MRI texture analysis of the lateral pterygoid muscle in patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint

MRI texture analysis of the lateral pterygoid muscle in patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article MRI texture analysis of the lateral pterygoid muscle in patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint Tao Huang, Shu-Fan Zhao, Zhi-Qiang Song, Zhong-Cheng Gong This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5363877/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the texture changes in the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) in patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement (uADD) of the temporomandibular joint with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods This retrospective study aimed to comparatively analyze the texture of the LPM in 232 patients with uADD from January 2022 to December 2023. Four groups were included in this study: the healthy joints of patients with uADD (H-TMJ), joints with anterior disc displacement (ADD) with reduction (ADDwR), joints with ADD without reduction (ADDwoR), and the joints of normal volunteers as the healthy group (HG). Five texture parameters were used for analysis: the angular second moment (ASM), contrast, inverse difference moment (IDM) and entropy. Results The average differences in the ASM, contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy of the LPM between the joints of healthy individuals and those of individuals with uADD were − 1.16×10 − 4 , 7.65, 2.66×10 − 5 , 1.06×10 − 2 , and 9.21×10 − 2 , respectively, with P values less than 0.05, indicating statistical significance. The entropy values of the ADDwoR and ADDwR groups was 6.38×10 − 2 , with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In addition, the H values for ASM, contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy among the different degrees of disc displacement were 6.52, 15.45, 12.96, 7.72, and 11.66, respectively, with P 0.05), with no statistical significance. The corresponding correlation coefficients for contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy values were − 0.146, 0.102, 0.098, and − 0.092, respectively, with P < 0.05. Conclusions Patients with ADD experience changes in the texture parameters of the LPM; among these, the entropy value of the LPM has high value in distinguishing ADDwoR from ADDwR, which can be used as an indicator to evaluate diseases that cause changes in the lateral pterygoid muscles. In addition, the degree of disc displacement is correlated to different degrees to the texture parameters. However, more research is needed to confirm the correlation between each numerical texture change and the corresponding pathological changes in the LMP. temporomandibular disorders anterior disc displacement lateral pterygoid muscle texture analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of musculoskeletal diseases that involve the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), the masticatory muscles and all associated tissues [ 1 ]. Anterior disc displacement (ADD) is the most common structural disorder among the TMD and can be divided into ADD with (ADDwR) or without reduction (ADDwoR) [ 2 ]. The relationship between the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) and the TMJ is tight; dysfunction of the LPM, such as excessive or low activity, is believed to underlie displacement of the TMJ disc [ 3 , 4 ]. MRI is currently the gold standard modality for diagnosing TMD, as it can clearly show the morphology and position of the joint disc as well as the state of the surrounding soft tissues [ 5 ]. D’Ippolito et al. [ 6 ] and Stimmer et al. [ 7 ] confirmed that morphological alterations in the LPM could be recognized in only a small number of TMD patients; specifically, lesions in a small amount of muscular parenchyma and tendon could be detected in fewer than 5% of TMD patients presenting with clinical symptoms. A few studies have measured muscle thickness in TMD patients with MRI; however, this method is not objective and cannot be quantified, and assessing subtle changes in the muscles can be difficult. Texture analysis is the application of mathematical techniques to evaluate the grayscale intensity and pixel localization of an image [ 8 ]. Human tissues have inherent texture features, and texture analysis can effectively detect subtle changes in the tissues through an analysis of these features [ 9 , 10 ]. In maxillofacial research, texture analysis has been used to quantify cysts, tumors, and inflammation [ 7 , 11 ] and to evaluate functional changes in the LPM that cannot be observed by the naked eye [ 12 , 13 ]. The gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) has proven to be a popular group of textural features that can be extracted from images. Haralick [ 14 ] defined 14 texture features measured from the probability matrix and extracted texture characteristics from remote sensing images. The four most commonly used texture features are angular second moment (ASM), correlation, entropy, and inverse difference moment (IDM)[ 10 , 11 ]. One study demonstrated that altered texture contrast and entropy presented in the LPM for TMJ with anterior disc displacement, and texture contrast and entropy could be considered as the effective imaging biomarkers to evaluate the status of LPM in TMD[ 15 ]. This study explored the changes in texture parameters and possible pathological changes in the LPM in patients with unilateral ADD (uADD) of the TMJ. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study that fully adhered to the relevant ethical principles, including those of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its subsequent iterations. All patients were treated at Wenzhou Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital from January 2020 to December 2023. This research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University Affiliated School of Stomatology (Ethics Number: WYKQ 2024008) and follows the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. All patients signed informed consent forms. The inclusion criteria were as follows: ① uADD of the TMJ; ② no treatment prior to the diagnostic MRI examination; and ③ no history of congenital developmental abnormalities, recent maxillofacial trauma, or autoimmune diseases. Patients who met the following criteria were excluded: ①simultaneous medial and lateral disc displacement; ② poor MR image quality that prevented evaluation and parameter measurement; and ③ only unilateral joint scans available. All patients with uADD were included in the uADD group. The joints in the uADD group were then divided into 3 groups: joints with ADDwR, joints with ADDwoR and the healthy-side joints (H-TMJ). To further assess differences between H-TMJs and the joints of healthy individuals, we also collected numerous normal volunteers as the healthy group (HG). MRI examinations MRI was performed with the uMR560 version 1.5T MRI scanner (UNITED IMAGING uMR, China), which uses 24-channel head coils instead of conventional surface coils to yield improved overall spatial information of TMJ muscle and soft tissue structures. On axial images, horizontal level images of the TMJ were captured with the mouth closed using axial T2-weighted imaging turbo spin echo (T2-TSE-TRA) sequences. The texture feature parameters of the LPM at its maximum horizontal area were measured with the GLCM plugin in ImageJ with the following parameters: step size in pixels = 1, step direction = 0° in advance, and the selection of texture parameters ASM, contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy [ 10 , 11 ]. Freehand selection was used to draw the entire region of interest (ROI) on the LPM slice containing the maximum tissue area while attempting to avoid the surrounding fascia, muscle, and bone tissue as best as possible. Details of this procedure are shown in Fig. 1 . The ROIs were placed three times on the same LPM slice by the same clinician, and the mean values of the texture parameters were retained as the final results. Statistical methods All the statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 26.0. Variables demonstrating independence, a normal distribution, and homogeneity of variance are presented as ( \(\:\stackrel{-}{X}\) ± S ) and were compared among groups with analysis of variance; otherwise, they are presented as M (P25, P75) and were compared with nonparametric tests. P < 0.05 was considered do indicate statistical significance. Spearman correlation analysis was used for assessing the correlations between variables. Results The joints of 123 volunteers without disc displacement, including 86 females and 37 males, with an average age of 26 ± 10.72, were defined as the HG; additionally, a total of 232 patients had uADD, including 178 females and 54 males, with an average age of 26 ± 9.64 years. These included 82 patients with joints with ADDwR and 150 patients with joints with ADDwoR, as shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the included patients Characteristic uADD HG Total 232 123 Sex Male 54 37 Female 178 86 Age (years) 26 ± 9.64 26 ± 10.72 MRI characteristic Number of TMD Total 232 Disease ADDwR 82 ADDwoR 150 uADD: unilateral anterior disc displacement; HG: healthy group; ADDwR: anterior disc displacement with reduction; ADDwoR: anterior disc displacement without reduction Comparisons between the healthy and uADD groups The results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in texture parameters between the joints in the H-TMJ group and those in the HG group. