Assessment of disordered eating attitude and associated factors among female undergraduate students at Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia 2023

Assessment of disordered eating attitude and associated factors among female undergraduate students at Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia 2023 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of disordered eating attitude and associated factors among female undergraduate students at Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia 2023 Addisalem Damtie, Melkamu Meried, Asmare Getie, Yosef Belayhun This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4013300/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 May, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction eating disorders significantly damage physical health and disturb psychosocial operation. The global burden of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa among young females was estimated to account 1.9 million disability–adjusted life years. Even though earlier identification of disordered eating attitude is important to prevent more sever forms of eating disorder, there is scarce evidence at university students in Ethiopia. Therefore, conducting this study has paramount importance in recognition of these unfavourable attitudes and to take remedial action accordingly. Objective To assess disordered eating attitude and associated factors among Arba Minch university female students, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia, 2023 Methods an institution based cross-sectional study was employed at Arba Minch University from January 1/2023 to April1/ 2023. A total of 600 study participants were included in the study. A simple random sampling technique was used to select participants. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaire, entered using Epi-Info software and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. A multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with eating disorder and variables with p-value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Model fitness was checked using Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness of fit test. The strength of association between the outcome variable and independent variables was measured by using adjusted odds ratio with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. Result The result of this study shows that the prevalence of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University is 11.5% (95% CI: 9.0-14.3). Specialization or department (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI; 1.06–4.86) and Body mass index (AOR = 5.83, 95% CI; 2.34–14.52) were found to be predictors for disordered eating attitude. Conclusion and recommendation the prevalence shouldn’t be under estimated and it’s possible to say many female students in Arba Minch University are susceptible for eating disorder. Body mass index and academic specialization or department were significantly associated with disordered eating attitude and can be considered as predictors of disordered eating attitude. disordered eating attitude factors female students Arba Minch University Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Eating disorder (ED) is defined as different psychological illness related with disturbance of eating behaviour and attitude ( 1 ). These disordered eating behaviours include a preoccupation with body weight and shape, food restriction, dieting, binge eating, vomiting, and abuse of diuretics, laxatives and diet pills, which may serve on a continuum preceding clinical eating disorders (EDs) ( 2 , 3 ). EDs are fatal and pricey mental syndromes that significantly damage physical health and disturb psychosocial operation and have been growing over the past 50 years ( 4 ). The global burden of AN and BN among young females has been estimated to account 1.9 million disability –adjusted life years (DALYs) ( 5 ). The prevalence of EDs among western countries was initially reported to be high as compared to non-western countries but it seemed reversed nowadays. A systematic analysis of data taken from 25 countries declared that symptoms of EDs were more pronounced in non‑Western countries than that in Western countries ( 6 ). Evidences have reported that the burden of eating disorder among college students raged from 10–50% ( 7 – 12 ). Worryingly, a noteworthy percentage of college students who showed the signs and symptoms of eating disorder were not yet diagnosed and treated. Thus recognizing and timely identification of disordered eating behaviours with in college students looks to be a momentous necessity ( 13 ). The public health impact of eating disorder in terms of economic cost is huge in that annual treatment was estimated to be 1,288 $ to 8,042 $ per patient ( 14 , 15 ). Individuals with eating disorder are at risk of developing consequences including anxiety disorder, cardiovascular symptoms, chronic fatigue and pain, depression disorder, limitation in activity related to poor health, infectious diseases, insomnia, neurological symptoms, and suicidal attempts in their early adulthood ( 16 ). Moreover, 3.4–20% person having eating disorder have high mortality rates, of which the highest was recorded among individuals with anorexia nervosa due to suicide attempt or physiological complications like heart failure ( 17 , 18 ). In the second half of the twentieth century, thin-ideal body was presented as a standard of feminine beauty in the western media and has played a significant role in developing EDs among women ( 19 ). Before they develop EDs, young females start to develop disordered eating attitude which will grow to eating disorder if left not managed ( 20 ). Studies showed factors that are related with disordered eating attitude includes peer influences; girls may learn attitudes and behaviours from their peers like the importance of being thin and dieting behaviours, through modelling, teasing, and conversations about body image and eating ( 21 ), frequently reading magazines (reading at least weekly) and listening to radio programs (listening more than 1 h per day) ( 21 , 22 ) high body mass index or excess weight ( 23 – 25 ). Regarding to parents’ socio-demographic factors; Marital status of parents (not married) ( 26 ) and low mothers education level ( 27 ) were some of the factors that are reported to increase disordered eating attitude. Despite university students seems to be in better health, there is recurrent onset of dangerous manners like substance use (alcohol, tobacco and cannabis) during university period ( 28 ). It has been thought that in young adults, EDs are also accompanied with substance free addictions such as cyber addiction and undeniably studies showed that female internet addicts are at a greater risk of EDs ( 29 ). Developing adulthood ( 18 – 25 ) has been recognized as an imperative growing era for discovering and launching feeding and weight related situations, health behaviours and views ( 30 ). Since numerous body and weight related situations and activities are emerged during puberty continues along the life span, youth and adolescence provide strong developmental window for measuring predictors and risk factors for EDs. Hence such behaviours has to be talked to prevent their adverse out come in later adult life and conducting research at university level has paramount advantage to identify individuals who are at risk of EDs for early detection and treatment ( 31 ). To the best of authors’ knowledge, there is no strategy and program aimed at such problem in, Ethiopia and there is no evidence concerned on disorder eating attitude among university students. Hence, this study was conducted among Arba Minch University undergraduate female students. Methods Study design and setting Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1/2023 to April 1/ 2023 at Arba Minch University (AMU) which is located in Arba Minch town, SNNP region, Southern Ethiopia, 500 km away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and 275 from Hawassa. AMU was established in 1996 E.C at the grounds of the former Arba Minch water technology institute, which was established in 1978 E.C. Currently the University comprises two institutes, six colleges and five schools that conduct education in wide fields of study which ranges from undergraduate to PhD level in regular, summer, weekend, and distance and continuing education programs. It is one of the fastest growing Universities in Ethiopia with respect to the number of colleges, the number of fields of study, academic staff, technical, and infrastructural capacities. AMU is teaching a total of 16002 undergraduate students of which, 5852 are female students. According to 2020 Ministry of Science and Higher Education’s classification, AMU becomes one among the eight research focused Universities in Ethiopia ( 32 ). Sample size calculation and sampling procedure All female undergraduate students in Arba Minch University were the source population whereas female students among selected colleges of Arba Minch University were the study population. All female students of Arba Minch University were included in the study and students who were sick and unable to communicate were excluded in the study. The sample size was calculated based on single population proportion formula with the following assumptions: 50% proportion of disordered Eating attitude, 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error, design effect of 1.5 and 10% non-response rate, and it becomes 633. To select study subjects, stratified sampling followed by simple random sampling was used. From 6 colleges (Main Campus, Abaya Campus, Nech sar Campus, Chamo Campus, Kulfo Campus, and Saula Campus); 2 colleges (Nech Sar Campus and Chamo Campus) were selected randomly and proportional allocation was done to each college. Stratification was done by department and year with in each college. Each participant was selected by simple random method using their ID as a sampling frame which was obtained from the respective department Operational definitions Disordered eating attitude : EAT-26 scores of 20 or higher defined as disordered eating attitude (unfavorable eating attitude) and below 20 perceived as favorable (normal) eating attitude ( 33 ). Underweight : Body mass index less than18.5kg/m² Normal weight : Body mass index from 18.50 up to 24.99kg/m² Overweight : Body mass index 25kg/m² and above ( 34 ). Data collection tool and procedure A self- administered questionnaire and measurement of weight and height by investigators was used to collect the data. The questionnaire contains two parts. The first part includes questions on the socio-demographic variables such as age, height, weight, maternal educational level, paternal educational level, religion, maternal occupation, paternal occupation, specialization (department), and year. Body mass index was calculated as weight(kg)/height(m)² and categorize as follows: Underweight: BMI < 18.5kg/m², Normal: BMI = 18.50–24.99kg/m², Overweight: BMI ≥ 25kg/m ( 34 ). The second part includes the validated Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) which is used to measure disordered eating attitude. It consists of 26 items referring to various eating attitudes and behaviours. Each item was answered in a six-point likert-type scale ranging from ‘always’ to ‘never’. A score of 3 was given for ‘always’, 2 for ‘usually’, 1 for ‘often’, and 0 for ‘sometimes’, ‘rarely’ and ‘never’ except for item “26”. For item number 26, 0 was given for ‘always’, ‘usually’, and ‘often’, and 1, 2, and 3 for ‘sometimes’, ‘rarely’ and ‘never’ respectively. The 26 items were summed to obtain the total score. Data quality assurance The consistency of the questionnaire was maintained by translating the English version to Amharic and then back to English. Before the actual data collection date, training was given for the data collectors and supervisors. Pre-test was conducted among 31 respondents at Abaya Campus and editorial errors were corrected. The accuracy and completeness of the collected data was checked by the investigators. The data was checked by inspection and crosschecking entered data with the questionnaire, and running frequency. Data processing and analysis Data were entered using Epi-info version 7 statistical software and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Descriptive and summary statistics were performed to describe the study population and presented using tables and graphs. Factors associated with disordered eating attitude were identified by using a binary logistic regression model after checking the chi-square assumptions and model assumptions. Variables with p-value of < 0.25 in the bivariable analysis were considered for the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Those variables with p-value < 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis wwere declared as statistically significant. Both crude and adjusted odds ratios with the corresponding 95% confidence interval were used to measure the presence and strength of the association between disordered eating attitude and contributing factors. Hosmer and Lame show goodness of fit test was conducted to test the model fitness and the model was adequate (p = 0.923). The reliability test (internal consistency) was done for EAT-26 test and the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.90 Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical clearance was obtained from Arba Minch University. The objective of the study was briefly clarified and oral consent was obtained from the study participants. Participants were informed that if they are unwilling to participate in the study, they have the right to quit at any time. In order to make sure the confidentiality of any information, the data collection procedure was anonymous. COVID-19 prevention mechanisms were considered throughout the data collection period Results Socio-demographic and economic characteristics A total of 600 female students were participated in the study giving a response rate of 94.8%. The mean age (mean ± SD) of the respondents was 21.6 ±1.8 years. The majority (82.2%) of study participants were from urban area. About 74% students were from non- health facality in terms of their specialization. Regarding to batch, about 64.2% of the participants were senior. The majority of students (74%) had media (TV, radio Magazine) exposure at least once a week (Table 1). Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of the female students of Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia, 2023 Variable Category Frequency Percent (%) Age category ≤ 20 > 20 93 507 15.5 84.5 residence Rural Urban 107 493 17.8 82.2 Religion Orthodox Protestant Muslim Others(Catholic, Adventist) 436 109 48 7 72.7 18.2 8 1.2 Media exposure Yes No 444 156 74 26 Department Health Non-health 156 444 26 74 Batch Senior GC 465 135 77.5 22.5 Feeding type Café Non-cafe 548 52 91.3 8.7 Maternal education No formal education Primary school Secondary school College and above 116 132 150 202 19.3 22 25 33.7 Paternal education No formal education Primary school Secondary school College and above 74 94 164 268 12.3 15.7 27.3 44.7 Maternal occupation Housewife Government employee Private worker Non-government employee Others (student, pensioner) 283 175 109 30 3 47.2 29.2 18.2 5 0.5 Paternal occupation Government employee Private worker Farmer Non-government employee Others (student, pensioner) 221 187 114 67 11 36.8 31.2 19 11.2 1.8 Parents live together Yes No 519 81 86.5 13.5 Family income <5000 ≥5000 110 490 18.3 81.7 Nutritional related characteristics The mean body mass index (mean ± SD) of the respondents was 20.2 ± 2.6 kg/m². About 22.8% of the study participants were underweight (figure1). Prevalence of disordered eating attitude The mean (mean ± SD) score of EAT-26 was 8.3 ± 9.4. Moreover, the mean (mean ± SD) score of EAT-26 subgroups that is, Dieting, Bulimia and Food preoccupation, and Oral control were 3.6 ± 5.7, 2.4 ±2.2 and 2.3 ± 3.4 respectively. The result of this study shows that the prevalence of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University is 11.5% (95% CI: 9.0-14.3) (fig. 2) Table 2: EAT_26 score among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia, 2023. EAT-26 subgroups Always N (%) Usually N (%) Often N (%) Sometimes, rarely & never N (%) Dieting scale Terrified of being overweight 66 (11) 28 (4.7) 34 (5.7) 472 (78.7) Aware of the calorie content of foods that I eat 13 (2.2) 17 (2.8) 24 (4.0) 546 (91.0) Particularly avoid food with high carbohydrate content 26 (4.3) 21 (3.5) 23 (3.8) 530 (88.3) Feel extremely guilty after eating 7 (1.2) 8 (1.3) 18 (3.0) 567 (94.5) I am extremely preoccupied with a desire of thinner 43 (7.2) 20 (3.3) 21 (3.5) 516 (86.0) Think burning up calories when I exercise 44 (7.3) 26 (4.3) 31 (5.2) 499 (83.2) Other people think that I am too thin 62 (10.3) 40 (6.7) 47 (7.8) 451 (75.2) Avoid food with sugar in them 36 (6.0) 35 (5.8) 53 (8.8) 476 (79.3) Eat diet food 26 (4.3) 42 (7.0) 43 (7.2) 489 (81.5) Feel uncomfortable after eating sweets 36 (6.0) 25 (4.2) 45 (7.5) 494 (82.3) Engage in dieting behaviour 25 (4.2) 39 (6.5) 27 (4.5) 509 (84.8) Like my stomach to be empty 19 (3.2) 12 (2.0) 24 (4.0) 545 (90.8) Have the impulse to vomit after meals 12 (2) 9 (1.5) 17 (2.8) 592 (93.7) Bulimia scale Find myself preoccupied with food 21 (3.5) 20 (3.3) 15 (2.5) 544 (90.7) Have gone on eating binges where I feel that I may not be able to stop 10 (1.7) 20 (3.3) 11 (1.8) 559 (93.2) Vomit after I have eaten 7 (1.2) 10 (1.7) 4 (0.7) 579 (96.5) Feel that food control my life 26 (4.3) 23 (3.8) 44 (7.3) 507 (84.5) Give too much time and thought to food 28 (4.7) 28 (4.7) 35 (5.8) 509 (84.8) Enjoy trying new rich food 27 (4.5) 169 (28.2) 104 (17.3) 300 (50) Oral control scale Avoid eating when I am hungry 14 (2.3) 13 (2.2) 12 (2.0) 561 (93.5) Cut my food into pieces 28 (4.7) 15 (2.5) 26 (4.3) 531 (88.5) Feel that others would prefer if I ate more 23 (3.8) 17 (2.8) 35 (5.8) 525 (87.5) I am preoccupied with the thought with of having fat on my body 37 (6.2) 20 (3.3) 22 (3.7) 521 (86.8) Take longer than other to eat my meal 39 (6.5) 28 (4.7) 31 (5.2) 502 (83.7) Display self-control around food 53 (8.8) 45 ()7.5 51 (8.5) 451 (75.2) Feel that others pressure me to eat 33 (5.5) 24 (4.0) 37 (6.2) 506 (84.5) N=frequency Factors associated with disordered eating attitude The association between disordered eating attitude and predictors was analysed using binary logistic regression model. All factors which fulfilled the chi-square assumptions and whose p- value <0.25 in uni-variable analysis were considered to multi-variable logistic regression analysis. Hence, Body mass index (BMI), family income, department, resident, media exposure, batch, parents live together and religion were included in to multi-variable analyses. Finally; department and BMI were found to be statistically significant at p-value <0.05 and were considered to be the determinants for disordered eating attitude. The odds of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University who were from non-health department is 2.27 times higher than their counterpart (AOR= 2.27, 95% CI; 1.06- 4.86). The like hood of having disordered eating attitude among students with normal body max index was reduced by 97% as compared to those who were underweight (AOR= 0.03, 95% CI; 0.004- 0.040). Additionally, disordered eating attitude was found to be 5.83 times higher for students who were overweight when compared with underweight participants (AOR= 5.83, 95% CI; 2.34- 14.52) (Table 3). Table 3: Bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression model predicting the likelihood of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University, southern Ethiopia, 2023. Variable Eating attitude Normal disordered COR(95%CI) AOR (95%CI) Resident Rural urban 89 18 442 51 1 1.75(0.97-3.14) 1 0.45(0.17-1.16) Family income <5000 ≥5000 92 18 439 51 1 1.68(0.94-3.01) 1 0.52(0.21-1.28) Parents live together Yes No 463 56 68 13 0.63(0.32-1.21) 1 0.68(0.27-1.67) 1 Religion Orthodox Protestant, Muslim and Catholic 381 55 150 14 1 0.64(0.34-1.19) 1 0.93(0.41-2.12) Media exposure Yes No 402 42 129 27 0.49(0.29-0.84) 1 0.59(0.28-1.24) 1 Batch Senior GC 416 49 115 20 1 1.47(0.84-2.58) 1 1.58 (0.70-3.54) Department Health Non-health 136 20 344 100 1 1.35(0.81-2.23) 1 2.27(1.06-4.86) ⁎ BMI Underweight Normal Overweight 93 44 428 4 10 21 1 0.02(0.007-0.056) 4.43(1.92-10.22) 1 0.03(0.004-0.040) ⁎ 5.83(2.34-14.52) ⁎ * = p-value <0.05, COR= crude odds ratio and AOR=adjusted odds ratio Discussion The result of this study revealed that the prevalence of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University is 11.5% (95% CI: 9.0-14.3). This finding is lower than a study conducted among female university students in An-Najah National University which is 28.6% (29) and Saudi Arabia which is 36.8% (42) but higher than a studies conducted in Wuhu, China which is 4% (44), Florida which is 10% (18), Mongolia which is 5.4% (45) . The observed discrepancy may be due to variation in socio-demography and culture and sample size difference among studies. Relatively the high prevalence of overweight can be considered as reason for high prevalence of disordered eating attitude in Najah University. The result of this study indicate that among dieting scale items, the most frequent endorsed item was “I am terrified about being overweight” this finding is supported by study conducted in Najah University (29). This shows that female students are more curious about their body shape and weight. This may be due to different reason like peer, family and cultural effects on females to have ideal body shape. From Bulimia scale, the most frequent endorsed item was “Give too much time and thought to food” while for oral control scale “Display self-control around food” was the most frequently endorsed item. This implies that most of the participants in the high risk category responded behaviours that are more closed to Anorexia Nervosa than Bulimia Nervosa. The study also identified some factors that are associated with disordered eating attitudes which includes, body mass index and academic specialization. In the current study, it was observed significant association between BMI and disordered eating attitude. The like hood of having disordered eating attitude among students with normal body max index was reduced by 97% as compared to those who were underweight (AOR= 0.03, 95% CI; 0.004- 0.040). Furthermore, disordered eating attitude was found to be 5.83 times higher for students who were overweight when compared with underweight participants (AOR= 5.83, 95% CI; 2.34- 14.52). This finding is supported by studies conducted in Najah University(29) and Saudi Arabia (42). The possible explanation can be, the world’s view of “thin-ideal body” as a standard of feminine beauty may play a significant role in developing DEA. Overweight participants may have a bad body image and a desire to be thin. So for this purpose, they may restrict their feeding pattern