Enhancing Boro Rice Productivity and Profitability in Flash Flood-Prone Haor Areas of Bangladesh: The Influence of Planting Times, Varieties, and Management Practices

Enhancing Boro Rice Productivity and Profitability in Flash Flood-Prone Haor Areas of Bangladesh: The Influence of Planting Times, Varieties, and Management Practices | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Enhancing Boro Rice Productivity and Profitability in Flash Flood-Prone Haor Areas of Bangladesh: The Influence of Planting Times, Varieties, and Management Practices Nurunnaher Akter, Md. Rafiqul Islam, Md. Abdul Karim, Md. Giashuddin Miah, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987962/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Flash floods in the Haor regions of Bangladesh frequently destroy Boro rice crops at maturity or near maturity, leading to farmers' reluctance to invest adequately in cultivation, resulting in poor crop management and reduced productivity. However, adopting improved agricultural practices, such as selecting suitable rice varieties and optimizing planting schedules, can significantly enhance Boro rice yields and mitigate the impact of flash floods. An on-farm experiment was conducted from December 2021 to May 2022 in the flood-prone region of Sunamganj, Bangladesh, using a three-factor split-split plot design with three replications. The study evaluated the effects of sowing dates (15 December and 30 December), rice varieties (BRRI dhan28, a short-duration variety; and BRRI dhan92, a long-duration variety), and management practices (poor, moderate, and good) on Boro rice production. Results indicated that good management practices led to significant yield increases of 22.2% and 55%, along with gross margin improvements of 23.8% and 64.5%, compared to moderate and poor management. The long-duration variety (BRRI dhan92) performed best with early planting, while the short-duration variety (BRRI dhan28) excelled with later planting. Despite the high yield potential of BRRI dhan92, early planting posed a higher risk of flash flood damage at maturity. These findings highlight the importance of strategic cultivar selection, optimized planting times, and improved management practices to maximize Boro rice productivity in flood-prone regions and reduce the risk of crop loss due to flash floods. Yield gap Flash flood cold tolerant short duration rice agronomic management Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) serves as the staple food in many Asian countries, with around 90% of global rice production concentrated in Asia. Bangladesh ranks as the fourth-largest rice producer and consumer worldwide [1], with rice accounting for approximately 90% of the country's total food grain production [2]. Among the different rice seasons, Boro rice stands out as the most significant crop, contributing to about 55% of the country's total rice production [3]. In the 2019–2020 cropping season, Boro rice production reached 19.64 million metric tons, cultivated over 4.8 million hectares of land [4]. However, with a rapidly growing population, rice production must increase by 50% by 2025 to meet future demand [5]. Given the decreasing availability of agricultural land and limited opportunities for horizontal expansion, enhancing rice yield is essential to ensuring national food security. The Haor regions of Bangladesh play a pivotal role in the country’s rice production, contributing significantly to the national economy [6, 7]. These regions encompass approximately 0.71 million hectares of net cultivable land, representing 16% of the total rice production area in Bangladesh [8]. The majority of this land is low-lying and prone to seasonal flooding, largely driven by erratic monsoon rainfall during the Kharif-I ( Aus ) and Kharif-II ( Aman ) cropping seasons [9, 10]. The rice-based cropping system dominates agricultural practices in Haor, with Boro rice serving as the region's most crucial crop, making up 90% of agricultural production [11]. Despite cultivating Boro rice as a single crop, the Haor region sustains the livelihoods of 20 million people and accounts for approximately 20% of the country’s total rice production [12]. Farmers in this area primarily cultivate local Boro varieties (0.47%), hybrid Boro (17.10%), and high-yielding varieties (HYV) Boro (82.43%), with BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 being the most widely adopted HYV varieties [13]. Boro rice production in the Haor regions faces two major challenges: low-temperature stress during the reproductive phase when transplanting occurs early, and flash floods at maturity when transplanting is done on time [14]. Early planting of Boro rice, once the average temperature falls below 20°C for more than five to six days during the reproductive stage, results in spikelet sterility [15]. Conversely, timely planting exposes the crop to flash floods, a recurrent event in these areas, particularly during mid-April to May, when Boro rice typically matures by late April [16, 17]. Flash floods result from the sudden flow of rainwater from the nearby Indian hills of Assam and Meghalaya, pose a significant threat to the standing Boro crop only two to three weeks prior to harvest, potentially devastating around 0.33 million hectares of farmland and causing economic losses worth Tk. 3486 million, equivalent to 3% of the national agricultural GDP [8, 18]. Consequently, farmers in the Haor areas cultivate Boro rice as a "chance crop" due to its vulnerability to these natural events [16]. To mitigate these risks, the most critical strategy is the development and use of Boro rice varieties that can withstand low temperatures during the reproductive stage and have a shorter growth period of 110–120 days [19]. However, such varieties are currently unavailable in Bangladesh, forcing farmers to rely on agronomic management practices to optimize production. Farmers need to make crucial decisions regarding seedbed sowing, transplanting time, and variety selection to minimize the impact of flash floods and improve crop yields [20]. Early-maturing Boro varieties reduce the risk of flash floods, but typically produce lower yields compared to longer-duration cultivars. However, longer-duration varieties are more likely to face flash flood risks, though they tend to yield more [21]. The uncertainty around harvest times discourages Haor farmers from making sufficient investments in crop management, and many do not follow recommended practices, resulting in lower-than-average yields [22–24]. To address these issues, a more scientific approach to agronomic management is needed to increase Boro rice production in the region [25, 26]. This study hypothesized that early sowing and transplanting of short-duration cultivars might avoid the risk of flash floods, though at the cost of lower yields due to cold damage. On the other hand, early sowing of long-duration cultivars may avoid cold damage and produce higher yields but still carry a small risk of flash flood damage. Current farmer practices are likely to avoid cold injury for both short- and long-duration varieties but face higher risks from flash floods, particularly with longer-duration cultivars. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of varying planting times, varieties, and agronomic management practices on the productivity and profitability of Boro rice in the Haor area. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Experimental Site. The on-farm study was conducted in Shanir Haor, located in the Tahirpur Upazila of Sunamganj district, from November 2021 to May 2022. The experimental site is classified under the acid basin clays soil type within the Agro-Ecological Zone of Sylhet Basin (AEZ-21), situated at 25.077° N latitude and 91.250° E longitude (Figure 1). Shanir Haor is positioned in the southern part of Tahirpur Upazila, and is bordered by the Bishwamabharpur, Tahirpur, and Jamalganj Upazilas. The total area of Shanir Haor is approximately 6,638 hectares. Locally known as the "rice mine" [27]. Shanir Haor is renowned for its highly productive agricultural land, making it a critical area for rice cultivation within the Haor region. While agriculture is the dominant economic activity, the region is susceptible to flash floods caused by rising water levels and embankment breaches during April-May. These floods often lead to the destruction of standing winter Boro rice crops and the submersion of large areas of farmland. 2.2. Physio-Chemical Properties of the Study Field. A depth of 0–15 cm was used to gather the composite soil samples from the experimental field before transplanting rice seedlings, using ten random spots. The initial soil analysis followed standard protocols for determining soil texture, organic matter, pH, total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) contents. The soil was classified as clay loam, consisting of 39% sand, 21% silt, and 40% clay, with a strongly acidic pH of 5.2. Total nitrogen content was low (0.12%), organic carbon was moderate (1.37%), and available P, S, and Zn levels were moderate (7.7, 22.6, and 1.67%, respectively). Exchangeable potassium (K) was also moderate at 0.21 meq/100 g soil. Soil test values were interpreted following the Fertilizer Recommendation Guide 2018 [28]. 2.3. Weather Data During the Study Period. At the place of experimentation, the air temperature gradually rose from sowing to maturity over the study period. The highest daily mean temperature recorded was 32.3 °C on 29th April and 7th May 2022, while the lowest was 14.4 °C on 28th January 2022. The total accumulated rainfall during the study period was 542.53 mm, with the highest daily rainfall of 61.6 mm occurring on 1st April 2022 (Figure 2). 2.4. Experimental Treatments and Design. The experiment comprised three factors: Factor A: rice variety [BRRI dhan28 (growth duration 140-145 days) and BRRI dhan92 (growth duration 156-160 days)]; Factor B: planting time (15 December and 30 December); and Factor C: management practice [poor management (PM), moderate management (MM), and good management (GM; practice-based management recommended by the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) for Haor areas)]. Definitions of PM, MM, and GM practices are provided in Table 1. Both rice varieties used in this study were developed by BRRI, Gazipur, Bangladesh. With three replications, the experiment used a split-split plot design in which the main plot was assigned to planting times for Boro rice, the subplot was assigned to management strategies, and the sub-sub plot was assigned to rice varieties. This resulted in a total of 36 plots, each measuring 6 m × 2 m. There was a 20 cm gap between rows and a 60 cm gap between plots. Following the treatments, various management practices were implemented for the two rice varieties after transplanting seedlings (Table 1). 2.5. Seedbed Seedling Management. Seedlings were raised in a seedbed located on a farmer's field in Tahirpur, Sunamganj. Each variety was sown in the seedbed on two occasions: the first on November 6, 2021, and the second on November 21, 2021. Five seedbeds were prepared for each sowing date, with each bed measuring 0.80 m wide and 12 m long, and a 50 cm-wide channel between beds. Rice seeds were broadcasted at a rate of 100 g/m² on fully puddled and leveled soil, and drainage canals were established for effective water removal. To promote healthy seedling growth, 7 g of urea and 10 g of gypsum were top-dressed per square meter 10 days after seeding. Regular light irrigation was applied to protect seedlings from cold injury, and irrigation canals between seedbeds were maintained to ensure saturated conditions as seedlings matured. 2.6. Land Preparation for Transplanting. The main field was prepared through three successive plowings and cross plowings using a power tiller, followed by leveling with a ladder in the presence of water to create a puddled surface. During laddering and post-puddling, care was taken to ensure uniform water distribution. The plowing depth was maintained at 10 cm. To avoid fertilizer mixing, earth levees 30 cm high were built around each plot. 2.7. Transplantation and Crop Management. Transplantation and crop management were carried out manually on December 15 and 30, 2021, using forty-day-old rice seedlings of BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan92. A 1–2 centimeter layer of water was present on the field at the time of transplanting. For PM practice, seedlings (2–3 per hill) were randomly planted in puddled soil at a depth of 2–3 cm. Under MM practice, seedlings were transplanted in rows with 20 cm spacing between lines, while plant-to-plant distance remained random. In GM practice, seedlings were spaced uniformly at 20 x 20 cm, following BRRI guidelines [29]. Fertilizer application followed the specifications in Table 1. No fertilizer was used in PM practice, while MM and GM practices involved fertilization at different doses and times as per treatment and variety requirements (Table 2). TABLE 1: Details of management practices followed in the study field. Management Poor management (PM) Moderate management (MM) Good management (GM) Transplanting operation Line spacing (20 cm) only but plant-to-plant distance random Transplanting method Random Line spacing (20 cm × 20 cm) Fertilizer application (elemental amount, kg ha -1 ) N Not applied BRRI dhan28 = 69 BRRI dhan92 = 86 BRRI dhan28 = 138 BRRI dhan92 = 172 P Not applied BRRI dhan28 = 7 BRRI dhan92 = 10 BRRI dhan28 = 14 BRRI dhan92 = 20 K Not applied BRRI dhan28 = 25 BRRI dhan92 = 30 BRRI dhan28 = 50 BRRI dhan92 = 60 S Not applied BRRI dhan28 = 2 BRRI dhan92 = 3 BRRI dhan28 = 4 BRRI dhan92 = 6 Zn Not applied Not applied BRRI dhan28 = 2 BRRI dhan92 = 3 Crop protection measures Weed management Not done Manual hand weeding once at 30 days after transplanting (DAT) Chemical control once at 4 DAT and manual one-hand weeding at 40 DAT Pest (insect and disease) management Not done Not done BRRI recommendation against insect attack and disease infestation The experimental field was closely monitored from transplanting to harvest, with management practices like weeding and pest control conducted according to the treatment specifications in Table 1. Weeds were allowed to grow in untreated plots, while for GM, Riffit 500EC (1 L ha⁻¹) was applied as a pre-emergence herbicide at 4 DAT, followed by hand weeding at 40 DAT per BRRI recommendations. MM treatment involved only hand weeding at 30 DAT, with no chemical control. Yellow stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulus ) infestation in GM plots was controlled using Dursban 20EC (1 L ha⁻¹) with sprays at seven-day intervals. Disease control in GM, including Blast disease management, was carried out using Nativo 75WP (300 g ha⁻¹) applied twice, on March 13 and March 20, 2022, as per BRRI guidelines. Irrigation was provided as needed to maintain a water layer of 5–6 cm during crop growth, but no standing water was allowed at crop maturity. TABLE 2: Details of fertilizer management followed in the