Mapping socioecological interconnections in One Health across human, animal and environmental health: a scoping review protocol

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Skip to main content Home About Submit ALERTS / RSS Search for this keyword Advanced Search Mapping socioecological interconnections in One Health across human, animal and environmental health: a scoping review protocol View ORCID Profile Jessica Farias Dantas Medeiros , View ORCID Profile Leonor Maria Pacheco Santos , View ORCID Profile Sindy Maciel Silva , View ORCID Profile Jorge Otávio Maia Barreto , Johnathan Portela da Silva Galdino , Eveline Fernandes Nascimento Vale , Kary Desiree Santos Mercedes , Mayara Suelirta da Costa , Juliana Michelotti Fleck , Karine Suene Mendes Almeida , Verônica Cortez Ginani , View ORCID Profile Wildo Navegantes de Araújo , Diule Vieira de Queiroz , View ORCID Profile Christina Pacheco doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325158 Jessica Farias Dantas Medeiros 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Jessica Farias Dantas Medeiros Leonor Maria Pacheco Santos 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Leonor Maria Pacheco Santos For correspondence: leopac.unb{at}gmail.com Sindy Maciel Silva 2 Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisboa, Portugal Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Sindy Maciel Silva Jorge Otávio Maia Barreto 3 Escola de Governo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Jorge Otávio Maia Barreto Johnathan Portela da Silva Galdino 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Eveline Fernandes Nascimento Vale 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Kary Desiree Santos Mercedes 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Mayara Suelirta da Costa 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Juliana Michelotti Fleck 4 Fundação de Apoio à Fiocruz, Fiotec , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Karine Suene Mendes Almeida 5 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Verônica Cortez Ginani 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Wildo Navegantes de Araújo 6 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva & Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília , Brasília, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Wildo Navegantes de Araújo Diule Vieira de Queiroz 7 Biblioteca Central Universidade de Brasília , Brasí lia, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Christina Pacheco 8 Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba , João Pessoa, Brazil Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site ORCID record for Christina Pacheco Abstract Full Text Info/History Metrics Data/Code Preview PDF Abstract The One Health framework highlights the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, requiring interdisciplinary and multisectoral collaboration to address complex global health challenges. This scoping review will systematically map how studies and policy initiatives have incorporated socioecological interconnections within the One Health paradigm (2004 to 2025), following Joanna Briggs Institute guidance and the PRISMA Sc checklist. Searches will be conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, Health Systems Evidence, Social Systems Evidence, and Google Scholar. The strategy, developed with librarian support and peer reviewed, includes terms in English, Portuguese, and Spanish; pilot searches retrieved 5,333 PubMed and 470 LILACS records. Eligible documents must explicitly present two or more One Health dimensions: food safety, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health. Data will be extracted using a standardized tool and synthesized in narrative, tabular, and graphical formats. The review will provide a comprehensive mapping of practices and policies, identifying achievements, barriers, and knowledge gaps to inform future strategies and strengthen global health governance. 1. Introduction One Health is a unified, cooperative, transdisciplinary, and interconnected approach to human, animal, and environmental health, aiming to address the challenges posed by emerging and re-emerging diseases, pandemics, zoonoses, antimicrobial resistance, food safety, climate change, and other public health threats [ 1 - 3 ]. Although early ideas linking the environment to health date back to Hayes (1877), Virchow (1855), and Schwabe’s “One Medicine” concept in the 1970s, One Health only consolidated as a formal global strategy in the 21st century [ 4 - 7 ]. A key milestone was the Wildlife Conservation Society’s 2004 report [ 8 ], followed by the tripartite alliance between the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2010, which recognized shared responsibilities at the human-animal-environment interface [ 4 ]. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated how the local emergence of a lethal pathogen, likely of animal origin, can rapidly disrupt global public health [ 9 ], reinforcing the urgency of coordinated action. In 2022, the worsening climate crisis and the lessons learned from the pandemic led to the formal inclusion of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), strengthening the current quadripartite alliance (WHO, WOAH, FAO, and UNEP), supported by an independent One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) [ 10 ]. Furthermore, recent initiatives, such as the Lancet One Health Commission [ 11 ], first convened in 2019, emphasized that the socioecological interconnections among humans, animals, and the environment form the foundation of One Health [ 11 ]. The Commission noted that while early One Health efforts primarily focused exclusively on zoonotic diseases, recent progress has expanded