Temporal variation in the cloud-top temperature of Venus revealed by meteorological satellites

Temporal variation in the cloud-top temperature of Venus revealed by meteorological satellites | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Temporal variation in the cloud-top temperature of Venus revealed by meteorological satellites Gaku Nishiyama, Yudai Suzuki, Shinsuke Uno, Shohei Aoki, Tatsuro Iwanaka, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5884016/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Earth, Planets and Space → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Temporal variation in the cloud-top temperature of Venus is an essential observable for understanding its atmospheric dynamics and related phenomena, such as thermal tides and planetary-scale waves. While multiband monitoring of both phenomena over years could hint at ongoing dynamics, spaceborne observations of Venus over the last decade are limited to single-band imagery or short timeframe. As a complementary data for the lack of decadal multiband infrared measurements of Venus, the Japanese meteorological satellites Himawari-8/9 may be utilized because they have been coincidentally imaging Venus in space adjacent to the Earth’s rim. These images can serve as a new dataset for both Venus science and instrument calibrations in planetary missions, though they have never been utilized for such purposes. This study first archived all the Venus images taken by Himawari-8/9 from 2015 to 2024 and succeeded in retrieving disk-normalized brightness temperatures and their temporal variation on day to year scales. The archived data were compared with other observations from the Akatsuki and BepiColombo missions. Our comparison shows that the long-wave infrared camera (LIR) on Akatsuki has underestimated the infrared radiance by 15–17%, which needs to be considered in future LIR data analyses. From comparisons of the observed temperatures at each local time on Venus, we also found that the retrieved temporal variations contain changes in the patterns of thermal tides. Particularly at sunrise, the observed brightness temperatures were not constant between 2015 and 2024, implying variations in the amplitude of diurnal thermal tides. Furthermore, the amplitude of the 5-day Rossby waves decreased at altitudes of 68 km or higher, as suggested by previous numerical circulation models. Although retrieval of the Rossby-wave amplitude was successful only in two observation periods, a variation in altitude dependence was confirmed between 2015 and 2024. These observed temporal variations may be caused by several factors, including a change in static stability observed in the Himawari-8/9 measurements. These results demonstrate that meteorological satellites can serve as additional eyes to access the Venusian atmosphere from space and complement future observations from planetary missions and ground-based telescopes. Venus Infrared spectrum Temperature Atmosphere Himawari-8/9 Akatsuki BepiColombo Thermal tide Rossby wave Full Text Supplementary Files graphicalabstracth.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Earth, Planets and Space → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revision 22 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 31 Jan, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Jan, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5884016","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":431140581,"identity":"a170ceec-e45b-4a7e-8aa2-d2464b1de3e3","order_by":0,"name":"Gaku Nishiyama","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACNhAhwWDADObZMPaBuSRoSWNsI1ILA4MBhDpMWIu8+7E0CcYdFvbm7DyGn27UnJdtkz7AeOMDHi2GZ9KOSTCekUjc2cxjLJ1z7LZxG18Cs+UMfFoa0tskGNskEgwO8xhI57DdTmzjYWCT5sGnpf85WIs9UIvx75x/5yBa/uDziwTIYUBdGw7zmEnnth2AaMHnfQOJZ8kWiW0SiRsOs5VZ5/YlG7fxMDZb9uCzpT/N8MbHtjp7g/OHN9/O+WYn28/DfPDGD3y2HAASCWAmBzRqGBgb8LmLQR4hzf4Ar8pRMApGwSgYuQAAT0NGikyQn04AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6565-349X","institution":"German Aerospace Center Institute of Planetary Research: Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt DLR Institut fur Planetenforschung","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gaku","middleName":"","lastName":"Nishiyama","suffix":""},{"id":431140582,"identity":"96810ea4-9c71-43bb-be6f-72320246d58c","order_by":1,"name":"Yudai Suzuki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"JAXA ISAS: Uchu Koku Kenkyu Kaihatsu Kiko Uchu Kagaku Kenkyujo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yudai","middleName":"","lastName":"Suzuki","suffix":""},{"id":431140583,"identity":"aa494eba-0f65-42a3-999d-33bd08497ffa","order_by":2,"name":"Shinsuke Uno","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics: Rikagaku Kenkyujo Koryoshi Kogaku Kenkyu Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shinsuke","middleName":"","lastName":"Uno","suffix":""},{"id":431140584,"identity":"9b18ad71-0207-472c-874d-134219dc00b0","order_by":3,"name":"Shohei Aoki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tokyo Graduate School of Frontier Sciences: Tokyo Daigaku Daigakuin Shinryoiki Sosei Kagaku Kenkyuka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shohei","middleName":"","lastName":"Aoki","suffix":""},{"id":431140585,"identity":"28158bca-45e6-4d34-9833-ccc971c4b217","order_by":4,"name":"Tatsuro Iwanaka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Frontier Sciences: Tokyo Daigaku Daigakuin Shinryoiki Sosei Kagaku Kenkyuka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tatsuro","middleName":"","lastName":"Iwanaka","suffix":""},{"id":431140586,"identity":"01d063ff-8d3d-4736-8492-a27f077a0652","order_by":5,"name":"Takeshi Imamura","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tokyo Graduate School of Frontier Sciences: Tokyo Daigaku Daigakuin Shinryoiki Sosei Kagaku Kenkyuka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Takeshi","middleName":"","lastName":"Imamura","suffix":""},{"id":431140587,"identity":"4d27b29f-6824-48b0-bfb8-11fb46a1ae4f","order_by":6,"name":"Yuka Fujii","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Astronomical Observatory of Japan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuka","middleName":"","lastName":"Fujii","suffix":""},{"id":431140588,"identity":"f067fd27-b351-41c4-8ffd-9d10df13e68c","order_by":7,"name":"Thomas G. 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