. The experiment was conducted in a controlled Venlo-type greenhouse at the National Agro-biodiversity Center. The temperature was maintained at 25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C during the day (peaking at 32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u0026deg;C) and 18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C at night. Relative humidity was controlled between 60\u0026ndash;70% (average 67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5%). Each genotype was evaluated using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Ten plants per genotype were assessed. Morphological and agronomic data were collected 20 days after sowing to capture the early-stage root development traits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Plant Harvesting and Sampling\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt 20 days after sowing (DAS), corresponding to the early root bulking stage, plants per each genotype were carefully harvested by loosening the soil in each pipe to ensure the integrity roots was preserved. Soil debris around the roots was gently removed by rinsing under clean, low-pressure tap water to avoid mechanical damage. Shoots were separated from roots by excision at the root\u0026ndash;shoot junction using sterilized scissors. Immediately after separation, shoot fresh weight (SFW) and root fresh weight (RFW) were measured using an analytical balance with 0.001g precision. To prepare samples for imaging, roots were gently blotted with absorbent paper to remove surface moisture. The cleaned root systems were then evenly spread on a transparent acrylic tray (30 cm \u0026times; 20 cm) filled with a shallow layer of clean tap water. This setup minimized root overlap, enhanced flatness, and reduced image glare, thereby improving contrast and clarity. Any overlapping roots or debris were carefully disentangled and removed using sterilized tweezers to ensure clean, analyzable images.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Root Trait Imaging and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo-dimensional (2D) root phenotyping enables high-throughput assessment of complex root traits, making it ideal for evaluating diverse germplasm collections [22\u0026ndash;24]. The clean roots were sent to the laboratory for 2D image acquisition, using a high-resolution flatbed scanner (Expression 12000XL, Epson, Japan) fitted with a transparent acrylic tray (30 cm \u0026times; 20 cm). Roots were submerged in water and allowed to float freely to maximize image clarity and minimize structural distortion. Each image was saved in PNG format to ensure high-resolution output suitable for detailed analysis. Root trait analysis was performed using the WinRHIZO Pro software (Regent Instruments Inc., Quebec, Canada). Prior to analysis, each image was calibrated using a known scale marker. The software automatically segmented the root area and extracted quantitative root phenotypes. Each genotype was imaged and analyzed under the same conditions to ensure consistency. The procedure for the radish root analyses using the WinRHIZO Pro software is shown as work flow in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and the traits investigated are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, including fresh weight biomass used for gaining insight into biomass allocation patterns in radish germplasm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription of the 16 quantitative traits studied in the 23 radish germplasm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrait\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot length\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal length of roots traced within the 2D scanned image (cm).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProjected area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2D area occupied by roots (cm\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurface area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstimated total surface area of roots (cm\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot volume\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal estimated root volume (cm\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage diameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diameter of all root segments (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage projected area of link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAPAL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean projected area per segment (cm\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage surface area of link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eASAL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurface area per root segment (cm\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage diameter of link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eADL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diameter per segment (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of root tips\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNRT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArchitecture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal number of terminal root ends (count)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArchitecture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBranching points where roots split (count)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of crossings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNOC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArchitecture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoints where roots overlap in 2D (count)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage length of link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALOL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArchitecture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean length between forks/tips (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage branching angle of link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eABAL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArchitecture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean angle at which lateral roots emerge (\u0026deg;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot fresh weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRFW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFresh biomass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal mean weight of the harvested root (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShoot fresh weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSFW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFresh biomass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal mean weight of the harvested shoot (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot- Shoot fresh weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRSFW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFresh biomass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot fresh weight to shoot fresh weight (ratio)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were expressed as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviations (SD) based on three biological replicates per genotype. Descriptive statistics, including minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated to assess the extent of variability among the measured traits. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine significant differences among genotypes for each root morphological and architectural trait. Where significant differences were detected, post-hoc mean comparisons were performed using Tukey\u0026rsquo;s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at a significance threshold of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. To explore the underlying structure of the data and classify genotypes based on root traits, multivariate analyses were conducted to explore the underlying structure of the data, in terms of patterns of phenotypic variation. These included principal component analysis (PCA) to identify major contributing traits to overall phenotypic variation among accessions, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to classify genotypes into distinct clusters based on phenotypic similarity. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to examine relationships among root morphological and architectural traits. Significant correlations were identified and visualized to reveal trait interdependencies that may influence root system development. The statistical analyses and heatmap generated were performed using RStudio software (version 4.5.0). The graphical visualizations of the PCA were conducted using the SIMCA-P software (v. 13.0, Umetrics, Ume\u0026aring;, Sweden).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Phenotypic variation for root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits in radish\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe root is the primary edible organ in radish and ultimately determines its yield and quality [25]. Radish materials used in the present study were varied in both their shoot and root morphological characteristics as detailed in the supplementary section (Additional file 1). This study focused on 14 root-related traits, along with shoot fresh weight and the root-to-shoot fresh weight ratio, which were evaluated in greenhouse-grown radish accessions. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) differences among genotypes for almost all traits, while replication and genotype \u0026times; replication interaction effects were comparatively less significant (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Descriptive statistics (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) showed substantial variation in the traits. For instance, the number of forks ranged from 64 to 11,204 (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2303.12), number of root tips from 173 to 7602 (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1866.33), number of crossings from 1 to 2564 (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;511.97), and root length from 23.10 to 1435.11 (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;354.84 cm). Further genotype-level analysis revealed that accessions, Hong yingtao luobo, Ying tiao shui luobo, and Yingtao meiren (all from China) exhibited the longest root lengths, with average values of 1047.78 (SD: 361.94), 1031.32 (SD: 154.17), and 927.76 cm (SD: 252.58), respectively. Accessions Hong bai 20 ri, had the shortest root length with mean value of 27.38 (SD: 4.91), 34.89 (SD: 13.08), and 47.75 cm (SD: 21.48), respectively. The highest root diameters were recorded in Hong bai 20 ri (2.224 mm; SD: 0.360), Kruglaya chernaya (2.013 mm; SD: 0.743), and Dunganskiy (1.662 mm; SD: 0.647), with the smallest in Ying tiao shui luobo, Puthan Red, and Yingtao meiren (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.30 mm). Genotypes Hong yingtao luobo, PI140433, and Ying tiao shui luobo displayed the largest root surface areas, exceeding 28 cm\u0026sup2; for projected area and 89 cm\u0026sup2; for average surface area. Conversely, Ranniy Krasniy, Hong bai 20 ri, and HA17 showed the lowest surface area values (projected: 3\u0026ndash;7 cm\u0026sup2;; average: 12\u0026ndash;20 cm\u0026sup2;). Root volume was highest in Kruglaya chernaya (1.345 cm; SD: 0.456 \u0026sup3;), followed by Hong bai 20 ri (1.055 cm\u0026sup3;; SD: 0.256) and Dunganskiy (0.951 cm\u0026sup3;; 0.364), whereas CHERISH-1, AS20DOR, and Scarlet Globe had the lowest volumes (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.534 cm\u0026sup3;). The number of forks was particularly high in Hong yingtao luobo (8774.67; SD: 2420.05), Ying tiao shui luobo (6624.67; SD: 1636.46), and PI140433 (5517.67; SD: 841.04), but much lower in Hong bai 20 ri, HA17, and Ranniy Krasniy (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;154 forks). Regarding biomass, Negrityanka showed the highest shoot fresh weight (20.43g; SD: 4.57), while UZB-GJG-2009-10/3\u0026ndash;13 exhibited the highest root fresh weight (13.23g; SD: 0.61). The lowest values were recorded in Krakovyanka (shoot: 4.33 g; SD: 1.38) and Ying tiao shui luobo (root: 7.33g; SD: 0.15). The full genotype-specific data is provided in the supplementary material section (Additional file 2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummary and phenotypic variations of 16 root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits in radish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG x R\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1435.