Incidence of Other Bacterial Pathogens among Patients suspected with Pulmonary Tuberculosis attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano

Incidence of Other Bacterial Pathogens among Patients suspected with Pulmonary Tuberculosis attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Incidence of Other Bacterial Pathogens among Patients suspected with Pulmonary Tuberculosis attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano Zephaniah Isaiah, Aminu Shehu, Muhammad Muhsin Umar, Maryam Idris Musa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4530439/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) has been a global human disease for decades, which has been causing death worldwide. It occurs due to an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) at the lungs alveolar surfaces. It is an airborne bacterial infectious disease which can be transmissible from one person to another. This study was aimed at determining other bacterial pathogens among patients suspected with pulmonary tuberculosis, attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano. This study was cross-sectionally designed such that some pathogenic bacteria were isolated from suspected TB patients (positive or negative), to check for any possible co-infection. 85 sputum samples were collected from the TB suspected patients and TB-LAMP was conducted to check for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The sputum samples collected were then cultured on Chocolate and MacConkey agar and incubated at 37 o C for 18-24hrs and pure colonies were confirmed using Grams staining and biochemical reaction. The data obtained were presented in frequencies and percentages and were analyzed statistically. Based on age group, the highest incidence was found among the age group of ≥ 40 with 38.46%, followed by 10–19 with 27.02%, the incidence was least in age group of 20–29 and 30–39 with 17.95% both. According to gender, 23 males and 16 females were found with other bacterial pathogens, where the highest incidence was found in males (23/39 (58.97%)) and was least in females (16/39 (41.02%)), while 28 males and 18 females were found with no bacterial pathogen. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus spp. were the bacterial pathogens isolated and identified from the samples collected, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the predominant pathogen (21.2%) and Staphylococcus aureus being the least prevalent (1.2%). Patients who were positive to TB were found with the highest incidence of other bacterial pathogens (27 (69%)) than the TB negative patients (12 (31%)). Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial pathogens have co-infected the suspected TB patients attending the targeted hospital of study. It is recommended that, patients showing symptoms of Tuberculosis should always be checked for a possible bacterial infection, not only tubercular infections, as that may enhance the diagnosis. Tuberculosis Mycobacterium Incidence Pathogens Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is among the oldest form of human bacterial diseases. Accordingly, nearly two million people die as a result of TB infection annually [1]. -This disease is the deadliest among the curable infectious diseases, despite the effective treatment put in place [2]. TB infection occurs in the lungs, but it can also affect some parts of the human body, such as the bones or other organ systems. Tuberculosis is caused by a pathogenic bacterial species Mycobacterium tuberculosis , which belongs to the Family Mycrobacteriaceae. It was initially discovered by a German scientist Robert Koch in 1882 [3]. It has the ability to form acid stable complexes which are composed of peptidoglycan molecules during Gram staining. It is also called Acid-fast Bacteria (AFB), due to its ability to resist decolorization during staining, once the bacteria is stained, then it cannot be decolorized by any acid, hence given its name. The site of infection is the human lungs. Various techniques are used to diagnose tuberculosis, these include tuberculin skin tests, acid-fast stain, TB-LAMP/GENE XPERT and chest radiographs [4]. Although TB patients can be co-infected with bacterial infections, but bacterial co-infection with tuberculosis has not been documented widely, and existence of both infections at the same time in patients may cause misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment [5]. Measures should be taken against bacterial co-infection with tuberculosis, especially when the tubercular infection occurs in atypical pulmonary or extrapulmonary locations. Persons with intact immunity may not have tubercular and bacterial co-infection, but the both infections are more common in immunodeficient patients such as patients with HIV–AIDS, diabetes, and other immunosuppressing ailments. Some studies have reported the co-occurrence of TB with other bacterial organisms like Mycobacterium leprae, M. intacellulare, Streptococcus pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus milleri, Psedumonas species and Klebsiella species [6]. HIV co-infection is very common with tuberculosis patients, likewise tuberculosis patients can also be co-infected with fungi (e.g Candida spp.) [7]. Bacterial pathogens inhabiting the lower respiratory tract could sometimes preclude Mycobacterium tuberculosis or manifest as pulmonary symptoms that could mislead clinicians. When patients are presented with pulmonary symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections, such as persistent cough, fever, night sweats and so on, clinicians may think it is due to a tubercular infection, and may only treat them as tuberculosis patients, of which there might be other bacterial infections that may cause them. Hence, this study was planned to examine suspected TB patients in Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH) Kano, Nigeria for other pathogenic bacterial growth. Materials and Methods Study Area The study was conducted at the laboratory unit of Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano (IDH), located at No.1 France Road by Weather Head, Sabon Gari, Kano. The facility was established in 1960’s by missionaries, for the purpose of treating tuberculosis and small pox. The hospital was handed over to the state government after the independence and it became centre for the treatment of all infectious diseases such as TB, Measles, CSM, Gastroenteritis, HIV etc. Study Design This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 85 patients symptomatic to TB attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano during the period of the study. The patients were given an informed consent form to fill and a well-structured questionnaire was used to collect their information and were then asked to expectorate an early morning sputum sample into a sterile, clean dry and leak-proof container and bring it carefully to the IDH laboratory. Subject Selection Criteria Inclusive Criteria All patients that were positive or negative to TB, ranging from 10 - >40 years old were included in this study, as much as they were presented with TB symptoms. Exclusive Criteria Patients below the age of 10 and those who had other infections like HIV/AIDS were both excluded from this study. Ethical Consideration Ethical approval and clearance for the study was sought and granted by the office of The Chairman, Research Ethical Committee, Hospital Management Board, Ministry of Health, Kano State of Nigeria, with the NHREC approval number (NHREC17/03/2018) and SHREC/2022/3735. Sample Size Determination The sample size was determined using the formula described by Naing et al. , 2006 $$n=\frac{{Z}^{2}Pq}{{d}^{2}}$$ Where: n = minimum sample size. Z = Z score for 95%, confidence interval = 0.95 P = Prevalence, 94.1% (0.941) prevalence from a previous related [ 9 ] q = 1 – P = compliment probability, d = degree of accuracy usually 5% (0.05) Calculations ; $$n=\frac{({1.96)}^{2}\times 0.941(1-0.941)}{{\left(0.05\right)}^{2}}$$ $$n= \frac{3.8416\times 0.941 \left(0.059\right)}{0.0025}$$ $$n=\frac{3.8416 \times 0.055519}{0.0025}$$ $$n=\frac{0.213282}{0.0025}$$ $$n=85.3127$$ $$n\cong 85$$ Sample Collection All the study participants were given an appropriate and respective serial number for easy identification. Each patient was handed with a plastic, clean dry, wide-necked, leak-proof, sterilized and appropriately labeled specimen and was asked to expectorate an early morning, non-salivary sputum samples containing no particles. The sputum samples were then collected in such a way that they corresponded with the patients’ serial number on the laboratory form and questionnaire. Relevant socio-demographic data, symptoms manifestations and TB risk factors were also asked to the patients and recorded on a questionnaire. The samples were then taken to the Microbiology Laboratory in the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano. Methods and Methodology Media Preparation All the media used were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Tuberculosis-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (TB-LAMP) This is a molecular diagnostic test used for the detection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTBC). It is known for its high sensitivity and specificity and takes less than 1.5 hours to perform, it only requires minimal instrument in the form of heating block, and gives the result in a visual read-out and fluorescent form, applying ultra-violet light, which can be read with the naked eyes. The test was carried out following these procedures [ 10 ]: 1. Sample preparation and lysis (10–20 minutes): The cap of the heating tube was removed. A wide-bore disposable pipette was used to collect 60µL of the purulent part of the sputum from the specimen container and was transferred to the heating tube containing the extraction solution. The content of the heating tube was mixed by shaking it invertedly for 3–4 times and was incubated in heating block at 90°C for 5 min to lyse and inactivate the mycobacteria. 