and this may lead to developing disordered eating attitudes. As the finding of this study implies, academic specialization or department was significantly associated with disordered eating attitude. The odds of disordered eating attitude among female students who were from non-health department is 2.27 times higher than their counterpart (AOR= 2.27, 95% CI; 1.06- 4.86). The possible reason can be, non- health students may have free time to watch media advertisements and may focus on take caring themselves and focusing on their beauty than students with heath department who have high burden studding and other activities. Additionally, students from health Science College may have some knowledge on factors and consequence of disordered eating attitude which reduces being exposed to these factors and hence disordered eating attitude. Generally, even if having abnormal eating attitude do not necessarily mean development of eating disorders, the presence of abnormal eating attitude increase the likelihood of eating disorders (52). Considering the devastating health effect of eating disorder such as risk of heart disease, renal failure and others, effective intervention is important at institutional level to guarantee better health (53). Limitation of the study The study was conducted using cross sectional study design which can’t determine cause and effect relationship between outcome variable and associated factors. Conclusion Even if there is no clear cut point to categorize our result as high or low, the prevalence shouldn’t be under estimated and it’s possible to say many female students in Arba Minch University are susceptible for eating disorder. Body mass index and academic specialization or department were significantly associated with disordered eating attitude and can be considered as predictors of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students in Arba Minch University. Abbreviations BED= Binge Eating Disorder, BMI= Body Mass Index, BN= Bulimia Nervosa, DALYs= Disability –Adjusted Life Years, DEA= Disordered eating attitude, EAT= Eating Attitude Test, EDs= Eating Disorders, EDNOS= Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Declarations Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The data used for this study is found in the document Competing interest Authors declare that they had no conflict of interest Funding No funding was obtained for this study. Authors' contributions M.M. and A.G. wrote the first draft of the manuscript and A.D. and Y.B. wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Declaration of informed voluntary consent: I have read the participant information sheet. I have clearly understood the purpose of the research, the procedures, the risks and benefits, issues of confidentiality, the rights of participating and contact address for any queries. I have been given the opportunity to ask questions for things that may have been unclear. I was informed that I have the right to withdraw from the study at any time or not to answer any question that I do not want. Therefore, I declare my voluntary consent to participate in this study with my signature. Participant: Signature _ Date: January 1/2023____________ Name of data collector: Medina Endris__Signature _ Date: January 1/2023 Supervisor name: Yosef Belayhun_____Signature _ _Date: January 1/2023 References Kessler RC. prevalence and crrelates of eating disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. 2018;(March). Fisher M, Golden NH, Katzman DK, Kreipe RE, Rees J, Schebendach J, et al. Eating disorders in adolescents: A background paper. J Adolesc Heal. 1995;16(6):420–37. Shisslak CM, Crago M, Estes LS. The spectrum of eating disturbances. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;18:209–19. Kathleen L. Food and Nutrition Therapy. 12th ed. 2008. 1370 p. Zipfel S, Giel KE, Bulik CM, Hay P, Schmidt U. Anorexia nervosa: Aetiology, assessment, and treatment. The Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015;2(12):1099–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00356-9 . Treasure J, Zipfel S, Micali N, Wade T, Stice E, Claudino A et al. Anorexia nervosa. Nat Rev Dis Prim [Internet]. 2015;1(November):1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.74 . Wade TD. Recent Research on Bulimia Nervosa. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2019;42(1):21–32. Hilbert A, Binge-Eating, Disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am [Internet]. 2019;42(1):33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.10.011 . Jemma DAY, Ternouth A, Collier DA. Eating disorders and obesity: Two sides of the same coin? Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2009;18(2):96–100. Pearse WH. Women’s Health Issue: Editorial. Vol. 10, Women’s Health Issues. 2000. p. 34. Golden NH. Eating disorders in adolescence and their sequelae. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;17(1):57–73. Body Image LS. Second Edition_ A Handbook of Science, Practice, and Prevention. 2011. Treasure J, Duarte TA, Schmidt U. Eating disorders. Lancet [Internet]. 2020;395(10227):899–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3 . Erskine HE, Whiteford HA, Pike KM. The global burden of eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2016;29(6):346–53. Podar I, Allik J. A cross-cultural comparison of the eating disorder inventory. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42:346–55. Zakhem E, El Hage R, Pezé T, Hurdiel R, Zunquin G, Theunynck D. Facteurs associés à la suspicion de troubles du comportement alimentaire chez des étudiants de l’Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2015;63(4):259–65. Azzouzi N, Ahid S, Bragazzi NL, Berhili N, Aarab C, Aalouane R, et al. Eating disorders among moroccan medical students: Cognition and behavior. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:129–35. Yu Z, Tan M. Disordered eating behaviors and food addiction among nutrition major college students. Nutrients. 2016;8(11):1–16. Ud Din Z, Iqbal K, Khan I, Abbas M, Ghaffar F, Iqbal Z, et al. Tendency towards eating disorders and associated sex-specific risk factors among university students. Noropsikiyatri Ars. 2019;56(4):258–63. Badrasawi MM, Zidan SJ. Binge eating symptoms prevalence and relationship with psychosocial factors among female undergraduate students at Palestine Polytechnic University: a cross-sectional study. J Eat Disord. 2019;7(1):1–8. Martínez-González L, Villa TF, De La Torre AJM, Pérez CA, Cavanillas AB, Álvarez RC, et al. Prevalencia de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en universitarios españoles y factores asociados: Proyecto uniHcos. Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(4):927–34. Daniel Eisenberg, Emily J, Nicklett MKR, Kirz NE. Eating Disorder Symptoms Among College Students: Prevalence, Persistence, Correlates, and Treatment-Seeking. Bone. 2008;23(1):1–7. James I, Hudson E, Hiripi HG, Pope Jr. The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. IET Commun. 2015;9(16):2041–7. Stuhldreher N, Konnopka A, Wild B, Herzog W, Zipfel S, Löwe B, et al. Cost-of-illness studies and cost-effectiveness analyses in eating disorders: A systematic review. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45(4):476–91. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kotler L, Kasen S, Brook JS. Psychiatric disorders associated with risk for the development of eating disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:1119–28. Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(7):724–31. Birmingham CL, Su J, Hlynsky JA, Goldner EM, Gao M. The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;38:143–6. Grabe S, Ward LM, Hyde JS. The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies. Psychol Bull. 2008;134:460–76. Saleh RN, Salameh RA, Yhya HH, Sweileh WM. Disordered eating attitudes in female students of An-Najah National University: a cross-sectional study. 2018;1–6. Van Den Berg P, Thompson JK, Obremski-Brandon K, Coovert M. The Tripartite Influence model of body image and eating disturbance A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:1007–20. Ahern AL, Bennett KM, Hetherington MM. Internalization of the ultra-thin ideal: Positive implicit associations with underweight fashion models are associated with drive for thinness in young women. 16, Eating Disorders. 2008. p. 294–307. Upadhyah A, Misra R, Parchwani D, Maheria P. Prevalence and risk factors for eating disorders in Indian adolescent females. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;4(2):153–7. Fallatah A, Al-Hemairy M, Al-Ghamidi HEW. C COOP ME L WOR TITAN USINES SS EU ROPE I STANB BUL-T. 2015. Ml Á. Annals of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy Factors Associated with the Risk of Eating Disorders. 2015;2(2). Martínez-González MA, Gual P, Lahortiga F, Alonso Y, De Irala-Estévez J, Cervera S. Parental factors, mass media influences, and the onset of eating disorders in a prospective population-based cohort. Pediatrics. 2003;111(2):315–20. Ho TF, Tai BC, Lee EL, Cheng S, Liow PH. Prevalence and profile of females at risk of eating disorders in Singapore. Singap Med J. 2006;47(6):499–503. Caamaño-Isorna F, Mota N, Crego A, Corral M, Holguín SR, Cadaveira F. Consumption of medicines, alcohol, tobacco and cannabis among university students: A 2-year follow-up. Int J Public Health. 2011;56(3):247–52. Tao Z. The relationship between Internet addiction and bulimia in a sample of Chinese college students: Depression as partial mediator between Internet addiction and bulimia. Eat Weight Disord. 2013;18(3):233–43. Nelson MC, Story M, Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Lytle LA. Emerging adulthood and college-aged youth: An overlooked age for weight-related behavior change. Obesity. 2008;16(10):2205–11. Becker AE, Franko DL, Nussbaum K, Herzog DB. Secondary prevention for eating disorders: The impact of education, screening, and referral in a college-based screening program. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;36(2):157–62. Al Sabbah H, Muhsineh S. Disordered Eating Attitudes and Exercise Behavior among Female Emirati College Students in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross- Sectional Study. Arab J Nutr Exerc. 2017;1(2):62. Alatawi MA, Aldekhayyil SA. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science The Spectrum of Disordered Eating Attitudes Among Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. 2019;07(3). Momeni M, Ghorbani A, Arjeini Z. Disordered eating attitudes among Iranian university students of medical sciences: The role of body image perception. Nutr Health. 2020;26(2):127–33. Al JY. Prevalence of disordered eating attitudes among University students in Wuhu, China. Nutr Hosp. 2015;32(22):1752–7. Choijiljav D, Nasanjargal T, Ogawa S, Oidov B, Yanjmaa E. Disordered Eating Attitude and Associated Factors among Univer- sity Students in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2020;223–8. Chan YL, Samy AL, Tong WT, Islam MA, Low WY. Eating Disorder Among Malaysian University Students and Its Associated Factors. Asia-Pacific J Public Heal. 2020;32(6–7):334–9. Fadipe B, Oyelohunnu MA, Olagunju AT, Aina OF, Akinbode AA, Suleiman TF. Disordered eating attitudes: Demographic and clinico-anthropometric correlates among a sample of Nigerian students. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17(2):513–23. Leta M, Mohammed A. Assessment of disordered eating attitude and associated factor among Harar Health Science college second Year female students in Harar town eastern Ethiopia. Int J Dent Diabetes Endocrinol Oral Hyg. 2022;4(1):25–38. Al AM et., ORIGINAL ARTICLE PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF EATING DISORDERS AMONG. STUDENTS IN TAIBA UNIVERSITY, SAUDI ARABIA : A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. 2019;19(1):172–6. Harrison K, Cantor J. The relationship between media consumption and eating disorders. J Communication. 1997;47:40–67. WHO. Obesity and Overweigt. Encyclopedia of Adolescence. 2020. p. 1913–5. Smink FRE, Van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(4):406–14. Thomas J, Khan S, Abdulrahman AA. Eating attitudes and body image concerns among female university students in the United Arab Emirates. Appetite [Internet]. 2010;54(3):595–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.008 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 May, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Apr, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 27 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 04 Mar, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4013300","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":286119576,"identity":"903b565f-87fc-4172-86d7-88d8d77e1a15","order_by":0,"name":"Addisalem Damtie","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBIMDDBUSPGwMDIwPgFwePuK0nLGR4WdgYDYAaWEjRgsDY1uajWQDA5sEiE9QC3978saDP9gO8xgcb35W+TXHToaNgfnhoxt4tEiceVZwmIcHqOXMMbPbstuSgQ5jMzbOwWfNjRyDwwwSQC03cthuS25jBmrhYZPGp0UeqOXgDwOglvtv2Iolt9UT1gI03OAAT0Iaj+QMHjbGj9sOE9ZiCPbLARsefp40Y2nGbcd52JgJ+EXuePLmjz//SdizsR9++PHntmp7fvbmh4/xeh8ZMPOASWKVgwDjD1JUj4JRMApGwYgBAIbrSLP+qhxsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Arbaminch University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Addisalem","middleName":"","lastName":"Damtie","suffix":""},{"id":286119577,"identity":"e11e0c65-dbbe-4bcf-8338-a02f894b9074","order_by":1,"name":"Melkamu Meried","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Arbaminch University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Melkamu","middleName":"","lastName":"Meried","suffix":""},{"id":286119578,"identity":"97a49742-6d3c-4cc8-9333-fd84042b0859","order_by":2,"name":"Asmare Getie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Arbaminch University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asmare","middleName":"","lastName":"Getie","suffix":""},{"id":286119579,"identity":"24876ec4-94d4-4de3-af2d-12661f045658","order_by":3,"name":"Yosef Belayhun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Arbaminch University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yosef","middleName":"","lastName":"Belayhun","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-04 17:08:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4013300/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4013300/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22957-0","type":"published","date":"2025-05-10T15:57:34+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54108688,"identity":"c60e32ce-5922-4aa6-ab20-2c7f4b00cdd0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-04 17:38:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14399,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBody max index of female students of Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4013300/v1/b0c60283f8a322414cddbc9e.png"},{"id":54108689,"identity":"ca715ece-0039-4df2-ac9c-add6a7a1ba48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-04 17:38:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eprevalence of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4013300/v1/1da8e0173c8c9def69f68f18.png"},{"id":82537510,"identity":"e6eb0cf5-f1bd-4cf5-bb6f-226f66ca113a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-12 16:07:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1134786,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4013300/v1/f48aad4b-1bb8-47f7-a96b-f124c47c1215.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of disordered eating attitude and associated factors among female undergraduate students at Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia 2023","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEating disorder (ED) is defined as different psychological illness related with disturbance of eating behaviour and attitude (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). These disordered eating behaviours include a preoccupation with body weight and shape, food restriction, dieting, binge eating, vomiting, and abuse of diuretics, laxatives and diet pills, which may serve on a continuum preceding clinical eating disorders (EDs) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). EDs are fatal and pricey mental syndromes that significantly damage physical health and disturb psychosocial operation and have been growing over the past 50 years (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The global burden of AN and BN among young females has been estimated to account 1.9\u0026nbsp;million disability \u0026ndash;adjusted life years (DALYs) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of EDs among western countries was initially reported to be high as compared to non-western countries but it seemed reversed nowadays. A systematic analysis of data taken from 25 countries declared that symptoms of EDs were more pronounced in non‑Western countries than that in Western countries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Evidences have reported that the burden of eating disorder among college students raged from 10\u0026ndash;50% (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Worryingly, a noteworthy percentage of college students who showed the signs and symptoms of eating disorder were not yet diagnosed and treated. Thus recognizing and timely identification of disordered eating behaviours with in college students looks to be a momentous necessity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). The public health impact of eating disorder in terms of economic cost is huge in that annual treatment was estimated to be 1,288\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e to 8,042\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e per patient (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals with eating disorder are at risk of developing consequences including anxiety disorder, cardiovascular symptoms, chronic fatigue and pain, depression disorder, limitation in activity related to poor health, infectious diseases, insomnia, neurological symptoms, and suicidal attempts in their early adulthood (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, 3.4\u0026ndash;20% person having eating disorder have high mortality rates, of which the highest was recorded among individuals with anorexia nervosa due to suicide attempt or physiological complications like heart failure (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the second half of the twentieth century, thin-ideal body was presented as a standard of feminine beauty in the western media and has played a significant role in developing EDs among women (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Before they develop EDs, young females start to develop disordered eating attitude which will grow to eating disorder if left not managed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). Studies showed factors that are related with disordered eating attitude includes peer influences; girls may learn attitudes and behaviours from their peers like the importance of being thin and dieting behaviours, through modelling, teasing, and conversations about body image and eating (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e), frequently reading magazines (reading at least weekly) and listening to radio programs (listening more than 1 h per day) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) high body mass index or excess weight (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding to parents\u0026rsquo; socio-demographic factors; Marital status of parents (not married) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) and low mothers education level (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e) were some of the factors that are reported to increase disordered eating attitude.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite university students seems to be in better health, there is recurrent onset of dangerous manners like substance use (alcohol, tobacco and cannabis) during university period (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). It has been thought that in young adults, EDs are also accompanied with substance free addictions such as cyber addiction and undeniably studies showed that female internet addicts are at a greater risk of EDs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Developing adulthood (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e) has been recognized as an imperative growing era for discovering and launching feeding and weight related situations, health behaviours and views (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Since numerous body and weight related situations and activities are emerged during puberty continues along the life span, youth and adolescence provide strong developmental window for measuring predictors and risk factors for EDs. Hence such behaviours has to be talked to prevent their adverse out come in later adult life and conducting research at university level has paramount advantage to identify individuals who are at risk of EDs for early detection and treatment (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo the best of authors\u0026rsquo; knowledge, there is no strategy and program aimed at such problem in, Ethiopia and there is no evidence concerned on disorder eating attitude among university students. Hence, this study was conducted among Arba Minch University undergraduate female students.