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e354.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e370.355\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAPAL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7602.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1866.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1573.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eASAL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11204.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2303.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2696.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eADL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2564.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e511.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e635.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNRT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNOC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALOL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eABAL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSFW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRFW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRSFW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eRL: Root length, PA: Projected area, SA: Surface area, RV: Root volume, AD: Average diameter, APAL: Average projected area of link, ASAL: Average surface area of link, ADL: Average diameter of link, NRT: Number of root tips, NOC: Number of crossings, ALOL: Average length of link, ABAL: Average branching angle of link, SFW: Shoot fresh weight, RFW: Root fresh weight, RSFW: Root- Shoot fresh weight.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of radish root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits influenced by country of origin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReplication\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIRN\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNPL\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCHN\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRUS\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUZB\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJPN\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTUR\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKOR\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Length\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e832.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e456.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e353.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e486.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e913.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e962.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e760.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e630.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e681.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e640.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1205.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e370.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e917.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e592.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e495.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e602.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1031.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e261.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProjected Area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurface Area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Diameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Volume\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of root Tips\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2536.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2528.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e490.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1461.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2050.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e408.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1239.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4136.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e832.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3872.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4127.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e759.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2497.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4107.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e696.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3561.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5300.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1648.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3356.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3124.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e644.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2056.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3019.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e543.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2200.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4874.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1183.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e718.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e874.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e534.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1033.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1211.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e641.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e419.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4548.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3778.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1715.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3030.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e602.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5375.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e567.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6049.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5782.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3860.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5466.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3431.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8477.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1823.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5517.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4736.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2785.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4602.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1598.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6624.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1108.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e841.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1005.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1072.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1364.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1589.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1636.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e645.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of Crossings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e945.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e796.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e385.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e640.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1317.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1488.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1308.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e978.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1160.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e797.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1863.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e461.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1297.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1019.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e675.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e974.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e341.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1579.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e249.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e305.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e262.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e296.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e394.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e273.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Length of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Projected Area of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Surface Area of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Diameter of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Branching Angle of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShoot Fresh Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Fresh Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot-Shoot fresh weight ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Variation of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits based on country of origin\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the variation in radish root morphological and architectural traits across nine countries of origin. Japanese radish exhibited the widest range in root length (172.10\u0026ndash;640.68 mm), projected area (9.78\u0026ndash;18.72 cm\u0026sup2;), surface area (30.73\u0026ndash;58.80 cm\u0026sup2;), root tips (1239\u0026ndash;3561), crossings (92\u0026ndash;797), and shoot fresh weight (14.10\u0026ndash;21.30 g). American accessions showed the greatest variability in average link length (0.13\u0026ndash;7.05 mm), root fresh weight (0.09\u0026ndash;12.20 g), and root-shoot ratio (0.59\u0026ndash;0.84). Russian accessions had the widest variation in link diameter (0.28\u0026ndash;0.54 mm) and branching angle (24.27\u0026ndash;54.78\u0026deg;), while Chinese accessions showed high variability in average diameter (1.09\u0026ndash;1.62 mm) and root volume (0.58\u0026ndash;1.02 cm\u0026sup3;). The highest variability in number of forks (5375\u0026ndash;8477) and average surface area (0.02\u0026ndash;0.06 cm\u0026sup2;) was observed in Turkish and Korean radishes, respectively. In terms of trait averages, Turkish radish recorded the highest values for root length (1054.80 mm), projected area (15.90 cm\u0026sup2;), surface area (49.23 cm\u0026sup2;), number of root tips (3298), forks (7064), and crossings (702). This was followed by Iranian radishes. Chinese accessions showed the highest average diameter (1.49 mm), root volume (0.85 cm\u0026sup3;), and root fresh weight (10.33 g), while Korean radish toped in average surface area of link (0.05 cm\u0026sup2;) and root-shoot fresh weight ratio (0.82). Japanese radish had the highest average link length (5.46 mm). Iranian accessions had the highest surface area (0.05 cm\u0026sup2;) and branching angle of link (49.83\u0026deg;), and Russian radish recorded the highest average link diameter (0.50 mm). Conversely, the lowest average values for root length (424.32 mm), projected area (10.54 cm\u0026sup2;), surface area (35.14 cm\u0026sup2;), and number of forks (5634) were found in American radish. Turkish accessions showed the lowest average values for average diameter (1.13 mm), link diameter (0.32 mm), and root-shoot fresh weight ratio (0.59). Overall, both the highest and lowest trait averages were unevenly distributed across radishes from different origins, reflecting diverse genetic and morphological adaptations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits across radish wild relative, landraces and cultivated varieties\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrait\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReplication\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWild relative\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLandrace\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultivar\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Length\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e485.