2. DNA Extraction (5 minutes): The heating tube was removed from the heating block and allowed to cool for 2 minutes. The cap of an adsorbent tube was removed, and the adsorbent tube was attached to the heating tube and was mixed by shaking it, for all the powder to be entirely mixed with the solution, until a milky solution is obtained. The heating tube was tightly screwed unto the adsorbent tube to pierce the seal. The injection cap was screwed unto the other side of the adsorbent tube, and few drops of the solution (30 µl) was transferred to the reaction tube by squeezing the adsorbent tube. 3. Amplification (40 minutes): The reaction tubes were incubated invertedly for 2mins at room temperature. The constituents of the reaction tube were mixed by shaking the tube for five times, and the tube was tapped, pointing down on a hard surface, for the content of the tube to settle down at the bottom. The temperature of the incubator was ensured to be 67°C, and the reaction tubes were incubated for 40mins. The amplification was stopped automatically after 40 min. 4. Results reading (0.5–1 minute): The reaction tubes were inserted into the detection unit and UV light was turned on for observing the results. The positive tubes were fluoresce green The reaction tubes were then disposed. Culturing and isolation Prepared MacConkey agar and Chocolate (heated blood) agar were used to inoculate the samples under aseptic measures, by using a sterilized wire loop to pick the samples and swab onto the surface of the solidified agar. The MacConkey agar plates were then incubated aerobically in an incubator at 35 o C for 18-24hours while the Chocolate agar plates were incubated in an anaerobic jar, devoid of oxygen but enriched with carbon dioxide, at 35 o C also for 18-24hours. Morphological Characterization At the end of 24 hours, after incubation, the agar plates were observed, the plates with a significant growth were observed for morphological characteristics such as growth pattern of the pathogens, shape and size of the growth colony, change in colour, odour, pigmentation, heamolysis and swarming movement. Identification of Bacteria Gram staining was used to identify the bacteria as either gram positive or gram negative, through their gram reaction and also to identify their various shapes [ 11 ]. To confirm the identities of the bacterial isolates, the isolates were subjected to series of biochemical tests using the identification aid outlined in Bergey's Manual for Determinative Bacteriology. Catalase test was used to differentiate Staphylococci that produce an enzyme catalase from non-catalase producing bacteria such as Streptococci [ 12 ]. Coagulase test was used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus (positive) from Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CONS) [ 10 ]. Other biochemical tests used to identify and differentiate the bacterial isolates were Oxidase test, Indole test, Methyl-red test and Voges-proskauer test [ 13 ]. Antimicrobial susceptibility Test The disk diffusion technique by Kirby–Bauer was employed for the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST). Few bacterial colonies were picked from the pure isolates to make a bacterium suspension on sterile 0.9% normal saline and were standardized using 0.5 McFarland standard by adjusting the turbidity. The bacterium suspension was then inoculated into Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) using a sterile bacteriological cotton swab and allowed for some time to diffuse. After 15mins of the inoculation, a sterile forcep was used to seed the antibiotics disc onto the agar with aseptic measures. These discs were impregnated with a space in-between to prevent lapping of inhibitory zones. The plates were incubated at 37 0 c for 24 hours. The zone of inhibition was observed [ 14 ]. The antibiotics contained in the discs used include Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (AXC), Ciprofloxacin (CPX), Co-trimoxazole (CTX), Ampicillin (PN), Ofloxacin (OFX), Pefloxacin (PEF), Streptomycin (S), Gentamycin (CN), Cefalexin (CEF), Levofloxacin (LEV), Erythromycin (E), Amoxicillin (AML), Nitrofurantoin (NB), Norfloxacin (NFX), Chloramphenicol (C), Ampicillin/Cloxacillin (APX), Levofloxacin (L), Nalixidic Acid (NA), Rifampicin (R) and Clindamycin (CN). Data management and statistical analysis All data obtained in this study were tabulated and analyzed using IBM SPSS STATISTICS VERSION 25, to calculate percentages (%), tables and graphs and other descriptive statistics, and Pearson Chi-square test was performed where p ≤ 0.05 was assigned as significant. Microsoft Excel 2013 was used for pie charts, bar charts and column charts. Results and Interpretations The results obtained from this study were presented in tables, charts and graphs with their interpretations therein. Socio-demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants The socio-demographic data (age, gender, place of living and level of education) and clinical information such as type of patient, symptoms and risk factors of tuberculosis, collected and recorded on a questionnaire were presented in terms of frequencies and percentages [Table 1 ]. Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants. Characteristics Frequencies Percentages (%) Age 10–19 20 23.5 20–29 21 24.7 30–39 15 17.6 40-above 29 34.1 Total 85 100.0 Male 51 60.0 Gender Female 34 40.0 Total 85 100.0 Urban 57 67.1 Place of Living Rural 28 32.9 Total 85 100.0 Non-formal 27 31.8 Primary 25 29.4 Level of Education Secondary 27 31.8 Tertiary 6 7.1 Total 85 100 In-patient 2 2.4 Type of Patient Out-patient 83 97.6 Total 85 100.0 Incidence of Tuberculosis in relation to Age and Gender of the study participants The table below shows the incidence and association or relationship between the variables (age and gender) and tuberculosis status (positive or negative) of the suspected and symptomatic TB patients attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano. However, Pearson chi square test was performed, where p ≤ 0.05 was assigned significant. Table 2 Results of Tuberculosis status in relation to Age and Gender Variables Number of Samples analyzed Tuberculosis Status Pearson Chi 2 Test Positive Negative x 2 df p-value 10–19 20 13 (30.25%) 7 (16.7%) 20–29 21 6 (13.9%) 15 (35.7%) Age 30–39 15 6 (13.9%) 9 (21.4%) 7.936 3 .047 40-above 29 18 (41.8%) 11 (26.2%) Total 85 43 42 Male 51 32 (74.4%) 19 (45.2%) Gender Female 34 11 (25.6%) 23 (54.6%) 7.538 1 .006 Total 85 43 42 Key x 2 = Pearson Chi square value df = Degree of Freedom Bacterial Pathogens isolated from the sputum sample of the patients After 18–24 hours of incubation, the bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified from the sputum samples of the suspected patients enrolled in this study, through series of biochemical tests as well as gram reaction. The isolated bacterial pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp. The table below shows the incidence and occurrence of bacterial pathogens isolated from the inoculated sputum sample of the patients. Table 3 Occurrence or Incidence of Bacterial Pathogens isolated from the sputum sample of the TB suspected Patients Bacterial Pathogens Frequency Percentage (%) NPI 46 54.1 Streptococcus pneumonia 18 21.2 Klebsiella pneumonia 12 14.1 Escherichia coli 2 2.4 Staphylococcus aureus 1 1.2 Pseudomonas spp. 2 2.4 Proteus spp. 4 4.7 Total 85 100.0 Key : NPI = No pathogen isolated Key NPI = No Pathogens Isolated Table 4 Occurrence or Incidence of Bacterial Pathogens from Patients in relation to Age and Gender : The table below shows the relationship between the bacterial growth isolated and the age and gender of the study participants. Variables Bacterial Pathogens NPI S.peumo K.pneumo E.coli S.aureus Pseudo. spp. Proteus spp. 10–19 9 6 2 1 0 0 1 20–29 15 2 2 0 1 2 0 Age 30–39 8 3 3 0 0 0 1 ≥ 40 14 7 5 1 0 0 2 Total 46 18 12 2 1 2 4 Male 28 12 6 2 1 0 2 Gender Female 18 6 6 0 0 2 2 Total 46 18 12 2 1 2 4 Key : NPI = No Pathogen Isolated S.pneumo = Streptococcus pneumoniae K.pneumo = Klebsiella pneumonia E.coli = Escherichia coli S.aureus = Staaphyloccus aureus Pseudo spp = Pseudomonas species Proteus spp = Proteus species Table 5 Occurrence of Bacterial Growth based on Age group and Gender Variables Bacterial Growth Frequency Percentage (%) 10–19 10 27.02 20–29 7 17.95 Age 30–39 7 17.95 ≥ 40 15 38.46 Total 39 100 Male 23 58.97 Gender Female 16 41.02 Total 39 100 Table 6 Incidence of Other Bacterial Pathogens in relation to the Tuberculosis Status of the Patients enrolled in the study : The table below shows the incidence of the patients positive or negative to tuberculosis having other bacterial pathogens other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis . NPI S. pneumo K. pneumo E. coli S. aureus Pseudo spp. Proteus spp Total of Bacterial growth Positive 16 14 9 1 0 0 3 27 (69%) Tuberculosis status Negative 30 4 3 1 1 2 1 12 (31%) Total 46 18 12 2 1 2 4 39 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of the isolated Bacterial Pathogens to various Antibiotics using Disc Diffusion Table 7 shows the number of times where the isolates are susceptible or resistant to the various antibiotics used. The antibiotic used for the isolated gram positive bacteria include; Ciprofloxacin (10ug), Norfloxacin (10ug), Gentamycin (10ug), Amoxicillin (20ug), Streptomycin (30ug), Rifampicin (20ug), Erythromycin (30ug), Chloramphenicol (30ug), Ampicillin/Cloxacillin (20ug) and Levofloxacin (20ug). Likewise, the antibiotics impregnated into the discs used for the isolated gram negative bacteria were Ofloxacin (10ug), Pefloxacin (10ug), Ciprofloxacin (10ug), Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (30ug), Gentamycin (10ug), Streptomycin (30ug), Cefalexin (10ug), Nalidixic acid (30ug), Co-trimoxazole (30ug) and Ampicillin (30ug). Table 7 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of the isolated Bacterial Pathogens to various Antibiotics using Disc Diffusion Antibiotics S.pneumo n = 18 K.pneumo n = 12 E.coli n = 2 S.aureus n = 1 Pseudo spp. n = 2 Proteus spp n = 4 CPX (10ug) 13 9 1 1 1 2 NB (10ug) 3 NA NA R NA NA CN (10ug) 6 10 2 1 R 3 AML (20ug) 4 NA NA 1 NA NA S (30ug) 13 12 1 1 2 1 RD (20ug) 14 NA NA R NA NA E (30ug) 10 NA NA 1 NA NA CH (30ug) 11 NA NA 1 NA NA APX (20ug) 4 NA NA R NA NA LEV (20ug) 11 NA NA 1 NA NA OFX (10ug) NA 7 1 NA 1 4 PEF (10ug) NA R 2 NA 2 2 AXC (10ug) NA 3 1 NA 1 3 CEF (10ug) NA 10 R NA R 1 CTX (30ug) NA 9 1 NA 1 3 PN (30ug) NA 5 2 NA 2 4 NA (30ug) NA 6 1 NA 1 4 KEYS: CPX = Ciprofloxacin OFX = Ofloxacin NB = Norfloxacin PEF = Pefloxacin CN = Gentamycin AXC = Amoxicillin/Clavulanate AML = Amoxicillin CEF = Cefalexin S = Streptomycin CTX = Co-trimoxazole RD = Rifampicin PN = Ampicilin E = Erythromycin NA = Nalixidic Acid CH = Chloramphenicol NA = Not Applicable APX = Ampicillin/Cloxacillin R = Resistant LEV = Levofloxacin Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation Discussion Participants of this study were patients who were presented with a clinical symptom of lower respiratory tract infection presumptive of Tuberculosis infection. A total of 85 sputum samples were collected during the study period. The majority of sputum samples were collected from patients that aged 40-above (34.1% (29/85)) and male gender (60% (51/85)), sputum samples of patients from an urban settlement (67.1% (57/85)) that are with no formal education (31.8% (27/85) and are outpatients (97.6% (83/85) were mostly collected during the study, this is similar to a previous study that investigated community-acquired pneumonia, by Kishimbo et al. , 2020 [ 15 ]. On the other hand, approximately 47.1% (40/85) had a history of fever and 64.7% (55/85) of patients had a history of antibiotics use in the past 3 months before being enrolled in this study. Moreover, none of the patients enrolled in the study had ever been diagnosed of HIV/AIDS and only 3/85 were diagnosed of tuberculosis before being enrolled in the study. All patients enrolled had at least one symptom; cough, night sweat, shortness of breath, fever and weight loss, but patients with symptoms of cough were prevalent (97.6% (83/85)) ( Table 1 ). However, the Incidence of TB based on Age Group and Gender of suspected TB Patients attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano State is diagrammatically shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 respectively (should be placed after Table 1 ). From Table 2 , the study revealed the incidence of TB occurs mostly within the age range of 40-above with 41.8%, followed by 10–19 with 30.25%, the lowest incidence was observed in the age group of 20–29 and 30–39, which had same incidence of TB with 13.9% each. Statistically, there was a relationship between age group category and tuberculosis status with x 2 = (7.936), df = (3) and p -value (.047) which was statistically significant, p -value was less than 0.05 ( p < 0.05), therefore we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. Result shows that, the incidence of TB was higher in males than in females, where 32 (74.4%) males were positive to TB, and 11 (25.6%) females were TB positive, this was similar to a study carried out by Abdulkadir et al. , 2019 in Katsina [ 16 ], Nigeria, where 23 (46%) males were TB positive and 6 (12%) were TB positive. Statistically in this study, there was a relationship between gender and tuberculosis status, with x 2 = 7.538, df = 1, and p -value was .006, which was statistically significant, p -value was less than 0.05 ( p < 0.05), therefore we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. The bacterial pathogens isolated from the samples were Streptococcus pneumoniae 18 (21.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 12 (14.1%), Escherichia coli 2 (2.4%), Staphylococcus aureus 1 (1.2%), Pseudomonas spp. 2 (2.4%) and Proteus spp. 4 (4.7%). This shows that S. pneumoniae was the predominant pathogen, followed by K. pneumoniae, Proteus spp, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp and S. aureus , which just occurred once (Table 3 ). The distribution of Bacterial Pathogens isolated from the sputum samples of the TB suspected patients is diagrammatically represented in Fig. 3 (should be placed after Table 3 ). These findings were in agreement with the works of Taura et al. , 2019 in Kano [ 17 ] and El-Mahmood et al. , 2010 in Yola [ 18 ]. Likewise, the results disagree with the research ca rried out by Richards et al ., 2000 in USA, where Staphylococcus aureus was prevalent (17%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.66%) and then by Enterobacter species (10.9%) and Klebsiella pnuemoniae (7.0%) [ 19 ]. Based on gender, in terms of pathogen occurrence, this study shows that, male participants (23 (59%)) had the highest number of pathogens compared to their female counterparts (16 (41%)) (Table 4 ). This might be due to the fact that males are more susceptible to lower respiratory tract infections as they are associated to the risk factors (e.g. smoking and chronic alcoholism) than their female counterparts. This agrees with a study carried out by Panda et al ., 2012 who isolated 101 pathogens, and reported that 64 (63.4%) were from males while 37 (36.6%) were from females [ 20 ]. However, these results go against the data obtained by El-Mahmood et al ., 2010 from a study, where a total of 232 organisms were isolated, where 114 (49.1%) were from males while 118 (50.9%) from females [ 18 ]. The incidence of bacterial pathogens among the study participants varies with age, in which, age group ranging from 40 years and above had the highest number of occurrence (15 (32.6%)) followed by 10–19 years (10(21.7%)). A weak immunity as a result of age and other health related issues might be the possible reasons for this trend, as Egbe et al. , (2011) recorded in a previous study [ 21 ]. The least age group in terms of occurrence were 20–29 and 30–39 years, which had equal incidences of 7 occurrences (15.2%) (Table 5 ). The high incidence of pathogens seen among patients ranging from 10–19 years and 40 to above in this study, did not go in agreement with the study of Panda et al ., 2012, where they recorded higher occurrence of K. pneumonia among patients ranging from 51–60 and 60–70 years [ 20 ]. However, the occurrence of bacterial growth based on age group and gender of the study participants is diagrammatically shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 respectively (should be placed after Table 5 ). This study revealed that patients who are positive to tuberculosis had the highest incidence of bacterial co-infection (27 (69%)) compared with the TB negative patients (12 (31%)). This could be as a result of the effect of M. tuberculosis infection hence reducing the immunity of the infected patients (Table 6 and Fig. 6 (should be placed after Table 6 ) ) . This is in agreement of the study conducted by Abdulkadir et al. , 2019 in Katsina, Nigeria [ 16 ]. The results from Table 7 show that, Ciprofloxacin showed highest susceptibility (13) to S. pneumoniae while Norfloxacin shows the least susceptibility (3) to the organism. Cefalexin showed highest sensitivity (10) to K. pneumonia while Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (3) was the least susceptible antibiotic to the organism. Ciprofloxacin showed highest susceptibility to the organisms followed by Streptomycin and Gentamycin. Moreover, the distribution of antibiotics with the highest number of sensitive isolates is represented diagrammatically in Fig. 7 (should be placed after TBALE 7). Conclusion This study was able to observe a co-infection of both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria among the suspected Tuberculosis patients. The bacterial co-infection was highly observed in males than the females. The research demonstrated that elderly patients had higher incidence than the younger ones. However, S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae were the prevalent pathogens isolated, while S. aureus had less occurrence. Recommendations Patients with lower respiratory tract infections like TB, should be checked for other bacterial pathogens. Hospitals should be encouraged to incorporate the identification of aetiological agent of T.B and the presence of other pathogens apart from bacteria (such as Fungi and Virus), so as to avoid the failure of therapy. This will help in tackling the danger of co-infection as seen this research. As antimicrobial resistance is seen in some pathogens isolated, inappropriate use of antibiotics should be avoided. And antimicrobial resistance awareness should be given to the masses, these may reduce the threat of AMR in our societies. Abbreviations TB = Tuberculosis TB-LAMP = Tuberculosis-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Declarations This research was conducted in compliance with the Ethics Declaration of Helsinki, in which scientific principles, scientific literature and other relevant sources of information are indicated as follows: Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate: Ethical approval and clearance for the study was sought and granted by the office of The Chairman, Research Ethical Committee, Hospital Management Board, Ministry of Health, Kano State of Nigeria, with the NHREC approval number (NHREC17/03/2018) and SHREC/2022/3735 . However, informed consent form and certificate of consent were given to the study participants for seeking their approval to take their samples. Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article Competing interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding: No external funding Authors Contribution: ZI carried out the laboratory procedures, from sample collection down to the final laboratory results. AS prepared the text in the manuscript, MMU designed the figures and tables in the manuscripts, MIM supervised the whole study, from the initiation to completion. Footnotes: Not applicable References Pranita W. Excretory Secretory Proteins Released during Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra), With Diagnostic Potential in Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Mycobacterium Disease. 2016;6:215. Kavita G. Changing Trends in the Susceptibility Pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Over a Decade from a Tertiary Care DOTS Centre Delhi. Mycobact Dis. 2016;6:211. Christina SH. 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Richards MJR, Edwards DH, Culver RP. Gaynes and the National Nosocomial infections surveillance system. Nosocomial infections in combined medical surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:510–5. Panda SB, Nadini P, Ramani TV. Lower respiratory tract infection-Bacteriological profile and antibiogram pattern. Int J Cur Res Rev. 2012;04(21):149–55. Egbe CA, Ndiokwere C, Omoregie R. Microbiology of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Benin City, Nigeria. Malaysian J Med Sci. 2011;18(2):27–31. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4530439","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":312575171,"identity":"d3350698-c2ac-4f46-874f-1e4570892bbe","order_by":0,"name":"Zephaniah Isaiah","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABD0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNiCWYDBgBlIJDAfkGBh4SNRiTKwWBgYDCOdAYgMhLfLtvcce/NxhIW/Ozv7ww4OaO+kbjp89+OADg52cbgN2LYw959INe89IGO5s5jGWSDj2LHfDmbxkwxkMycZmB7BrYZbIMZPgbZNg3HCYh0Eige1w7oYDOWbSPEAXbsOhhU3+jZnk3zYJ+w2H2R//SPh3ON3g/Bv8WngkeMykgbYkbjjMYCaR2HY4weAGAVskePLSpGXbJJKBDjOzSOw7bDjzxhtjwxkGuP0i3372mOTbtjrbDeePP77549theb7zOYYPPlTYyeHSghlxCmCVBriUY9Mi34BP9SgYBaNgFIxEAAA9WF9d78wXTQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Bayero University Kano","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zephaniah","middleName":"","lastName":"Isaiah","suffix":""},{"id":312575174,"identity":"06d3b027-05fe-4ea2-aa0d-7daddb6835bc","order_by":1,"name":"Aminu Shehu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bayero University Kano","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aminu","middleName":"","lastName":"Shehu","suffix":""},{"id":312575175,"identity":"0da0cb79-b1c4-4984-a8f6-537e0636215f","order_by":2,"name":"Muhammad Muhsin Umar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bayero University Kano","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Muhsin","lastName":"Umar","suffix":""},{"id":312575178,"identity":"f5cbc4ca-eac7-48df-ae82-bef2d56ed2e8","order_by":3,"name":"Maryam Idris Musa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bayero University Kano","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maryam","middleName":"Idris","lastName":"Musa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-04 22:53:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4530439/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4530439/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59215526,"identity":"c0ef56c1-da8c-48d4-a042-3191c582f37f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-27 18:57:21","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29790,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIncidence of TB based on Age Group of suspected TB Patients attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano State.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4530439/v1/df3af8cd78180e9bfa88f81c.png"},{"id":59215521,"identity":"20f77c34-a130-4e62-bb3e-ef256113317b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-27 18:57:21","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26545,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGender Distribution of positive TB Patients attending Infectious Diseases Hospital during the study.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4530439/v1/c5d4ad208fa3685027b2994d.png"},{"id":59215520,"identity":"3e5127dd-82f4-4d87-852a-ff6c4a22d99c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-27 18:57:21","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27475,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution of Bacterial Pathogens isolated from the sputum sample of the TB suspected patients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4530439/v1/10504e057b9577e6c9c66c76.png"},{"id":59215525,"identity":"c6909bef-c7dc-4ffb-8c33-2784e5ba46eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-27 18:57:21","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18681,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOccurrence of Bacterial Growth based on Age Group\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4530439/v1/ad4310b5b547eca51ce54042.png"},{"id":59216273,"identity":"b466da00-1d4d-4393-9e80-6158f8fced97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-27 19:05:21","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":158460,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence of Bacterial Growth based on Gender of the study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4530439/v1/85ee085e22525bf13a349aa1.png"},{"id":59215523,"identity":"8dbc4086-5a40-43b8-9300-d332b2e9803d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-27 18:57:21","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncidence of other bacterial pathogens among patients suspected with Tuberculosis enrolled in the study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4530439/v1/2c12b63aa71aeef3b3e67dee.png"},{"id":59215522,"identity":"21774ae3-b98c-4334-9db9-1e3bef6071c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-27 18:57:21","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17835,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of antibiotics with the highest number of sensitive isolates\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4530439/v1/a077a4de609af56133e0a8a9.png"},{"id":80290591,"identity":"77bc2755-8461-46b8-a44f-da73bf89adc5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-10 07:47:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2041984,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4530439/v1/98bde29c-fcfa-4c0d-b9b1-9052b8f30ab2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Incidence of Other Bacterial Pathogens among Patients suspected with Pulmonary Tuberculosis attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis (TB) is among the oldest form of human bacterial diseases. Accordingly, nearly two million people die as a result of TB infection annually [1]. -This disease is the deadliest among the curable infectious diseases, despite the effective treatment put in place [2]. TB infection occurs in the lungs, but it can also affect some parts of the human body, such as the bones or other organ systems. Tuberculosis is caused by a pathogenic bacterial species \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium tuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e, which belongs to the Family Mycrobacteriaceae. It was initially discovered by a German scientist Robert Koch in 1882 [3]. It has the ability to form acid stable complexes which are composed of peptidoglycan molecules during Gram staining. It is also called Acid-fast Bacteria (AFB), due to its ability to resist decolorization during staining, once the bacteria is stained, then it cannot be decolorized by any acid, hence given its name. The site of infection is the human lungs. Various techniques are used to diagnose tuberculosis, these include tuberculin skin tests, acid-fast stain, TB-LAMP/GENE XPERT and chest radiographs [4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough TB patients can be co-infected with bacterial infections, but bacterial co-infection with tuberculosis has not been documented widely, and existence of both infections at the same time in patients may cause misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment [5]. Measures should be taken against bacterial co-infection with tuberculosis, especially when the tubercular infection occurs in atypical pulmonary or extrapulmonary locations. Persons with intact immunity may not have tubercular and bacterial co-infection, but the both infections are more common in immunodeficient patients such as patients with HIV\u0026ndash;AIDS, diabetes, and other immunosuppressing ailments. Some studies have reported the co-occurrence of TB with other bacterial organisms like \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium leprae, M. intacellulare, Streptococcus pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus milleri, Psedumonas\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies \u003cem\u003eand Klebsiella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies [6]. HIV co-infection is very common with tuberculosis patients, likewise tuberculosis patients can also be co-infected with fungi (e.g \u003cem\u003eCandida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp.) [7].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacterial pathogens inhabiting the lower respiratory tract could sometimes preclude \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium tuberculosis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eor manifest as pulmonary symptoms that could mislead clinicians. When patients are presented with pulmonary symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections, such as persistent cough, fever, night sweats and so on, clinicians may think it is due to a tubercular infection, and may only treat them as tuberculosis patients, of which there might be other bacterial infections that may cause them. Hence, this study was planned to examine suspected TB patients in Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH) Kano, Nigeria for other pathogenic bacterial growth.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy Area\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at the laboratory unit of Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano (IDH), located at No.1 France Road by Weather Head, Sabon Gari, Kano. The facility was established in 1960\u0026rsquo;s by missionaries, for the purpose of treating tuberculosis and small pox. The hospital was handed over to the state government after the independence and it became centre for the treatment of all infectious diseases such as TB, Measles, CSM, Gastroenteritis, HIV etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 85 patients symptomatic to TB attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano during the period of the study. The patients were given an informed consent form to fill and a well-structured questionnaire was used to collect their information and were then asked to expectorate an early morning sputum sample into a sterile, clean dry and leak-proof container and bring it carefully to the IDH laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSubject Selection Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInclusive Criteria\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll patients that were positive or negative to TB, ranging from 10 - \u0026gt;40 years old were included in this study, as much as they were presented with TB symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eExclusive Criteria\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatients below the age of 10 and those who had other infections like HIV/AIDS were both excluded from this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical Consideration\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical approval and clearance for the study was sought and granted by the office of The Chairman, Research Ethical Committee, Hospital Management Board, Ministry of Health, Kano State of Nigeria, with the NHREC approval number (NHREC17/03/2018) and SHREC/2022/3735.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSample Size Determination\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size was determined using the formula described by Naing \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e \u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$n=\\frac{{Z}^{2}Pq}{{d}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;minimum sample size.