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitution based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1/2023 to April 1/ 2023 at Arba Minch University (AMU) which is located in Arba Minch town, SNNP region, Southern Ethiopia, 500 km away from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and 275 from Hawassa. AMU was established in 1996 E.C at the grounds of the former Arba Minch water technology institute, which was established in 1978 E.C. Currently the University comprises two institutes, six colleges and five schools that conduct education in wide fields of study which ranges from undergraduate to PhD level in regular, summer, weekend, and distance and continuing education programs. It is one of the fastest growing Universities in Ethiopia with respect to the number of colleges, the number of fields of study, academic staff, technical, and infrastructural capacities. AMU is teaching a total of 16002 undergraduate students of which, 5852 are female students. According to 2020 Ministry of Science and Higher Education\u0026rsquo;s classification, AMU becomes one among the eight research focused Universities in Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample size calculation and sampling procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll female undergraduate students in Arba Minch University were the source population whereas female students among selected colleges of Arba Minch University were the study population. All female students of Arba Minch University were included in the study and students who were sick and unable to communicate were excluded in the study. The sample size was calculated based on single population proportion formula with the following assumptions: 50% proportion of disordered Eating attitude, 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error, design effect of 1.5 and 10% non-response rate, and it becomes 633. To select study subjects, stratified sampling followed by simple random sampling was used. From 6 colleges (Main Campus, Abaya Campus, Nech sar Campus, Chamo Campus, Kulfo Campus, and Saula Campus); 2 colleges (Nech Sar Campus and Chamo Campus) were selected randomly and proportional allocation was done to each college. Stratification was done by department and year with in each college. Each participant was selected by simple random method using their ID as a sampling frame which was obtained from the respective department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOperational definitions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDisordered eating attitude\u003c/b\u003e: EAT-26 scores of 20 or higher defined as disordered eating attitude (unfavorable eating attitude) and below 20 perceived as favorable (normal) eating attitude (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eUnderweight\u003c/b\u003e: Body mass index less than18.5kg/m\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNormal weight\u003c/b\u003e: Body mass index from 18.50 up to 24.99kg/m\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOverweight\u003c/b\u003e: Body mass index 25kg/m\u0026sup2; and above (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection tool and procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA self- administered questionnaire and measurement of weight and height by investigators was used to collect the data. The questionnaire contains two parts. The first part includes questions on the socio-demographic variables such as age, height, weight, maternal educational level, paternal educational level, religion, maternal occupation, paternal occupation, specialization (department), and year. Body mass index was calculated as weight(kg)/height(m)\u0026sup2; and categorize as follows: Underweight: BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5kg/m\u0026sup2;, Normal: BMI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.50\u0026ndash;24.99kg/m\u0026sup2;, Overweight: BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25kg/m (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). The second part includes the validated Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) which is used to measure disordered eating attitude. It consists of 26 items referring to various eating attitudes and behaviours. Each item was answered in a six-point likert-type scale ranging from \u0026lsquo;always\u0026rsquo; to \u0026lsquo;never\u0026rsquo;. A score of 3 was given for \u0026lsquo;always\u0026rsquo;, 2 for \u0026lsquo;usually\u0026rsquo;, 1 for \u0026lsquo;often\u0026rsquo;, and 0 for \u0026lsquo;sometimes\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;rarely\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;never\u0026rsquo; except for item \u0026ldquo;26\u0026rdquo;. For item number 26, 0 was given for \u0026lsquo;always\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;usually\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;often\u0026rsquo;, and 1, 2, and 3 for \u0026lsquo;sometimes\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;rarely\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;never\u0026rsquo; respectively. The 26 items were summed to obtain the total score.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData quality assurance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe consistency of the questionnaire was maintained by translating the English version to Amharic and then back to English. Before the actual data collection date, training was given for the data collectors and supervisors. Pre-test was conducted among 31 respondents at Abaya Campus and editorial errors were corrected. The accuracy and completeness of the collected data was checked by the investigators. The data was checked by inspection and crosschecking entered data with the questionnaire, and running frequency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData processing and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were entered using Epi-info version 7 statistical software and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Descriptive and summary statistics were performed to describe the study population and presented using tables and graphs. Factors associated with disordered eating attitude were identified by using a binary logistic regression model after checking the chi-square assumptions and model assumptions. Variables with p-value of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25 in the bivariable analysis were considered for the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Those variables with p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis wwere declared as statistically significant. Both crude and adjusted odds ratios with the corresponding 95% confidence interval were used to measure the presence and strength of the association between disordered eating attitude and contributing factors. Hosmer and Lame show goodness of fit test was conducted to test the model fitness and the model was adequate (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.923). The reliability test (internal consistency) was done for EAT-26 test and the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was 0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance was obtained from Arba Minch University. The objective of the study \u0026nbsp; was briefly clarified and oral consent was obtained from the study participants. Participants were informed that if they are unwilling to participate in the study, they have the right to quit at any time. In order to make sure the confidentiality of any information, the data collection procedure was anonymous. COVID-19 prevention mechanisms were considered throughout the data collection period \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic and economic characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;A total of 600 female students were participated in the study giving a response rate of 94.8%. The mean age (mean \u0026plusmn; SD) of the respondents was 21.6 \u0026plusmn;1.8 years. The majority (82.2%) of study participants were from urban area. About 74% students were from non- health facality in terms of their specialization. Regarding to batch, about 64.2% of the participants were senior. The majority of students (74%) had media (TV, radio Magazine) exposure at least once a week (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of the female students of Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eresidence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers(Catholic, Adventist)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e436\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedia exposure\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepartment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSenior\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e465\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeeding type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaf\u0026eacute;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-cafe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaternal education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePaternal education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaternal occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate worker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-government employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers (student, pensioner)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePaternal occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate worker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-government employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers (student, pensioner)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParents live together\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e519\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.063063063063062%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily income\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.16216216216216%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34.9043%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;5000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;5000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.045045045045047%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.4141%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.72972972972973%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.5859%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNutritional related characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean body mass index (mean \u0026plusmn; SD) of the respondents was 20.2 \u0026plusmn; 2.6 kg/m\u0026sup2;. About 22.8% of the study participants were underweight (figure1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of disordered eating attitude\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean (mean \u0026plusmn; SD) score of EAT-26 was 8.3 \u0026plusmn; 9.4. Moreover, the mean (mean \u0026plusmn; SD) score of EAT-26 subgroups that is, Dieting, Bulimia and Food preoccupation, and Oral control were 3.6 \u0026plusmn; 5.7, 2.4 \u0026plusmn;2.2 and 2.3 \u0026plusmn; 3.4 respectively. The result of this study shows that the prevalence of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University is 11.5% (95% CI: 9.0-14.3) (fig. 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: EAT_26 score among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEAT-26 subgroups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.3928035982009%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlways N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsually N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOften N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSometimes, rarely \u0026amp; never N (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDieting scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerrified of being overweight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e472 (78.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAware of the calorie content of foods that I eat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e546 (91.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticularly avoid food with high carbohydrate content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e530 (88.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeel extremely guilty after eating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e567 (94.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am extremely preoccupied with a desire of thinner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e516 (86.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThink burning up calories when I exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e499 (83.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther people think that I am too thin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451 (75.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvoid food with sugar in them\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476 (79.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEat diet food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (7.