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the ASM, correlation, or IDM values between the joints in the H-TMJ and ADDwR groups, but there was a statistically significant difference in the contrast values. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference in the entropy and correlation values between the ADDwoR and ADDwR groups, whereas there were no statistically significant differences in the other parameters (Table 2 ). Table 2 Comparison between the healthy group and the uADD group Parameter (I) Group (J) Group Mean Difference (I-J) SE P ASM H-TMJ ADDwoR − .0000989935* 2.74E-05 < 0.001* ADDwR ADDwoR -7.04E-05 3.59E-05 0.051 HG H-TMJ -1.65E-05 2.92E-05 0.571 ADDwoR − .0001155382* 0.00003183 < 0.001* ADDwR -4.51E-05 3.73E-05 0.227 Contrast H-TMJ ADDwoR 10.97035* 2.56441 < 0.001* ADDwoR ADDwR -5.07247 3.36153 0.132 HG H-TMJ -3.32106 2.73001 0.224 ADDwoR 7.64929* 2.97734 0.01* ADDwR 2.57681 3.4895 0.461 Correlation H-TMJ ADDwoR -0.0000359248* 9.16E-06 < 0.001* ADDwoR ADDwR 0.0000265603* 1.20E-05 0.027* HG H-TMJ 1.48E-05 0.000009752 0.128 ADDwoR -0.0000210786* 1.06E-05 0.048* ADDwR 5.48E-06 1.25E-05 0.66 IDM H-TMJ ADDwoR -0.00864* 0.00289 0.003* ADDwoR ADDwR 0.00416 0.00378 0.272 HG H-TMJ -0.00197 0.00307 0.521 ADDwoR -0.01061* 0.00335 0.002* ADDwR -0.00645 0.00393 0.101 Entropy H-TMJ ADDwoR 0.09369* 0.02429 < 0.001* ADDwoR ADDwR − .06375* 0.03184 0.046* HG H-TMJ -0.00163 0.02586 0.95 ADDwoR 0.09206* 0.0282 0.001* ADDwR 0.02831 0.03305 0.392 *The significance level for the mean difference is 0.05. HG = healthy group; ADDwR = anterior disc displacement with reduction; ADDwoR = anterior disc displacement without reduction; H-TMJ = healthy joint of the patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement; ASM = angular second moment; IDM = inverse difference moment Comparisons between the disease groups Hg组中为ASM不符合正太分布, 故未行双因素方差分析;通过分析发现年龄和性别与Contrast、IDM、Entropy、Correlation统计结果得出P > 0.05, 差异无统计学意义, 说明年龄性别对Contrast、IDM、Entropy、Correlation无影响。 ‌Analysis of Age and Gender effects on uADD LPM Texture Parameters in uADD groups Parameter Mean Square F P Age Contrast 555.946 0.811 0.369 IDM 0.009 10.071 0.002 Entropy 0.303 4.684 0.031 Sex Contrast 1828.481 2.666 0.104 IDM 0.002 1.750 0.187 Entropy 0.14984029 2.31841602 0.129235883 ‌Analysis of Age and Gender effects on H-TMJ LPM Texture Parameters in uADD groups Parameter Mean Square F P Age Contrast 1273.890 2.028 0.156 IDM 0.005 5.554 0.019 Entropy 0.390 7.668 0.006 Sex Contrast 31.844 0.051 0.822 IDM 0.000 0.001 0.974 Entropy 0.013354319 0.262736808 0.608742346 There were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the ASM, contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy values among the joints in the H-TMJ, ADDWR, and ADDwoR groups, as shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Comparison of texture parameters according to the degree of temporomandibular joint disc displacement Parameters median M (P25, P75) H values P H-TMJ (n = 232) ADDwoR ( n = 150) ADDwR ( n = 82) ASM 0.000617 (0.0004745, 0.0008405) 0.00070535 (0.000523, 0.000954275) 0.0006376 (0.00052565, 0.000828775) 6.522 0.038 Contrast 122.670 (107.5, 138.2) 108.158 (91.1, 131.4) 117.803 (97.3, 130.0) 15.449 < 0.001 Correlation 0.000402 (0.00035575, 0.000479) 0.00045455 (0.000394925, 0.0005057) 0.0004135 (0.0003577, 0.00049075) 12.961 0.002 IDM 0.180 (0.2, 0.2) 0.194 (0.2, 0.2) 0.186 (0.2, 0.2) 7.715 0.021 Entropy 8.145 (8.0, 8.3) 8.040 (7.9, 8.2) 8.098 (8.0, 8.3) 11.662 0.003 ADDwR = anterior disc displacement with reduction; ADDwoR = anterior disc displacement without reduction; H-TMJ = healthy joint of the patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement; ASM = angular second moment; IDM = inverse difference moment Correlation analysis for the ADDwR, ADDwoR and H-TMJ groups Spearman correlation analysis was conducted on the data in the ADDWR, ADDwoR and H-TMJ, reflecting the severity of anterior disc displacement disease. The results are shown in Table 4 . The correlation coefficient between the degree of disc displacement and ASM was 0.082, close to 0, and P > 0.05, indicating that there was no correlation between the degree of DD and ASM. The correlation coefficient values for contrast and entropy were − 0.146 and − 0.092, indicating a substantial negative correlation between the severity of the disease and these variables. The correlation coefficient values between disease severity and the correlation and IDM values were 0.102 and 0.098, respectively, indicating a substantial positive correlation between disease severity and both of these variables. Table 4 Spearman correlation analysis in the uADD group Severity of ADD disease ASM Contrast Correlation IDM Entropy Severity of ADD disease 1 ASM 0.082 1 Contrast -0.146** -0.585** 1 Correlation 0.102* 0.310** -0.618** 1 IDM 0.098* 0.899** -0.748** 0.382** 1 Entropy -0.092* -0.936** 0.689** -0.520** -0.871** 1 * P < 0.05 ** P < 0.01 ADD = anterior disc displacement; ASM = Angular second moment; IDM = inverse difference moment Discussion GLCM features include ASM, contrast, IDM and entropy [ 9 ]. ASM is related to image homogeneity and similarity among pixels. Entropy is a measure of the complexity of an image; a more complex texture tends to result in a higher entropy value [ 16 ]. IDM reflects local homogeneity and is high when the local gray level is uniform [ 14 ]. Texture contrast, defined as “the distribution of the matrix metrics and the local variations in the image”, reflects the clarity of the image and the depth of the textural grooves; the deeper the groove pattern is, the greater the texture contrast and the clearer the image [ 17 ]. Correlation refers to the similarity in the spatial gray level co-occurrence matrix elements in a row or column, with higher values indicating stronger correlations [ 18 ]. It has been suggested that bilateral TMJs should be considered together because the movements of the mandible are complex and determined by the combined and simultaneous activity of both TMJs. Previous studies have demonstrated that dysfunction of one joint affects the other; accordingly, the incidence of bilateral TMJ alterations was found to be high [ 19 ]. Therefore, we first compared these texture values between the joints of HG and the H-TMJs, and found no significant differences in the texture parameters of the LPM between the groups. Luo et al. [ 18 ] reported that when the articular disc was displaced anteriorly in the TMD group, the contrast and entropy parameters changed significantly in the sagittal position. Moreover, compared with the healthy control group, TMD group had significantly greater ASM and entropy parameters but significantly lower IDM and contrast parameters [ 18 ]. In the comparison between the HG and the uADD groups in this study, the values of ASM, correlation, and IDM in the ADDwoR were greater than those in the HG, whereas the values of contrast and entropy were lower. This study investigated the LPM texture features in the horizontal plane with the mouth closed, whereas Luo et al. [ 18 ] focused on the LPM in the sagittal plane, which may be one of the reasons for the inconsistent results. None of the parameters were significantly different between the ADDwR group and the HG in this study, but the difference