experimental field. Management Fertilizer type and dose Fertilizer application time Moderate BRRI dhan28: The nutrients NPKS were applied via urea, triple super phosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MoP), and gypsum at rates of 149-35-50-11 kg ha -1 , respectively. Basal: TSP, MoP, and gypsum at final land preparation time. Top dress: Urea in three equal splits at 15, 30, and 45 DAT. BRRI dhan92: The nutrients NPKS were applied via urea, TSP, MoP, and gypsum at rates of 187-50-60-17 kg ha -1 , respectively. Basal: TSP, MoP, and gypsum at final land preparation time. Top dress: Urea in three equal splits at 15, 35, and 55 DAT. Good BRRI dhan28: The nutrients NPKSZn were applied via urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum, and zinc sulphate at rates of 299-70-100-22-6 kg ha -1 , respectively. Basal: TSP, MoP, gypsum, and zinc sulphate at final land preparation time. Top dress: Urea in three equal splits at 15, 30, and 45 DAT. BRRI dhan92: The nutrients NPKSZn were applied through urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum, and zinc sulphate at rates of 374-100-120-34-7 kg ha -1 , respectively. Basal: TSP, MoP, gypsum, and zinc sulphate at final land preparation time. Top dress: Urea in three equal splits at 15, 35, and 55 DAT. 2.8. Collection and Measurement of Yield and Yield Components . Irrigation was stopped two weeks before harvest to promote grain ripening and speed up maturity through dehydration. When 80 percent of the panicles had become golden yellow, signaling maturity, the crops were hand-picked using sickles. Harvesting dates varied due to differences in planting dates and management practices. Records were made of phenological information, such as days to 50% flowering and physiological maturity (PM). The crop was harvested at ground level at 80% PM. Ten hills per plot were sampled for yield component data. For yield components, productive and unproductive tillers, as well as panicle counts, were determined from 10 hills per plot. Panicle length was measured from 20 randomly selected panicles. These panicles were then threshed, and florets were collected. Filled grains and unfilled florets were counted using a Multi-auto counter (Model DCI NO. 501102, Ever Well Corp, Tokyo, Japan). A sample of 1000 filled grains was weighed using an electronic balance (Model: FX-300), with the weight adjusted to 14% moisture. The crop was taken from the middle of each plot (an area of 4 m 2 ) at ground level to measure the yield. The harvested bundles were tagged and threshed separately. Straws and grains were washed, dried in the sun, and weighed. The following formula was used to express grain yield as t ha⁻¹ after it was adjusted to 14% moisture content: 2.9. Economic Analysis. Labor (person-days) used for various field operations such as tillage, seeding, transplanting, irrigation, fertilization, application of pesticide and herbicide, manual hand weeding, harvesting, and threshing were recorded for each plot. The time required for each operation was measured in hours and converted to man-days ha⁻¹, with 8 hours considered equivalent to 1 man-day. A cost and return analysis was done to evaluate the financial advantages of various crop and resource management techniques for Boro rice. Benefit-cost ratio (BCR), gross margin, total variable costs, and gross return were all included in the analysis. The market prices for grain and straw at harvest, multiplied by the corresponding quantities, were used to compute the gross return. The following formulas were then used to calculate the gross margin and BCR: 2.10. Statistical Analysis. Growth, yield parameters, and economic data were analyzed using JMP Pro 13 (SAS Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA). Mean differences were evaluated using the Student’s t-test for planting time and variety, and Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test for management practices, with significance set at P < 0.05. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Plant Height and Phenology. Regardless of variety and management practices, plants transplanted on December 30 were taller than those transplanted on December 15 (Table 3 ). It might be because seedlings transplanted early have more low-temperature days during the vegetative growth phase than those transplanted late. The outcome agrees with the conclusions of Pathak et al. [31], who pointed out that extended cold spells during the vegetative stage inhibited the growth of early-planted Boro crops while increasing temperatures increased plant height. Among the rice varieties studied, BRRI dhan92 exhibited a greater plant height than BRRI dhan28 (Table 3 ). This observation is consistent with the research conducted by Salwa et al. [24] and Murshida [32], who found that plant height varied significantly due to genotypic differences. At harvest, plants under good management (GM) practices had the highest plant height compared to poor (PM) and moderate management (MM) practices (Table 3 ), likely due to nutrient deficiencies in PM and MM. Ali et al. [33] also found better growth in Boro rice with recommended fertilization and agronomic practices, such as proper spacing, timely weeding, and insect pest and disease control in the Haor regions of Bangladesh. The interaction between variety and transplanting date also significantly impacted plant height, reinforced by the results of Roy et al. [34]. Flowering and physiological maturity were greatly impacted by transplanting time, variety, management practices, and most interactions, except between planting time and variety (Table 3 ). Transplanting on December 30 required 8–10 fewer days to reach flowering and maturity, likely due to delayed crop establishment and tillering from early-stage cold stress, which prolonged vegetative growth and delayed heading. BRRI dhan92 took 12 more days to flower and 16 more days to mature than BRRI dhan28. Across transplanting dates and varieties, crops under GM took five days longer to flower and mature than PM and MM. When plant populations are high and nutrients are limited, plants shorten their vegetative phase to enter the reproductive phase as a survival mechanism under adverse conditions [35]. Table 3 Plant height and phonological parameters of Boro rice as affected by planting time, variety, and management option. Variables Plant height (cm) 50% flowering (days) Physiological maturity (days) Planting time (PT) 15 December 89 b 139 a 165 a 30 December 94 a 131 b 155 b Variety (V) BRRI dhan28 87 b 129 b 152 b BRRI dhan92 96 a 141 a 168 a Management options (MO) PM 88 b 133 c 158 c MM 90 b 135 b 160 b GM 96 a 138 a 162 a ANOVA PT < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 V < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 PT × V 0.0238 NS NS MO < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 PT × MO NS 0.0006 0.0223 V × MO NS 0.0039 < .0001 PT × V × MO NS 0.0003 0.0016 For details regarding PM, MM, and GM, see Table 1 . PM: poor management; MM: moderate management; GM: good management (BRRI-recommended practices). Means that are shown by different letters in a column indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. NS: non-significant. 3.2. Yield and Yield Attributes. There were notable differences among the treatments for Boro rice in terms of yield and yield-related metrics. Productive tillers (numbers m − 2 ), length of the panicle, number of filled and unfilled grains in each panicle, straw yield, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and biological yield all differed significantly among cultivars, with BRRI dhan92 consistently outperforming BRRI dhan28 (Table 4 ). This variation can be attributed to the genetic differences between cultivars [36, 37]. Regardless of transplanting time, BRRI dhan92 consistently produced higher grain yields than BRRI dhan28 because of more productive tillers per unit area, longer panicles, more filled grains per panicle, and lower spikelet sterility. Furthermore, BRRI dhan92 gave higher biological yields due to increased grain and straw production. However, the harvest index (HI), which reflects the crop’s efficiency in partitioning photoassimilates into the grain, was significantly higher in BRRI dhan28 (47.30%) compared to BRRI dhan92 (46.33%), despite BRRI dhan92’s higher overall grain and straw yield (Table 4 ). It is likely because the HI represents the grain yield to total biomass ratio, and BRRI dhan28 had a relatively lower straw yield than BRRI dhan92. Both Mazid et al. [38] and Asefa [39] observed similar results. Management practices substantially influenced yield and yield characteristics, regardless of variety or transplanting time (Table 4 ). BRRI-recommended good management (GM) consistently outperformed moderate management (MM) and poor management (PM) by 22.2% and 55.0%, respectively. According to earlier research by Ali et al. [40] and Banu et al. [41], the recommended fertilizers with appropriate agricultural techniques significantly increased the yield of Boro rice. This was further supported by the research conducted by Nath et al. [4], Ali et al. [22], and Kamruzzaman et al. [23]. It revealed that GM gave the highest 1000-grain weight, probably due to better weed and fertilizer control than PM. Reduced competition between rice plants and weeds likely allowed more assimilates to be diverted into grain development, resulting in higher filled grains per panicle in herbicide-treated plots [42, 43]. Raising the nitrogen fertilizer rate increased grain weight by increasing chlorophyll content, improving photosynthesis, and making more photosynthates available during grain development [44]. Saha and Miah [45] found that using balanced fertilizers and adequate spacing considerably enhanced the amount of filled grains per panicle. Adequate fertilizers, particularly urea top dressing at critical growth stages, most likely contributed to improved grain development by increasing filled grains number per panicle with greater nitrogen levels [46, 47]. In contrast, the lowest HI in PM may be due to low biomass production and insufficient dry matter partitioning in reproductive structures due to nutrient deficiencies [48]. Apart from productive and unproductive tillers, the interaction effects between planting time and variety were significant on other yield attributes (Table 4 ). BRRI dhan92 transplanted on December 15 had the highest grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index, while BRRI dhan28 had the highest sterility percentage and unfilled grains per panicle (Tables 5 and 6 ). However, BRRI dhan28 transplanted on December 30 showed better results regarding filled grains per panicle, grain yield, straw production, and biological yield (Tables 5 and 6 ). For both the time of transplanting, BRRI dhan92 produced significantly higher 1000-grain weight than BRRI dhan28 (Table 5 ). Table 4 Yield and yield attributes of Boro rice as affected by planting time, variety, and management options. Variables Productive tillers (no. m − 2 ) Unproductive tillers (no. m − 2 ) Panicle length (cm) Filled grains (no. panicle − 1 ) Unfilled grains (no. panicle − 1 ) Spikelet sterility (%) 1000-grain weight (g) Grain yield (t ha − 1 ) Straw yield (t ha − 1 ) Biological yield (t ha − 1 ) Harvest index (HI %) Planting time (PT) 15 December 432 77 23.1 60 32 a 34 19.7 b 4.92 5.46 10.38 47.10 30 December 424 83 23.7 60 29 b 33 20.8 a 4.85 5.56 10.42 46.53 Variety (V) BRRI dhan28 406 b 65 b 22.4 b 59 b 32 35 a 19.5 b 4.54 b 5.01 b 9.55 b 47.30 a BRRI dhan92 450 a 94 a 24.5 a 65 a 29 31 b 21.0 a 5.24 a 6.01 a 11.25 a 46.33 b Management options (MO) PM 380 c 87 a 23.0 b 57 c 34 a 38 a 19.8 b 3.80 c 4.73 c 8.53 c 44.55 c MM 436 b 80 b 23.0 b 60 b 30 b 33 b 20.2 ab 4.82 b 5.58 b 10.40 b 46.35 b GM 468 a 74 c 24.4 a 63 a 27 c 30 c 20.6 a 5.89 a 6.23 a 12.12 a 48.60 a ANOVA PT NS NS NS NS 0.0419 NS < .0001 NS NS NS NS V < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 NS 0.0202 < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 0.0057 PT × V NS NS 0.009 0.0006 < .0001 < .0001 0.0177 0.0007 0.001 0.0144 0.0008 MO < .0001 0.027 0.025 0.0060 0.0001 < .0001 0.0163 < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 PT × MO NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS V × MO NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS PT × V × MO NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS For details regarding PM, MM, and GM, see Table 1 . PM: poor management; MM: moderate management; GM: good management (BRRI-recommended practices). Means that are shown by different letters in a column indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. NS: non-significant. Table 5 Effects of planting time and variety interplay on 1000-grain weight, sterility, filled and unfilled grain in boro 2021/22. Filled grain Unfilled grain Sterility 1000-grain weight Variety BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 Planting time 15 December 56 b B 64 a A 38 a A 25 b B 40 a A 29 b B 19.2 b 20.1 a 30 December 62 A 59 B 27 b B 33 a A 29 b B 36 a A 19.7 b 21.8 a Distinctive lowercase letters arranged in a row signify noteworthy distinctions between the two cultivars, while distinct capital letters in a column signify noteworthy variations in the transplanting intervals. Table 6 Effects of planting time and variety interplay on harvest index, grain and straw yield, and biological yield in boro 2021/22. Grain yield Straw yield Biological yield Harvest index (HI) Variety BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 Planting time 15 December 4.40 b B 5.43 a A 4.91 b B 6.11 a 9.32 b B 11.54 a A 46.9 47.2 A 30 December 4.67 b A 5.03 a B 5.11 b A 6.01 a 9.78 b A 11.01 a B 47.6 a 45.4 b B Distinctive lowercase letters arranged in a row signify noteworthy distinctions between the two cultivars, while distinct capital letters in a column signify noteworthy variations in the transplanting intervals. The results indicate that when planting is delayed from December 15 to December 30, grain yield increases for short-duration varieties but decreases for long-duration varieties. This may be due to lower temperatures encountered at heading stage during earlier planting, while long-duration cultivars planted on December 30 experienced higher heat stress during heading, resulting in fewer filled grains per panicle and lower grain yield. 3.3. Resource Use. Harvesting and threshing required the highest labor demand (measured in man-days per hectare), followed by transplanting in the main field (Supplementary Table S1 presents the labor requirements details). Good management (GM) required 18% more man-days per hectare than poor management (PM) and 4% more than moderate management (MM) on both planting dates. These results align with the reports published by Rashid et al. [49] and Kamruzzaman and Uddin [50], who found that poor management techniques in Boro rice reduced labor requirements. Fertilizers were applied at varying rates based on variety and management practices. GM incurs higher fertilizer costs than MM and PM due to increased fertilizer doses for BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan92 (Supplementary Table S2 presents the input requirements details) . It includes herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, regardless of planting time or variety. Pesticide costs remained consistent for GM in both varieties and planting dates. Irrigation for the entire growing period of the crop costs 181.89 USD per hectare. 