initiatives but also raised concerns about fragmentation and insufficient conceptual clarity [ 11 ]. Another conceptual publication on One Health in 2024 further defined six dimensions of One Health, four of which - control of zoonotic diseases (including epidemics and pandemics from emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, zoonotic endemics, vector-borne diseases, neglected tropical diseases, and animal-borne diseases), antimicrobial resistance, food safety, and environmental health remain the central focus of attention of One Health worldwide [ 1 ]. In this protocol, socioecological interconnection will serve as the guiding criterion for data extraction and narrative synthesis across four dimensions: food safety, zoonoses, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health. This interconnection will be defined as the simultaneous and interdependent presence of two or more One Health dimensions as reflected in studies, policies, or practices. It encompasses the formulation and implementation of interdisciplinary methodologies, the co-production of evidence, and the explicit consideration of their interdisciplinary impacts and outcomes, including how actions in one dimension affect or depend on others. Despite institutional and conceptual advances, and the establishment of multiple international One Health networks over the past decade [ 12 ], the scientific literature still lacks a review that systematically examines the formulation and implementation of policies and practices addressing socioecological interconnections on a global scale. Preliminary searches in PROSPERO, Cochrane Library, Open Science Framework (OSF), and JBI Evidence Synthesis identified reviews focused on specific aspects: governance (2000–2024) [ 13 ], multisectoral collaborations (2018–2024) [ 14 ], epidemiological interventions (2024) [ 15 ], and regional analyses, such as the One Health triad in public health in Latin America (2016) [ 16 ]. Other reviews, such as the bibliometric review published in 2022 [ 17 ], highlight data gaps and the persistence of fragmented One Health frameworks. None, however, encompasses the socioecological interconnections of the four core dimensions of One Health from a global, multilingual, and broadly scientific perspective. In light of this, the present protocol proposes a scoping review to map this conceptual framework, covering scientific evidence and grey literature published between January 2004 and March 27, 2025, in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The review will examine socioecological interconnections across food safety, zoonoses, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health in the formulation and implementation of health policies and practices. We aim to analyze how this scenario has evolved over the past 21 years, identify challenges, obstacles, and future priorities. Ultimately, this review will contribute to consolidating perspectives on the global scenario and guide strategies for strengthening the current debate on socioecological interconnections within the One Health framework. 1.1. Research questions and aims The main research questions of this scoping review protocol are the following: How have One Health studies addressed the socioecological interconnections of human, animal, and environmental health, particularly across food safety, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health? What do their methodologies, scope, and interdisciplinary collaborations reveal about key achievements, gaps, and future research priorities? This scoping review protocol aims to map the scientific evidence and gray literature addressing the socioecological interconnections of One Health on a global scale, with emphasis on the food safety, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health dimensions, to identify advancements, challenges, and future priorities. In order to answer the main objective, the following specific goals were established: Identify and characterize studies, policies, and practices that simultaneously address two or more of the One Health dimensions cited above, analyzing methodologies, scope, and levels of interdisciplinary connection. Examine how these initiatives have operationalized socio-ecological interconnection, including intersectoral coordination, evidence co-production, interdisciplinary methodologies, and reported impacts across dimensions. Systematize the advancements, results, and contributions achieved in implementing the interconnected One Health approach, highlighting experiences in different local, regional, and global contexts. Identify barriers, challenges, and knowledge gaps that limit the consolidation of the One Health socioecological approach. Propose recommendations for future research, policy formulation, and intersectoral practices, contributing to strengthen interdisciplinary collaboration and address global health threats. 2. Materials and Methods This scoping review will follow the methodological framework developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) [ 18 ] and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist [ 19 ]. 