in entropy between the LPM in the ADDwoR and ADDwR groups was statistically significant, possibly because ADDwR is typically asymptomatic since the TMJ structure adapts well and painlessly to the changed disc position [ 2 ]. Other studies have yielded results that are consistent with our findings, demonstrating that texture entropy was significantly lower in LPM presenting with ADDwR and ADDwoR than in joints without disc displacement. In addition, the texture entropy of the LPM was lower in ADDwoR than in ADDwR joints. Previous studies have shown that entropy has excellent accuracy for evaluating the status of the LPM for distinguishing anteriorly displaced discs with and without reduction from nondisplaced discs [ 16 ]. Therefore, entropy can be used as an indicator to evaluate diseases that cause changes in the LPM. Other studies have indicated that in ADDwoR, the disc cannot return to its normal position, and the LPM that controls the stability of the disc cannot function properly and tends to be disused, which might lead to more severe fatty infiltration of the muscle in ADDwoR than in normal conditions or in ADDwR [ 20 ]. The changes in texture parameters in this study are not completely consistent with those in the previously mentioned research, however; one possible reason is that we used T2WI in our research. In addition, the T1 signal intensity used in their study cannot completely represent the fat content, as it is affected by other factors. We avoided the fascia when delineating the ROI; however, fatty infiltration in the muscle is often present along the fascia [ 21 ], and so our ROI delineation procedure may have resulted in not selecting some areas of fat around the fascia. Wang et al. [ 20 ] speculated that the increase in fatty infiltration of the LPM might be more pronounced in the fascia area between the superior head and inferior head. However, in our study, delineation of the ROI on the slice with the maximum area of the LPM in the horizontal plane may have resulted in the omission of fat infiltration areas. In this study, we identified differences in the ASM, contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy among different degrees of disc displacement within the uADD group. Correlation analysis revealed that there was no correlation between the degree of disc displacement and the ASM, but a negative correlation with contrast and entropy and a positive correlation with correlation and the IDM were identified. Disc displacement of any degree may lead to pathological changes in the LPM, causing changes in its texture parameters. Studies have shown that normal muscle contractions allow the blood supply to enable normal metabolism, whereas abnormal muscle contractions do not provide sufficient blood circulation to the muscles [ 22 ]. In addition, the specific texture characteristics of the LPM in patients with TMD may be related to muscle edema and inflammatory cell infiltration [ 18 ]. Furthermore, the LPM on the side with ADD demonstrates inflammatory infiltration and muscle edema, the grooves will become shallow, and the muscle texture becomes blurred [ 23 ]. On imaging, the LPM shows small differences and singular texture patterns, therefore, as the degree of disc displacement increases, the correlation and IDM of LPM increases. And on the normal side, the LPM has an abundant blood supply, which can be clearly displayed on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) The changes between different regions result in an increase in the complexity, thus contrast and entropy of LPM higher than ADD side. As depicted in Fig. 2 , the patient presents with a right-sided ADDwoR. The MRI image of the LPM reveals that the texture of the right LPM is indistinct and uniform, with an increased gray level within the same region, resembling the adjacent muscle tissue. Conversely, the left side exhibits contrasting characteristics. The current research results are interesting and convincing, but there are still some shortcomings in this study that should be addressed. Haralick defined 14 texture features, but we selected only 5, and more indicators are needed to more comprehensively evaluate the changes in the LPM in uADD. In this study, GLCM features were used for texture analysis; however, other methods such as histogram analysis, the gray-level run length matrix, and local binary patterns can also be used to analyze textures. Future studies should investigate whether other texture analysis methods can match the results obtained with the GLCM features. Our study used the maximum area of the LPM on the horizontal plane as the research object; however, we were unable to determine whether these represented the superior head or inferior head of the LPM, and so important imaging information may have been overlooked. Lopes et al. [ 24 ] also agreed that it is very difficult to distinguish the boundary between the superior head and the inferior head. In addition, subjective clinical findings, such as patient-reported pain and discomfort, were not evaluated or compared with the T2 relaxation time of the retrodiscal tissue. Therefore, future studies comparing clinical findings are necessary. Moreover, owing to limited resources, a 1.5 T MR machine was used for this study. Higher-field strength scanners (e.g., 3.0 T) have been suggested for evaluating the TMJ evaluation because they allow better structural analysis and perception of small joints [ 25 ]. Conclusions Our research revealed patients with ADD experience changes in the texture parameters of the LPM; among these, there are differences in the ASM, contrast, IDM, entropy, and correlation values of the LPM between healthy individuals and individuals with ADDwoR. The degree of anterior displacement of the articular disc was negatively correlated with the contrast and entropy values and positively correlated with the correlation and IDM values. Entropy had good accuracy in distinguishing ADDwoR from ADDwR, which can be used as an indicator to evaluate diseases that cause changes in the LPMs. However, more research is needed to confirm the correlations between each numerical texture change and the corresponding pathological changes in the LPM. Abbreviations Abbreviations Non abbreviations ASM angular second moment IDM inverse difference moment LPM lateral pterygoid muscle uADD unilateral anterior disc displacement ADD anterior disc displacement MRI magnetic resonance imaging H-TMJ healthy joints of patients with uADD ADDwR anterior disc displacement with reduction ADDwoR anterior disc displacement without reduction TMD temporomandibular disorder TMJ temporomandibular joint GLCM the gray level co-occurrence matrix Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The project was approved by The Ethics Committee of School and Stomatology Wenzhou Medical University (approval no.[2024]NO.008). The procedures used in this research were completed in accordance with the standards set out in the Announcement of Helsinki and laboratory guidelines of research in China. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials These data are not publicly available, after the research is publicly published, contact the research leader via email for reasonable access. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding None Authors' contributions Zhong cheng Gong and Zhi-Qiang Song conceptualized and designed the study, and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. Tao Huang conceptualized the study, designed the data collection, optimized the statistical methods and drafted the manuscript. And collected and integrated the clinical materials, carried out the statistical analyses and reviewed the manuscript. Shu-Fan Zhao supported MRI information extraction and interpreted the images, coordinated and supervised imaging data acquisition. All authors approved the ffnal manuscript as submit-ted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. The requirements for authorship as stated earlier in this document have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest work. Acknowledgements Thank you for the support of the following institutions, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China. Author’s information 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Wenzhou Medical. University, Wenzhou 325000, China 2 Oncological Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137, Li Yu Shan South Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang References Xiang W, Wang M, Li Z, Cai M, Pan X (2024) Correlation between temporomandibular joints and craniocervical posture in patients with bilateral anterial disc displacement. 