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Z score for 95%, confidence interval\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Prevalence, 94.1% (0.941) prevalence from a previous related [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eq\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 \u0026ndash; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;compliment probability,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;degree of accuracy usually 5% (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCalculations\u003c/b\u003e;\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$n=\\frac{({1.96)}^{2}\\times 0.941(1-0.941)}{{\\left(0.05\\right)}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$n= \\frac{3.8416\\times 0.941 \\left(0.059\\right)}{0.0025}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$n=\\frac{3.8416 \\times 0.055519}{0.0025}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Eque\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Eque\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$n=\\frac{0.213282}{0.0025}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equf\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equf\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$n=85.3127$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equg\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equg\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$n\\cong 85$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSample Collection\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the study participants were given an appropriate and respective serial number for easy identification. Each patient was handed with a plastic, clean dry, wide-necked, leak-proof, sterilized and appropriately labeled specimen and was asked to expectorate an early morning, non-salivary sputum samples containing no particles. The sputum samples were then collected in such a way that they corresponded with the patients\u0026rsquo; serial number on the laboratory form and questionnaire. Relevant socio-demographic data, symptoms manifestations and TB risk factors were also asked to the patients and recorded on a questionnaire. The samples were then taken to the Microbiology Laboratory in the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMethods and Methodology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMedia Preparation\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the media used were prepared according to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTuberculosis-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (TB-LAMP)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is a molecular diagnostic test used for the detection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTBC). It is known for its high sensitivity and specificity and takes less than 1.5 hours to perform, it only requires minimal instrument in the form of heating block, and gives the result in a visual read-out and fluorescent form, applying ultra-violet light, which can be read with the naked eyes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test was carried out following these procedures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1. Sample preparation and lysis (10\u0026ndash;20 minutes):\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cap of the heating tube was removed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eA wide-bore disposable pipette was used to collect 60\u0026micro;L of the purulent part of the sputum from the specimen container and was transferred to the heating tube containing the extraction solution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe content of the heating tube was mixed by shaking it invertedly for 3\u0026ndash;4 times and was incubated in heating block at 90\u0026deg;C for 5 min to lyse and inactivate the mycobacteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2. DNA Extraction (5 minutes):\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe heating tube was removed from the heating block and allowed to cool for 2 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cap of an adsorbent tube was removed, and the adsorbent tube was attached to the heating tube and was mixed by shaking it, for all the powder to be entirely mixed with the solution, until a milky solution is obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe heating tube was tightly screwed unto the adsorbent tube to pierce the seal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe injection cap was screwed unto the other side of the adsorbent tube, and few drops of the solution (30 \u0026micro;l) was transferred to the reaction tube by squeezing the adsorbent tube.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3. Amplification (40 minutes):\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reaction tubes were incubated invertedly for 2mins at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe constituents of the reaction tube were mixed by shaking the tube for five times, and the tube was tapped, pointing down on a hard surface, for the content of the tube to settle down at the bottom.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe temperature of the incubator was ensured to be 67\u0026deg;C, and the reaction tubes were incubated for 40mins.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amplification was stopped automatically after 40 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e4. Results reading (0.5–1 minute):\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reaction tubes were inserted into the detection unit and UV light was turned on for observing the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe positive tubes were fluoresce green\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reaction tubes were then disposed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCulturing and isolation\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrepared MacConkey agar and Chocolate (heated blood) agar were used to inoculate the samples under aseptic measures, by using a sterilized wire loop to pick the samples and swab onto the surface of the solidified agar. The MacConkey agar plates were then incubated aerobically in an incubator at 35\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 18-24hours while the Chocolate agar plates were incubated in an anaerobic jar, devoid of oxygen but enriched with carbon dioxide, at 35\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC also for 18-24hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMorphological Characterization\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the end of 24 hours, after incubation, the agar plates were observed, the plates with a significant growth were observed for morphological characteristics such as growth pattern of the pathogens, shape and size of the growth colony, change in colour, odour, pigmentation, heamolysis and swarming movement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eIdentification of Bacteria\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eGram staining was used to identify the bacteria as either gram positive or gram negative, through their gram reaction and also to identify their various shapes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. To confirm the identities of the bacterial isolates, the isolates were subjected to series of biochemical tests using the identification aid outlined in Bergey's Manual for Determinative Bacteriology. Catalase test was used to differentiate \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e that produce an enzyme catalase from non-catalase producing bacteria such as \u003cem\u003eStreptococci\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Coagulase test was used to differentiate \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (positive) from Coagulase Negative \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e (CONS) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Other biochemical tests used to identify and differentiate the bacterial isolates were Oxidase test, Indole test, Methyl-red test and Voges-proskauer test [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eAntimicrobial susceptibility Test\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe disk diffusion technique by Kirby\u0026ndash;Bauer was employed for the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST). Few bacterial colonies were picked from the pure isolates to make a bacterium suspension on sterile 0.9% normal saline and were standardized using 0.5 McFarland standard by adjusting the turbidity. The bacterium suspension was then inoculated into Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) using a sterile bacteriological cotton swab and allowed for some time to diffuse. After 15mins of the inoculation, a sterile forcep was used to seed the antibiotics disc onto the agar with aseptic measures. These discs were impregnated with a space in-between to prevent lapping of inhibitory zones. The plates were incubated at 37\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003ec for 24 hours. The zone of inhibition was observed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The antibiotics contained in the discs used include Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (AXC), Ciprofloxacin (CPX), Co-trimoxazole (CTX), Ampicillin (PN), Ofloxacin (OFX), Pefloxacin (PEF), Streptomycin (S), Gentamycin (CN), Cefalexin (CEF), Levofloxacin (LEV), Erythromycin (E), Amoxicillin (AML), Nitrofurantoin (NB), Norfloxacin (NFX), Chloramphenicol (C), Ampicillin/Cloxacillin (APX), Levofloxacin (L), Nalixidic Acid (NA), Rifampicin (R) and Clindamycin (CN).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData management and statistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data obtained in this study were tabulated and analyzed using IBM SPSS STATISTICS VERSION 25, to calculate percentages (%), tables and graphs and other descriptive statistics, and Pearson Chi-square test was performed where p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was assigned as significant. Microsoft Excel 2013 was used for pie charts, bar charts and column charts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eResults and Interpretations\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results obtained from this study were presented in tables, charts and graphs with their interpretations therein.