3.4. Economic Performance. The timing of planting significantly affected both the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and total variable expenses (Table 7 ). The total variable cost for the 15 December planting was about 3.5% more than the 15 December planting. However, the impact of planting timing on gross return and gross margin was insignificant. The gross return for the 15 December planting was approximately 1% greater than the 30 December planting. In addition, the gross margin over variable costs was 5.1% higher for the December 15 planting. BCR was much higher for the December 15 planting, 3.9% higher than the December 30 planting. Variety had a substantial effect on BCR, gross margin, gross return, and total variable costs (Table 7 ). BRRI Dhan92 incurred a 3.3% higher total variable cost than BRRI Dhan28. However, BRRI dhan92 outperformed BRRI dhan28 by 15.7% in gross return. BRRI dhan92's BCR was 12.1% higher than BRRI dhan28's, and it had a gross margin that was 28.3% higher. Management strategies, as opposed to variety, significantly impacted the BCR, gross margin, gross return, and total variable expenses (Table 7 ). Good management (GM) had a much higher total variable cost, by approximately 15.4% and 35.6%, than moderate management (MM) and poor management (PM). GM also exceeded MM and PM in gross returns, with a rate of 19.8% and 49.9%, respectively. Furthermore, GM practices had the gross margin, leading MM by 23.8% and PM by 64.5%. The highest BCR (2.19) was reached with GM techniques, showing a 4.3% and 10.6% increase over MM and PM, respectively. These differences in BCR can be attributed to the benefits of balanced fertilization and good pest management under GM compared to the poor management in PM and MM. Afrad et al. [11], Salwa et al. [24], and Kabir et al. [51] reported similar findings, emphasizing the effectiveness of good crop management, particularly nutrition management, combined with integrated pest management in increasing rice yield. Table 7 Economic productivity of Boro rice as affected by planting time, variety, and management practices in boro season 2021/22. Variables Total variable cost (USD ha − 1 ) Gross return (USD ha − 1 ) Gross margin (USD ha − 1 ) Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) Planting time (PT) 15 December 727.65 b 1569.95 842.30 2.14 a 30 December 753.04 a 1554.46 801.40 2.06 b Variety (V) BRRI dhan28 728.25 b 1448.32 b 720.07 b 1.98 b BRRI dhan92 752.46 a 1676.09 a 923.63 a 2.22 a Management options (MO) PM 660.84 c 1249.58 c 617.96 c 1.98 c MM 742.45 b 1563.74 b 821.29 b 2.10 b GM 856.74 a 1873.29 a 1016.56 a 2.19 a ANOVA PT < .0001 NS NS 0.0182 V 0.0001 < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 PT × V NS 0.0010 0.0013 0.0040 MO < .0001 < .0001 < .0001 0.0020 PT × MO NS NS NS NS V × MO NS NS NS NS PT × V × MO NS NS NS NS For details regarding PM, MM, and GM, see Table 1 . PM: poor management; MM: moderate management; GM: good management (BRRI-recommended practices). The market price of rice was USD 0.29 Kg − 1 and the straw price was USD 0.02 Kg − 1 . Means that are shown by different letters in a column indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. NS: non-significant. 1 USD = 102.67 BDT at the time of the study. The planting time and variety significantly influenced gross return, gross margin, and BCR (Table 8 ). For both the 15 and 30 December transplanting dates, the variety BRRI dhan92 consistently showed a much greater gross return than BRRI dhan28. Notably, BRRI dhan28 produced a greater gross return when transplanted on December 30th, but BRRI dhan92 achieved a higher gross return when transplanted on December 15 instead of December 30. Regarding gross margin, BRRI dhan92 exceeded BRRI dhan28 for the December 15 transplanting, with a much higher profit. For the December 30 transplanting, both varieties had identical gross margins. While BRRI dhan28 had a higher gross margin with the 30 December planting, BRRI dhan92 had a higher profit when transplanted on 15 December instead of 30 December. The BCR followed a similar pattern for both transplanting dates, where BRRI dhan92 had a considerably larger BCR than BRRI dhan28. BRRI dhan28 had comparable BCRs across both planting dates, while for BRRI dhan92, the 15th December transplanting resulted in a greater BCR than the 30 December planting (Table 8 ). Table 8 Effects of planting time and variety interplay on BCR, gross margin, and gross return in boro season 2021/2022. Gross return (USD) Gross margin (USD) BCR Variety BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 BRRI dhan28 BRRI dhan92 Planting time 15 December 1406.56 b B 1733.33 a A 694.79 b B 989.80 a A 1.96 b 2.32 a A 30 December 1490.06 b A 1618.84 a B 745.35 A 857.46 B 1.99 b 2.12 a B Distinctive lowercase letters arranged in a row signify noteworthy distinctions between the two cultivars, while distinct capital letters in a column signify noteworthy variations in the transplanting intervals. 4. Conclusions In conclusion, selecting appropriate rice varieties, optimal planting times, and improved management practices are critical for enhancing rice production in flood-prone areas while minimizing the risks posed by flash floods. This study revealed that early transplanting of the short-duration variety BRRI dhan28 yielded unsatisfactory results, whereas the long-duration variety BRRI dhan92 performed well under similar conditions. Short-duration varieties vulnerable to cold stress during the heading stage should be transplanted after December 15 in the Haor regions, while long-duration varieties should be planted by the third week of December. Effective management practices can significantly boost the yield and profitability of Boro rice, but the current absence of Boro varieties tolerant to early flash flooding poses a challenge. Sustaining Boro rice production in the Haor region requires either early planting of long-duration varieties or the development of high-yielding short-duration cultivars with cold stress tolerance at the reproductive stage, allowing for earlier harvesting before the onset of flash floods. Further multi-location and multi-year studies are required to develop a deeper comprehension of the region, incorporating a broader range of planting dates and cultivars with enhanced cold tolerance. Declarations Data Availability This article contains all of the data that were provided or examined during the investigation. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Authors’ Contributions NA, MRI, and SA planned and designed the experiment; NA conducted the trials; NA and SA analyzed the data; NA wrote the first draft of the manuscript; MRI, SA, MAK, MGM, and MMR carefully reviewed and edited the manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Bangladesh for their invaluable support. We also sincerely thank Krishi Gobeshona Foundation (KGF), Dhaka, Bangladesh for providing financial support through the project “Modelling Climate Change Impact on Bangladesh Agriculture (MCCA), CRP II, Phase 2”. Additionally, we are deeply grateful for the unwavering support provided by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh, throughout the field research period. References M. R. Jamal, P. Kristiansen, M. J. Kabir, and L. Lobry de Bruyn, “Challenges and Adaptations for Resilient Rice Production under Changing Environments in Bangladesh,” Land , vol. 12, no. 6, p. 1217, 2023. M. G. Rabbani, M. A. Kashem, M. A. Aziz, and M. Shahadat, “Effect of Muriate of Potash on the Yield of Boro Rice Varieties in Haor Areas of Bangladesh,” Bangladesh Journal of Extension Education, vol. 32, pp. 165-173, 2020. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, “Yearbook of agricultural statistics of Bangladesh,” Ministry of Planning , Govt. People's Republic of Bangladesh , Dhaka, p. 44, 2020. A. Nath, M. A. Kashem, and S. Ali, “Growth and yield performance of boro rice (BRRI dhan58) under different fertilizer and agronomic management in wetland,” International Journal of Agricultural Research , vol. 13, pp. 53-57, 2018. A. Rahman, M. A. Salam, M. A. Kader, M. S. Islam, and S. Perveen, “Growth and yield of Boro rice ( Oryza sativa L.) in response to crop establishment methods and varieties,” Archives of agriculture and environmental science , vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 137-143, 2020. M. Rahaman, M. A. R. Sarkar, L. Deb et al., “Economic investigation of BRRI dhan29 and hybrid rice production in Bangladesh: The case of Haor area,” International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences , vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 35-43, 2018. M. S. Hoq, S. K. Raha, and M. I. Hossain, “Livelihood vulnerability to flood hazard: Understanding from the flood-prone Haor Ecosystem of Bangladesh,” Environmental Management , vol. 67, pp. 532-552, 2021. BHWDB, “Master Plan of Haor Area-2012,” Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board , Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. People’s Republic of Bangladesh, p. 226, 2012. M. A. Aziz and M. A. Kashem, “Yield improvement of local fine Boro rice varieties through fertilizer management in the Haor areas,” Journal of the Sylhet Agricultural University , vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 203-208, 2016. M. Y. Ali and M. Rahman, “Floods in Northeast (haor) areas of Bangladesh,” HCTT coordinated needs assessment (CAN), Bangladesh , pp. 1-50, 2017. M. S. K. Afrad, M. A. Kashem, M. A. Aziz, and S. Ali, “Effect of fertilizers and irrigation practices on the growth and yield of boro rice in haor area of Bangladesh,” Journal of Experimental Agriculture International , vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1-8, 2018. T. G. Rabby, G. M. Alam, P. K. Mishra, K. E. Hoque, and S. Nair, “Different economic and policy perspectives in micro population for sustainable development: A study of the Haor livelihood in Bangladesh,” African Journal of Business Management , vol. 5, no. 6, p. 2475, 2011. M. A. Muttaleb, S. M. Shahidullah, M. Nasim, and A. Saha, “Cropping systems and land use in Sylhet region,” Bangladesh Rice Journal , vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 273-288, 2017. M. M. Rashid and R. Yasmeen, “Cold injury and flash flood damage in Boro rice cultivation in Bangladesh: A review,” Bangladesh Rice Journal , vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 13-25, 2017. J. K. Biswas, M. A. A. Mahbub, and M. S. Kabir, “Critical temperatures and their probabilities on important growth stages of rice,” in Annual Report of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, 2008-2009. M. K. Bashar, J. C. Biswas, and M. A. Kashem, Eds., pp. 127-129, BRRI, Gazipur-1701, 2011. M. A. Rahman and S. Rahman, “Natural and traditional defense mechanisms to reduce climate risks in coastal zones of Bangladesh,” Weather and Climate Extremes , vol. 7, pp. 84-95, 2015. M. R. Ahmed, K. R. Rahaman, A. Kok, and Q. K. Hassan, “Remote sensing-based quantification of the impact of flash flooding on the rice production: A case study over Northeastern Bangladesh,” Sensors , vol. 17, no. 10, p. 2347, 2017. A. M. Kamal, M. Shamsudduha, B. Ahmed et al., “Resilience to flash floods in wetland communities of northeastern Bangladesh,” International journal of disaster risk reduction , vol. 31, pp. 478-488, 2018. M. Kamruzzaman and R. Shaw, “Flood and sustainable agriculture in the Haor basin of Bangladesh: A review paper,” Universal Journal of Agricultural Research , vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 40-49, 2018. M. U. Salam, M. A. Kader, M. A. J. Mridha, A. K. M. R. Amin, N. A. Khondaker, A. K. Das, M. H. Rashid, and M. S. Kabir, “Agronomic Vision and Roadmap for Bangladesh Agriculture through to 2050,” Keynote Presentation, 15th Conference, Bangladesh Agronomy Society (BSA), BAU, Mymensingh, 24-25 September 2016. N. C. Dey, M. Parvez, and M. R. Islam, “A study on the impact of the 2017 early monsoon flash flood: potential measures to safeguard livelihoods from extreme climate events in the haor area of Bangladesh,” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction , vol. 59, p. 102247, 2021. S. Ali, M. A. Kashem, and M. A. Aziz, “Effect of Fertilizers with Agronomic Management on the Growth and Yield of Boro Rice (cv. BRRI Dhan29) in Haor Area of Bangladesh,” Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International , vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-5, 2018. M. Kamruzzaman, M. A. Kashem, M. A. Aziz, and S. Ali, “Effect of fertilizer packages and agronomic practices on the yield of boro rice in haor area,” Eco-friendly Agriculture Journal , vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 108-112, 2017. M. Salwa, M. A. Kashem, and K. S. Begum, “Effects of fertilizers on growth and yield of Boro rice varieties at Dekar Haor in Sunamganj district,” Journal of Sylhet Agricultural University , vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 71-77, 2020. M. K. A. Bhuiyan, A. K. M. S. Islam, M. A. R. Sarkar et al., “Agronomic management and interventions to increase rice yield in Bangladesh,” Bangladesh Rice Journal , vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 161-181, 2020. M. S. Kabir, M. U. Salam, A. K. M. S. Islam et al., “Doubling rice productivity in Bangladesh: A way to achieving SDG 2 and moving forward,” Bangladesh Rice Journal , vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1-47, 2020. M. A. I. Chowdhury, A. F. Sayed, and S. Hossain, “Variation of Climatic Parameters (Rainfall and Temperature) over Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin in Bangladesh,” Journal of Biology and Environmental Science , vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 81-189, 2016. BARC, Fertilizer Recommendation Guide , Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Farmgate, Dhaka-1215, 2018. BRRI, Adhunik Dhaner Chash (Cultivation of Modern Rice). Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, 2020. S. Yoshida, D. A. Forno, J. H. Cock, and L. A. Gomez, “Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice,” IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines, pp. 1-83, 1976. A. K. Pathak, P. K. Pathak, and K. K. Sharma, “Recent development in boro rice improvement and production for raising rice yield in Assam,” in Boro Rice. R. K. Singh, M. Hossain , and R. Thakur, Eds., pp. 73-80, International Rice Research Institute, New Delhi, India, 2003. S. Murshida, M. R. Uddin, M. P. Anwar et al., “Effect of variety and water management on the growth and yield of Boro rice,” Progressive agriculture , vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 26-35, 2017. S. Ali, M. A. Kashem, and M. A. Aziz, “Soil fertility, fertilizer use and crop productivity at farmers’ level in the haor area of Sunamganj district,” Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture and Environment , vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 37-42, 2017. T. K. Roy, S. K. Paul, and M. A. R. Sarkar, “Influence of date of transplanting on the growth and yield performance of high yielding varieties of Boro rice: Yield of Boro rice as affected by transplanting date,” Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University , vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 301-308, 2019. M. A. Mannan, M. S. U. Bhuiya, M. I. M. Akhand, and M. M. Rana, “Influence of date of planting on the growth and yield of locally popular traditional aromatic rice varieties in Boro season,” Journal of Science Foundation , vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 20-28, 2012. M. K. A. Bhuiyan, A. K. M. S. Islam, M. A. R. Sarkar et al., “Agronomic management and interventions to increase rice yield in Bangladesh,” Bangladesh Rice Journal , vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 161-181, 2020. M. E. Kabir, M. R. Kabir, and M. S. Jahan, “Yield performance of three aromatic fine rice in a coastal medium highland,” Asian Journal of Plant Sciences (Pakistan) , vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 561-563, 2004. M. S. Mazid, M. Y. Rafii, M. M. Hanafi, H. A. Rahim, and M. A. Latif, “Genetic variation, heritability, divergence and biomass accumulation of rice genotypes resistant to bacterial blight revealed by quantitative traits and ISSR markers,” Physiologia Plantarum , vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 432-447, 2013. G. Asefa, “The role of harvest index in improving crop productivity,” Journal of Natural Science Research , vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 24-28, 2019. M. E. Ali, M. R. Islam, and M. Jahiruddin, “Effect of integrated use of organic manures with chemical fertilizers in the rice-rice cropping system and its impact on soil health,” Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research , vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 81-90, 2009. F. A. Banu, M. Hasanuzzaman, and M. Rokonuzzaman, “Effect of multi-nutrient fertilizers on the seed health and agronomic characters of transplanted rice,” International Journal of Sustainable Agriculture , vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 32-35, 2009. K. B. Rekha, M. S. Raju, and M. D. Reddy, “Effect of herbicides in transplanted rice,” Indian Journal of weed science , vol. 34, no. 1 and 2, pp. 123-125, 2002. S. Shan, G. D. Sharma, and H. L. Sharma, “Utilization of weed plants as organic manures under different methods of rice establishment,” Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences , vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 184-186, 2012. K. Pramanik and A. K. Bera, “Effect of seedling age and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, chlorophyll content, yield and economics of hybrid rice ( Oryza sativa L.),” International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production , vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 3489-3499, 2013. P. K. Saha and M. A. M. Miah, “Efficiency of IPNS-based chemical fertilizer application in wet land rice,” Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research , vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 5-13, 2009. D. Wang, J. Huang, L. Nie et al., “Integrated crop management practices for maximizing grain yield of double-season rice crop,” Scientific reports , vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2017. H. Zhang, C. Yu, X. Kong et al., “Progressive integrative crop managements increase grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and irrigation water productivity in rice,” Field Crops Research , vol. 215, pp. 1-11, 2018. H. R. Bozorgi, A. Faraji, R. K. Danesh et al., “Effect of plant density on yield and yield components of rice,” World Applied Sciences Journal , vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 2053-2057, 2011. M. H. Rashid, P. C. Goswami, M. F. Hossain et al., “Mechanised non-puddled transplanting of boro rice following mustard conserves resources and enhances productivity,” Field Crops Research , vol. 225, pp. 83-91, 2018. M. Kamruzzaman and M. T. Uddin, “Economic viability of Boro rice production in Haor ecosystem of Kishoreganj district,” Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics , vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 45-62, 2020. M. S. Kabir, M. U. Salam, A. K. M. S. Islam et al., “Doubling rice productivity in Bangladesh: A way to achieving SDG 2 and moving forward,” Bangladesh Rice Journal , vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1-47, 2020. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterials.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5987962","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":412977329,"identity":"71ce7cba-9b5b-4962-ba78-0dce500eef84","order_by":0,"name":"Nurunnaher Akter","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nurunnaher","middleName":"","lastName":"Akter","suffix":""},{"id":412977330,"identity":"9c26808f-b519-4fde-a1bd-cfd3607d47c0","order_by":1,"name":"Md. Rafiqul Islam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgcHGBgkEvgZGNiI1cJsANYi2UCKFhCZANRIpBbz9sOMB37uscgzvpH87MGHCgZ5frED+LXInElmONjzTKLY7EaaueGMMwyGM2cn4NciwZB/4ADPAYnEbTcSzKR524AuvE1IC/9jhoN/gFo2z0j/RqQWiWSGwyBbNkjkEGuLxGOGwzIHJIolzrwpk5xxRoIIv/AnM398c6Auj789fZvEhwobeX5pAloQQACsUoJY5SDAf4AU1aNgFIyCUTCSAADVgkL365+fWwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Rafiqul","lastName":"Islam","suffix":""},{"id":412977331,"identity":"4c88d7cd-17d0-4707-aca8-05605d8c4dbe","order_by":2,"name":"Md. Abdul Karim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Abdul","lastName":"Karim","suffix":""},{"id":412977332,"identity":"903404c8-af85-43e4-a01b-62764ab672d2","order_by":3,"name":"Md. Giashuddin Miah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Giashuddin","lastName":"Miah","suffix":""},{"id":412977333,"identity":"0fb66703-8aa7-4478-b60b-baa35fdddb0c","order_by":4,"name":"Md. Mizanur Rahman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Soil Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Mizanur","lastName":"Rahman","suffix":""},{"id":412977334,"identity":"cf45d6e6-9c5a-4c8c-a4b3-c61256e88db4","order_by":5,"name":"Sharif Ahmed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"International Rice Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sharif","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-08 13:19:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987962/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987962/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":76109734,"identity":"260421ec-36de-49d3-9596-5bfdcc3e139e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-12 11:49:36","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":337480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap depicting the selected location of the experimental site at Shanir Haor.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5987962/v1/f029936a4f8d9c6c2bbfdebc.png"},{"id":76109735,"identity":"921f67da-e8dc-47cf-8da1-a673458da254","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-12 11:49:37","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74273,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDaily mean temperature and daily rainfall of the field area during the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5987962/v1/c17543ff6fdbc3694dcebfe9.png"},{"id":76111422,"identity":"9e6ceb5f-fd98-48d9-b63a-05b0bc852877","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-12 12:05:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1449719,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5987962/v1/be3eebc5-b96d-4a25-860f-611e846eba46.pdf"},{"id":76109736,"identity":"3ae7b578-060a-43ae-a3e4-186c2cc9d38f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-12 11:49:37","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":35654,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterials.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5987962/v1/323e77e464e62b38addd4969.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhancing Boro Rice Productivity and Profitability in Flash Flood-Prone Haor Areas of Bangladesh: The Influence of Planting Times, Varieties, and Management Practices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa\u003c/em\u003e L.) serves as the staple food in many Asian countries, with around 90% of global rice production concentrated in Asia. Bangladesh ranks as the fourth-largest rice producer and consumer worldwide [1], with rice accounting for approximately 90% of the country's total food grain production [2]. Among the different rice seasons, Boro rice stands out as the most significant crop, contributing to about 55% of the country's total rice production [3]. In the 2019\u0026ndash;2020 cropping season, Boro rice production reached 19.64\u0026nbsp;million metric tons, cultivated over 4.8\u0026nbsp;million hectares of land [4]. However, with a rapidly growing population, rice production must increase by 50% by 2025 to meet future demand [5]. Given the decreasing availability of agricultural land and limited opportunities for horizontal expansion, enhancing rice yield is essential to ensuring national food security.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Haor regions of Bangladesh play a pivotal role in the country\u0026rsquo;s rice production, contributing significantly to the national economy [6, 7]. These regions encompass approximately 0.71\u0026nbsp;million hectares of net cultivable land, representing 16% of the total rice production area in Bangladesh [8]. The majority of this land is low-lying and prone to seasonal flooding, largely driven by erratic monsoon rainfall during the Kharif-I (\u003cem\u003eAus\u003c/em\u003e) and Kharif-II (\u003cem\u003eAman\u003c/em\u003e) cropping seasons [9, 10]. The rice-based cropping system dominates agricultural practices in Haor, with Boro rice serving as the region's most crucial crop, making up 90% of agricultural production [11]. Despite cultivating Boro rice as a single crop, the Haor region sustains the livelihoods of 20\u0026nbsp;million people and accounts for approximately 20% of the country\u0026rsquo;s total rice production [12]. Farmers in this area primarily cultivate local Boro varieties (0.47%), hybrid Boro (17.10%), and high-yielding varieties (HYV) Boro (82.43%), with BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 being the most widely adopted HYV varieties [13].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoro rice production in the Haor regions faces two major challenges: low-temperature stress during the reproductive phase when transplanting occurs early, and flash floods at maturity when transplanting is done on time [14]. Early planting of Boro rice, once the average temperature falls below 20\u0026deg;C for more than five to six days during the reproductive stage, results in spikelet sterility [15]. Conversely, timely planting exposes the crop to flash floods, a recurrent event in these areas, particularly during mid-April to May, when Boro rice typically matures by late April [16, 17]. Flash floods result from the sudden flow of rainwater from the nearby Indian hills of Assam and Meghalaya, pose a significant threat to the standing Boro crop only two to three weeks prior to harvest, potentially devastating around 0.33\u0026nbsp;million hectares of farmland and causing economic losses worth Tk. 3486\u0026nbsp;million, equivalent to 3% of the national agricultural GDP [8, 18]. Consequently, farmers in the Haor areas cultivate Boro rice as a \"chance crop\" due to its vulnerability to these natural events [16]. To mitigate these risks, the most critical strategy is the development and use of Boro rice varieties that can withstand low temperatures during the reproductive stage and have a shorter growth period of 110\u0026ndash;120 days [19]. However, such varieties are currently unavailable in Bangladesh, forcing farmers to rely on agronomic management practices to optimize production. Farmers need to make crucial decisions regarding seedbed sowing, transplanting time, and variety selection to minimize the impact of flash floods and improve crop yields [20]. Early-maturing Boro varieties reduce the risk of flash floods, but typically produce lower yields compared to longer-duration cultivars. However, longer-duration varieties are more likely to face flash flood risks, though they tend to yield more [21]. The uncertainty around harvest times discourages Haor farmers from making sufficient investments in crop management, and many do not follow recommended practices, resulting in lower-than-average yields [22\u0026ndash;24].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address these issues, a more scientific approach to agronomic management is needed to increase Boro rice production in the region [25, 26]. This study hypothesized that early sowing and transplanting of short-duration cultivars might avoid the risk of flash floods, though at the cost of lower yields due to cold damage. On the other hand, early sowing of long-duration cultivars may avoid cold damage and produce higher yields but still carry a small risk of flash flood damage. Current farmer practices are likely to avoid cold injury for both short- and long-duration varieties but face higher risks from flash floods, particularly with longer-duration cultivars. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of varying planting times, varieties, and agronomic management practices on the productivity and profitability of Boro rice in the Haor area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.1. Experimental Site.\u003c/em\u003e The on-farm study was conducted in Shanir Haor, located in the Tahirpur Upazila of Sunamganj district, from November 2021 to May 2022. The experimental site is classified under the acid basin clays soil type within the Agro-Ecological Zone of Sylhet Basin (AEZ-21), situated at 25.077\u0026deg; N latitude and 91.250\u0026deg; E longitude (Figure 1). Shanir Haor is positioned in the southern part of Tahirpur Upazila, and is bordered by the Bishwamabharpur, Tahirpur, and Jamalganj Upazilas. The total area of Shanir Haor is approximately 6,638 hectares. Locally known as the \u0026quot;rice mine\u0026quot; [27]. Shanir Haor is renowned for its highly productive agricultural land, making it a critical area for rice cultivation within the Haor region. While agriculture is the dominant economic activity, the region is susceptible to flash floods caused by rising water levels and embankment breaches during April-May. These floods often lead to the destruction of standing winter Boro rice crops and the submersion of large areas of farmland.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2. Physio-Chemical Properties of the Study Field.