Insecticidal and repellent activity of essential oils from Copaifera reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea against immature and adult stages of Ctenocephalides felis felis

Insecticidal and repellent activity of essential oils from Copaifera reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea against immature and adult stages of Ctenocephalides felis felis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Insecticidal and repellent activity of essential oils from Copaifera reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea against immature and adult stages of Ctenocephalides felis felis Emily Andressa Santos Lima, Diefrey Ribeiro Campos, Eduardo Fellipe Melo Santos Soares, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139452/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Acta Parasitologica → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose The flea Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), parasitizes dogs and cats globally, acting as a vector for various pathogens affecting both animals and humans. Growing interest in environmentally friendly, plant-based products prompted this study. The aim of the study was to determine the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from Copaifera reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea, assessing their insecticidal and repellent properties, determining lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90), and evaluating residual efficacy in vitro against Ctenocephalides felis felis. Methods Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector analyzed EO composition. In vitro tests involved preparing EO solutions at various concentrations. Ten specimens from each life stage (egg, larva, pupa, adult) were used for insecticidal activity assessment. For immature stages, Petri dishes were used. Mortality percentage was calculated using (number of dead insects X 100) / number of incubated insects. Probit analysis calculated LC50 values with a 95% confidence interval. Results Major EO constituents were β-caryophyllene (EOCR), linalool (EOLH), linalyl acetate (EOSS), and limonene (EOCP). LC50 values were obtained for all stages except for the essential oil of C. paradisi. All oils showed repellent activity at 800 μg/cm2. OECR exhibited greater residual efficacy. Conclusion Each EO demonstrated superior insecticidal activity against specific C. felis felis stages. Flea control Ectoparasites Natural insecticides Pulicidae Vectors Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché), the cat flea, is considered the major ectoparasite of cats and dogs worldwide. Of cosmopolitan distribution, causing discomfort to pets and their owners, fleas are associated with several diseases, such as flea allergic dermatitis (FAD), cat-scratch fever, and could be involved in the transmission of feline leukemia, viruses (myxomatosis), bacterial diseases (murine typhus, bartonellosis, salmonellosis), protozoa (trypanosomiasis) and helminthiasis [ 1 – 4 ]. The global annual spending on pet flea control is approximately US $ 15 billion, mainly relying on chemical insecticides [ 5 ]. Brazil, the world's largest consumer of pesticides since 2008, uses over 700 thousand tons of synthetic products annually [ 6 ]. Due to environmental concerns, there is a growing demand for less aggressive methods to control ectoparasites [ 7 ]. Essential oils (EO) have emerged as a promising alternative, offering a biodegradable and less polluting option for veterinary ectoparasite control [ 8 , 9 ]. Despite lower effectiveness in environmental applications, EO is gaining traction in veterinary medicine, especially for controlling parasites like C. felis felis . [ 10 – 12 ]. Copaifera spp, part of the Caesalpinaceae F subfamily [ 13 ], produces an essential oil rich in sesquiterpenes like β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and α-copaene [ 14 ], demonstrating notable in vitro activity against Aedes aegypti [ 15 ]. Lavandula hybrida EO, with main components including linalool and linalyl acetate, shows acaricidal and repellent properties against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus [ 16 , 17 ]. Salvia sclarea L. EO, composed by linalyl acetate as major component [ 18 ], exhibits larvacidal activity against Culex pipiens [ 19 ] and Aedes albopictus [ 20 ]. Citrus paradisi L. EO, containing limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene [ 21 ] has potential larvicidal and fumigant effects on Culex pipiens [ 22 ]. In the demand for new and less aggressive insecticides to the environment, humans, and animals, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro at the first time the insecticidal and repellent activity of essential oils from C. reticulata, C. paradisi, L. hybrida and S. sclarea against immature and adult stages of C. felis felis. Material and Methods Origin of fleas The cat flea C. felis felis and their respective stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults) used in the experiment were obtained from the experimental colony maintained at Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy in Veterinary Parasitology of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), which was approved by the Commission for Ethics in the Use of Animals of the Veterinary Institute of UFRRJ (CEUA-IV-UFRRJ) with protocol 4313110419. Essential oils Essential oils from the leaves of C. reticulata (Fabaceae), from the peel of the fruits of C. paradisi (Rutaceae), the flowers of L. hybrida (Lamiaceae), and the flowers and leaves of S. sclarea (Lamiaceae) were purchased from Via Aroma Indústria de Aromatizadores de Ambientes LTDA (Porto Alegre) and kept in amber bottles protected in a freezer at -20ºC until the moment of chromatographic analysis and biological analyzes with the purpose to curb the degradation of the chemical compounds. Chemical composition analysis Chemical composition analysis of essential oils was carried out by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (FID) and a split/split-less injector used to detect and separate the constituents of C. reticulata, C. paradisi, S. sclarea , and L. hybrida. The compounds were separated in HP-fused silica (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d.; film thickness, 0.25 m; Agilent J & W, California, United States). The carrier gas used was helium (1 mL.min − 1 ), and the injected volume was 1 µl at a 1:20 division ratio. EO was analyzed using GC-MS QP-2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Japan). The injector, oven, and detector temperatures were determined according to previous studies [ 23 ]. The percentage of EO compounds was calculated from the relative area of each peak analyzed by GC-FID. Furthermore, the carrier gas flow, temperature conditions, and capillary column used for GC/MS analysis were the same as those described for GC/FID [ 23 ]. Operating conditions of the mass spectrometer were: ionization voltage, 70 eV; mass range, 40–400 m/z, and 0.5 scan.s − 1 . The compound retention index was calculated based on the co-injection of samples with a combination of C 8 –C 20 hydrocarbons. Compounds were distinguished by comparing their mass spectra with the NIST-Mass Spectrometry Data Center library and data from Adams [ 23 ]. Bioassays Samples preparations Direct dilution was performed from the EOs or stock solution to obtain the desired concentration range using acetone (99%) as diluent. For insecticidal activity bioassay the concentration range for each EO in each stage are described in Table 1 . For the repellency test, three concentrations were performed for the four EOs which were 40000; 20000 and 5000 µg.mL − 1 that corresponded to 800; 400 and 100 µg.cm − 2 after strip impregnation. For the placebo control, acetone alone was used, for the negative control paper filter discs or strips did not receive any type of impregnation, and for positive control of insecticidal activity, fipronil (8 µg.cm − ²) was used for the stages of larva, pupa, and adult, and pyriproxyfen (8 µg.cm − 2 ) for eggs. For the repellency test, the positive control was N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) (40000 µg.mL − 1 and 800 µg.cm − 2 ). To evaluate the adulticidal activity, filter paper strips with an area of 10 cm² (1x10cm) Whatman nº1 (80g) were used impregnated with 0.200 mL of each