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Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 49:25–30 Li C, Liu X, Muhetaer B, Jumatai S, Gong Z (2021) Magnetic resonance imaging texture analysis of unilateral lateral pterygoid myospasm in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders: a pilot study. Digit Med 7:2 Lopes SL, Costa AL, Tde OG, Flores IL, Cruz AD, Min LL (2015) Lateral pterygoid muscle volume and migraine in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Imaging Sci Dent 45:1–5 Kakimoto N, Wongratwanich P, Shimamoto H, Kitisubkanchana J, Tsujimoto T, Shimabukuro K et al (2024) Comparison of T2 values of the displaced unilateral disc and retrodiscal tissue of temporomandibular joints and their implications. Sci Rep 14:1705 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5363877","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":372714310,"identity":"0ea4ddb0-b5da-4b43-9a4b-58746335f92d","order_by":0,"name":"Tao Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tao","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":372714311,"identity":"7be4bf9c-894f-47a1-bf70-73bae05c2f1d","order_by":1,"name":"Shu-Fan Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shu-Fan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":372714312,"identity":"375b4157-c44b-45d2-8eda-6e09eb0f9723","order_by":2,"name":"Zhi-Qiang Song","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+/b+jw8SKmqY7dsbiNRiwHPA2ODBmWPsQAaxWiQSzCQftjHzAxlEajGXSEiTSDjDJm0u+XjjDYYam2iCWix7Hhy2SKiQMbacnVZswXAsLbeBoJ7jiY03gLYkM9zOMZNgbDhMhJYDyQwSiW3M9Q03zxCpxeBEGhNIC7PBDR4itUj2nGE2SDhzjFmyB+iXBGL8ws/ew/jwBzAq+dkPb7zxocaGCL8gO5LoqEHSQqqOUTAKRsEoGBkAAFTeQfxKPc+kAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhi-Qiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Song","suffix":""},{"id":372714313,"identity":"a5e824c7-9eaa-46c1-85ec-1de21e80e4db","order_by":3,"name":"Zhong-Cheng Gong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhong-Cheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Gong","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-31 00:53:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5363877/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5363877/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69949378,"identity":"88239eba-034f-4bb7-8084-f0911548b5fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 02:05:34","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":360614,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExample placement of an ROI with ImageJ\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYellow color represents the ROI of the lateral pterygoid muscle on the side with anterior articular disc displacement, and red color represents the ROI of the healthy lateral pterygoid muscle.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5363877/v1/6452abdc4ecf21c198ced94c.png"},{"id":69950567,"identity":"d8ee9d7f-bde8-4282-847c-e86d25711aec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 02:13:34","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":239592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMagnetic resonance imaging of right ADDwoR patient\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYellow color represents the lateral pterygoid muscle on the side with anterior articular disc displacement, and red color represents the the healthy lateral pterygoid muscle.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5363877/v1/17d67b8dd64129aefe78f577.png"},{"id":70409090,"identity":"bf29b837-afe2-48ed-8f68-1e7b522cf688","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-03 01:08:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1233769,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5363877/v1/8763c6b3-5caa-4fca-9262-0285ccce1f9b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"MRI texture analysis of the lateral pterygoid muscle in patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eTemporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of musculoskeletal diseases that involve the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), the masticatory muscles and all associated tissues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Anterior disc displacement (ADD) is the most common structural disorder among the TMD and can be divided into ADD with (ADDwR) or without reduction (ADDwoR) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The relationship between the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) and the TMJ is tight; dysfunction of the LPM, such as excessive or low activity, is believed to underlie displacement of the TMJ disc [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. MRI is currently the gold standard modality for diagnosing TMD, as it can clearly show the morphology and position of the joint disc as well as the state of the surrounding soft tissues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. D\u0026rsquo;Ippolito et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] and Stimmer et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] confirmed that morphological alterations in the LPM could be recognized in only a small number of TMD patients; specifically, lesions in a small amount of muscular parenchyma and tendon could be detected in fewer than 5% of TMD patients presenting with clinical symptoms. A few studies have measured muscle thickness in TMD patients with MRI; however, this method is not objective and cannot be quantified, and assessing subtle changes in the muscles can be difficult. Texture analysis is the application of mathematical techniques to evaluate the grayscale intensity and pixel localization of an image [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Human tissues have inherent texture features, and texture analysis can effectively detect subtle changes in the tissues through an analysis of these features [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. In maxillofacial research, texture analysis has been used to quantify cysts, tumors, and inflammation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] and to evaluate functional changes in the LPM that cannot be observed by the naked eye [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) has proven to be a popular group of textural features that can be extracted from images. Haralick [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] defined 14 texture features measured from the probability matrix and extracted texture characteristics from remote sensing images. The four most commonly used texture features are angular second moment (ASM), correlation, entropy, and inverse difference moment (IDM)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. One study demonstrated that altered texture contrast and entropy presented in the LPM for TMJ with anterior disc displacement, and texture contrast and entropy could be considered as the effective imaging biomarkers to evaluate the status of LPM in TMD[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study explored the changes in texture parameters and possible pathological changes in the LPM in patients with unilateral ADD (uADD) of the TMJ.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study that fully adhered to the relevant ethical principles, including those of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its subsequent iterations. All patients were treated at Wenzhou Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital from January 2020 to December 2023. This research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University Affiliated School of Stomatology (Ethics Number: WYKQ 2024008) and follows the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. All patients signed informed consent forms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria were as follows: ① uADD of the TMJ; ② no treatment prior to the diagnostic MRI examination; and ③ no history of congenital developmental abnormalities, recent maxillofacial trauma, or autoimmune diseases. Patients who met the following criteria were excluded: ①simultaneous medial and lateral disc displacement; ② poor MR image quality that prevented evaluation and parameter measurement; and ③ only unilateral joint scans available.