\u003c/em\u003e A depth of 0\u0026ndash;15 cm was used to gather the composite soil samples from the experimental field before transplanting rice seedlings, using ten random spots. The initial soil analysis followed standard protocols for determining soil texture, organic matter, pH, total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) contents. The soil was classified as clay loam, consisting of 39% sand, 21% silt, and 40% clay, with a strongly acidic pH of 5.2. Total nitrogen content was low (0.12%), organic carbon was moderate (1.37%), and available P, S, and Zn levels were moderate (7.7, 22.6, and 1.67%, respectively). Exchangeable potassium (K) was also moderate at 0.21 meq/100 g soil. Soil test values were interpreted following the Fertilizer Recommendation Guide 2018 [28].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.3. Weather Data During the Study Period.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAt the place of experimentation, the air temperature gradually rose from sowing to maturity over the study period.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe highest daily mean temperature recorded was 32.3 \u0026deg;C on 29th April and 7th May 2022, while the lowest was 14.4 \u0026deg;C on 28th January 2022. The total accumulated rainfall during the study period was 542.53 mm, with the highest daily rainfall of 61.6 mm occurring on 1st April 2022 (Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.4. Experimental Treatments and Design.\u003c/em\u003e The experiment comprised three factors: Factor A: rice variety [BRRI dhan28 (growth duration 140-145 days) and BRRI dhan92 (growth duration 156-160 days)]; Factor B: planting time (15 December and 30 December); and Factor C: management practice [poor management (PM), moderate management (MM), and good management (GM; practice-based management recommended by the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) for Haor areas)]. Definitions of PM, MM, and GM practices are provided in Table 1. Both rice varieties used in this study were developed by BRRI, Gazipur, Bangladesh. With three replications, the experiment used a split-split plot design in which the main plot was assigned to planting times for Boro rice, the subplot was assigned to management strategies, and the sub-sub plot was assigned to rice varieties. This resulted in a total of 36 plots, each measuring 6 m \u0026times; 2 m. There was a 20 cm gap between rows and a 60 cm gap between plots. Following the treatments, various management practices were implemented for the two rice varieties after transplanting seedlings (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.5. Seedbed Seedling Management.\u003c/em\u003e Seedlings were raised in a seedbed located on a farmer\u0026apos;s field in Tahirpur, Sunamganj. Each variety was sown in the seedbed on two occasions: the first on November 6, 2021, and the second on November 21, 2021. Five seedbeds were prepared for each sowing date, with each bed measuring 0.80 m wide and 12 m long, and a 50 cm-wide channel between beds. Rice seeds were broadcasted at a rate of 100 g/m\u0026sup2; on fully puddled and leveled soil, and drainage canals were established for effective water removal. To promote healthy seedling growth, 7 g of urea and 10 g of gypsum were top-dressed per square meter 10 days after seeding. Regular light irrigation was applied to protect seedlings from cold injury, and irrigation canals between seedbeds were maintained to ensure saturated conditions as seedlings matured.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.6. Land Preparation for Transplanting.\u003c/em\u003e The main field was prepared through three successive plowings and cross plowings using a power tiller, followed by leveling with a ladder in the presence of water to create a puddled surface. During laddering and post-puddling, care was taken to ensure uniform water distribution. The plowing depth was maintained at 10 cm. To avoid fertilizer mixing, earth levees 30 cm high were built around each plot.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.7. Transplantation and Crop Management.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTransplantation and crop management were carried out manually on December 15 and 30, 2021, using forty-day-old rice seedlings of BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan92. A 1\u0026ndash;2 centimeter layer of water was present on the field at the time of transplanting. For PM practice, seedlings (2\u0026ndash;3 per hill) were randomly planted in puddled soil at a depth of 2\u0026ndash;3 cm. Under MM practice, seedlings were transplanted in rows with 20 cm spacing between lines, while plant-to-plant distance remained random. In GM practice, seedlings were spaced uniformly at 20 x 20 cm, following BRRI guidelines [29]. Fertilizer application followed the specifications in Table 1. No fertilizer was used in PM practice, while MM and GM practices involved fertilization at different doses and times as per treatment and variety requirements (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTABLE 1: Details of\u0026nbsp;management practices followed in the study field.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"590\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManagement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor management (PM)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate management\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MM)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood management\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(GM)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 242px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransplanting operation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLine spacing (20 cm) only but plant-to-plant distance random\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransplanting method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRandom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLine spacing (20 cm \u0026times; 20 cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 590px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertilizer application (elemental amount, kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28 = 69\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92 = 86\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28 = 138\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92 = 172\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28 = 7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92 = 10\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28 = 14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92 = 20\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28 = 25\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92 = 30\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28 = 50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92 = 60\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28 = 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92 = 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28 = 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92 = 6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot applied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28 = 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92 = 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 590px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrop protection measures\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeed management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot done\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManual hand weeding once at 30 days after transplanting (DAT)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical control once at 4 DAT and manual one-hand weeding at 40 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePest (insect and disease) management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot done\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot done\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI recommendation against insect attack and disease infestation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental field was closely monitored from transplanting to harvest, with management practices like weeding and pest control conducted according to the treatment specifications in Table 1. Weeds were allowed to grow in untreated plots, while for GM, Riffit 500EC (1 L ha⁻\u0026sup1;) was applied as a pre-emergence herbicide at 4 DAT, followed by hand weeding at 40 DAT per BRRI recommendations. MM treatment involved only hand weeding at 30 DAT, with no chemical control. Yellow stem borer (\u003cem\u003eScirpophaga incertulus\u003c/em\u003e) infestation in GM plots was controlled using Dursban 20EC (1 L ha⁻\u0026sup1;) with sprays at seven-day intervals. Disease control in GM, including Blast disease management, was carried out using Nativo 75WP (300 g ha⁻\u0026sup1;) applied twice, on March 13 and March 20, 2022, as per BRRI guidelines. Irrigation was provided as needed to maintain a water layer of 5\u0026ndash;6 cm during crop growth, but no standing water was allowed at crop maturity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTABLE 2: Details of fertilizer management followed in the experimental field.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManagement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertilizer type and dose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertilizer application time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28: The nutrients NPKS were applied via urea, triple super phosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MoP), and gypsum at rates of 149-35-50-11 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasal: TSP, MoP, and gypsum at final land preparation time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop dress: Urea in three equal splits at 15, 30, and 45 DAT.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92: The nutrients NPKS were applied via urea, TSP, MoP, and gypsum at rates of 187-50-60-17 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasal: TSP, MoP, and gypsum at final land preparation time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop dress: Urea in three equal splits at 15, 35, and 55 DAT.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28: The nutrients NPKSZn were applied via urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum, and zinc sulphate at rates of 299-70-100-22-6 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasal: TSP, MoP, gypsum, and zinc sulphate at final land preparation time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop dress: Urea in three equal splits at 15, 30, and 45 DAT.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 264px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92: The nutrients NPKSZn were applied through urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum, and zinc sulphate at rates of 374-100-120-34-7 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 254px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasal: TSP, MoP, gypsum, and zinc sulphate at final land preparation time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop dress: Urea in three equal splits at 15, 35, and 55 DAT.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.8. Collection and Measurement of Yield and Yield Components\u003c/em\u003e. Irrigation was stopped two weeks before harvest to promote grain ripening and speed up maturity through dehydration. When 80 percent of the panicles had become golden yellow, signaling maturity, the crops were hand-picked using sickles. Harvesting dates varied due to differences in planting dates and management practices. Records were made of phenological information, such as days to 50% flowering and physiological maturity (PM). The crop was harvested at ground level at 80% PM. Ten hills per plot were sampled for yield component data. For yield components, productive and unproductive tillers, as well as panicle counts, were determined from 10 hills per plot. Panicle length was measured from 20 randomly selected panicles. These panicles were then threshed, and florets were collected. Filled grains and unfilled florets were counted using a Multi-auto counter (Model DCI NO. 501102, Ever Well Corp, Tokyo, Japan). A sample of 1000 filled grains was weighed using an electronic balance (Model: FX-300), with the weight adjusted to 14% moisture.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe crop was taken from the middle of each plot (an area of 4 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) at ground level to measure the yield. The harvested bundles were tagged and threshed separately. Straws and grains were washed, dried in the sun, and weighed. The following formula was used to express grain yield as t ha⁻\u0026sup1; after it was adjusted to 14% moisture content:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.9.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eEconomic Analysis.\u003c/em\u003e Labor (person-days) used for various field operations such as tillage, seeding, transplanting, irrigation, fertilization, application of pesticide and herbicide, manual hand weeding, harvesting, and threshing were recorded for each plot. The time required for each operation was measured in hours and converted to man-days ha⁻\u0026sup1;, with 8 hours considered equivalent to 1 man-day. A cost and return analysis was done to evaluate the financial advantages of various crop and resource management techniques for Boro rice. Benefit-cost ratio (BCR), gross margin, total variable costs, and gross return were all included in the analysis. The market prices for grain and straw at harvest, multiplied by the corresponding quantities, were used to compute the gross return. The following formulas were then used to calculate the gross margin and BCR:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.10. Statistical Analysis.\u003c/em\u003e Growth, yield parameters, and economic data were analyzed using JMP Pro 13 (SAS Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA). Mean differences were evaluated using the Student\u0026rsquo;s t-test for planting time and variety, and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test for management practices, with significance set at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1. Plant Height and Phenology.