Human Health Risks from Textile Chemicals: A Critical Review of Recent Evidence (2019-2025)

Global textile production, driven by consumer demand, raises significant concerns about chemical exposures from clothing and related products. This review synthesizes evidence (2019–2025) on hazardous substances in textiles, including dyes, plasticizers, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and metals, and evaluates their human health risks. Focusing on dermal absorption as the primary exposure route, risks to vulnerable populations (e.g., infants, pregnant women) and gaps in regulatory frameworks are highlighted. The current analysis reveals that chronic exposure to chemical mixtures in textiles remains poorly understood, with current safety assessments often neglecting synergistic effects. Key findings include elevated risks from phthalates in infant clothing, PFAS in water-repellent fabrics, and carcinogenic aromatic amines from azo dyes. We underscore the urgency of harmonized global regulations, advanced biomonitoring, and sustainable alternatives (e.g., enzymatic dyes, biodegradable finishes). Public awareness initiatives and stricter enforcement of certifications (e.g., OEKO-TEX®, GOTS) are critical to mitigating risks. Integrating health-centric approaches into textile sustainability agendas is imperative for safeguarding consumers and ecosystems.