Precise Fiducial Marker Placement for CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Superficial Tumor

Precise Fiducial Marker Placement for CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Superficial Tumor | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Precise Fiducial Marker Placement for CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Superficial Tumor Jing Huang, Ruijie Wang, Cheng Chen, Wen Jiang, ZhiTao Dai This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127790/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The CyberKnife, a renowned non-invasive stereotactic radiotherapy technique, has gained widespread adoption for its effective treatment of various cancers. The success of CyberKnife treatment relies significantly on the accurate placement of fiducial markers. This study introduces a Fiducial marker placement planning algorithm, specifically for superficial tumors that are located 20-50 mm beneath the epidermis. Three patients with treatment sites of thymus, breast, and submandibular gland were retrospectively selected for this study. The algorithm proposes numerous potential implantation sites by constructing and optimizing a B-spline surface. The site selection is predominantly based on the distance between markers, the angles among them, and the necessity for all fiducial markers to be visible in 45° oblique views without overlap. By leveraging the kd-tree, we enhanced spatial querying and addressed the challenge using graph theory, specifically through the Bron-Kerbosch algorithm. The time complexity of the algorithm proposed in this study is (O(m\log m + m^2 + 3^{\frac{n}{3}})), significantly faster than the brute-force (O(n^3)) approach. Experimental outcomes show that our algorithm can efficiently plan Fiducial marker placements, simplifying the planning process and providing valuable technical support for CyberKnife treatments. Fiducial Marker CT image Tumor CyberKnife Superficial Tumor Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4127790","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":281780862,"identity":"bbc9e9e7-7c06-4487-a953-47986afc6e5a","order_by":0,"name":"Jing Huang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA60lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAzDJI8HAwN7ABhE6QLQWngNALQlEawEBiQQitZhLJD97+EXGIk8+8o3ZY94fDHJ8NxIYPxfg0WI5I83cWIZHotjwdo65MU8Cg7HkjQRm6Rn4HHYjwUxagkcicePs3G3SQC2JG24ksDHz4NWS/g2iZeZZsJZ6IrTkmEl+AGqZL8EL1pJgQFDLmTdl0sBATtzAk/9Nck6ahOHMMw+bpfFqOZ6+TfJnT13i/PZjaRJvbGzk+Y4nH/yMTwsIMPP2APUeALOBccrA2EBAA1DJjx8MDPKE1Y2CUTAKRsFIBQAJnEhW5Z4MdwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":281780863,"identity":"49ece3fa-50f8-4371-ad8d-f139c849ce59","order_by":1,"name":"Ruijie Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wuhan University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruijie","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":281780864,"identity":"71cb8178-653f-4633-aeaa-957447bc442c","order_by":2,"name":"Cheng Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":281780865,"identity":"a1d57e96-bf38-485f-8949-1cb18e177d77","order_by":3,"name":"Wen Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Innovation Research Center SonoScap, Shenzhen, China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wen","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":281780866,"identity":"f764e0c5-08d2-46b9-b878-31ddf025ae4b","order_by":4,"name":"ZhiTao Dai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital \\\u0026 Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ZhiTao","middleName":"","lastName":"Dai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-19 06:27:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127790/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127790/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53794695,"identity":"b158494d-4aa1-48c7-8790-b5983563eedf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-30 23:07:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":569504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterial0319.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4127790/v1_covered_ac7d184a-8884-4da5-bf25-114af8a9fc9d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Precise Fiducial Marker Placement for CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Superficial Tumor","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fiducial Marker, CT image, Tumor, CyberKnife, Superficial Tumor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127790/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127790/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The CyberKnife, a renowned non-invasive stereotactic radiotherapy technique, has gained widespread adoption for its effective treatment of various cancers. The success of CyberKnife treatment relies significantly on the accurate placement of fiducial markers. This study introduces a Fiducial marker placement planning algorithm, specifically for superficial tumors that are located 20-50 mm beneath the epidermis. Three patients with treatment sites of thymus, breast, and submandibular gland were retrospectively selected for this study. The algorithm proposes numerous potential implantation sites by constructing and optimizing a B-spline surface. The site selection is predominantly based on the distance between markers, the angles among them, and the necessity for all fiducial markers to be visible in 45° oblique views without overlap. By leveraging the kd-tree, we enhanced spatial querying and addressed the challenge using graph theory, specifically through the Bron-Kerbosch algorithm. The time complexity of the algorithm proposed in this study is \\(O(m\\log m + m^2 + 3^{\\frac{n}{3}})\\), significantly faster than the brute-force \\(O(n^3)\\) approach. Experimental outcomes show that our algorithm can efficiently plan Fiducial marker placements, simplifying the planning process and providing valuable technical support for CyberKnife treatments.","manuscriptTitle":"Precise Fiducial Marker Placement for CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Superficial Tumor","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-22 04:33:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127790/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dfbca196-01c5-4963-b7a8-75444d6680f9","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 22nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-25T09:13:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-22 04:33:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4127790","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4127790","identity":"rs-4127790","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}