\u003c/em\u003e Regardless of variety and management practices, plants transplanted on December 30 were taller than those transplanted on December 15 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). It might be because seedlings transplanted early have more low-temperature days during the vegetative growth phase than those transplanted late. The outcome agrees with the conclusions of Pathak et al. [31], who pointed out that extended cold spells during the vegetative stage inhibited the growth of early-planted Boro crops while increasing temperatures increased plant height. Among the rice varieties studied, BRRI dhan92 exhibited a greater plant height than BRRI dhan28 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This observation is consistent with the research conducted by Salwa et al. [24] and Murshida [32], who found that plant height varied significantly due to genotypic differences. At harvest, plants under good management (GM) practices had the highest plant height compared to poor (PM) and moderate management (MM) practices (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), likely due to nutrient deficiencies in PM and MM. Ali et al. [33] also found better growth in Boro rice with recommended fertilization and agronomic practices, such as proper spacing, timely weeding, and insect pest and disease control in the Haor regions of Bangladesh. The interaction between variety and transplanting date also significantly impacted plant height, reinforced by the results of Roy et al. [34].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlowering and physiological maturity were greatly impacted by transplanting time, variety, management practices, and most interactions, except between planting time and variety (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Transplanting on December 30 required 8\u0026ndash;10 fewer days to reach flowering and maturity, likely due to delayed crop establishment and tillering from early-stage cold stress, which prolonged vegetative growth and delayed heading. BRRI dhan92 took 12 more days to flower and 16 more days to mature than BRRI dhan28. Across transplanting dates and varieties, crops under GM took five days longer to flower and mature than PM and MM. When plant populations are high and nutrients are limited, plants shorten their vegetative phase to enter the reproductive phase as a survival mechanism under adverse conditions [35].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant height and phonological parameters of Boro rice as affected by planting time, variety, and management option.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50% flowering (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysiological maturity (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlanting time (PT)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety (V)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManagement options (MO)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eANOVA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT \u0026times; V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT \u0026times; MO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV \u0026times; MO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT \u0026times; V \u0026times; MO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor details regarding PM, MM, and GM, see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. PM: poor management; MM: moderate management; GM: good management (BRRI-recommended practices). Means that are shown by different letters in a column indicate significant differences at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. NS: non-significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2. Yield and Yield Attributes.\u003c/em\u003e There were notable differences among the treatments for Boro rice in terms of yield and yield-related metrics. Productive tillers (numbers m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), length of the panicle, number of filled and unfilled grains in each panicle, straw yield, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and biological yield all differed significantly among cultivars, with BRRI dhan92 consistently outperforming BRRI dhan28 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). This variation can be attributed to the genetic differences between cultivars [36, 37]. Regardless of transplanting time, BRRI dhan92 consistently produced higher grain yields than BRRI dhan28 because of more productive tillers per unit area, longer panicles, more filled grains per panicle, and lower spikelet sterility. Furthermore, BRRI dhan92 gave higher biological yields due to increased grain and straw production. However, the harvest index (HI), which reflects the crop\u0026rsquo;s efficiency in partitioning photoassimilates into the grain, was significantly higher in BRRI dhan28 (47.30%) compared to BRRI dhan92 (46.33%), despite BRRI dhan92\u0026rsquo;s higher overall grain and straw yield (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). It is likely because the HI represents the grain yield to total biomass ratio, and BRRI dhan28 had a relatively lower straw yield than BRRI dhan92. Both Mazid et al. [38] and Asefa [39] observed similar results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManagement practices substantially influenced yield and yield characteristics, regardless of variety or transplanting time (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). BRRI-recommended good management (GM) consistently outperformed moderate management (MM) and poor management (PM) by 22.2% and 55.0%, respectively. According to earlier research by Ali et al. [40] and Banu et al. [41], the recommended fertilizers with appropriate agricultural techniques significantly increased the yield of Boro rice. This was further supported by the research conducted by Nath et al. [4], Ali et al. [22], and Kamruzzaman et al. [23]. It revealed that GM gave the highest 1000-grain weight, probably due to better weed and fertilizer control than PM. Reduced competition between rice plants and weeds likely allowed more assimilates to be diverted into grain development, resulting in higher filled grains per panicle in herbicide-treated plots [42, 43]. Raising the nitrogen fertilizer rate increased grain weight by increasing chlorophyll content, improving photosynthesis, and making more photosynthates available during grain development [44]. Saha and Miah [45] found that using balanced fertilizers and adequate spacing considerably enhanced the amount of filled grains per panicle. Adequate fertilizers, particularly urea top dressing at critical growth stages, most likely contributed to improved grain development by increasing filled grains number per panicle with greater nitrogen levels [46, 47]. In contrast, the lowest HI in PM may be due to low biomass production and insufficient dry matter partitioning in reproductive structures due to nutrient deficiencies [48].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApart from productive and unproductive tillers, the interaction effects between planting time and variety were significant on other yield attributes (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). BRRI dhan92 transplanted on December 15 had the highest grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index, while BRRI dhan28 had the highest sterility percentage and unfilled grains per panicle (Tables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). However, BRRI dhan28 transplanted on December 30 showed better results regarding filled grains per panicle, grain yield, straw production, and biological yield (Tables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). For both the time of transplanting, BRRI dhan92 produced significantly higher 1000-grain weight than BRRI dhan28 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYield and yield attributes of Boro rice as affected by planting time, variety, and management options.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProductive tillers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(no. m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnproductive tillers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(no. m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePanicle length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFilled grains (no. panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfilled grains (no. panicle\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpikelet sterility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000-grain weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrain yield\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStraw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyield\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiological yield\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHarvest index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(HI %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlanting time (PT)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.7 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety (V)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e406 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.54 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.01 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.55 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.30 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.5 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.0 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.24 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.25 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.33 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManagement options (MO)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.8 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.53 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.55 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e436 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.82 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.58 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.40 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.35 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e468 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.4 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.89 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.23 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.12 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.60 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eANOVA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT \u0026times; V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT \u0026times; MO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV \u0026times; MO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT \u0026times; V \u0026times; MO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor details regarding PM, MM, and GM, see Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. PM: poor management; MM: moderate management; GM: good management (BRRI-recommended practices). Means that are shown by different letters in a column indicate significant differences at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. NS: non-significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects of planting time and variety interplay on 1000-grain weight, sterility, filled and unfilled grain in \u003cem\u003eboro\u003c/em\u003e 2021/22.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFilled grain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfilled grain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSterility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000-grain weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlanting time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 a A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 a A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 a A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.2 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.1 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 a A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 a A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.7 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDistinctive lowercase letters arranged in a row signify noteworthy distinctions between the two cultivars, while distinct capital letters in a column signify noteworthy variations in the transplanting intervals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects of planting time and variety interplay on harvest index, grain and straw yield, and biological yield in \u003cem\u003eboro\u003c/em\u003e 2021/22.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrain yield\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStraw yield\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiological yield\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHarvest index (HI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlanting time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.40 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43 a A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.91 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.11 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.32 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.54 a A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.2 A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67 b A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.03 a B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.11 b A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.78 b A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.01 a B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.6 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDistinctive lowercase letters arranged in a row signify noteworthy distinctions between the two cultivars, while distinct capital letters in a column signify noteworthy variations in the transplanting intervals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that when planting is delayed from December 15 to December 30, grain yield increases for short-duration varieties but decreases for long-duration varieties. This may be due to lower temperatures encountered at heading stage during earlier planting, while long-duration cultivars planted on December 30 experienced higher heat stress during heading, resulting in fewer filled grains per panicle and lower grain yield.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.3. Resource Use.\u003c/em\u003e Harvesting and threshing required the highest labor demand (measured in man-days per hectare), followed by transplanting in the main field \u003cstrong\u003e(Supplementary Table S1 presents the labor requirements details).\u003c/strong\u003e Good management (GM) required 18% more man-days per hectare than poor management (PM) and 4% more than moderate management (MM) on both planting dates. These results align with the reports published by Rashid et al. [49] and Kamruzzaman and Uddin [50], who found that poor management techniques in Boro rice reduced labor requirements. Fertilizers were applied at varying rates based on variety and management practices. GM incurs higher fertilizer costs than MM and PM due to increased fertilizer doses for BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan92 \u003cstrong\u003e(Supplementary Table S2 presents the input requirements details)\u003c/strong\u003e. It includes herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, regardless of planting time or variety. Pesticide costs remained consistent for GM in both varieties and planting dates. Irrigation for the entire growing period of the crop costs 181.89 USD per hectare.