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll patients with uADD were included in the uADD group. The joints in the uADD group were then divided into 3 groups: joints with ADDwR, joints with ADDwoR and the healthy-side joints (H-TMJ). To further assess differences between H-TMJs and the joints of healthy individuals, we also collected numerous normal volunteers as the healthy group (HG).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMRI examinations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMRI was performed with the uMR560 version 1.5T MRI scanner (UNITED IMAGING uMR, China), which uses 24-channel head coils instead of conventional surface coils to yield improved overall spatial information of TMJ muscle and soft tissue structures. On axial images, horizontal level images of the TMJ were captured with the mouth closed using axial T2-weighted imaging turbo spin echo (T2-TSE-TRA) sequences. The texture feature parameters of the LPM at its maximum horizontal area were measured with the GLCM plugin in ImageJ with the following parameters: step size in pixels\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, step direction\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg; in advance, and the selection of texture parameters ASM, contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Freehand selection was used to draw the entire region of interest (ROI) on the LPM slice containing the maximum tissue area while attempting to avoid the surrounding fascia, muscle, and bone tissue as best as possible. Details of this procedure are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The ROIs were placed three times on the same LPM slice by the same clinician, and the mean values of the texture parameters were retained as the final results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 26.0. Variables demonstrating independence, a normal distribution, and homogeneity of variance are presented as (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\stackrel{-}{X}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e) and were compared among groups with analysis of variance; otherwise, they are presented as M (P25, P75) and were compared with nonparametric tests. P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered do indicate statistical significance. Spearman correlation analysis was used for assessing the correlations between variables.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe joints of 123 volunteers without disc displacement, including 86 females and 37 males, with an average age of 26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.72, were defined as the HG; additionally, a total of 232 patients had uADD, including 178 females and 54 males, with an average age of 26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.64 years. These included 82 patients with joints with ADDwR and 150 patients with joints with ADDwoR, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the included patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003euADD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMRI characteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of TMD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003euADD: unilateral anterior disc displacement; HG: healthy group; ADDwR: anterior disc displacement with reduction; ADDwoR: anterior disc displacement without reduction\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eComparisons between the healthy and uADD groups\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in texture parameters between the joints in the H-TMJ group and those in the HG group. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the ASM, correlation, or IDM values between the joints in the H-TMJ and ADDwR groups, but there was a statistically significant difference in the contrast values. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference in the entropy and correlation values between the ADDwoR and ADDwR groups, whereas there were no statistically significant differences in the other parameters (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison between the healthy group and the uADD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(I) Group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(J) Group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Difference (I-J)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.0000989935*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.04E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.65E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.92E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.0001155382*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00003183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.51E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.97035*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.07247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.36153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.32106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.64929*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.97734\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57681\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.461\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0000359248*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.16E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000265603*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000009752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0000210786*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.48E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00864*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01061*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09369*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.06375*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02586\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09206*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*The significance level for the mean difference is 0.05. HG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;healthy group; ADDwR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;anterior disc displacement with reduction; ADDwoR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;anterior disc displacement without reduction; H-TMJ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;healthy joint of the patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement; ASM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;angular second moment; IDM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;inverse difference moment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eComparisons between the disease groups\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHg组中为ASM不符合正太分布, 故未行双因素方差分析;通过分析发现年龄和性别与Contrast、IDM、Entropy、Correlation统计结果得出P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, 差异无统计学意义, 说明年龄性别对Contrast、IDM、Entropy、Correlation无影响。\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026zwnj;Analysis of Age and Gender effects on uADD LPM Texture Parameters in uADD groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e555.946\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1828.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14984029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31841602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.129235883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026zwnj;Analysis of Age and Gender effects on H-TMJ LPM Texture Parameters in uADD groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1273.890\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.844\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013354319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.262736808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.608742346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were statistically significant differences (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the ASM, contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy values among the joints in the H-TMJ, ADDWR, and ADDwoR groups, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of texture parameters according to the degree of temporomandibular joint disc displacement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emedian M (P25, P75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;232)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwoR (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADDwR (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000617 (0.0004745, 0.0008405)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00070535 (0.000523, 0.000954275)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006376 (0.00052565, 0.000828775)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.670 (107.5, 138.