In situ programming of intratumoural stem cell-like memory CD8⁺ T cells enables durable antitumour immunity in immunosuppressive tumours

Abstract Tumours with an immunosuppressive microenvironment often respond poorly to radiotherapy (RT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and durable clinical responses remain rare. These failures are not solely explained by insufficient immune activation, but instead reflect an inability of current therapies to establish CD8⁺ T-cell infiltration and states required for long-term tumour control. Although stem cell-like memory CD8⁺ T cells (Tscm) are critical for durable antitumour immunity, they are typically rare within solid tumours, and strategies to selectively augment the expansion of intratumoural Tscm within immunosuppressive tumours are lacking. Here, we show that intratumoural immune modulation via pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activation, using a double-stranded RNA–based agonist (BO-112), promotes Tscm expansion and, in combination with radiation, enhances antitumour immunity in poorly immunogenic lung and bladder cancer models. PRR activation enabled selective in situ expansion of intratumoural Tscm, rather than global CD8⁺ T-cell activation. Therapeutic efficacy required pre-existing intratumoural CD8⁺ T cells and was associated with qualitative reprogramming of the immune landscape, including depletion of exhausted CD8⁺ T cells and regulatory T cells. Transcriptomic analyses showed that PRR activation preferentially enriched programmes associated with Tscm formation and self-renewal, whereas durable effector differentiation emerged only following combined RT–PRR agonist treatment, consistent with antigen-driven execution of the expanded progenitor pool. A Tscm-associated gene signature derived from these preclinical datasets correlated with improved survival across independent human lung and bladder cancer cohorts. Together, our data identify intratumoural Tscm as a therapeutically targetable immune-control axis and establish in situ programming of Tscm as a route to durable antitumour immunity. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes ↵* Joint senior authors