solution. To evaluate ovicidal, larvicidal, and pupicidal activity, discs of the same filter paper with an area of 23.76 cm² impregnated with 0.470 mL of each solution were used. The repellent activity tests were made using strips of the same filter paper with an area of 7 cm² (0.7 x 10 cm). After impregnation, the material remained on the bench for a period of 30 minutes for complete evaporation of the acetone before performing the test. Table 1 Concentration ranges for in vitro insecticidal activity bioassays for each essential oil in each stage. Concentration range Stage µg.mL − 1 µg.cm − 2 Copaifera reticulata Essential Oil Egg 1250; 2500; 5000; 10000; 20000; 40000 25; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800 Larva 5000; 7500; 10000; 15000; 20000; 30000 110; 165; 220; 330; 440; 660 Pupa 10000; 15000; 20000; 25000; 30000; 40000 200; 300; 400; 500; 600; 800 Adult 10000; 20000; 25000; 30000; 35000; 40000 150; 200; 300; 400; 600; 800 BCI 2500; 5000; 7500; 10000; 15000 30; 50; 100; 150; 200; 300 Lavandula hybrida Essential Oil Egg 2000; 6000; 8000; 10000; 15000; 20000 40; 120; 160; 200; 300; 400 Larva 4000; 6000; 7000; 8000; 9000; 10000 90; 130; 150; 180; 200; 220 Pupa 15000; 20000; 30000; 35000; 40000; 50000 300; 400; 600; 700; 800; 1000 Adult 10000; 20000; 25000; 30000; 35000; 40000 200; 400; 500; 600; 700; 800 BCI 250; 1000; 2000; 6000; 8000; 15000 5; 20; 40; 120; 160; 300 Salvia sclarea Essential Oil Egg 5000; 10000; 15000; 20000; 30000; 40000 100; 200; 300; 400; 600; 800 Larva 4000; 5000; 6000; 8000; 9000; 10000 80; 100; 120; 160; 180; 200 Pupa 5000; 10000; 20000; 40000; 60000; 80000 100; 200; 400; 800; 1200; 1600 Adult 20000; 30000; 40000; 50000; 60000; 80000 400; 600; 800; 1.000; 1.200; 1.600 BCI 500; 1250; 2500; 5000; 10000; 20000 10; 25; 50; 100; 200; 300 Citrus paradisi Essential Oil All stages 50000; 60000; 70000; 80000; 90000; 100000 1000; 1200; 1400; 1600; 1800; 2000 BCI = Biological Cycle Inhibition Insecticidal activity (Mortality) To evaluate the adulticide activity of EOs, for each repetition, 10 adult fleas, not fed, with 14 days old, five males and five females were placed in a test tube (1 x 10cm) with a filter paper tape impregnated with the different concentrations of EOs. For the evaluation of the activity against the immature stages, were used: 10 eggs aged less than 24 hours, 10 larvae aged between five to seven days (L3), and 10 pupae aged 10 days old. These were arranged in plastic Petri dishes (60 x 15cm) that contained the filter paper disc inside impregnated with different concentrations of EOs. Following the test, the material was incubated in climate-controlled chambers with demand oxygen biochemistry with controlled temperature and relative humidity (27 ± 1°C; 75 ± 10%). The evaluation period for adult fleas and larvae was 24 hours, for eggs 72 hours, and for pupae, it was 15 days after incubation. The motility criterion used for adult fleas and larvae was the movement, which, any minimal activity presented by the insect, characterizes it as alive. The eggs that did not hatch larvae were considered dead. For pupae, it was considered as dead individuals, pupae that did not emerge as adult fleas. Biological cycle inhibition For analysis of the biological cycle inhibition (BCI) of C. felis felis , 10 eggs (aged less than 24 hours) were arranged in plastic Petri plates (60 x 15cm) that contained inside the filter paper disk impregnated with the different OEs concentrations. It was added 0.5 g of a larval diet based on wheat bran, dehydrated cattle blood and washed sand, in the proportion of 1:1:5, as described by Correia et al. (2003). Petri's plates were maintained in temperature of 27 ± 1°C and relative humidity 75 ± 10% for a period of 30 days. Any egg was considered dead if was not capable of generating an adult flea. Residual efficacy The residual efficacy of the essential oils against adults of C. felis felis was determined by means of the filter paper impregnation technique [ 24 ] against unfed adult fleas. Strips impregnated and dried were inserted into glass tubes containing 10 unfed adult cat fleas, which five males and five females. Tubes were sealed and kept in a