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e260.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e510.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e325.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e497.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e302.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProjected Area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurface Area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Diameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Volume\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of root Tips\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2567.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1451.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e648.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2674.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1815.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e343.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2633.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1666.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e264.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2561.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1409.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4048.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2058.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3350.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1813.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e747.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e352.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of Crossings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e616.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e304.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e836.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e470.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e742.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e407.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Length of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Projected Area of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Surface Area of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Diameter of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Branching Angle of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShoot Fresh Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Fresh Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot-Shoot fresh weight ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Variation of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits based on genotype\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effect of genotype on radish root traits was assessed across three genotypic groups: wild relatives, landraces, and cultivars (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Significant variation was observed within the germplasm, indicating that genotype had a substantial influence on root morphological and architectural traits. Wild relatives exhibited the widest variability in projected area (3.01\u0026ndash;5.37 cm\u0026sup2;), surface area (9.47\u0026ndash;16.88 cm\u0026sup2;), number of root tips (173\u0026ndash;648), average link length (0.08\u0026ndash;0.13 mm), average projected area (0.01\u0026ndash;0.02 cm\u0026sup2;), average surface area (0.02\u0026ndash;0.05 cm\u0026sup2;), link diameter (0.21\u0026ndash;0.32 mm), and branching angle (44.87\u0026ndash;51.37\u0026deg;), with the most variable traits being surface area, root tips, and link diameter. Landraces showed the highest variability in number of forks (2561.33\u0026ndash;4048.33), crossings (616.33\u0026ndash;836.33), shoot fresh weight (14.67\u0026ndash;19.13 g), root fresh weight (5.23\u0026ndash;8.70 g), and root-shoot ratio (0.33\u0026ndash;0.52), with forks and shoot fresh weight being the most variable traits. Cultivars displayed the widest variation in root length (260.42\u0026ndash;325.21 mm), average diameter (0.83\u0026ndash;1.11 mm), and root volume (0.59\u0026ndash;0.79 cm\u0026sup3;), with average diameter and root volume showing the broadest spread. In terms of trait averages, wild relatives recorded the highest values for average diameter (1.16 mm), link length (0.11 mm), root fresh weight (7.27 g), and root-shoot ratio (0.58). Landraces exhibited the highest mean values for root length (497.59 mm), projected area (17.35 cm\u0026sup2;), surface area (54.52 cm\u0026sup2;), number of root tips (2633.44), forks (3350.78), crossings (742.00), link branching angle (54.84\u0026deg;), and shoot fresh weight (16.84 g). Cultivars had the highest average root volume (0.67 cm\u0026sup3;) and link diameter (0.34 mm). Conversely, wild relatives recorded the lowest average values for multiple traits, including root length (34.89 mm), projected area (3.96 cm\u0026sup2;), surface area (12.44 cm\u0026sup2;), root volume (0.36 cm\u0026sup3;), number of root tips (343.67), forks (123.33), crossings (16.33), link diameter (0.28 mm), branching angle (48.28\u0026deg;), and shoot fresh weight (12.47 g). Landraces showed the lowest averages for average diameter (0.51 mm), link length (0.08 mm), projected area of link (0.00 cm\u0026sup2;), surface area of link (0.01 cm\u0026sup2;), and root-shoot ratio (0.40), while cultivars recorded the lowest value only for root fresh weight (6.96 g).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4. Variations of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits as influenced by root shape\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot shape significantly influenced the variation in radish root morphological and architectural traits (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Among the shapes, triangular and transverse triangle roots exhibited the widest variability across most traits. Triangular-shaped roots showed the greatest range in projected area (21.12\u0026ndash;26.76 cm\u0026sup2;), surface area (66.35\u0026ndash;84.08 cm\u0026sup2;), number of root tips (3469.00\u0026ndash;4178.33), forks (4727.83\u0026ndash;6730.33), number of crossings (1076.17\u0026ndash;1536.67), and average branching angle of link (46.50\u0026ndash;57.01\u0026deg;). Transverse elliptic roots exhibited the broadest variation in average diameter (1.96\u0026ndash;2.63 cm), root volume (0.83\u0026ndash;1.34 cm\u0026sup3;), average length of link (0.08\u0026ndash;0.12 cm), average projected area of link (0.01\u0026ndash;0.03 cm\u0026sup2;), average surface area of link (0.04\u0026ndash;0.10 cm\u0026sup2;), and shoot fresh weight (10.30\u0026ndash;14.40 g). Cylindric root shapes showed the widest range for average diameter of link (0.26\u0026ndash;0.33 cm) and root-shoot fresh weight ratio (0.51\u0026ndash;0.68), while elliptic roots had the broadest variation in root length (393.78\u0026ndash;581.62 cm). In contrast, spheric and inverse triangle shapes exhibited relatively low trait variability. Interestingly, traits with the broadest variation also tended to record the highest mean values, whereas triangular and transverse elliptic shapes, despite high variability were associated with the lowest average values for most traits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits as influenced by root shape\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElliptic\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpheric\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTriangular\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6 )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCylindric\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInverse triangle\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransverse elliptic\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Length\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e393.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e155.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e714.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e581.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e211.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e872.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e459.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e784.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProjected Area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurface Area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Diameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Volume\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of root Tips\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1819.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1167.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3469.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e465.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e710.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e208.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2088.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1274.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4178.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e679.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1096.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e414.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1950.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1238.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3735.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e551.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e890.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e386.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e194.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2165.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e890.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4727.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e329.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3253.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1310.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6730.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e274.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e533.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2615.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1157.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5518.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e242.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e420.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e567.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e231.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1065.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of Crossings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e451.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1076.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e801.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e283.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1536.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e606.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e233.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1267.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e178.