2.1. Eligibility Criteria The mnemonic PCC (Participants, Concept, and Context) was adopted to structure the research question for the scoping review [ 18 ]. The PCC for this protocol is defined below and, the reference concepts expanded in Table 1 : View this table: View inline View popup Download powerpoint Table 1. Definition of reference concepts for the scoping review Protocol’s PCC Participants - Publications of studies, policies, strategies and, regulations, addressing the One Health approach, Concept - Socioecological interconnections of One Health, with an emphasis on the dimensions of food safety, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance and, environmental health, Context - Formulation and implementation of health policies and practices at a global level. Inclusion criteria will follow the PCC framework, incorporating original articles, formally established references, and publications that discuss strategies, experiences, and actions on the socioecological interconnections of One Health, published between 2004 and February 2025, and that directly and substantially address the One Health approach, even if localized. The protocol also includes gray literature: dissertations and theses, reports from governmental and non-governmental organizations, policy documents, and other relevant sources to ensure a comprehensive overview of the practices and strategies adopted. Letters to the Editor, conference abstracts, event proceedings, sponsored articles, incomplete articles, articles without results, preprints, or articles that were outside the topic of interest of the review will be excluded. An additional search will be conducted in the references of the included and excluded publications. 2.2. Search Strategy The search strategy was developed collaboratively by experts in the concept terms, a librarian, together with other stakeholders. The process included peer review to ensure consistency and methodological rigor. Initially, relevant terms, keywords, and synonyms for the topic were listed in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), followed by a pilot search in PubMed, focusing on the concepts of One Health, food safety, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health. Additional keywords were extracted from titles, abstracts, and indexed terms, ensuring the expansion of the vocabulary of the conceptual block in English, Spanish, and Portuguese (Appendix A, Table A1 ). Pilot searches were performed in PubMed and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) via Virtual Health Library (BVS) to validate the combination of descriptors and keywords, employing Boolean operators (“AND”, “OR”) and cross-language synonyms. As presented in Table 2 , the PubMed strategy retrieved 5,333 records and the multilingual LILACS strategy retrieved 470 records for the period January 2004 to March 2025. These pilot searches confirmed the adequacy and sensitivity of the conceptual blocks used. View this table: View inline View popup Download powerpoint Table 2. Pilot search in the electronic database PubMed and LILACS As evidence sources, we propose the following scientific literature databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed ( https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) via Virtual Health Library (BVS) ( https://bvsalud.org ), Health Systems Evidence ( https://www.healthsystemsevidence.org/ ), Social Systems Evidence ( https://www.socialsystemsevidence.org/ ), SciVerse Scopus ( https://www.elsevier.com/products/scopus/search ), Web of Science ( https://clarivate.com/academia-government/scientific-and-academic-research/research-discovery-and-referencing/web-of-science/ ). The reference lists of the most relevant studies can also be subject to manual search. The protocol recommends retrieving grey literature by a structured electronic search on Google Scholar ( https://scholar.google.com ), in “incognito mode”, thus avoiding the influence of the researcher’s browsing history, examining the first 100 documents retrieved. 2.3. Study selection The studies identified from all the proposed databases will be fed into Mendeley and the Rayyan QCRI software to remove duplicates. Afterward, the studies will be evaluated and selected based on the eligibility criteria by two independent reviewers, following the double-blind methodology when reading the title and summary of the studies in the first phase. In case of disagreements, a third reviewer (master) will be consulted for discussion and final decision. In the second stage, the full text of the selected studies will be read, and those excluded will be justified according to previously established exclusion criteria. Grey literature will be manually included in Mendeley software to manage selected evidence to be cited in the manuscript. 2.4. Data Extraction A data extraction tool was done based on the model provided by JBI ( Table 3 ). The tool includes detailed information about the studies, such as title, authors, year of publication, source, country, publication type, and language. Additionally, data will be collected on the study’s objective, the One Health approach addressed, and methodological characteristics, such as the methodology used, data collection methods, databases consulted, and data collection period. View this table: View inline View popup Download powerpoint Table 3. Data extraction form 2.5. Analysis and Presentation of Results The extracted data will be analyzed and summarized to meet the research objectives and organized into tables, charts, and narrative summaries. The analysis will be based on a narrative synthesis, highlighting the main findings, uncertainties, the evidence’s applicability, strengths, limitations, and implications for managers and future research. Since this is a scoping review, there will be no critical assessment of the methodological quality or analysis of the risk of bias of the included studies [ 18 ]. The PRISMA-ScR guideline and the PRISMA Flow Diagram will structure and organize the review [ 25 ]. 