climatized chamber at 28 ± 1°C and relative humidity of 75 ± 10%. Every 24h, fleas were counted (dead and alive) and all fleas were replaced with 10 new fleas. The tests were performed in sextuplicate, using the first concentration responsible for 100% mortality. The evaluation was carried out until a percentage of mortality equal to zero was obtained. Repellent activity To evaluate in vitro repellent activity of EOs the technique to determine the flea susceptibility or resistance to insecticides was the same as Su et al. [ 25 ]. Glass test tubes (1,4 x 25 cm) and two long strips of filter paper were used. The filter paper strips were impregnated and after drying, a transparent double-sided adhesive tape was glued longitudinally on the two strips of impregnated filter paper. In each tube, two strips were inserted vertically into the tube and parallel to each other, one impregnated with the diluent (99% acetone) and the other impregnated with the EO (or positive control), which five flea couples were inserted and waited for a period of 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the quantitative record was performed analyzing the distribution of the specimens in the two strips of filter paper (impregnated with diluent and with the EO) present inside the test tube, determining the percentage of repellency. For the persistence evaluation, the specimens were removed from the tubes and new couples were introduced to perform new evaluations at times of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, posteriorly, calculating the repellency rate. Data Analysis In the tests in which the insecticidal activity was evaluated, the number of live and dead individuals was counted and the percentage of mortality was calculated for each concentration using the formula described by Abbott [ 26 ]: percentage efficacy = (number of dead insects in the treated group–number of dead insects in the control group) × 100 / (100–number of dead insects in the control group). LC 50 and LC 90 values were calculated for each evaluation using probit analysis through the statistical program RStudio. Team software (2020, RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA, USA), with a 95% confidence interval (p < 0.05). In the repellency tests, after accounting the distribution of fleas on the tapes, it was determined the percentage of repellency from the formula described by WHO [ 27 ]: Repellency (%) = (Number of individuals on placebo strip - Number of individuals on EO strip / Number of individuals on placebo strip) x 100. Results Chemical Composition of Essential Oils GC-MS analysis shown that C. reticulata EO mainly comprised β-caryophyllene (48%), α-humulene (8.65%) and α-copaene (7.87%). Lavandula hybrida EO comprised 27.8% of linalool, 19.29% acetate linalyl, and 13.48% camphor. Salvia sclarea EO contained linalyl acetate (51.37%) and linalool (21.13%). Citrus paradisi EO showed limonene (91.42%) as its major constituent. All results of EOs composition are described in Table 2 . Table 2 Chemical composition results of essential oils of Citrus paradisi, Copaifera reticulata, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea. Chemical Composition (%) Compounds EOCP EOCR EOLH EOSS ( Z )-salvene - - - - - - - - - 0.070 ( E )-salvene - - - - - - - - - 0.040 n -hexanol - - - - - - - - - 0.040 α -pinene 1.080 0.450 1.77 0.070 β -pinene 0.820 - - - - - - 0.090 Myrcene 3.760 - - - - - - 1.180 Limonene 91.420 0.340 5.61 0.660 ( Z )- β -ocimene - - - - - - - - - 0.540 (Z)- β -ocimene 0.080 - - - - - - 0.480 p -mentha-2,4(8)-diene - - - - - - - - - 0.220 Linalool - - - - - - 27.81 21.130 Terpinen-4-ol - - - - - - 2.16 0.050 α -terpineol - - - - - - 0.35 5.170 γ -terpineol - - - - - - - - - 0.020 Nerol - - - - - - - - - 0.620 Linalool acetate - - - - - - 19.29 51.370 Linalool acetate - - - - - - 0.32 0.320 Geranyl formate - - - - - - - - - 0.130 Neryl acetate - - - - - - - - - 1.760 α -copaene - - - 7.870 - - - 0.690 Geranyl acetate - - - - - - 0.79 3.610 β -bourbonene - - - - - - - - - 0.130 ( E )-caryophyllene - - - - - - - - - 3.340 β -copaene - - - - - - - - - 0.060 α -humulene - - - 8.650 - - - 0.060 Germacrene D - - - - - - - - - 