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe socio-demographic data (age, gender, place of living and level of education) and clinical information such as type of patient, symptoms and risk factors of tuberculosis, collected and recorded on a questionnaire were presented in terms of frequencies and percentages [Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequencies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentages (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40-above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of Living\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-formal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of Education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn-patient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of Patient\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut-patient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIncidence of Tuberculosis in relation to Age and Gender of the study participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table below shows the incidence and association or relationship between the variables (age and gender) and tuberculosis status (positive or negative) of the suspected and symptomatic TB patients attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano. However, Pearson chi square test was performed, where p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was assigned significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of Tuberculosis status in relation to Age and Gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Samples analyzed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTuberculosis Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (30.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (13.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (35.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (13.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40-above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (41.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (26.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e42\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (74.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (45.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (54.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.538\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e42\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eKey\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;Pearson Chi square value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Degree of Freedom\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBacterial Pathogens isolated from the sputum sample of the patients\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 18\u0026ndash;24 hours of incubation, the bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified from the sputum samples of the suspected patients enrolled in this study, through series of biochemical tests as well as gram reaction. The isolated bacterial pathogens were \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e spp \u003cem\u003eand Proteus\u003c/em\u003e spp. The table below shows the incidence and occurrence of bacterial pathogens isolated from the inoculated sputum sample of the patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccurrence or Incidence of Bacterial Pathogens isolated from the sputum sample of the TB suspected Patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial Pathogens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKey\u003c/b\u003e: NPI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No pathogen isolated\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eKey\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No Pathogens Isolated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccurrence or Incidence of Bacterial Pathogens from Patients in relation to Age and Gender\u003c/b\u003e: The table below shows the relationship between the bacterial growth isolated and the age and gender of the study participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.peumo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK.pneumo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudo.\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u0026ndash;19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKey\u003c/b\u003e: NPI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No Pathogen Isolated\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eS.pneumo\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Streptococcus pneumoniae\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eK.pneumo\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Klebsiella pneumonia\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eE.coli\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Escherichia coli\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eS.aureus\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Staaphyloccus aureus\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePseudo\u003c/em\u003e spp\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Pseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Proteus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccurrence of Bacterial Growth based on Age group and Gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial Growth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency Percentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 27.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 17.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 17.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 38.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e39 100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 58.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 41.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e39 100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncidence of Other Bacterial Pathogens in relation to the Tuberculosis Status of the Patients enrolled in the study\u003c/b\u003e: The table below shows the incidence of the patients positive or negative to tuberculosis having other bacterial pathogens other than \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium tuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. pneumo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. pneumo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudo\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal of Bacterial growth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePositive\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (69%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTuberculosis status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNegative\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of the isolated Bacterial Pathogens to various Antibiotics using Disc Diffusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the number of times where the isolates are susceptible or resistant to the various antibiotics used. The antibiotic used for the isolated gram positive bacteria include; Ciprofloxacin (10ug), Norfloxacin (10ug), Gentamycin (10ug), Amoxicillin (20ug), Streptomycin (30ug), Rifampicin (20ug), Erythromycin (30ug), Chloramphenicol (30ug), Ampicillin/Cloxacillin (20ug) and Levofloxacin (20ug). Likewise, the antibiotics impregnated into the discs used for the isolated gram negative bacteria were Ofloxacin (10ug), Pefloxacin (10ug), Ciprofloxacin (10ug), Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (30ug), Gentamycin (10ug), Streptomycin (30ug), Cefalexin (10ug), Nalidixic acid (30ug), Co-trimoxazole (30ug) and Ampicillin (30ug).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of the isolated Bacterial Pathogens to various Antibiotics using Disc Diffusion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.pneumo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK.pneumo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudo\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCPX (10ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB (10ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCN (10ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAML (20ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS (30ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRD (20ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE (30ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH (30ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPX (20ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLEV (20ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOFX (10ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEF (10ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAXC (10ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCEF (10ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTX (30ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePN (30ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA (30ug)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKEYS:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCPX\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ciprofloxacin OFX\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Norfloxacin PEF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Pefloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Gentamycin AXC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Amoxicillin/Clavulanate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAML\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Amoxicillin CEF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Cefalexin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Streptomycin CTX\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Co-trimoxazole\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Rifampicin PN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ampicilin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Erythromycin NA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nalixidic Acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Chloramphenicol NA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Not Applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPX\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ampicillin/Cloxacillin