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Length of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Projected Area of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Surface Area of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Diameter of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Branching Angle of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShoot Fresh Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Fresh Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot-Shoot fresh weight ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5. Cluster analysis of root system architecture and fresh weight biomass traits\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster analysis was performed to visualize the association between the 23 radish accessions and the studied traits (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Two distinct grouping patterns were observed for both accessions and traits. Cluster 1 comprised eight accessions Puthan Red (G3), Negrityanka (G21), PI140433 (G1), HA17 (G18), Kruglaya chernaya (G11), UZB-GJG-2009-10/3\u0026ndash;13 (G9), Ranniy Krasniy (G5) and Chempion (G8), majority of which originated from Russia. These accessions generally showed higher values for traits such as root surface area, projected area, root length, number of crossings, forks, root tips, and average branching angle of link, except for accession Negrityanka (G21), which recorded a low value for the latter trait. Cluster 2 included the majority of the accessions and exhibited an opposite trend, with lower values for the above traits but higher values for average surface area of link, projected area of link, average diameter, root-shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, and average link length. Accession Kvarta (G19) showed distinctly higher values for average link diameter and root volume, while accession CHERISH-1 (G22) was uniquely associated with higher average projected area and surface area of link. Clustering did not align with geographic origin or genotypic category.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.6. Principal Components Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PCA of 16 quantitative traits revealed that the first five principal components (PCs) accounted for 93.485% of the total variance, with eigenvalues of 9.664, 2.002, 1.586, 0.876, and 0.830, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The first principal component (PC1) explained 60.402% of the total variation and was primarily driven by strong positive loadings from number of root tips, root length, number of crossings, forks, projected area, surface area, and average projected area of link (FL\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.900). Negative contributions to PC1 came from traits such as average projected area of link (-0.904), average diameter (-0.887), average surface area of link (-0.898), root fresh weight (-0.767), and root-shoot fresh weight ratio (-0.763). PC2 explained 12.511% of the variation and differentiated accessions based on root volume (0.861), average diameter of link (0.606), and moderate contributions from projected area, surface area, and other diameter-related traits. PC3, contributing 9.912%, was influenced by average branching angle of link (0.617), shoot fresh weight (0.668), root fresh weight (0.514), and a negative loading from average link length (-0.563). PC4 and PC5 explained 5.475% and 5.185% of the variation, respectively. PC4 highlighted shoot fresh weight (0.600), link length (0.375), and a negative influence of branching angle (-0.366), while PC5 was defined by negative loading from average diameter of link (-0.662) and a positive contribution from branching angle (0.442).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first five principal components, showing Eigenvalues, and individual and cumulative contributions of variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot trait\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePC1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePC2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePC3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePC4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePC5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot length\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProjected Area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurface Area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Diameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.389\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot Volume\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.238\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of root Tips\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of Crossings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.949\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Length of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.563\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.375\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Projected Area of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.348\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Surface Area of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.358\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Diameter of Link\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.606\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Branching Angle of ink\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.617\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShoot fresh eight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.668\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot fresh weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot shoot fresh weight ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.763\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEigenvalue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.664\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.586\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.876\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.830\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProportion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.511\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.912\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCumulative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.913\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.826\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.301\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PCA loading plot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA) revealed distinct associations among the measured traits along the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2). Traits such as projected area (PA), surface area (SA), number of crossings (NOC), root length (RL), number of root tips (NRT), and number of forks (forks) showed strong positive loadings on both PC1 and PC2. Their distant positions from the origin and close proximity to each other indicate strong mutual correlations and a dominant role in the total variation explained by these components. In contrast, root volume (RV) and average diameter of link (ADL) exhibited strong negative loadings on both PC1 and PC2, with root volume being the more prominent contributor. Traits like average diameter (AD), average projected area of link (APAL), average surface area of link (ASAL), root-shoot fresh weight ratio (RSFW), and average length of link (ALOL) were negatively associated with PC1 but positively associated with PC2. These traits clustered tightly, suggesting a shared influence on variation distinct from the dominant root branching traits. Among them, average diameter, average projected area of link, average surface area of link and root fresh weight (RFW) were positioned far from the axis. Average branching angle of link (ABAL) had a weak contribution, showing a positive loading on PC1 and a negative loading on PC2, with an isolated placement, indicating minimal influence on the major variance\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PCA score plot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB) clearly distinguished genotypic groups based on trait associations, reinforcing the clustering patterns and uncovering both central and outlier behaviors among the radish accessions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccessions Puthan Red (G3), PI140433 (G1), HA17 (G18), and Negrityanka (G21) were located in the positive direction of both PC1 and PC2, and contributing significantly to the overall variation. These genotypes were associated with key traits such as root length, projected area, surface area, number of root tips, forks, and crossings, traits which are indicative of robust root architecture. Conversely, accessions Kvarta (G19), CHERISH-1 (G22), Hong bai 20 ri (G15), Krakovyanka (G20), and Kisumi ― hatsukadaikon (G12) were found in the negative PC1 but positive PC2 quadrant. In particular, accessions Kvarta (G19), CHERISH-1 (G22), and Hong bai 20 ri showed a distant positioning from the origin, reflecting unique trait patterns divergent from the main population. A majority of accessions, including Ying tiao shui luobo (G10), Scarlet globe (G2), CHN-AWS-1994-5765 (G4), Akamaruwatsuka (G13), Hong yingtao luobo (G17), Yingtao luobo 115 (G6), Yingtao meiren (G14), and Nihon oto luobo (G16) were grouped in the negative direction of both PC1 and PC2, with accessions Ying tiao shui luobo and Scarlet globe contributing significantly to variation and displaying shared trait characteristics. A smaller group of six accessions appeared in the positive PC1 but negative PC2 quadrant, showing distinct yet less pronounced contributions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.7. Analysis of correlation coefficients\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) positive and negative relationships among radish quantitative traits (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e; Table S7). The strongest positive correlations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were observed between projected area and surface area (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.00), number of forks and number of crossings (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.00), average projected area and average surface area (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.00), root length and projected area/surface area (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99), and root length and number of crossings (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99). Traits such as average projected area of link, average surface area of link, root fresh weight, root-shoot fresh weight ratio, and average diameter showed significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) negative correlations (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt;-0.600) with root length, projected area, surface area, number of root tips, forks, and number of crossings. Generally, traits like average diameter of link, shoot fresh weight, root volume, root fresh weight, and average branching angle of link showed weak or non-significant correlations with most traits. For instance, no significant correlation was found between root length and root volume or between average diameter of link and shoot fresh weight, indicating independence between these trait dimensions. Root fresh weight correlated significantly and positively with shoot fresh weight (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.64, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and even more strongly with root-shoot fresh weight ratio (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), while the correlation between shoot fresh weight and root-shoot ratio was not significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1. Variations of Radish Root system architecture, and fresh weight biomass\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot system development is a key quantitative trait influencing adaptability of plants across environments, and knowledge about root behavior is vital for improving yields, breeding resilient varieties, and conserving biodiversity [26]. Given that root traits differ significantly among