3.880 Germacrene B - - - 1.260 - - - - - - Bicyclogermacrene - - - - - - - - - 0.690 ( E,E )-farnesene - - - - - - - - - 0.030 δ-cadinene - - - 2.800 - - - 0.100 Caryophyllene oxide - - - 0.800 - - - 0.110 1,8-cineole - - - 0.820 - - - - - - δ-elemene - - - 0.420 - - - - - - α -cubebene - - - 0.680 - - - - - - β -elemene - - - 1.210 - - - - - - β -caryophyllene - - - 48.820 - - - - - - α-trans-bergamotene - - - 7.020 - - - - - - Caryophyllene - - - 0.510 - - - - - - β -chamigrene - - - 2.060 - - - - - - Muurolene - - - 7.150 - - - - - - β -selinene - - - 0,520 - - - - - - α -selinene - - - 0,950 - - - - - - α -muurolene - - - 0,830 - - - - - - β -bisabolene - - - 4,160 - - - - - - (E)-cadina-1,4-diene - - - 0.510 - - - - - - (Z)-limonene oxide 0.130 - - - - - - - - - Hexyl acetate - - - - - - 0.28 - - - 1,4-cineole - - - - - - 0.46 - - - 1,8-cineole - - - - - - 9.17 - - - p -cymene - - - - - - 0.71 - - - γ- terpinene - - - - - - 0.26 - - - Terpinolene - - - - - - 0.7 - - - Camphor - - - - - - 13.48 - - - Isoborneol - - - - - - 2.03 - - - Borneol - - - - - - 3.48 - - - Lavandulyl acetate - - - - - - 1.22 - - - trans-caryophyllene - - - - - - 7.29 - - - n.i. 2.410 2.170 2.820 3.340 Total identified (%) 98.7 100 100 94.8 EOCP = essential oil of Citrus paradisi; EOCR = essential oil of Copaifera reticulata; EOLH = essential oil of Lavandula hybrida; EOSS = essential oil of Salvia sclarea . n.i. = not identified. Insecticidal Activity and Biological Cycle Inhibition Citrus paradisi EO achieved 25% of mortality against eggs and larvae stages and no mortality against pupae and adults at the maximum concentration (2000 µg.cm − 2 ) tested. BCI was also not observed at the concentration range evaluated. Since mortality above 50% was achieved, LC 50 and LC 90 were not calculated to this EO. Mortality of C. reticulata , L. hybrida , S. sclarea and C. paradisi EOs against each stage of C. felis felis are described in Table 3 . Table 3 Mortality rate of essential oils of C. reticula against immature and mature stages of Ctenocephalides felis felis Copaifera reticulata Essential Oil Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults BCI Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Neg. Control 5.0 Neg. Control 0 Neg. Control 12.2 Neg. Control 0 Neg. Control 25.3 Placebo 0 Placebo 0 Placebo 11.7 Placebo 1.6 Placebo 21.5 25 0 110 6.7 200 34.0 150 0 30 0 50 0 165 30.0 300 59.6 200 16.7 50 1.7 100 0 220 51.7 400 78.7 300 43.3 100 13.6 200 0 330 78.3 500 80.8 400 43.3 150 52.3 400 15.0 440 83.3 600 93.6 600 83.3 200 72.7 800 15.0 660 96.7 800 100.0 800 100.0 300 100.0 Lavandula hybrida Essential Oil Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults BCI Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) 40 7.0 90 0 300 8.5 150 10.0 5 3.8 120 15.8 130 35.0 400 25.4 200 16.7 20 18.9 160 38.6 150 71.2 600 40.7 300 21.7 40 34.0 200 82.5 180 90.0 700 61.0 400 60.0 120 62.3 300 98.3 200 90.2 800 76.3 600 85.5 160 88.7 400 100.0 220 100.0 1000 100.0 800 100.0 300 100.0 Salvia sclarea Essential Oil Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults BCI Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) Conc. (µg.cm − ²) Mortality (%) 40 7.0 90 0 300 8.5 150 10.0 5 3.8 120 15.8 130 35.0 400 25.4 200 16.7 20 18.9 160 38.6 150 71.2 600 40.7 300 21.7 40 34.0 200 82.5 180 90.0 700 61.0 400 60.0 120 62.3 300 98.3 200 90.2 800 76.3 600 85.5 160 88.7 400 100.0 220 100.0 1000 100.0 800 100.0 300 100.0 Pos. Control 100.0 Pos. Control 100.0 Pos. Control 100.0 Pos. Control 100.0 Pos. Control 100.0 Neg. Control = Negative control group; Pos. Control = Positive control group; BCI = Inhibition of development. Fipronil (8 µg.cm − 2 ) was used for positive control for biological cycle inhibition. Copaifera reticulata EO presented 96.7% mortality at concentrations of 660 µg.cm − 2 against larvae, and 100% mortality at a concentration of 800 µg.cm − 2 against pupal and adult stages, however, no ovicidal activity was observed. Lavandula hybrida EO showed a 100% mortality rate at concentrations of 400, 220, 800 and, 1000 µg.cm − 2 against eggs, larvae, adult and pupae, respectively. Salvia sclarea EO achieved 100% mortality at concentrations