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.4. Economic Performance.\u003c/em\u003e The timing of planting significantly affected both the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and total variable expenses (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The total variable cost for the 15 December planting was about 3.5% more than the 15 December planting. However, the impact of planting timing on gross return and gross margin was insignificant. The gross return for the 15 December planting was approximately 1% greater than the 30 December planting. In addition, the gross margin over variable costs was 5.1% higher for the December 15 planting. BCR was much higher for the December 15 planting, 3.9% higher than the December 30 planting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariety had a substantial effect on BCR, gross margin, gross return, and total variable costs (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). BRRI Dhan92 incurred a 3.3% higher total variable cost than BRRI Dhan28. However, BRRI dhan92 outperformed BRRI dhan28 by 15.7% in gross return. BRRI dhan92\u0026apos;s BCR was 12.1% higher than BRRI dhan28\u0026apos;s, and it had a gross margin that was 28.3% higher.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManagement strategies, as opposed to variety, significantly impacted the BCR, gross margin, gross return, and total variable expenses (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Good management (GM) had a much higher total variable cost, by approximately 15.4% and 35.6%, than moderate management (MM) and poor management (PM). GM also exceeded MM and PM in gross returns, with a rate of 19.8% and 49.9%, respectively. Furthermore, GM practices had the gross margin, leading MM by 23.8% and PM by 64.5%. The highest BCR (2.19) was reached with GM techniques, showing a 4.3% and 10.6% increase over MM and PM, respectively. These differences in BCR can be attributed to the benefits of balanced fertilization and good pest management under GM compared to the poor management in PM and MM. Afrad et al. [11], Salwa et al. [24], and Kabir et al. [51] reported similar findings, emphasizing the effectiveness of good crop management, particularly nutrition management, combined with integrated pest management in increasing rice yield.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEconomic productivity of Boro rice as affected by planting time, variety, and management practices in \u003cem\u003eboro\u003c/em\u003e season 2021/22.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal variable cost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(USD ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGross return\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(USD ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGross margin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(USD ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenefit-cost ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(BCR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlanting time (PT)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e727.65 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1569.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e842.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e753.04 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1554.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e801.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety (V)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e728.25 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1448.32 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e720.07 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e752.46 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1676.09 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e923.63 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManagement options (MO)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e660.84 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1249.58 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e617.96 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e742.45 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1563.74 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e821.29 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e856.74 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1873.29 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1016.56 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eANOVA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT \u0026times; V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT \u0026times; MO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV \u0026times; MO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT \u0026times; V \u0026times; MO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor details regarding PM, MM, and GM, see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. PM: poor management; MM: moderate management; GM: good management (BRRI-recommended practices). The market price of rice was USD 0.29 Kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and the straw price was USD 0.02 Kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Means that are shown by different letters in a column indicate significant differences at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. NS: non-significant. 1 USD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;102.67 BDT at the time of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe planting time and variety significantly influenced gross return, gross margin, and BCR (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). For both the 15 and 30 December transplanting dates, the variety BRRI dhan92 consistently showed a much greater gross return than BRRI dhan28. Notably, BRRI dhan28 produced a greater gross return when transplanted on December 30th, but BRRI dhan92 achieved a higher gross return when transplanted on December 15 instead of December 30.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding gross margin, BRRI dhan92 exceeded BRRI dhan28 for the December 15 transplanting, with a much higher profit. For the December 30 transplanting, both varieties had identical gross margins. While BRRI dhan28 had a higher gross margin with the 30 December planting, BRRI dhan92 had a higher profit when transplanted on 15 December instead of 30 December. The BCR followed a similar pattern for both transplanting dates, where BRRI dhan92 had a considerably larger BCR than BRRI dhan28. BRRI dhan28 had comparable BCRs across both planting dates, while for BRRI dhan92, the 15th December transplanting resulted in a greater BCR than the 30 December planting (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffects of planting time and variety interplay on BCR, gross margin, and gross return in \u003cem\u003eboro\u003c/em\u003e season 2021/2022.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGross return\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(USD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGross margin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(USD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBRRI dhan92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlanting time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1406.56 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1733.33 a A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e694.79 b B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e989.80 a A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32 a A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 December\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1490.06 b A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1618.84 a B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e745.35 A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e857.46 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12 a B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDistinctive lowercase letters arranged in a row signify noteworthy distinctions between the two cultivars, while distinct capital letters in a column signify noteworthy variations in the transplanting intervals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, selecting appropriate rice varieties, optimal planting times, and improved management practices are critical for enhancing rice production in flood-prone areas while minimizing the risks posed by flash floods. This study revealed that early transplanting of the short-duration variety BRRI dhan28 yielded unsatisfactory results, whereas the long-duration variety BRRI dhan92 performed well under similar conditions. Short-duration varieties vulnerable to cold stress during the heading stage should be transplanted after December 15 in the Haor regions, while long-duration varieties should be planted by the third week of December. Effective management practices can significantly boost the yield and profitability of Boro rice, but the current absence of Boro varieties tolerant to early flash flooding poses a challenge. Sustaining Boro rice production in the Haor region requires either early planting of long-duration varieties or the development of high-yielding short-duration cultivars with cold stress tolerance at the reproductive stage, allowing for earlier harvesting before the onset of flash floods. Further multi-location and multi-year studies are required to develop a deeper comprehension of the region, incorporating a broader range of planting dates and cultivars with enhanced cold tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article contains all of the data that were provided or examined during the investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA, MRI, and SA planned and designed the experiment; NA conducted the trials; NA and SA analyzed the data; NA wrote the first draft of the manuscript; MRI, SA, MAK, MGM, and MMR carefully reviewed and edited the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Bangladesh for their invaluable support. We also sincerely thank Krishi Gobeshona Foundation (KGF), Dhaka, Bangladesh for providing financial support through the project “Modelling Climate Change Impact on Bangladesh Agriculture (MCCA), CRP II, Phase 2”. Additionally, we are deeply grateful for the unwavering support provided by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh, throughout the field research period.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. R. Jamal, P. Kristiansen, M. J. Kabir, and L. Lobry de Bruyn, \u0026ldquo;Challenges and Adaptations for Resilient Rice Production under Changing Environments in Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eLand\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 1217, 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. G. Rabbani, M. A. Kashem, M. A. Aziz, and M. Shahadat, \u0026ldquo;Effect of Muriate of Potash on the Yield of Boro Rice Varieties in Haor Areas of Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Journal of Extension Education, \u003c/em\u003evol. 32, pp. 165-173, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBangladesh Bureau of Statistics, \u0026ldquo;Yearbook of agricultural statistics of Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eMinistry of Planning\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e Govt. People\u0026apos;s Republic of Bangladesh\u003c/em\u003e, Dhaka, p. 44, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Nath, M. A. Kashem, and S. Ali, \u0026ldquo;Growth and yield performance of boro rice (BRRI dhan58) under different fertilizer and agronomic management in wetland,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Agricultural Research\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 13, pp. 53-57, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Rahman, M. A. Salam, M. A. Kader, M. S. Islam, and S. Perveen, \u0026ldquo;Growth and yield of Boro rice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa\u003c/em\u003e L.) in response to crop establishment methods and varieties,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eArchives of agriculture and environmental science\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 137-143, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Rahaman, M. A. R. Sarkar, L. Deb et al., \u0026ldquo;Economic investigation of BRRI dhan29 and hybrid rice production in Bangladesh: The case of Haor area,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Natural and Social Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 35-43, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. S. Hoq, S. K. Raha, and M. I. Hossain, \u0026ldquo;Livelihood vulnerability to flood hazard: Understanding from the flood-prone Haor Ecosystem of Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Management\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 67, pp. 532-552, 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBHWDB, \u0026ldquo;Master Plan of Haor Area-2012,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board\u003c/em\u003e, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. People\u0026rsquo;s Republic of Bangladesh, p. 226, 2012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. A. Aziz and M. A. Kashem, \u0026ldquo;Yield improvement of local fine Boro rice varieties through fertilizer management in the Haor areas,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of the Sylhet Agricultural University\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 203-208, 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Y. Ali and M. Rahman, \u0026ldquo;Floods in Northeast (haor) areas of Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eHCTT coordinated needs assessment (CAN), Bangladesh\u003c/em\u003e, pp. 1-50, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. S. K. Afrad, M. A. Kashem, M. A. Aziz, and S. Ali, \u0026ldquo;Effect of fertilizers and irrigation practices on the growth and yield of boro rice in haor area of Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Experimental Agriculture International\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1-8, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eT. G. Rabby, G. M. Alam, P. K. Mishra, K. E. Hoque, and S. Nair, \u0026ldquo;Different economic and policy perspectives in micro population for sustainable development: A study of the Haor livelihood in Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Business Management\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 2475, 2011.