genotypes; remarkable phenotypic variation is expected among accessions with diverse genetic backgrounds. Radish, a dicotyledonous species, develops a taproot system composed of a primary root and lateral roots, making it a suitable model for studying root architecture. As emphasized by Ghimire et al, image-based phenotyping is gaining momentum due to its precision and efficiency in applications such as yield prediction, disease detection, shoot analysis, and seed trait characterization[27]. In this study, we employed WinRHIZO to quantify root morphological traits, including total root length (TRL), surface area, volume, average diameter, and number of tips, forks, and crossings across 23 radish accessions under greenhouse conditions. This approach supports ongoing efforts in root phenomics to enhance crop performance in variable environments [14, 28]. The ANOVA revealed significant genotypic variation across nearly all traits, with minimal genotype \u0026times; replication interaction, suggesting that trait expression was predominantly under genetic control. Traits such as root length (23.10\u0026ndash;1435.11 cm), number of tips (173\u0026ndash;7602), and number of forks (5375\u0026ndash;8477) exhibited broad ranges, demonstrating extensive phenotypic diversity in radish root systems. These results support findings by Ibrahim et al. [15], who reported significant genotypic variation in nine root and shoot biomass traits in \u003cem\u003eBrassica napus\u003c/em\u003e under low-potassium conditions, with CVs ranging from 9.95\u0026ndash;61.34%. The highest coefficients of variation (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100%) in our study were recorded for number of crossings, forks, average projected area of link, and root length, while lower CVs (13\u0026ndash;30%) were observed for average branching angle, link length, shoot fresh weight, and average diameter, implying stability in core structural features and greater flexibility in lateral root development. These traits reflect underlying differences in lateral root branching, key to effective soil exploration and nutrient uptake [21, 29]. Our findings also align with those of Yang et al. [20], who identified eight RSA traits, including TRL (total root length), TRSA (total root surface area), and RAD (root average diameter) as significantly varying among the \u003cem\u003eBrassica\u003c/em\u003e genotypes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with the number of root tips ranging from 20 to 2,753 and CVs reaching 124.55% for tertiary root length. Similarly, in our radish accessions, substantial diversity in branching traits (tips, forks, crossings) underscores genotypic differentiation in lateral and tertiary root development, which are critical for adaptability and resource-use efficiency. Genotype-level analysis revealed marked differences in root system architecture (RSA) among accessions. Hong yingtao luobo, Ying tiao shui luobo, and Yingtao meiren, all of Chinese origin, exhibited the longest roots, reflecting strong potential for deeper soil exploration. In contrast, Hong bai 20 ri, HA17, and Kruglaya chernaya showed extremely short root lengths, indicating shallow rooting phenotypes that may be more vulnerable to drought and nutrient limitations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoot diameter, a trait associated with mechanical penetration, water transport, and biomass allocation, also showed meaningful variation among radish accessions. This corroborates previous work by Wu et al. [29] and Jaramillo et al. [30], who highlighted its functional role in root-soil interaction and internal physiology. Thick roots were found in Hong bai 20 ri, Kruglaya chernaya, and Dunganskiy, suggesting adaptations for biomass accumulation and anchorage. Conversely, Ying tiao shui luobo, Puthan Red, and Yingtao meiren showed fine root structures, which may support finer soil foraging networks but with reduced bulk. Root surface area, another key trait related to nutrient absorption efficiency, also distinguished accessions. High surface areas were recorded in Hong yingtao luobo, PI140433, and Ying tiao shui luobo, whereas Ranniy Krasniy, Hong bai 20 ri, and HA17 displayed minimal surface development, potentially limiting absorptive capacity. Root volume patterns followed similar trends, with Kruglaya chernaya, Hong bai 20 ri, and Dunganskiy exceeding 0.95 cm\u0026sup3;, while CHERISH-1, AS20DOR, and Scarlet Globe exhibited the smallest volumes (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.534 cm\u0026sup3;), possibly reflecting differences in overall root mass allocation. Branching traits such as the number of forks, tips, and crossings were highest in Hong yingtao luobo, Ying tiao shui luobo, and PI140433, confirming their strong lateral development potential. These traits are critical for resource use efficiency and adaptability in stress-prone environments [20]. In contrast, accessions like Hong bai 20 ri, HA17, and Ranniy Krasniy displayed limited branching (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;154 forks), suggesting a restricted root exploratory capacity and potential yield limitations under suboptimal conditions. Biomass accumulation, an important indicator of vigor, also varied. Negrityanka produced the highest shoot fresh weight, whereas UZB-GJG-2009-10/3\u0026ndash;13 showed the highest root fresh weight, highlighting differential partitioning strategies. On the other hand, Krakovyanka and Ying tiao shui luobo recorded the lowest shoot and root weights, aligning with their smaller RSA and possibly reflecting stress susceptibility or lower growth vigor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven the characteristic radish taproot architecture, composed of a prominent primary root and lateral branches, RSA significantly affects both root yield and marketability. Our data reinforce the potential of RSA traits to serve as selection criteria in radish breeding programs. Current breeding targets include early maturity, root uniformity, abiotic stress tolerance, and bolting resistance [31], traits directly linked to root system development. In the face of climate change, optimizing RSA becomes even more urgent. Water scarcity is increasingly limiting global crop productivity [32], and radish is particularly vulnerable to drought, with reductions in biomass and photosynthetic function under stress [33, 34]. Traits such as deep root length and shoot fresh weight are known to decline under water-limited conditions [32, 35]. Identifying genotypes with deeper, more efficient rooting systems offers a viable path toward improved drought resilience [36]. Traits like deep rooting, high surface area, and extensive lateral branching\u0026mdash;as found in Hong yingtao luobo, Ying tiao shui luobo, and PI140433\u0026mdash;may serve as ideal targets for improving drought resilience and nutrient-use efficiency. Traits such as root length and shoot fresh weight, known to decline under drought conditions [32, 35], were also among those showing high variability, offering avenues for selecting robust genotypes. The extensive RSA variation captured in this study lays a foundation for breeding radish cultivars with improved adaptability, yield stability, and resource efficiency. Incorporating these traits into selection pipelines, especially for stress-prone and nutrient-deficient environments can support sustainable productivity gains. Ultimately, the utilization of RSA traits aligns with the broader vision of a second green revolution that leverages root phenomics for future food security [37].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2. Variation of Root Morphological and Architectural Traits Based on Origin\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoots are vital for plant adaptation and productivity, with RSA, including traits such as root length, spread, and lateral root development found to exhibit high plasticity in response to environmental conditions [9]. This plasticity means that accessions from different geographic origins may have evolved distinct RSA traits as adaptive responses to their native environments. Consequently, studying diverse accessions can reveal valuable genetic variation in root traits, which is critical for breeding crops with more efficient root systems suited to various growing conditions [18]. The variation in root morphological and architectural traits among radish accessions from diverse geographical origins observed in this study underscores the influence of ecological adaptation and genetic background on trait expression. These differences reflect not only inherent genetic diversity but also evolutionary responses to specific environmental conditions and breeding histories [38]. Root systems are dynamic structures and respond to environmental stimuli by altering traits such as length, angle, branching, and diameter, traits closely linked to water and nutrient acquisition, biomass allocation, and stress tolerance [38, 39]. In the present study, Japanese accessions exhibited the broadest variation in key RSA traits, including root length, number of tips, forks, and shoot biomass, suggesting a genetically rich germplasm shaped by longstanding cultivation and breeding. These traits are crucial for nutrient uptake efficiency and may enhance drought resilience and yield potential, as a large and deeply branched root system facilitates soil resource exploration [40]. Turkish accessions showed the highest mean values for total root length, root tips, forks, and crossings, traits that reflect a vigorous and well-distributed root system. Total root length is positively associated with root mass, absorptive capacity, and root depth, which are important for accessing deeper soil moisture and improving overall plant vigor [40]. Root crossing and branching patterns, in particular, determine the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots in the soil and have been identified as vital traits for drought tolerance in cereals and legumes [41]. Therefore, Turkish genotypes may serve as valuable genetic sources for breeding programs targeting drought-prone environments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChinese radishes demonstrated high variability and mean values in average diameter and root volume. These traits are indicative of thick, well-developed storage roots, which contribute to marketable yield and stress buffering capacity. Larger root volume also supports higher resource storage and transport capacity, making these accessions suitable for breeding high-yielding cultivars for favorable environments [22, 42]. American accessions, while generally lower in performance for many traits, showed the greatest variability in average link length, root fresh weight, and root-shoot ratio. These traits suggest unique biomass partitioning strategies, potentially reflecting adaptations to specific agroecological constraints. A high root-shoot ratio, for example, is often indicative of greater investment in root biomass under water-limited conditions, which can improve survival and productivity in arid climates [37, 43]. Russian accessions displayed significant variation in branching angle and link diameter, traits associated with mechanical stability and root foraging strategies. Wider branching angles may facilitate horizontal soil exploration, while variable link diameter influences root conductivity and biomass allocation [29, 30]. These traits have also been reported to improve drought resilience in legumes through enhanced water uptake and transport efficiency [41]. Korean radish accessions, which showed superior average surface area and root-shoot ratio, exhibited traits favorable for efficient biomass distribution and stress adaptation. Increased surface area enhances root-soil contact, improving resource uptake, particularly in low-input systems. A higher root-shoot ratio also contributes to efficient water use and drought survival, highlighting their utility in breeding for resource-limited environments [37, 38].