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.158 (91.1, 131.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.803 (97.3, 130.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.449\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000402 (0.00035575, 0.000479)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00045455 (0.000394925, 0.0005057)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004135 (0.0003577, 0.00049075)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180 (0.2, 0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194 (0.2, 0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.186 (0.2, 0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.145 (8.0, 8.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.040 (7.9, 8.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.098 (8.0, 8.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eADDwR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;anterior disc displacement with reduction; ADDwoR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;anterior disc displacement without reduction; H-TMJ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;healthy joint of the patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement; ASM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;angular second moment; IDM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;inverse difference moment\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCorrelation analysis for the ADDwR, ADDwoR and H-TMJ groups\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpearman correlation analysis was conducted on the data in the ADDWR, ADDwoR and H-TMJ, reflecting the severity of anterior disc displacement disease. The results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between the degree of disc displacement and ASM was 0.082, close to 0, and \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, indicating that there was no correlation between the degree of DD and ASM. The correlation coefficient values for contrast and entropy were \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.146 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.092, indicating a substantial negative correlation between the severity of the disease and these variables. The correlation coefficient values between disease severity and the correlation and IDM values were 0.102 and 0.098, respectively, indicating a substantial positive correlation between disease severity and both of these variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpearman correlation analysis in the uADD group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeverity of ADD disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeverity of ADD disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.146**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.585**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.310**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.618**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.899**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.748**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.382**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.092*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.936**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.689**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.520**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.871**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e* \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 ** \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eADD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;anterior disc displacement; ASM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Angular second moment; IDM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;inverse difference moment\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eGLCM features include ASM, contrast, IDM and entropy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. ASM is related to image homogeneity and similarity among pixels. Entropy is a measure of the complexity of an image; a more complex texture tends to result in a higher entropy value [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. IDM reflects local homogeneity and is high when the local gray level is uniform [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Texture contrast, defined as \u0026ldquo;the distribution of the matrix metrics and the local variations in the image\u0026rdquo;, reflects the clarity of the image and the depth of the textural grooves; the deeper the groove pattern is, the greater the texture contrast and the clearer the image [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Correlation refers to the similarity in the spatial gray level co-occurrence matrix elements in a row or column, with higher values indicating stronger correlations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been suggested that bilateral TMJs should be considered together because the movements of the mandible are complex and determined by the combined and simultaneous activity of both TMJs. Previous studies have demonstrated that dysfunction of one joint affects the other; accordingly, the incidence of bilateral TMJ alterations was found to be high [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, we first compared these texture values between the joints of HG and the H-TMJs, and found no significant differences in the texture parameters of the LPM between the groups. Luo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] reported that when the articular disc was displaced anteriorly in the TMD group, the contrast and entropy parameters changed significantly in the sagittal position. Moreover, compared with the healthy control group, TMD group had significantly greater ASM and entropy parameters but significantly lower IDM and contrast parameters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. In the comparison between the HG and the uADD groups in this study, the values of ASM, correlation, and IDM in the ADDwoR were greater than those in the HG, whereas the values of contrast and entropy were lower. This study investigated the LPM texture features in the horizontal plane with the mouth closed, whereas Luo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] focused on the LPM in the sagittal plane, which may be one of the reasons for the inconsistent results. None of the parameters were significantly different between the ADDwR group and the HG in this study, but the difference in entropy between the LPM in the ADDwoR and ADDwR groups was statistically significant, possibly because ADDwR is typically asymptomatic since the TMJ structure adapts well and painlessly to the changed disc position [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Other studies have yielded results that are consistent with our findings, demonstrating that texture entropy was significantly lower in LPM presenting with ADDwR and ADDwoR than in joints without disc displacement. In addition, the texture entropy of the LPM was lower in ADDwoR than in ADDwR joints. Previous studies have shown that entropy has excellent accuracy for evaluating the status of the LPM for distinguishing anteriorly displaced discs with and without reduction from nondisplaced discs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, entropy can be used as an indicator to evaluate diseases that cause changes in the LPM. Other studies have indicated that in ADDwoR, the disc cannot return to its normal position, and the LPM that controls the stability of the disc cannot function properly and tends to be disused, which might lead to more severe fatty infiltration of the muscle in ADDwoR than in normal conditions or in ADDwR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The changes in texture parameters in this study are not completely consistent with those in the previously mentioned research, however; one possible reason is that