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. A. Muttaleb, S. M. Shahidullah, M. Nasim, and A. Saha, \u0026ldquo;Cropping systems and land use in Sylhet region,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Rice Journal\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 273-288, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. M. Rashid and R. Yasmeen, \u0026ldquo;Cold injury and flash flood damage in Boro rice cultivation in Bangladesh: A review,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Rice Journal\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 13-25, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. K. Biswas, M. A. A. Mahbub, and M. S. Kabir, \u0026ldquo;Critical temperatures and their probabilities on important growth stages of rice,\u0026rdquo; in Annual Report of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, 2008-2009. M. K. Bashar, J. C. Biswas, and M. A. Kashem, Eds., pp. 127-129, BRRI, Gazipur-1701, 2011.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. A. Rahman and S. Rahman, \u0026ldquo;Natural and traditional defense mechanisms to reduce climate risks in coastal zones of Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eWeather and Climate Extremes\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 7, pp. 84-95, 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. R. Ahmed, K. R. Rahaman, A. Kok, and Q. K. Hassan, \u0026ldquo;Remote sensing-based quantification of the impact of flash flooding on the rice production: A case study over Northeastern Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eSensors\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 17, no. 10, p. 2347, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. M. Kamal, M. Shamsudduha, B. Ahmed et al., \u0026ldquo;Resilience to flash floods in wetland communities of northeastern Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of disaster risk reduction\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 31, pp. 478-488, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Kamruzzaman and R. Shaw, \u0026ldquo;Flood and sustainable agriculture in the Haor basin of Bangladesh: A review paper,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eUniversal Journal of Agricultural Research\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 40-49, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. U. Salam, M. A. Kader, M. A. J. Mridha, A. K. M. R. Amin, N. A. Khondaker, A. K. Das, M. H. Rashid, and M. S. Kabir, \u0026ldquo;Agronomic Vision and Roadmap for Bangladesh Agriculture through to 2050,\u0026rdquo; Keynote Presentation, 15th Conference, Bangladesh Agronomy Society (BSA), BAU, Mymensingh, 24-25 September 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eN. C. Dey, M. Parvez, and M. R. Islam, \u0026ldquo;A study on the impact of the 2017 early monsoon flash flood: potential measures to safeguard livelihoods from extreme climate events in the haor area of Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 59, p. 102247, 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Ali, M. A. Kashem, and M. A. Aziz, \u0026ldquo;Effect of Fertilizers with Agronomic Management on the Growth and Yield of Boro Rice (cv. BRRI Dhan29) in Haor Area of Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-5, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Kamruzzaman, M. A. Kashem, M. A. Aziz, and S. Ali, \u0026ldquo;Effect of fertilizer packages and agronomic practices on the yield of boro rice in haor area,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEco-friendly Agriculture Journal\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 108-112, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Salwa, M. A. Kashem, and K. S. Begum, \u0026ldquo;Effects of fertilizers on growth and yield of Boro rice varieties at Dekar Haor in Sunamganj district,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sylhet Agricultural University\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 71-77, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. K. A. Bhuiyan, A. K. M. S. Islam, M. A. R. Sarkar et al., \u0026ldquo;Agronomic management and interventions to increase rice yield in Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Rice Journal\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 161-181, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. S. Kabir, M. U. Salam, A. K. M. S. Islam et al., \u0026ldquo;Doubling rice productivity in Bangladesh: A way to achieving SDG 2 and moving forward,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Rice Journal\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1-47, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. A. I. Chowdhury, A. F. Sayed, and S. Hossain, \u0026ldquo;Variation of Climatic Parameters (Rainfall and Temperature) over Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin in Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Biology \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e Environmental Science\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 81-189, 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBARC, \u003cem\u003eFertilizer Recommendation Guide\u003c/em\u003e, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Farmgate, Dhaka-1215, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBRRI, \u003cem\u003eAdhunik Dhaner Chash \u003c/em\u003e(Cultivation of Modern Rice).\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eBangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Yoshida, D. A. Forno, J. H. Cock, and L. A. Gomez, \u0026ldquo;Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice,\u0026rdquo; IRRI, Los Ba\u0026ntilde;os, Philippines, pp. 1-83, 1976.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. K. Pathak, P. K. Pathak, and K. K. Sharma, \u0026ldquo;Recent development in boro rice improvement and production for raising rice yield in Assam,\u0026rdquo; in Boro Rice.\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eR. K. Singh,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eM. Hossain\u003cem\u003e, \u003c/em\u003eand R. Thakur, Eds., pp. 73-80, International Rice Research Institute, New Delhi, India, 2003.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Murshida, M. R. Uddin, M. P. Anwar et al., \u0026ldquo;Effect of variety and water management on the growth and yield of Boro rice,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eProgressive agriculture\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 26-35, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Ali, M. A. Kashem, and M. A. Aziz, \u0026ldquo;Soil fertility, fertilizer use and crop productivity at farmers\u0026rsquo; level in the haor area of Sunamganj district,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Journal of Agriculture and Environment\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 37-42, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eT. K. Roy, S. K. Paul, and M. A. R. Sarkar, \u0026ldquo;Influence of date of transplanting on the growth and yield performance of high yielding varieties of Boro rice: Yield of Boro rice as affected by transplanting date,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 301-308, 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. A. Mannan, M. S. U. Bhuiya, M. I. M. Akhand, and M. M. Rana, \u0026ldquo;Influence of date of planting on the growth and yield of locally popular traditional aromatic rice varieties in Boro season,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Science Foundation\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 20-28, 2012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. K. A. Bhuiyan, A. K. M. S. Islam, M. A. R. Sarkar et al., \u0026ldquo;Agronomic management and interventions to increase rice yield in Bangladesh,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Rice Journal\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 161-181, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. E. Kabir, M. R. Kabir, and M. S. Jahan, \u0026ldquo;Yield performance of three aromatic fine rice in a coastal medium highland,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAsian Journal of Plant Sciences (Pakistan)\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 561-563, 2004.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. S. Mazid, M. Y. Rafii, M. M. Hanafi, H. A. Rahim, and M. A. Latif, \u0026ldquo;Genetic variation, heritability, divergence and biomass accumulation of rice genotypes resistant to bacterial blight revealed by quantitative traits and ISSR markers,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003ePhysiologia Plantarum\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 432-447, 2013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG. Asefa, \u0026ldquo;The role of harvest index in improving crop productivity,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Natural Science Research\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 24-28, 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. E. Ali, M. R. Islam, and M. Jahiruddin, \u0026ldquo;Effect of integrated use of organic manures with chemical fertilizers in the rice-rice cropping system and its impact on soil health,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 81-90, 2009.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eF. A. Banu, M. Hasanuzzaman, and M. Rokonuzzaman, \u0026ldquo;Effect of multi-nutrient fertilizers on the seed health and agronomic characters of transplanted rice,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Sustainable Agriculture\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 32-35, 2009.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK. B. Rekha, M. S. Raju, and M. D. Reddy, \u0026ldquo;Effect of herbicides in transplanted rice,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of weed science\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 34, no. 1 and 2, pp. 123-125, 2002.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Shan, G. D. Sharma, and H. L. Sharma, \u0026ldquo;Utilization of weed plants as organic manures under different methods of rice establishment,\u0026rdquo;\u003cem\u003e Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 184-186, 2012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK. Pramanik and A. K. Bera, \u0026ldquo;Effect of seedling age and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, chlorophyll content, yield and economics of hybrid rice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa\u003c/em\u003e L.),\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 3489-3499, 2013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eP. K. Saha and M. A. M. Miah, \u0026ldquo;Efficiency of IPNS-based chemical fertilizer application in wet land rice,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 5-13, 2009.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD. Wang, J. Huang, L. Nie et al., \u0026ldquo;Integrated crop management practices for maximizing grain yield of double-season rice crop,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eScientific reports\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH. Zhang, C. Yu, X. Kong et al., \u0026ldquo;Progressive integrative crop managements increase grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and irrigation water productivity in rice,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eField Crops Research\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 215, pp. 1-11, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH. R. Bozorgi, A. Faraji, R. K. Danesh et al., \u0026ldquo;Effect of plant density on yield and yield components of rice,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eWorld Applied Sciences Journal\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 2053-2057, 2011.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. H. Rashid, P. C. Goswami, M. F. Hossain et al., \u0026ldquo;Mechanised non-puddled transplanting of boro rice following mustard conserves resources and enhances productivity,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eField Crops Research\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 225, pp. 83-91, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Kamruzzaman and M. T. Uddin, \u0026ldquo;Economic viability of Boro rice production in Haor ecosystem of Kishoreganj district,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 45-62, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. S. Kabir, M. U. Salam, A. K. M. S. Islam et al., \u0026ldquo;Doubling rice productivity in Bangladesh: A way to achieving SDG 2 and moving forward,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Rice Journal\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1-47, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Yield gap, Flash flood, cold tolerant, short duration rice, agronomic management ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987962/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987962/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFlash floods in the Haor regions of Bangladesh frequently destroy Boro rice crops at maturity or near maturity, leading to farmers' reluctance to invest adequately in cultivation, resulting in poor crop management and reduced productivity. However, adopting improved agricultural practices, such as selecting suitable rice varieties and optimizing planting schedules, can significantly enhance Boro rice yields and mitigate the impact of flash floods. An on-farm experiment was conducted from December 2021 to May 2022 in the flood-prone region of Sunamganj, Bangladesh, using a three-factor split-split plot design with three replications. The study evaluated the effects of sowing dates (15 December and 30 December), rice varieties (BRRI dhan28, a short-duration variety; and BRRI dhan92, a long-duration variety), and management practices (poor, moderate, and good) on Boro rice production. Results indicated that good management practices led to significant yield increases of 22.2% and 55%, along with gross margin improvements of 23.8% and 64.5%, compared to moderate and poor management. The long-duration variety (BRRI dhan92) performed best with early planting, while the short-duration variety (BRRI dhan28) excelled with later planting. Despite the high yield potential of BRRI dhan92, early planting posed a higher risk of flash flood damage at maturity. These findings highlight the importance of strategic cultivar selection, optimized planting times, and improved management practices to maximize Boro rice productivity in flood-prone regions and reduce the risk of crop loss due to flash floods.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhancing Boro Rice Productivity and Profitability in Flash Flood-Prone Haor Areas of Bangladesh: The Influence of Planting Times, Varieties, and Management Practices","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-12 11:49:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987962/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3b4a6fbe-e6eb-4619-8ae1-71d3dde63d4f","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-12T11:49:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-12 11:49:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5987962","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5987962","identity":"rs-5987962","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}