Discrete Element Modeling of the Drag Force on a Rigid Body Swimming in a Granular Media

Discrete Element Modeling of the Drag Force on a Rigid Body Swimming in a Granular Media | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Discrete Element Modeling of the Drag Force on a Rigid Body Swimming in a Granular Media Hong Guo, Jiangtao Fu, Hong Jiang, Qian Xu, Mingjiang Tao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4746393/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Owing to the difficulties in the accurate calculation of the shear zone area, determining drag force (F D )applied on a rigid body swimming in a granular bed is more complicated compared with that on the semi-immersed flat plate. In this study, we simplified the shear zone, made three assumptions to describe the “wedge,” and introduced the inertial number in the dynamic friction coefficient. The results showed that the boundary conditions have little effect on the overall F D and it increases with the increase in the swimming velocity and immersion depth and decreases as the particle diameter increases. Furthermore, we modified the Coulomb passive-earth pressure model, which is based on various functions, including swimming velocity and immersion depth, to effectively predict F D . Thus, the modified model could successfully predict the respective F D on rigid bodies at different swimming velocities and immersion depths. Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences Physical sciences/Physics granular flow rigid body drag force discrete element method Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4746393","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":333672481,"identity":"315d104f-5c96-469c-ba34-775152eddecc","order_by":0,"name":"Hong Guo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAs0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAxDxAcqRIFoL4wwgwUOSFmYekrSY868xfGzz507ifgbmg7d5GOzyCGqxnPHG2Di37VliDwNbsjUPQ3IxYYfdOGMmndtwGKiFx0yah+FAYgNRWiz+gLTwfyNSy/keM2kGNrAtbMTawlZs2Nt22LjnMJux5RyDZGJsObzxwY8/h2Xb25sf3nhTYUdYC4NEApTBDDaBoHog4D9AjKpRMApGwSgY0QAA7eE5kdtSQJMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Shaanxi University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hong","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":333672482,"identity":"d433f17f-cd86-44e3-b261-850991de40f2","order_by":1,"name":"Jiangtao Fu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shaanxi University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiangtao","middleName":"","lastName":"Fu","suffix":""},{"id":333672483,"identity":"8275936b-6d42-4805-9567-0cd242314d02","order_by":2,"name":"Hong Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shaanxi University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hong","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":333672484,"identity":"fbf77e36-3fac-4766-8c70-a181e480777a","order_by":3,"name":"Qian Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shaanxi University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qian","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":333672485,"identity":"6752cdb7-ea98-4f2c-8133-f589df14342c","order_by":4,"name":"Mingjiang Tao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mingjiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Tao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-16 02:30:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4746393/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4746393/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81263643,"identity":"0881884e-df77-4ee0-82e3-6ac7b8b8a233","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-24 07:01:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1209823,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"swim20240716.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4746393/v1_covered_4f75d9ec-48f1-4278-991d-093f86667d33.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Discrete Element Modeling of the Drag Force on a Rigid Body Swimming in a Granular Media","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"granular flow, rigid body, drag force, discrete element method","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4746393/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4746393/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOwing to the difficulties in the accurate calculation of the shear zone area, determining drag force (F\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e)applied on a rigid body swimming in a granular bed is more complicated compared with that on the semi-immersed flat plate. In this study, we simplified the shear zone, made three assumptions to describe the “wedge,” and introduced the inertial number in the dynamic friction coefficient. The results showed that the boundary conditions have little effect on the overall F\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e and it increases with the increase in the swimming velocity and immersion depth and decreases as the particle diameter increases. Furthermore, we modified the Coulomb passive-earth pressure model, which is based on various functions, including swimming velocity and immersion depth, to effectively predict F\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e. 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