R\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLEV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Levofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation","content":"\u003ch3\u003eDiscussion\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants of this study were patients who were presented with a clinical symptom of lower respiratory tract infection presumptive of Tuberculosis infection. A total of 85 sputum samples were collected during the study period. The majority of sputum samples were collected from patients that aged 40-above (34.1% (29/85)) and male gender (60% (51/85)), sputum samples of patients from an urban settlement (67.1% (57/85)) that are with no formal education (31.8% (27/85) and are outpatients (97.6% (83/85) were mostly collected during the study, this is similar to a previous study that investigated community-acquired pneumonia, by Kishimbo \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, approximately 47.1% (40/85) had a history of fever and 64.7% (55/85) of patients had a history of antibiotics use in the past 3 months before being enrolled in this study. Moreover, none of the patients enrolled in the study had ever been diagnosed of HIV/AIDS and only 3/85 were diagnosed of tuberculosis before being enrolled in the study. All patients enrolled had at least one symptom; cough, night sweat, shortness of breath, fever and weight loss, but patients with symptoms of cough were prevalent (97.6% (83/85)) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e However, the Incidence of TB based on Age Group and Gender of suspected TB Patients attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano State is diagrammatically shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e respectively (should be placed after Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the study revealed the incidence of TB occurs mostly within the age range of 40-above with 41.8%, followed by 10\u0026ndash;19 with 30.25%, the lowest incidence was observed in the age group of 20\u0026ndash;29 and 30\u0026ndash;39, which had same incidence of TB with 13.9% each. Statistically, there was a relationship between age group category and tuberculosis status with x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = (7.936), df = (3) and \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value (.047) which was statistically significant, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value was less than 0.05 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), therefore we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. Result shows that, the incidence of TB was higher in males than in females, where 32 (74.4%) males were positive to TB, and 11 (25.6%) females were TB positive, this was similar to a study carried out by Abdulkadir \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019 in Katsina [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], Nigeria, where 23 (46%) males were TB positive and 6 (12%) were TB positive. Statistically in this study, there was a relationship between gender and tuberculosis status, with x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.538, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, and \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value was .006, which was statistically significant, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value was less than 0.05 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), therefore we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bacterial pathogens isolated from the samples were \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e 18 (21.2%), \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e 12 (14.1%), \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e 2 (2.4%), \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e 1 (1.2%), \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e spp. 2 (2.4%) and \u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp. 4 (4.7%). This shows that \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e was the predominant pathogen, followed by \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae, Proteus\u003c/em\u003e spp, \u003cem\u003eE. coli, Pseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e spp and \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, which just occurred once (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e The distribution of Bacterial Pathogens isolated from the sputum samples of the TB suspected patients is diagrammatically represented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e (should be placed after Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). These findings were in agreement with the works of Taura \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019 in Kano [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and El-Mahmood \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2010 in Yola [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Likewise, the results disagree with the research ca rried out by Richards \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2000 in USA, where \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e was prevalent (17%) followed by \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (15.66%) and then by \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter species\u003c/em\u003e (10.9%) and \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pnuemoniae\u003c/em\u003e (7.0%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on gender, in terms of pathogen occurrence, this study shows that, male participants (23 (59%)) had the highest number of pathogens compared to their female counterparts (16 (41%)) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). This might be due to the fact that males are more susceptible to lower respiratory tract infections as they are associated to the risk factors (e.g. smoking and chronic alcoholism) than their female counterparts. This agrees with a study carried out by Panda \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2012 who isolated 101 pathogens, and reported that 64 (63.4%) were from males while 37 (36.6%) were from females [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. However, these results go against the data obtained by El-Mahmood \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2010 from a study, where a total of 232 organisms were isolated, where 114 (49.1%) were from males while 118 (50.9%) from females [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incidence of bacterial pathogens among the study participants varies with age, in which, age group ranging from 40 years and above had the highest number of occurrence (15 (32.6%)) followed by 10\u0026ndash;19 years (10(21.7%)). A weak immunity as a result of age and other health related issues might be the possible reasons for this trend, as Egbe \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2011) recorded in a previous study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The least age group in terms of occurrence were 20\u0026ndash;29 and 30\u0026ndash;39 years, which had equal incidences of 7 occurrences (15.2%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The high incidence of pathogens seen among patients ranging from 10\u0026ndash;19 years and 40 to above in this study, did not go in agreement with the study of Panda \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2012, where they recorded higher occurrence of \u003cem\u003eK. pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e among patients ranging from 51\u0026ndash;60 and 60\u0026ndash;70 years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the occurrence of bacterial growth based on age group and gender of the study participants is diagrammatically shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e respectively (should be placed after Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that patients who are positive to tuberculosis had the highest incidence of bacterial co-infection (27 (69%)) compared with the TB negative patients (12 (31%)). This could be as a result of the effect of \u003cem\u003eM. tuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e infection hence reducing the immunity of the infected patients (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e (should be placed after Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. This is in agreement of the study conducted by Abdulkadir \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019 in Katsina, Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e show that, Ciprofloxacin showed highest susceptibility (13) to \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e while Norfloxacin shows the least susceptibility (3) to the organism. Cefalexin showed highest sensitivity (10) to \u003cem\u003eK. pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e while Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (3) was the least susceptible antibiotic to the organism. Ciprofloxacin showed highest susceptibility to the organisms followed by Streptomycin and Gentamycin. Moreover, the distribution of antibiotics with the highest number of sensitive isolates is represented diagrammatically in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e (should be placed after TBALE 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eConclusion\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was able to observe a co-infection of both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria among the suspected Tuberculosis patients. The bacterial co-infection was highly observed in males than the females. The research demonstrated that elderly patients had higher incidence than the younger ones. However, \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e were the prevalent pathogens isolated, while \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e had less occurrence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRecommendations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatients with lower respiratory tract infections like TB, should be checked for other bacterial pathogens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospitals should be encouraged to incorporate the identification of aetiological agent of T.B and the presence of other pathogens apart from bacteria (such as Fungi and Virus), so as to avoid the failure of therapy. This will help in tackling the danger of co-infection as seen this