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImportantly, the variation in specific root traits across all origins demonstrates that genetic diversity exists globally, and even accessions with moderate overall performance may harbor extreme or valuable traits. For example, Chinese, Turkish, Chinese, and Iranian accessions recorded the highest mean values for average diameter (AD), total root length (TRL), root volume (RV), and surface area (SA), respectively, and these traits are known to contribute directly to water and nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and yield [22, 42]. Root diameter and the number of forks, in particular, are critical traits influencing root hydraulic conductance and nutrient acquisition. Smaller root diameters have been shown to increase the surface area available for water absorption, thereby enhancing drought tolerance and transmission of resources under stress [41]. In the current study, genotypes exhibiting thinner diameters and higher fork numbers, especially from Turkey and Japan are promising candidates for breeding climate-resilient varieties. Taken together, these findings validate the ecological and genetic basis of RSA trait diversity across radish accessions and emphasize the importance of incorporating diverse germplasm into breeding programs. By leveraging key traits such as root length, diameter, branching pattern, and surface area, it is possible to develop cultivars tailored for specific agroecological zones, thereby enhancing productivity, resilience, and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3. Variation of Root Morphological and Architectural Traits Based on Genotype\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenetic variability is a cornerstone of plant biodiversity and forms the basis for developing improved cultivars with desirable traits. Enhancing genetic diversity, particularly in \u003cem\u003eBrassica\u003c/em\u003e genotypes, remains a key breeding objective aimed at achieving resilience, adaptability, and high yield [44\u0026ndash;46]. To breed crops with optimized root system architecture (RSA), substantial efforts must be devoted to characterizing the inherent variation in root traits across different species and genotypes [47]. In this context, radish germplasm presents a rich source of morphological diversity in both shoot and root systems, including variation in root color, shape, size, and structure, traits shaped by its long domestication history and adaptation to diverse agroecological conditions [31, 48, 49]. This phenotypic variation, resulting from both natural and artificial selection pressures, has led to the emergence of distinct radish types such as black, white, red, and round variants [31, 50]. Characterizing and utilizing this diversity is crucial for breeding programs targeting improved RSA and related agronomic traits. In the present study, significant genotypic differences were observed in root morphological and architectural traits among three major radish groups, wild relatives, landraces, and cultivars, thus highlighting their distinct contributions to trait diversity and breeding potential. Wild relatives displayed the greatest variability in fine-scale architectural traits such as projected area, surface area (SA), number of root tips, average link length, and branching angle. These traits are functionally significant as they are associated with enhanced root complexity and exploration capacity, key attributes for nutrient uptake, stress resilience, and adaptability in marginal environments [14, 29, 51]. The wide variation in surface area and number of tips among wild genotypes also supports their utility for RSA improvement in breeding programs, as these traits increase absorptive root surface and contribute to better root-soil contact under water- and nutrient-limited conditions [52, 53]. Landraces were characterized by higher variability in traits related to root branching and biomass production, including the number of forks, crossings, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and root-to-shoot fresh weight ratio. This suggests that landraces, having evolved under farmer selection, harbor intermediate and versatile RSA traits that can be harnessed to improve both root architecture and productivity [48, 54]. Landraces exhibited superior average values in root length, projected area, root surface area, number of forks, and crossings, which are traits known to be linked to root density and deeper penetration [29, 40]. Toot length (RL) and specific root length (SRL) are particularly crucial for root system efficiency, as longer and finer roots enhance nutrient acquisition, especially phosphorus, under resource-limited environments [39]. Cultivars, in contrast, showed the highest variability in traits such as root length, root volume, fork number, and average diameter, which are often targeted in commercial breeding for marketable yield and consumer preferences [14, 55]. While modern breeding has narrowed some trait ranges, cultivars in this study retained significant diversity in traits associated with size and marketability, although they exhibited the lowest root fresh weight on average (6.96 g). This narrowing may reflect targeted selection for uniformity and consumer-driven traits such as shape, flavor, and color rather than root biomass allocation or stress adaptation [31].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, wild relatives recorded the highest average values for traits such as average diameter, link length, root fresh weight, and root-to-shoot fresh weight ratio. These findings support the role of wild genotypes as reservoirs of robust root traits, which are particularly valuable under drought or low-input farming conditions [13]. A higher root-shoot ratio suggests a greater allocation of biomass to roots, enhancing the capacity of plants for water and nutrient uptake, an essential adaptation for improving crop resilience to environmental stress [52, 56]. In terms of overall performance, all radish accessions in this study (100%) had higher shoot fresh weight than root fresh weight, with root-shoot ratios ranging from 0.33 to 0.58. Accessions, particularly wild relatives, with higher ratios may be valuable in breeding programs targeting drought resistance, nutrient-use efficiency, and deeper rooting capacity. Root traits such as diameter and number of forks, which influence root conductivity and water uptake, are also associated with improved drought tolerance in legumes and cereals [53]. Roots with smaller diameters have been reported to facilitate higher hydraulic conductance by increasing the surface area available for water uptake, a strategy useful for stress adaptation [29]. The broad genetic variation among wild relatives and landraces underscores their importance as strategic genetic resources for RSA optimization. By integrating root morphological traits such as root length, diameter, surface area, and branching patterns, radish breeding programs can improve water and nutrient acquisition, yield stability, and environmental adaptability, key goals in meeting future food security demands and adapting crops to climate change [28, 51, 56].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4. Variation of Root Morphological and Architectural Traits as influenced by Root Shape\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eShape and size of radish storage roots are known to change dynamically during the course of plant growth and development[57]. In this study, the observed variation across root shapes underscores the strong influence of morphology on trait expression and functional diversity in radish. Specifically, triangular and transverse elliptic shapes exhibited the greatest variability across multiple root architectural traits, suggesting a high degree of developmental plasticity. This variability may reflect genetic flexibility that allows for broader adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. However, the co-occurrence of high variability with relatively low average trait values in these shapes may also indicate inconsistent developmental stability or differential allocation of resources during growth. In contrast, cylindric and elliptic root shapes demonstrated more consistent performance, with shape-specific dominance in certain traits. Cylindrical roots were associated with higher root-shoot ratios, while elliptic roots exhibited the longest average root lengths. These patterns suggest potential functional specialization, where certain root shapes may confer advantages in resource acquisition or storage capacity. The association between high trait means and broad variability in particular shapes reveals the importance of root morphology as a selection marker in breeding programs targeting root performance. These findings align with previous reports by [31], who documented that ancient radish varieties were primarily long and tapered, traits that likely supported deeper soil penetration and better anchorage. Over time, domestication and selection have given rise to more diverse forms, including cylindrical, apically bulbous, elliptic, and spherical roots, which reflect both aesthetic preferences and adaptive needs. This morphological diversification provides a valuable framework for targeting specific traits in root-focused breeding efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupporting this perspective, Zaki et al conducted a detailed study on three radish cultivars with distinct root shapes, including long, round, and thin types, tracking morphological and anatomical changes over a six-week period [58]. They found that significant differences in root thickness became evident by the fourth week after sowing. The taproots of long-type plants continued to elongate, whereas those in round-type plants failed to extend further, and thin-type roots exhibited only minimal increases in both length and diameter. These observations imply that root shape is not merely a static morphological feature, but a developmental outcome influenced by genetic programming and growth dynamics. Consequently, different root shapes may follow divergent anatomical trajectories, which in turn affect nutrient storage, transport, and mechanical support. Generally, the integration of current and prior findings reinforces the idea that root shape plays a critical role in modulating the expression of root architectural traits. The diverse root forms seen in radish are not only outcomes of genetic variability but also important indicators of functional capacity. As such, root shape should be considered a key morphological marker for phenotypic screening, trait-based selection, and genetic improvement in radish breeding programs aimed at yield optimization, stress resilience, and adaptability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.5. Cluster Analysis of Root Morphological and Architectural Traits\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cluster analysis clearly revealed two distinct grouping patterns among the radish accessions based on root morphological and architectural traits, indicating the presence of substantial phenotypic diversity. Accessions in Cluster 1, which included eight entries, half from Russia were characterized by higher values for traits related to root size and branching complexity, such as root surface area, projected area, root length, number of forks, crossings, and root tips. These traits are often associated with greater soil exploration capacity and could be beneficial for nutrient and water uptake efficiency. However, the exception of accession Negrityanka from Russia (#21), which had a notably low average branching angle of link, highlights that even within clusters, trait expression may vary and requires individual assessment. In contrast, accessions in Cluster 2, representing the majority, exhibited lower values for the aforementioned traits but showed higher values for shoot and root biomass, average diameter, link dimensions, and root-shoot fresh weight ratio. These accessions may favor biomass accumulation and radial root development over extensive branching, suggesting different adaptive strategies or breeding targets. The accession-specific outliers such as accession Kvarta (#19) (with distinctively high link diameter and root volume) and accession CHERISH-1 (#22) (with elevated link surface and projected area) emphasize the potential for targeted trait selection within clusters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, the clustering patterns did not correspond to geographic origin or genotypic classifications (wild relative, landrace, or cultivar), suggesting that the observed trait variations are more trait-specific and largely independent of origin or domestication status. This reveals the complexity of trait inheritance and highlights the value of phenotypic assessment over categorical classification in breeding programs. Thus, trait performance may be independently inherited across diverse backgrounds, offering potential for targeted trait-based selection in radish improvement programs. These findings provide a practical framework for identifying diverse accessions with desirable root traits for use in radish improvement, particularly for stress adaptation or yield optimization.