3. Conclusions When applied, the scoping review protocol will be instrumental in revealing several strategies implemented worldwide under the One Health approach, highlighting significant advances in managing food safety, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health. As a result, challenges related to intersectoral integration and adapting applied policies to local realities may be identified, indicating areas where improvements and new research are needed. We expect to provide a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of the One Health strategy, highlighting both the advances and challenges faced, and to identify practices and that require improvement, contributing to research development, public policies, and the integration of human, animal and environmental health dimensions. Furthermore, the results of the protocol utilization aim to contribute to formulating future strategies, promoting a more holistic and coordinated approach, improving food safety, tackling zoonotic diseases, combating antimicrobial resistance, and mitigating the impacts of climate change on health. This study also serves as a basis for new research and fosters intersectoral collaboration, essential for the effectiveness of One Health initiatives globally. Data Availability No datasets will be generated or analysed during the current Protocol proposal. Author Contributions Conceptualization: JFDM, LMPS, CP, VCG, MSC, WNA, EFNV, JPSG and SMS Supervision: JFDM, JOMB, SMS, LMPS and CP; Methodology: JFDM, JOMB, SMS, CP, LMPS, WNA, VCG, MSC, KDSM, JMF, KSMA, EFNV, JPSG and DVQ Software: JFDM, DVQ, SMS and LMPS Validation: JFDM, JOMB, SMS, CP, LMPS and WNA Writing—original draft preparation: JFDM, SMS, CP, LMPS, VCG and WNA, Writing—review and editing: JFDM, LMPS, CP and WNA All authors reviewed and approved the final version of this manuscript. Funding This research received no external funding Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. Acknowledgments We are grateful to the collaborators who contributed technical support to the construction of this protocol. We recognize the crucial role of the Translational Research in Public Health discipline’ professors, who provided valuable insights and discussions. Appendix A View this table: View inline View popup Download powerpoint Table A1. Conceptual blocks and related terms. Footnotes fariasjessicad{at}gmail.com , maciel.sindy{at}gmail.com , jorgeomaia{at}hotmail.com , johnathanportela{at}gmail.com , valeeveline77{at}gmail.com , karysantos017{at}gmail.com , mayarasuelirtac{at}gmail.com , julianafleck{at}gmail.com , karine.suene{at}gmail.com , vcginani{at}gmail.com , wildo74{at}gmail.com , diule{at}unb.br , christinaosvaldo{at}yahoo.com.br The Materials and Methods section was revised. References 1. ↵ Pitt SJ , Gunn A. The One Health Concept . Br J Biomed Sci . 2024 Feb 15; 81 . 2. Manterola C , Rivadeneira J , Leal P , Rojas-Pincheira C , Altamirano A. Una Sola Salud. 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Share Mapping socioecological interconnections in One Health across human, animal and environmental health: a scoping review protocol Jessica Farias Dantas Medeiros , Leonor Maria Pacheco Santos , Sindy Maciel Silva , Jorge Otávio Maia Barreto , Johnathan Portela da Silva Galdino , Eveline Fernandes Nascimento Vale , Kary Desiree Santos Mercedes , Mayara Suelirta da Costa , Juliana Michelotti Fleck , Karine Suene Mendes Almeida , Verônica Cortez Ginani , Wildo Navegantes de Araújo , Diule Vieira de Queiroz , Christina Pacheco medRxiv 2025.04.02.25325158; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325158 Share This Article: Copy Citation Tools Mapping socioecological interconnections in One Health across human, animal and environmental health: a scoping review protocol Jessica Farias Dantas Medeiros , Leonor Maria Pacheco Santos , Sindy Maciel Silva , Jorge Otávio Maia Barreto , Johnathan Portela da Silva Galdino , Eveline Fernandes Nascimento Vale , Kary Desiree Santos Mercedes , Mayara Suelirta da Costa , Juliana Michelotti Fleck , Karine Suene Mendes Almeida , Verônica Cortez Ginani , Wildo Navegantes de Araújo , Diule Vieira de Queiroz , Christina Pacheco medRxiv 2025.04.02.25325158; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325158 Citation Manager Formats BibTeX Bookends EasyBib EndNote (tagged) EndNote 8 (xml) Medlars Mendeley Papers RefWorks Tagged Ref Manager RIS Zotero Tweet Widget Facebook Like Google Plus One Subject Area Public and Global Health Subject Areas All Articles Addiction Medicine (568) Allergy and Immunology (863) Anesthesia (297) Cardiovascular Medicine (4421) Dentistry and Oral Medicine (443) Dermatology (381) Emergency Medicine (606) Endocrinology (including Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Disease) (1507) Epidemiology (15212) Forensic Medicine (30) Gastroenterology (1121) Genetic and Genomic Medicine (6581) Geriatric Medicine (667) Health Economics (996) Health Informatics (4520) Health Policy (1366) Health Systems and Quality Improvement (1611) Hematology (539) HIV/AIDS (1264) Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS) (15906) Intensive Care and Critical Care Medicine (1103) Medical Education (620) Medical Ethics (144) Nephrology (667) Neurology (6580) Nursing (345) Nutrition (998) Obstetrics and Gynecology (1141) Occupational and Environmental Health (956) Oncology (3324) Ophthalmology (970) Orthopedics (369) Otolaryngology (420) Pain Medicine (435) Palliative Medicine (129) Pathology (663) Pediatrics (1689) Pharmacology and Therapeutics (691) Primary Care Research (710) Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology (5431) Public and Global Health (9212) Radiology and Imaging (2193) Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy (1368) Respiratory Medicine (1194) Rheumatology (593) Sexual and Reproductive Health (709) Sports Medicine (529) Surgery (709) Toxicology (99) Transplantation (288) Urology (265) (function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'9feffe0f3fb03fe2',t:'MTc3OTMyODg3Nw=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();