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e489 (81.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeel uncomfortable after eating sweets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e494 (82.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEngage in dieting behaviour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e509 (84.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLike my stomach to be empty\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e545 (90.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave the impulse to vomit after meals\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e592 (93.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBulimia scale \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFind myself preoccupied with food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.04047976011994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e544 (90.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave gone on eating binges where I feel that I may not be able to stop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.04047976011994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e559 (93.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVomit after I have eaten\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.04047976011994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e579 (96.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeel that food control my life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.04047976011994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e507 (84.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGive too much time and thought to food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.04047976011994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e509 (84.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnjoy trying new rich food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.493253373313344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (28.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.593703148425787%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.04047976011994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOral control scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvoid eating when I am hungry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.3928035982009%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e561 (93.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCut my food into pieces\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.3928035982009%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e531 (88.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeel that others would prefer if I ate more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.3928035982009%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e525 (87.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am preoccupied with the thought with of having fat on my body\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.3928035982009%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e521 (86.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTake longer than other to eat my meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.3928035982009%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e502 (83.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisplay self-control around food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.3928035982009%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 ()7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451 (75.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.27886056971514%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeel that others pressure me to eat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.3928035982009%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.694152923538232%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.940029985007495%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e506 (84.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN=frequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors associated with disordered eating attitude\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe association between disordered eating attitude and predictors was analysed using binary logistic regression model. All factors which fulfilled the chi-square assumptions and whose p- value \u0026lt;0.25 in uni-variable analysis were considered to multi-variable logistic regression analysis. Hence, Body mass index (BMI), family income, department, resident, media exposure, batch, parents live together and religion were included in to multi-variable analyses. Finally; department and BMI were found to be statistically significant at p-value \u0026lt;0.05 and were considered to be the determinants for disordered eating attitude. The odds of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University who were from non-health department is 2.27 times higher than their counterpart (AOR= 2.27, 95% CI; 1.06- 4.86). The like hood of having disordered eating \u0026nbsp;attitude among students with normal body max index was reduced by 97% as compared to those who were underweight (AOR= 0.03, 95% CI; 0.004- 0.040). Additionally, disordered eating attitude was found to be 5.83 times higher for students who were overweight when compared with underweight participants (AOR= 5.83, 95% CI; 2.34- 14.52) (Table 3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression model predicting the likelihood of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University, southern Ethiopia, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"655\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.549618320610687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.564885496183205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Eating attitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormal \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;disordered\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.984732824427482%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR(95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.900763358778626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.549618320610687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResident\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eurban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.564885496183205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e442 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.984732824427482%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75(0.97-3.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.900763358778626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45(0.17-1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.549618320610687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;5000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;5000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.564885496183205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e439 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.984732824427482%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68(0.94-3.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.900763358778626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52(0.21-1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.549618320610687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParents live together\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.564885496183205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e463 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.984732824427482%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63(0.32-1.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.900763358778626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68(0.27-1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.549618320610687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrthodox \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtestant, Muslim and Catholic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.564885496183205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e381 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.984732824427482%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64(0.34-1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.900763358778626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93(0.41-2.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.549618320610687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedia exposure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.564885496183205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e402 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.984732824427482%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49(0.29-0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.900763358778626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59(0.28-1.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.549618320610687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSenior\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGC\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.564885496183205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e416 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.984732824427482%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47(0.84-2.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.900763358778626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58 (0.70-3.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.549618320610687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepartment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.564885496183205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e344 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.984732824427482%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35(0.81-2.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.900763358778626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27(1.06-4.86) ⁎\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.549618320610687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBMI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnderweight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverweight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.564885496183205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e428 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.984732824427482%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02(0.007-0.056)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.43(1.92-10.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.900763358778626%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03(0.004-0.040) ⁎\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.83(2.34-14.52) ⁎\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;*\u003csub\u003e=\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003ep-value \u0026lt;0.05, COR= crude odds ratio and AOR=adjusted odds ratio \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe result of this study revealed that the prevalence of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University is 11.5% (95% CI: 9.0-14.3). This finding is lower than a study conducted among female university students in An-Najah National University which is 28.6% (29) and Saudi Arabia which is 36.8% (42) but higher than a studies conducted in Wuhu, China which is 4% (44), Florida which is 10% (18), Mongolia which is 5.4% (45) . The observed discrepancy may be due to variation in socio-demography and culture and sample size difference among studies. Relatively the high prevalence of overweight can be considered as reason for high prevalence of disordered eating attitude in Najah University. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe result of this study indicate that among dieting scale items, the most frequent endorsed item was \u0026ldquo;I am terrified about being overweight\u0026rdquo; this finding is supported by study conducted in Najah University (29). This shows that female students are more curious about their body shape and weight. This may be due to different reason like peer, family and cultural effects on females to have ideal body shape. \u0026nbsp; From Bulimia scale, the most frequent endorsed item was \u0026ldquo;Give too much time and thought to food\u0026rdquo; while for oral control scale \u0026ldquo;Display self-control around food\u0026rdquo; was the most frequently endorsed item. This implies that most of the participants in the high risk category responded behaviours that are more closed to Anorexia Nervosa than Bulimia Nervosa.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study also identified some factors that are associated with disordered eating attitudes which includes, body mass index and academic specialization. In the current study, it was observed significant association between BMI and disordered eating attitude. The like hood of having disordered eating attitude among students with normal body max index was reduced by 97% as compared to those who were underweight (AOR= 0.03, 95% CI; 0.004- 0.040). Furthermore, disordered eating attitude was found to be 5.83 times higher for students who were overweight when compared with underweight participants (AOR= 5.83, 95% CI; 2.34- 14.52). This finding is supported by studies conducted in Najah University(29) and Saudi Arabia (42). The possible explanation can be, the world\u0026rsquo;s view of \u0026ldquo;thin-ideal body\u0026rdquo; as a standard of feminine beauty may play a significant role in developing DEA. Overweight participants may have a bad body image and a desire to be thin. So for this purpose, they may restrict their feeding pattern and this may lead to developing disordered eating attitudes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the finding of this study implies, academic specialization or department was significantly associated with disordered eating attitude. The odds of disordered eating attitude among female students who were from non-health department is 2.27 times higher than their counterpart (AOR= 2.27, 95% CI; 1.06- 4.86). The possible reason can be, non- health students may have free time to watch media advertisements and may focus on take caring themselves and focusing on their beauty than students with heath department who have high burden studding and other activities. Additionally, students from health Science College may have some knowledge on factors and consequence of disordered eating attitude which reduces being exposed to these factors and hence disordered eating attitude.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenerally, even if having abnormal eating attitude do not necessarily mean development of eating disorders, the presence of abnormal eating attitude increase the likelihood of eating disorders\u0026nbsp;(52). Considering the devastating health effect of eating disorder such as risk of heart disease, renal failure and others, effective intervention is important at institutional level to guarantee better health\u0026nbsp;(53).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitation of the study\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted using cross sectional study design which can\u0026rsquo;t determine cause and effect relationship between outcome variable and associated factors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Even if there is no clear cut point to categorize our result as high or low, the prevalence shouldn\u0026rsquo;t be under estimated and it\u0026rsquo;s possible to say many female students in Arba \u0026nbsp;Minch University are susceptible for eating disorder. Body mass index and academic specialization or department were significantly associated with disordered eating attitude and can be considered as predictors of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students in Arba Minch University.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;BED= Binge Eating Disorder, BMI= Body Mass Index, BN= Bulimia Nervosa, DALYs= Disability \u0026ndash;Adjusted Life Years, DEA= Disordered eating attitude, EAT= Eating Attitude Test, EDs= Eating Disorders, EDNOS= Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Availability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used for this study is found in the document\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors declare that they had no conflict of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was obtained for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.M. and A.G. wrote the first draft of the manuscript and A.D. and Y.B. wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of informed voluntary consent:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eI have read the participant information sheet. I have clearly understood the purpose of the research, the procedures, the risks and benefits, issues of confidentiality, the rights of participating and contact address for any queries. I have been given the opportunity to ask questions for things that may have been unclear. I was informed that I have the right to withdraw from the study at any time or not to answer any question that I do not want. Therefore, I declare my voluntary consent to participate in this study with my signature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipant: \u0026nbsp;Signature _\u003cimg src=\"data:image/jpeg;base64,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\" alt=\"image\" style=\"width: 108px; height: 32.8966px;\" width=\"108\" height=\"32.8966\"\u003eDate: January 1/2023____________\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eName of data collector: Medina Endris__Signature _\u003cimg src=\"data:image/jpeg;base64,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\" alt=\"image\" style=\"width: 90px; height: 35.7143px;\" width=\"90\" height=\"35.7143\"\u003eDate: January 1/2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupervisor name: Yosef Belayhun_____Signature _\u003cimg src=\"data:image/jpeg;base64,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\" alt=\"image\" style=\"width: 91px; height: 27.4589px;\" width=\"91\" height=\"27.4589\"\u003e_Date: January 1/2023\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKessler RC. prevalence and crrelates of eating disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. 2018;(March).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFisher M, Golden NH, Katzman DK, Kreipe RE, Rees J, Schebendach J, et al. Eating disorders in adolescents: A background paper. J Adolesc Heal. 1995;16(6):420\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShisslak CM, Crago M, Estes LS. The spectrum of eating disturbances. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;18:209\u0026ndash;19.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKathleen L. Food and Nutrition Therapy. 12th ed. 2008. 1370 p.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZipfel S, Giel KE, Bulik CM, Hay P, Schmidt U. Anorexia nervosa: Aetiology, assessment, and treatment. The Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015;2(12):1099\u0026ndash;111. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00356-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00356-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTreasure J, Zipfel S, Micali N, Wade T, Stice E, Claudino A et al. Anorexia nervosa. Nat Rev Dis Prim [Internet]. 2015;1(November):1\u0026ndash;22. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.74\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/nrdp.2015.74\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWade TD. Recent Research on Bulimia Nervosa. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2019;42(1):21\u0026ndash;32.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHilbert A, Binge-Eating, Disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am [Internet]. 2019;42(1):33\u0026ndash;43. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.10.011\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.psc.2018.10.011\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJemma DAY, Ternouth A, Collier DA. Eating disorders and obesity: Two sides of the same coin? Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2009;18(2):96\u0026ndash;100.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePearse WH. Women\u0026rsquo;s Health Issue: Editorial. Vol. 10, Women\u0026rsquo;s Health Issues. 2000. p. 34.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGolden NH. Eating disorders in adolescence and their sequelae. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;17(1):57\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBody Image LS. Second Edition_ A Handbook of Science, Practice, and Prevention. 2011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTreasure J, Duarte TA, Schmidt U. Eating disorders. Lancet [Internet]. 2020;395(10227):899\u0026ndash;911. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eErskine HE, Whiteford HA, Pike KM. The global burden of eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2016;29(6):346\u0026ndash;53.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePodar I, Allik J. A cross-cultural comparison of the eating disorder inventory. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42:346\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZakhem E, El Hage R, Pez\u0026eacute; T, Hurdiel R, Zunquin G, Theunynck D. Facteurs associ\u0026eacute;s \u0026agrave; la suspicion de troubles du comportement alimentaire chez des \u0026eacute;tudiants de l\u0026rsquo;Universit\u0026eacute; du Littoral C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Opale. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2015;63(4):259\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzzouzi N, Ahid S, Bragazzi NL, Berhili N, Aarab C, Aalouane R, et al. Eating disorders among moroccan medical students: Cognition and behavior. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:129\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYu Z, Tan M. Disordered eating behaviors and food addiction among nutrition major college students. Nutrients. 2016;8(11):1\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUd Din Z, Iqbal K, Khan I, Abbas M, Ghaffar F, Iqbal Z, et al. Tendency towards eating disorders and associated sex-specific risk factors among university students. Noropsikiyatri Ars. 2019;56(4):258\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBadrasawi MM, Zidan SJ. Binge eating symptoms prevalence and relationship with psychosocial factors among female undergraduate students at Palestine Polytechnic University: a cross-sectional study. J Eat Disord. 2019;7(1):1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMart\u0026iacute;nez-Gonz\u0026aacute;lez L, Villa TF, De La Torre AJM, P\u0026eacute;rez CA, Cavanillas AB, \u0026Aacute;lvarez RC, et al. Prevalencia de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en universitarios espa\u0026ntilde;oles y factores asociados: Proyecto uniHcos. Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(4):927\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDaniel Eisenberg, Emily J, Nicklett MKR, Kirz NE. Eating Disorder Symptoms Among College Students: Prevalence, Persistence, Correlates, and Treatment-Seeking. Bone. 2008;23(1):1\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJames I, Hudson E, Hiripi HG, Pope Jr. The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. IET Commun. 2015;9(16):2041\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStuhldreher N, Konnopka A, Wild B, Herzog W, Zipfel S, L\u0026ouml;we B, et al. Cost-of-illness studies and cost-effectiveness analyses in eating disorders: A systematic review. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45(4):476\u0026ndash;91.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohnson JG, Cohen P, Kotler L, Kasen S, Brook JS. Psychiatric disorders associated with risk for the development of eating disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:1119\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(7):724\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBirmingham CL, Su J, Hlynsky JA, Goldner EM, Gao M. The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;38:143\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrabe S, Ward LM, Hyde JS. The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies. Psychol Bull. 2008;134:460\u0026ndash;76.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaleh RN, Salameh RA, Yhya HH, Sweileh WM. Disordered eating attitudes in female students of An-Najah National University: a cross-sectional study. 2018;1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan Den Berg P, Thompson JK, Obremski-Brandon K, Coovert M. The Tripartite Influence model of body image and eating disturbance A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:1007\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhern AL, Bennett KM, Hetherington MM. Internalization of the ultra-thin ideal: Positive implicit associations with underweight fashion models are associated with drive for thinness in young women. 16, Eating Disorders. 2008. p. 294\u0026ndash;307.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUpadhyah A, Misra R, Parchwani D, Maheria P. Prevalence and risk factors for eating disorders in Indian adolescent females. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;4(2):153\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFallatah A, Al-Hemairy M, Al-Ghamidi HEW. C COOP ME L WOR TITAN USINES SS EU ROPE I STANB BUL-T. 2015.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMl \u0026Aacute;. Annals of Nutritional Disorders \u0026amp; Therapy Factors Associated with the Risk of Eating Disorders. 2015;2(2).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMart\u0026iacute;nez-Gonz\u0026aacute;lez MA, Gual P, Lahortiga F, Alonso Y, De Irala-Est\u0026eacute;vez J, Cervera S. Parental factors, mass media influences, and the onset of eating disorders in a prospective population-based cohort. Pediatrics. 2003;111(2):315\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHo TF, Tai BC, Lee EL, Cheng S, Liow PH. Prevalence and profile of females at risk of eating disorders in Singapore. Singap Med J. 2006;47(6):499\u0026ndash;503.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCaama\u0026ntilde;o-Isorna F, Mota N, Crego A, Corral M, Holgu\u0026iacute;n SR, Cadaveira F. Consumption of medicines, alcohol, tobacco and cannabis among university students: A 2-year follow-up. Int J Public Health. 2011;56(3):247\u0026ndash;52.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTao Z. The relationship between Internet addiction and bulimia in a sample of Chinese college students: Depression as partial mediator between Internet addiction and bulimia. Eat Weight Disord. 2013;18(3):233\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNelson MC, Story M, Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Lytle LA. Emerging adulthood and college-aged youth: An overlooked age for weight-related behavior change. Obesity. 2008;16(10):2205\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBecker AE, Franko DL, Nussbaum K, Herzog DB. Secondary prevention for eating disorders: The impact of education, screening, and referral in a college-based screening program. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;36(2):157\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl Sabbah H, Muhsineh S. Disordered Eating Attitudes and Exercise Behavior among Female Emirati College Students in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross- Sectional Study. Arab J Nutr Exerc. 2017;1(2):62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlatawi MA, Aldekhayyil SA. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science The Spectrum of Disordered Eating Attitudes Among Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. 2019;07(3).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMomeni M, Ghorbani A, Arjeini Z. Disordered eating attitudes among Iranian university students of medical sciences: The role of body image perception. Nutr Health. 2020;26(2):127\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl JY. Prevalence of disordered eating attitudes among University students in Wuhu, China. Nutr Hosp. 2015;32(22):1752\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChoijiljav D, Nasanjargal T, Ogawa S, Oidov B, Yanjmaa E. Disordered Eating Attitude and Associated Factors among Univer- sity Students in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2020;223\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChan YL, Samy AL, Tong WT, Islam MA, Low WY. Eating Disorder Among Malaysian University Students and Its Associated Factors. Asia-Pacific J Public Heal. 2020;32(6\u0026ndash;7):334\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFadipe B, Oyelohunnu MA, Olagunju AT, Aina OF, Akinbode AA, Suleiman TF. Disordered eating attitudes: Demographic and clinico-anthropometric correlates among a sample of Nigerian students. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17(2):513\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeta M, Mohammed A. Assessment of disordered eating attitude and associated factor among Harar Health Science college second Year female students in Harar town eastern Ethiopia. Int J Dent Diabetes Endocrinol Oral Hyg. 2022;4(1):25\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl AM et., ORIGINAL ARTICLE PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF EATING DISORDERS AMONG. STUDENTS IN TAIBA UNIVERSITY, SAUDI ARABIA : A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. 2019;19(1):172\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarrison K, Cantor J. The relationship between media consumption and eating disorders. J Communication. 1997;47:40\u0026ndash;67.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWHO. Obesity and Overweigt. Encyclopedia of Adolescence. 2020. p. 1913\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmink FRE, Van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(4):406\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThomas J, Khan S, Abdulrahman AA. Eating attitudes and body image concerns among female university students in the United Arab Emirates. Appetite [Internet]. 2010;54(3):595\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.008\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"disordered eating attitude, factors, female students, Arba Minch University","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4013300/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4013300/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eeating disorders significantly damage physical health and disturb psychosocial operation. The global burden of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa among young females was estimated to account 1.9\u0026nbsp;million disability–adjusted life years. Even though earlier identification of disordered eating attitude is important to prevent more sever forms of eating disorder, there is scarce evidence at university students in Ethiopia. Therefore, conducting this study has paramount importance in recognition of these unfavourable attitudes and to take remedial action accordingly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess disordered eating attitude and associated factors among Arba Minch university female students, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ean institution based cross-sectional study was employed at Arba Minch University from January 1/2023 to April1/ 2023. A total of 600 study participants were included in the study. A simple random sampling technique was used to select participants. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaire, entered using Epi-Info software and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. A multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with eating disorder and variables with p-value \u0026lt; 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Model fitness was checked using Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness of fit test. The strength of association between the outcome variable and independent variables was measured by using adjusted odds ratio with the corresponding 95% confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe result of this study shows that the prevalence of disordered eating attitude among undergraduate female students of Arba Minch University is 11.5% (95% CI: 9.0-14.3). Specialization or department (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI; 1.06–4.86) and Body mass index (AOR = 5.83, 95% CI; 2.34–14.52) were found to be predictors for disordered eating attitude.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion and recommendation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe prevalence shouldn’t be under estimated and it’s possible to say many female students in Arba Minch University are susceptible for eating disorder. Body mass index and academic specialization or department were significantly associated with disordered eating attitude and can be considered as predictors of disordered eating attitude.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of disordered eating attitude and associated factors among female undergraduate students at Arba Minch University, Southern Ethiopia 2023","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-04 17:38:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4013300/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-04-12T04:50:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-27T10:28:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-27T10:28:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2024-03-04T13:36:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d1439a41-70f2-4191-8d23-55a148ed30d4","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-12T16:02:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4013300","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22957-0","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2025-05-10 15:57:34","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 10th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-04 17:38:02","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-025-22957-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22957-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4013300","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4013300","identity":"rs-4013300","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}