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.6. Principal Component Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrincipal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to reduce the dimensionality of the root trait dataset and to identify key phenotypic variables driving variation among the 23 radish accessions [59]. The results demonstrated that a few principal components captured the majority of total variation, revealing underlying patterns of phenotypic diversity. PC1 alone accounted for over 60% of the variation and was heavily influenced by root architectural traits such as root tips, total root length, and surface area. These traits are critical indicators of root system complexity and soil exploration capacity, as confirmed by their high positive loadings on PC1. In contrast, traits such as root fresh weight, average root diameter, and root-shoot fresh weight ratio showed strong negative contributions to PC1, suggesting a trade-off between fine root branching and biomass allocation. The structure of the PCA parallels findings by Yang et al. [46], who reported that PC1 and PC2 collectively explained 70.5% of the variation in \u003cem\u003eBrassica\u003c/em\u003e root systems, with PC1 (53.0%) being driven primarily by total root length (TRL), total root surface area (TRSA), total lateral root length (TLRL), and total primary root length (TPRL). Similar to our study, their PCA biplot highlighted TRL as the most influential trait, followed closely by TRSA, reinforcing the importance of these variables as central contributors to RSA-related variation. In line with this, Ibrahim et al found that two major principal components explained more than 60% of phenotypic variance in \u003cem\u003eBrassica napus\u003c/em\u003e under low-potassium stress[15]. Traits such as TRL, TRSA, total root volume (TRV), root fresh weight (RFW), and shoot fresh weight (SFW) dominated PC1, accounting for 48.64% of the variability, while PC2 (20.67%) was mainly influenced by the root\u0026ndash;shoot ratio (RSR). These trends reinforce our observations that architectural traits and biomass traits contribute distinct axes of variation and should be considered in tandem in breeding programs. In our analysis, PC2 and PC3 refined the variation structure further. PC2 primarily emphasized volumetric and thickness-related traits, including root volume and average link diameter, suggesting their importance in distinguishing accessions with robust root biomass. PC3 captured traits related to biomass distribution and internal structure, such as root and shoot fresh weights and link-based architectural metrics, providing insight into the interaction between above- and below-ground growth. PC4 and PC5 contributed less to overall variance but identified subtler distinctions, such as differences in branching angle and link geometry, traits that may influence root penetration and nutrient uptake efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PCA loading plot further illustrated these findings by grouping traits with similar functional roles. Root length, surface area, root tips, forks, and crossings were tightly clustered and showed strong positive loadings on PC1 and PC2, confirming their strong intercorrelation and dominant role in shaping overall phenotypic variation. In contrast, traits like average diameter, average link surface area, and shoot fresh weight exhibited distinct loading patterns, indicating they contribute to alternative dimensions of variation related to structural thickness and biomass accumulation. Traits with limited contribution, such as average branching angle, reflected relatively minor variation among accessions and may play a secondary role in RSA-based differentiation The multidimensional nature of trait variation captured through PCA underscores the complexity of root system development and the need for multi-trait selection strategies in breeding. The observed divergence between architectural complexity (e.g., root length and branching) and biomass-related traits (e.g., root volume, diameter) aligns with prior findings [15, 46] and highlights potential trade-offs or complementary roles among these traits. These insights can inform targeted selection of ideotypes tailored to specific environmental challenges, such as drought tolerance or nutrient-use efficiency, and support the development of radish cultivars with optimized RSA for sustainable agricultural production. The PCA biplot effectively captured the complex variation among radish genotypes, revealed distinct phenotypic clusters and highlighted specific accessions with valuable trait combinations. Accessions 1 and 18, positioned positively on both PC1 and PC2, were associated with multiple favorable traits such as enhanced root length, surface area, and branching architecture, making them strong candidates for general-purpose improvement or high-performance ideotypes. Accessions Kvarta (#19), and CHERISH-1 (#22), on the other hand, demonstrated unique trait configurations, as evidenced by their isolated positions far from the origin, suggesting that they possess non-typical or novel combinations of traits\u0026mdash;possibly offering untapped genetic diversity for specialized breeding targets, such as adaptation to stress or niche cultivation systems. The clustering of several accessions in the negative quadrants reflects more conservative or uniform trait profiles, potentially representing baseline phenotypes or less adaptive plasticity. Their shared structure could also offer stability across environments but may require enhancement for specific traits. Together, these results demonstrate the power of PCA in dissecting complex trait interactions and identifying both integrative and divergent accessions. Genotypes like PI140433 (#1), HA17 (#18), Kvarta (#19), and CHERISH-1 (#22) offer unique opportunities for trait-based selection in radish breeding, whether the goal is to optimize root architecture, biomass allocation, or overall plant performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.7. Phenotypic Correlation Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhenotypic correlations among root morphological traits provide critical insights into the functional organization of root systems and guide trait selection for breeding stress-resilient, resource-efficient crops [60]. In this study, Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) positive and negative relationships among radish quantitative traits, underscoring the structural and functional diversity across accessions. The strongest positive correlations (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were observed among traits central to root architecture and spatial expansion: projected area and surface area (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.00), number of forks and number of crossings (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.00), average projected area and average surface area (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.00), and root length with both projected area and number of crossings (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99). These near-perfect associations reflect a cohesive architectural module in the radish root system, wherein traits related to length, branching, and surface expansion are tightly coordinated. This synergy implies that selection for one trait (e.g., root length) may simultaneously enhance other desirable traits (e.g., root tips or forks), thereby improving water and nutrient uptake and promoting soil anchorage, an observation also reported in maize and \u003cem\u003eBrassica\u003c/em\u003e systems [15, 46, 61, 62]. Similar high correlations have been reported across other species. Yang et al. [46] found strong Spearman rank correlations among total root length (TRL), total root surface area (TRSA), and total lateral root length (TLRL) (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.80\u0026ndash;0.96), while Guo et al. [61] observed correlations of r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90 and \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.72 between TRL and TRSA, and TRL and root volume, respectively, in maize. In Brassica napus, Ibrahim et al. [15, 19] also found strong positive associations between TRL, TRSA, and root fresh weight (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.58\u0026ndash;0.99). These parallel findings suggest a conserved relationship between elongation, surface development, and root biomass across species, supporting the validity of using these traits as selection criteria in radish breeding as well. On the contrary, strong negative correlations were observed between radish architectural traits and biomass or thickness-related traits such as root fresh weight, average diameter, and link surface attributes (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.600, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This divergence suggests two dominant root growth strategies: one characterized by highly branched, fine roots optimized for soil exploration, and another defined by thicker, denser roots potentially suited for storage and mechanical strength. These findings are consistent with Guo et al. [61], who reported a negative correlation (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.44) between total root length and average root diameter, and Ahmad et al. [16], who observed an inverse relationship between shoot fresh weight and root-shoot ratio (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.37), indicating that resource partitioning strategies vary widely among genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, root length showed no significant correlation with root volume, and average diameter of link was not significantly correlated with shoot fresh weight in our dataset. This independence between architectural and volumetric traits reinforces the multidimensional nature of root trait expression, whereby elongation, branching, and biomass accumulation are regulated by distinct genetic or physiological pathways. This aligns with the findings of Ibrahim et al, who reported negligible correlations between TRL and root volume (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.10) or root number (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02), highlighting the need for trait-specific selection depending on breeding goals [19]. Root fresh weight exhibited significant positive correlations with shoot fresh weight (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.64, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and even more strongly with root-shoot fresh weight ratio (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), reflecting a coordinated biomass accumulation in root-dominant accessions. However, the lack of correlation between shoot fresh weight and root-shoot ratio suggests that biomass allocation strategies may be largely root-specific and less influenced by above-ground growth dynamics. Similarly, Pooja Triparthi et al investigated root morphological traits using 2D imaging in diverse soybean genotypes and found strong positive correlations between total root length and surface area (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.96), but significant negative correlations with diameter-related traits [27]. While Kramer-Walter et al emphasized the functional coordination among root, stem, and leaf traits for efficient resource use[63], our findings point to a possible decoupling of root and shoot growth in radish under controlled conditions. The weak and/or non-significant correlations observed among traits like average branching angle of link, average root diameter, and shoot fresh weight further underscore the diversity of root architectural strategies in radish. This suggests that while certain trait clusters (e.g., root length, surface area, forks, and tips) can be targeted jointly for breeding ideotypes suited to enhanced soil exploration and nutrient capture, others (e.g., root volume or average diameter) may require independent selection strategies depending on specific environmental or market goals [27, 40, 42]. These insights provide a basis for designing root ideotypes with specific adaptability and yield potential under varying agroecological conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed substantial phenotypic variation in root morphological and architectural traits among 23 diverse radish accessions, encompassing wild relatives, landraces, and cultivars from nine countries. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes in key traits such as root length, number of forks, crossings, root tips, and biomass allocation, which revealed the rich genetic diversity within the radish germplasm. Correlation analysis identified tightly linked trait clusters related to root architecture, while PCA and cluster analysis effectively differentiated accessions based on trait expression, identifying both integrative and divergent phenotypic patterns. In particular, accessions such as PI140433 (#1), HA17 (#18), Kvarta (#19), and CHERISH-1 (#22) were identified as key contributors to variation, representing promising candidates for future breeding. The findings provide valuable insights for radish improvement programs targeting root system development, adaptability, and trait-based selection, and serve as a foundation for targeted ideotype breeding and genetic resource conservation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e2D:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Two-dimensional \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eABAL:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Average branching angle of link\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAD:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Average diameter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eADL:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Average diameter of link\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALOL:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Average length of link,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eANOVA:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Analysis of variance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAPAL:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Average projected area of link\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eASAL:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Average surface area of link\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAS20DOR:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Asian seed 20-day-old radish \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCRD:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Completely randomized design \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCV:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Coefficient of variation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDAS:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Days after sowing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHCA:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hierarchical cluster analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHSD:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Honest significant difference \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Genotype\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG x R:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Genotype x Replication interaction effects\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNOC:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Number of crossings\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNRT:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Number of root tips\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePA:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Projected area\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePVC:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;polyvinyl chloride\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Replication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRDA:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Rural development administration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRL:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Root length\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRFW:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Root fresh weight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRSA:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Root system architecture\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRSFW:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Root- Shoot fresh weight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRV:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Root volume\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSA:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Surface area\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD:\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Standard deviations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSFW: \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Shoot fresh weight\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article and its additional files.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by 2025 the RDA Fellowship Program of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was carried out with the support of the “Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development (\u003cstrong\u003eProject NO. PJ01425501/RS-2019-RD007776\u003c/strong\u003e), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK.O.\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data analysis,\u0026nbsp;writing – original draft, Writing–review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eD.-W.K.:\u003c/strong\u003e Methodology, Writing –review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eS.M\u003c/strong\u003e.: Methodology, Writing –review and editing.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;M. N.B\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Methodology, Writing –review and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eS-H.K.\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, Methodology, investigation, Writing – review and editing, supervision, Funding acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi X-x, Li X-m, Ahmad J: \u003cstrong\u003eRadish (Raphanus sativus L.) Germplasm Resources\u003c/strong\u003e. 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https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122781 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuo W, Wang F, Lv J, Yu J, Wu Y, Wuriyanghan H, Le L, Pu L: \u003cstrong\u003ePhenotyping, genome‐wide dissection, and prediction of maize root architecture for temperate adaptability\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eiMeta \u003c/em\u003e2025, \u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e(2):e70015. https://doi.org/10.1002/imt2.70015\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePace J, Gardner C, Romay C, Ganapathysubramanian B, L\u0026uuml;bberstedt T: \u003cstrong\u003eGenome-wide association analysis of seedling root development in maize (\u003cem\u003eZea mays\u003c/em\u003e L.)\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eBMC genomics \u003c/em\u003e2015, \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(1):47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1226-9 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKramer‐Walter KR, Bellingham PJ, Millar TR, Smissen RD, Richardson SJ, Laughlin DC: \u003cstrong\u003eRoot traits are multidimensional: specific root length is independent from root tissue density and the plant economic spectrum\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ecology \u003c/em\u003e2016, \u003cstrong\u003e104\u003c/strong\u003e(5):1299-1310. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12562 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Accession, fresh weight biomass, radish, germplasm, root system architecture","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460160/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460160/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRadish (\u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.) exhibits remarkable diversity in its root morphology and architecture, varying widely in length, thickness, shape, and branching patterns. These traits are crucial for nutrient and water uptake, adaptation to stress or different environments and cultivation practices, as well as marketability. Despite their breeding potential, comprehensive evaluation of root traits across diverse genotypes remains limited. This study assessed root morphological and architectural variability in 23 radish accessions, including wild relatives, landraces, and cultivars from nine different countries in order to inform selection and breeding strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlants were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions, and root traits quantified using digital imaging and methods. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) for almost all traits, across genotype, except average length of link. Descriptive analysis indicated wide variability in most traits, including root length, forks, crossings, and tips. Turkish accessions had the highest average root length and branching traits, while Chinese and Korean accessions exhibited greater root diameter and biomass-related traits. Landraces developed the most extensive root systems, wild relatives showed high trait variability, and cultivars were more uniform in root volume and diameter. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations among root length, surface area, projected area, and branching traits, suggesting a coordinated module for soil exploration. Conversely, root fresh weight, root-shoot ratio, and link surface features were negatively correlated with architectural traits. Principal component analysis grouped traits into functional clusters, with the first five components explaining 93.485% of total variation. The first principal component (60.402%) was primarily driven by strong positive loadings from number of root tips, root length, number of crossings, forks, projected area, surface area, and average projected area of link. The cluster and biplot analysis differentiated accessions based on trait expression, and identified accessions PI140433 (G1), HA17 (G18), Kvarta (G19), and CHERISH-1 (G22) as major contributors to phenotypic diversity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed the multidimensional variation in radish root traits and identified valuable accessions with distinct or integrated trait profiles. The study provides a strong foundation for trait-based selection and ideotype development in radish breeding programs targeting improved adaptability, resource-use efficiency, and market traits.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Quantitative Analysis of Root System Architecture and Fresh Weight Biomass Traits Highlight Phenotypic Variation in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) 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