we used T2WI in our research. In addition, the T1 signal intensity used in their study cannot completely represent the fat content, as it is affected by other factors. We avoided the fascia when delineating the ROI; however, fatty infiltration in the muscle is often present along the fascia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], and so our ROI delineation procedure may have resulted in not selecting some areas of fat around the fascia. Wang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] speculated that the increase in fatty infiltration of the LPM might be more pronounced in the fascia area between the superior head and inferior head. However, in our study, delineation of the ROI on the slice with the maximum area of the LPM in the horizontal plane may have resulted in the omission of fat infiltration areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we identified differences in the ASM, contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy among different degrees of disc displacement within the uADD group. Correlation analysis revealed that there was no correlation between the degree of disc displacement and the ASM, but a negative correlation with contrast and entropy and a positive correlation with correlation and the IDM were identified. Disc displacement of any degree may lead to pathological changes in the LPM, causing changes in its texture parameters. Studies have shown that normal muscle contractions allow the blood supply to enable normal metabolism, whereas abnormal muscle contractions do not provide sufficient blood circulation to the muscles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the specific texture characteristics of the LPM in patients with TMD may be related to muscle edema and inflammatory cell infiltration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the LPM on the side with ADD demonstrates inflammatory infiltration and muscle edema, the grooves will become shallow, and the muscle texture becomes blurred [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. On imaging, the LPM shows small differences and singular texture patterns, therefore, as the degree of disc displacement increases, the correlation and IDM of LPM increases. And on the normal side, the LPM has an abundant blood supply, which can be clearly displayed on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) The changes between different regions result in an increase in the complexity, thus contrast and entropy of LPM higher than ADD side. As depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the patient presents with a right-sided ADDwoR. The MRI image of the LPM reveals that the texture of the right LPM is indistinct and uniform, with an increased gray level within the same region, resembling the adjacent muscle tissue. Conversely, the left side exhibits contrasting characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current research results are interesting and convincing, but there are still some shortcomings in this study that should be addressed. Haralick defined 14 texture features, but we selected only 5, and more indicators are needed to more comprehensively evaluate the changes in the LPM in uADD. In this study, GLCM features were used for texture analysis; however, other methods such as histogram analysis, the gray-level run length matrix, and local binary patterns can also be used to analyze textures. Future studies should investigate whether other texture analysis methods can match the results obtained with the GLCM features. Our study used the maximum area of the LPM on the horizontal plane as the research object; however, we were unable to determine whether these represented the superior head or inferior head of the LPM, and so important imaging information may have been overlooked. Lopes et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] also agreed that it is very difficult to distinguish the boundary between the superior head and the inferior head. In addition, subjective clinical findings, such as patient-reported pain and discomfort, were not evaluated or compared with the T2 relaxation time of the retrodiscal tissue. Therefore, future studies comparing clinical findings are necessary. Moreover, owing to limited resources, a 1.5 T MR machine was used for this study. Higher-field strength scanners (e.g., 3.0 T) have been suggested for evaluating the TMJ evaluation because they allow better structural analysis and perception of small joints [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur research revealed patients with ADD experience changes in the texture parameters of the LPM; among these, there are differences in the ASM, contrast, IDM, entropy, and correlation values of the LPM between healthy individuals and individuals with ADDwoR. The degree of anterior displacement of the articular disc was negatively correlated with the contrast and entropy values and positively correlated with the correlation and IDM values. Entropy had good accuracy in distinguishing ADDwoR from ADDwR, which can be used as an indicator to evaluate diseases that cause changes in the LPMs. However, more research is needed to confirm the correlations between each numerical texture change and the corresponding pathological changes in the LPM.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon abbreviations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eangular second moment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIDM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einverse difference moment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLPM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elateral pterygoid muscle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003euADD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eunilateral anterior disc displacement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eanterior disc displacement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emagnetic resonance imaging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH-TMJ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehealthy joints of patients with uADD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADDwR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eanterior disc displacement with reduction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADDwoR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eanterior disc displacement without reduction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etemporomandibular disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTMJ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etemporomandibular joint\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGLCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 466px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ethe gray level co-occurrence matrix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe project was approved by\u0026nbsp;The Ethics Committee\u0026nbsp;of School and Stomatology Wenzhou Medical University\u0026nbsp;(approval no.[2024]NO.008). The procedures used in this research were completed in accordance with the standards set out in the Announcement of Helsinki and laboratory guidelines of research in China. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese data are not publicly available, after the research is publicly published, contact the research leader via email for reasonable access.