research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs antimicrobial resistance is seen in some pathogens isolated, inappropriate use of antibiotics should be avoided. And antimicrobial resistance awareness should be given to the masses, these may reduce the threat of AMR in our societies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTB = Tuberculosis\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTB-LAMP = Tuberculosis-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted in compliance with the Ethics Declaration of Helsinki, in which scientific principles, scientific literature and other relevant sources of information are indicated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval and Consent to Participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEthical approval and clearance for the study was sought and granted by the office of The Chairman, Research Ethical Committee, Hospital Management Board, Ministry of Health, Kano State of Nigeria, with the NHREC approval number (NHREC17/03/2018) and SHREC/2022/3735\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHowever, informed consent form and certificate of consent were given to the study participants for seeking their approval to take their samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo external funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contribution:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eZI carried out the laboratory procedures, from sample collection down to the final laboratory results. AS prepared the text in the manuscript, MMU designed the figures and tables in the manuscripts, MIM supervised the whole study, from the initiation to completion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFootnotes:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePranita W. Excretory Secretory Proteins Released during Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra), With Diagnostic Potential in Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Mycobacterium Disease. 2016;6:215.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKavita G. Changing Trends in the Susceptibility Pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Over a Decade from a Tertiary Care DOTS Centre Delhi. Mycobact Dis. 2016;6:211.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChristina SH. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Expansion of Foxp3 Positive CD4 T-cells with a Regulatory Profile in Tuberculin Non-sensitized Healthy Subjects: Implications for Effective Immunization against TB. J Clin Cell Immunol. 2016;7:428.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKaiming L. Genetic Diversity and Drug Resistance of 133 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Jiangxi Province, China. MBL. 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdulkadir B, Abubakar U, Abdullahi B, Owuna JE, Murtala R, Kabir K, et al. A Survey of co-infection of some pathogenic bacteria with TB patients attending Federal Medical Center Katsina, Nigeria. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci. 2019;12(1):209\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArora AA, Krishnaswamy UM, Moideen RP, Padmaja MS. Tubercular and bacterial coinfection: A case series. Lung India. 2015;32:172\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNdukwu CB, Mbakwem-Aniebo C, Frank-Peterside N. Prevalence of Candida Co-Infections among Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Emuoha, Rivers State, Nigeria. J Pharm Biol Sci. 2016;11(5).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNaing L, Winn T, Rusli BN. Practical Issues in Calculating the Sample Size for Prevalence Studies. Archives Orofac Sci. 2006;1:9\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEjeta E, Beyene G, Bonsa Z, Abebe G. Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Rifampicin resistance in high Human Immunodeficiency Virus setting in Gambella regional state, southwest Ethiopia. J Clin Tuberculosis Other Mycobact Dis. 2018;12:14\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Use of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (TB-LAMP) for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Policy Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2016. p. 1, Background. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK384523/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK384523/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMicheal J, Beboffe BE. Pierce. A Photographic Atlas Microbiology Laboratory. Fourth Edition. 2010.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries part 2. Cambridge University Press, UK; 2005. pp. 105\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVashist H, Sharma D, Gupta A. A review on commonly used biochemical test for bacteria. Innovare J Life Sci. 2013;1(1):3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCLSI, Pennsylvania. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 30th ed. PA, USA: CLSI; 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKishimbo P, Sogone NM, Kalokola F, Mshana SE. Prevalence of gram-negative bacteria causing community acquired pneumonia among adults in Mwanza City, Tanzania. Pneumonia. 2020;12:7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdulkadir B, Abubakar U, Abdullahi B, Owuna JE, Murtala R, Kabir K, et al. A Survey of co-infection of some pathogenic bacteria with TB patients attending Federal Medical Center Katsina, Nigeria. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci. 2019;12(1):209\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaura DW, Hassan A, Yayo AM, Takalmawa H. Bacterial isolates of the respiratory tract infection and their current sensitivity pattern among patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano-Nigeria. Int Res J Microbiol. 2013;4(9):226\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEl-Mahmood AM, Isa H, Mohammed A, Tirmidhi AB. Antimicrobial susceptibility of some respiratory tract pathogens to commonly used antibiotics at the specialist hospital, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria. J Clin Med Res. 2010;2(8):135\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRichards MJR, Edwards DH, Culver RP. Gaynes and the National Nosocomial infections surveillance system. Nosocomial infections in combined medical surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:510\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePanda SB, Nadini P, Ramani TV. Lower respiratory tract infection-Bacteriological profile and antibiogram pattern. Int J Cur Res Rev. 2012;04(21):149\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEgbe CA, Ndiokwere C, Omoregie R. Microbiology of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Benin City, Nigeria. Malaysian J Med Sci. 2011;18(2):27\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium, Incidence, Pathogens","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4530439/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4530439/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis (TB) has been a global human disease for decades, which has been causing death worldwide. It occurs due to an infection with \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium tuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e (MTB) at the lungs alveolar surfaces. It is an airborne bacterial infectious disease which can be transmissible from one person to another. This study was aimed at determining other bacterial pathogens among patients suspected with pulmonary tuberculosis, attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano. This study was cross-sectionally designed such that some pathogenic bacteria were isolated from suspected TB patients (positive or negative), to check for any possible co-infection. 85 sputum samples were collected from the TB suspected patients and TB-LAMP was conducted to check for \u003cem\u003eMycobacterium tuberculosis\u003c/em\u003e infection. The sputum samples collected were then cultured on Chocolate and MacConkey agar and incubated at 37\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 18-24hrs and pure colonies were confirmed using Grams staining and biochemical reaction. The data obtained were presented in frequencies and percentages and were analyzed statistically. Based on age group, the highest incidence was found among the age group of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40 with 38.46%, followed by 10\u0026ndash;19 with 27.02%, the incidence was least in age group of 20\u0026ndash;29 and 30\u0026ndash;39 with 17.95% both. According to gender, 23 males and 16 females were found with other bacterial pathogens, where the highest incidence was found in males (23/39 (58.97%)) and was least in females (16/39 (41.02%)), while 28 males and 18 females were found with no bacterial pathogen. \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e spp. and \u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp. were the bacterial pathogens isolated and identified from the samples collected, with \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e being the predominant pathogen (21.2%) and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e being the least prevalent (1.2%). Patients who were positive to TB were found with the highest incidence of other bacterial pathogens (27 (69%)) than the TB negative patients (12 (31%)). Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial pathogens have co-infected the suspected TB patients attending the targeted hospital of study. It is recommended that, patients showing symptoms of Tuberculosis should always be checked for a possible bacterial infection, not only tubercular infections, as that may enhance the diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Incidence of Other Bacterial Pathogens among Patients suspected with Pulmonary Tuberculosis attending Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kano","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-27 18:57:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4530439/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"531ab5d3-80d6-444a-8241-6f0f683408ae","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-10T07:39:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-27 18:57:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4530439","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4530439","identity":"rs-4530439","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}