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZhong cheng Gong and\u0026nbsp;Zhi-Qiang Song\u0026nbsp;conceptualized and designed the study, and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. Tao Huang conceptualized the study, designed the data collection, optimized the statistical methods and drafted the manuscript. And collected and integrated the clinical materials, carried out the statistical analyses and reviewed the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;Shu-Fan Zhao\u0026nbsp;supported MRI information extraction and interpreted the images, coordinated and supervised imaging data acquisition. All authors approved the ffnal manuscript as submit-ted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. The requirements for authorship as stated earlier in this document have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThank you for the support of the following institutions, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s information\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Wenzhou Medical. University, Wenzhou 325000, China\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eOncological Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137, Li Yu Shan South Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXiang W, Wang M, Li Z, Cai M, Pan X (2024) Correlation between temporomandibular joints and craniocervical posture in patients with bilateral anterial disc displacement. BMC Oral Health 24:159\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePoluha RL, Canales GT, Costa YM, Grossmann E, Bonjardim LR, Conti PCR (2019) Temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction: a review of mechanisms and clinical presentation. J Appl Oral Sci 27:e20180433\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNgamsom S, Nakamura S, Sakamoto J, Kotaki S, Tetsumura A, Kurabayashi T (2017) The intravoxel incoherent motion MRI of lateral pterygoid muscle: a quantitative analysis in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 46:20160424\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJeon KJ, Choi YJ, Lee C, Kim HS, Han SS (2024) Evaluation of masticatory muscles in temporomandibular joint disorder patients using quantitative MRI fat fraction analysis-Could it be a biomarker? PLoS ONE 19:e0296769\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi CX, Liu X, Gong ZC, Jumatai S, Ling B (2022) Morphologic analysis of condyle among different disc status in the temporomandibular joints by three-dimensional reconstructive imaging: a preliminary study. BMC Oral Health 22:395\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD'Ippolito SM, Wolosker AMB, D'Ippolito G, De Souza BH, Fenyo-Pereira M (2010) Evaluation of the lateral pterygoid muscle using magnetic resonance imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 39:494\u0026ndash;500\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStimmer H, Grill F, Goetz C, Nieberler M, Ott A, Wirth M et al (2020) Lesions of the lateral pterygoid muscle-an overestimated reason for temporomandibular dysfunction: a 3T magnetic resonance imaging study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49:1611\u0026ndash;1617\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIto K, Muraoka H, Hirahara N, Sawada E, Tokunaga S, Kaneda T (2022) Quantitative assessment of the parotid gland using computed tomography texture analysis to detect parotid sialadenitis. 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Chin Med Sci J 34:10\u0026ndash;17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKassner A, Thornhill RE (2010) Texture analysis: a review of neurologic MR imaging applications. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31:809\u0026ndash;816\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDepeursinge A, Foncubierta-Rodriguez A, Van De Ville D, M\u0026uuml;ller H (2014) Three-dimensional solid texture analysis in biomedical imaging: review and opportunities. Med Image Anal 18:176\u0026ndash;196\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohanaiah P, Sathyanarayana P, GuruKumar L (2013) Image texture feature extraction using GLCM approach. Int J Sci Res Publ 3:1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu MQ, Zhang XW, Fan WP, He SL, Wang YY, Chen ZY (2020) Functional changes of the lateral pterygoid muscle in patients with temporomandibular disorders: a pilot magnetic resonance images texture study. 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Radiology 283:492\u0026ndash;498\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXu XX, Cao Y, Fu KY, Xie QF (2017) Changes of productions of energy metabolism in masseter of rats induced by occlusal interference. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 49:25\u0026ndash;30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi C, Liu X, Muhetaer B, Jumatai S, Gong Z (2021) Magnetic resonance imaging texture analysis of unilateral lateral pterygoid myospasm in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders: a pilot study. Digit Med 7:2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLopes SL, Costa AL, Tde OG, Flores IL, Cruz AD, Min LL (2015) Lateral pterygoid muscle volume and migraine in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Imaging Sci Dent 45:1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKakimoto N, Wongratwanich P, Shimamoto H, Kitisubkanchana J, Tsujimoto T, Shimabukuro K et al (2024) Comparison of T2 values of the displaced unilateral disc and retrodiscal tissue of temporomandibular joints and their implications. Sci Rep 14:1705\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"temporomandibular disorders, anterior disc displacement, lateral pterygoid muscle, texture analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5363877/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5363877/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to investigate the texture changes in the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) in patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement (uADD) of the temporomandibular joint with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis retrospective study aimed to comparatively analyze the texture of the LPM in 232 patients with uADD from January 2022 to December 2023. Four groups were included in this study: the healthy joints of patients with uADD (H-TMJ), joints with anterior disc displacement (ADD) with reduction (ADDwR), joints with ADD without reduction (ADDwoR), and the joints of normal volunteers as the healthy group (HG). Five texture parameters were used for analysis: the angular second moment (ASM), contrast, inverse difference moment (IDM) and entropy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average differences in the ASM, contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy of the LPM between the joints of healthy individuals and those of individuals with uADD were \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e, 7.65, 2.66\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.06\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, and 9.21\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, with P values less than 0.05, indicating statistical significance. The entropy values of the ADDwoR and ADDwR groups was 6.38\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, with a statistically significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In addition, the H values for ASM, contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy among the different degrees of disc displacement were 6.52, 15.45, 12.96, 7.72, and 11.66, respectively, with \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, indicating statistical significance. Through correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient between the disc displacement and the ASM was 0.082 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with no statistical significance. The corresponding correlation coefficients for contrast, correlation, IDM, and entropy values were \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.146, 0.102, 0.098, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.092, respectively, with \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatients with ADD experience changes in the texture parameters of the LPM; among these, the entropy value of the LPM has high value in distinguishing ADDwoR from ADDwR, which can be used as an indicator to evaluate diseases that cause changes in the lateral pterygoid muscles. In addition, the degree of disc displacement is correlated to different degrees to the texture parameters. However, more research is needed to confirm the correlation between each numerical texture change and the corresponding pathological changes in the LMP.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"MRI texture analysis of the lateral pterygoid muscle in patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-27 02:05:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5363877/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"51d82a6c-7434-4778-b3aa-32e6626a7c43","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-04T15:08:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-27 02:05:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5363877","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5363877","identity":"rs-5363877","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}