of 800 µg.cm − 2 against eggs, 98.4% at 200 µg.cm − 2 against larvae, and, at a concentration of 1600 µg.cm − 2 against pupae and adults. Regarding the BCI, it was possible to observe inhibition of development at the highest concentration (300 µg.cm − 2 ) for the EOs of C. reticulata, L. hybrida and S. sclarea. LC 50 and LC 90 estimative Determining the lethal concentration values, as seen in Table 4 , to C. reticulata EO, LC 50 for larvae was 230.6 µg.cm − 2 . For pupae, the LC 50 was 223.1 µg.cm − 2 and for adults it was 462.5 µg.cm − 2 . For CL 90 , 477.3 µg.cm − 2 was obtained for larvae, for pupae 533.2 µg.cm − 2 and adults 695.8 µg.cm − 2 . As it was not observed ovicidal activity, LC 50 and LC 90 were not obtained. For L. hybrida EO, for eggs the LC 50 was 171.4 µg.cm − 2 , for larvae 142.0 µg.cm − 2 . For pupae the LC 50 was 672.9 µg.cm − 2 and for adults it was 559.3 µg.cm − 2 . The LC 90 obtained for eggs was 281.9 µg.cm − 2 , for larvae it was 188.4 µg.cm − 2 , for pupae it was obtained 961.3 µg.cm − 2 and adults 748.3 µg.cm − 2 . For S. sclarea EO, the LC 50 for eggs was 390.2 µg.cm − 2 , for the larval stage was 103.7 µg.cm − 2 . For pupal stage the LC 50 was 891.0 µg.cm − 2 and for adults it was 559.3 µg.cm − 2 . The LC 90 obtained for eggs was 390.2 µg.cm − 2 , for larvae was 168.0 µg.cm − 2 . For pupae it was 1483.2 µg.cm − 2 , and adults 1290.6 µg.cm − 2 . Table 4 Lethal Concentrations 50 and 90 values for the different stages of Ctenocephalifes felis felis after exposure to Copaifera reticulata, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea essential oils. Copaifera reticulata Essential Oil Stages Confidence Interval (95%) Slope (ER) R² Chi-squared p Lethal Concentration (Minimum – Maximum) Larvae LC 50 230.6 (208.0–253.6) 4.78 (0.50) 0.919 4.779 0.146 LC 90 477.3 (425.0–551.0) Pupae LC 50 223.1 (190.5–252.6) 3.39 (0.98) 0.924 11.419 0.878 LC 90 533.2 (463.9–643.6 Adults LC 50 462.5 (419.4–507.4) 7.22 (1.51) 0.970 2.258 0.311 LC 90 695.8 (595.8–718.4) BCI LC 50 100.0 (80.3–112.0) 3.1 (1.11) 0.973 13.012 0.989 LC 90 262.8 (207.8–389.6) Lavandula hybrida Essential Oil Stages Confidence Interval (95%) Slope (ER) R² Chi-squared p Lethal Concentration (Minimum – Maximum) Eggs LC 50 171.4 (116.1–193.0) 4.0 (0.25) 0.951 29.313 0.999 LC 90 281.9 (240.1–352.3) Larvae LC 50 142.0 (133.9–149.2) 10.4 (3.01) 0.919 11.328 0.921 LC 90 188.4 (177.9–204.1) Pupae LC 50 672.9 (580.2–708.0) 5.7 (1.23) 0.975 13.532 0.991 LC 90 961.3 (846.4–1199.0) Adults LC 50 559.3 (520.9–596.3) 10.1 (1.54) 0.965 10.345 1 LC 90 748.3 (688.7–857.7) BCI LC 50 47.8 (37.2–58.4) 2.2 (1.32) 0.934 19.747 0.997 LC 90 183.8 (144.9–256.5) Salvia sclarea Essential Oil Stages Confidence Interval (95%) Slope (ER) R² Chi-squared p Lethal Concentration (Minimum – Maximum) Eggs LC 50 390.2 (346.1–438.3) 4.85 (0.74) 0.989 9.749 0.955 LC 90 716.6 (609.7–923.6) Larvae LC 50 103.7 (94.5–112.1) 7.01 (0.88) 0.975 5.566 0.766 LC 90 168.0 (142.3–187.1) Pupae LC 50 475.0 (364.9–589.0) 2.45 (0.50) 0.997 14.286 0.994 LC 90 1483.2 (1279.5–1573.9) Adults LC 50 891.0 (823.0–958.6) 7.97 (0.66) 0.995 2.754 0.400 LC 90 1290.6 (1171.1–1502.0) BCI LC 50 75,0 (60.3–91.8) 2.9 (0.28) 0.850 4.435 0.963 LC 90 210.5 (161.7–313.1) CL 50 = Lethal concentration 50; CL 90 = Lethal concentration 90; BCI = Inhibition of development The comparative LC 50 and LC 90 between the EOs for ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal activity is present in Fig. 1 . Comparing LC 50 of the C. reticulata EO among the different stages, it was perceptible the following order of potency: pupae (LC 50 = 223.12 µg.cm − 2 ) > larva (LC 50 = 230.64 µg.cm − 2 ) > adult (LC 50 = 462.45 µg.cm − 2 ), noticing that this EO was 2.07 times more potent for pupae and 2.01 times more potent for larva when compared to the adult stage. The lavandin EO comparison among LC 50 stages demonstrated the following order of potency: larvae (LC 50 = 142.04 µg.cm − 2 ) > eggs (LC 50 = 171.44 µg.cm − 2 ) > adults (LC 50 = 559.3 µg.cm − 2 ) > pupae (LC 50 = 672.90 µg.cm − 2 ). For this OE the least susceptible stage was the pupal. This EO was 3.9 times more potent for eggs, 4.73 times more potent for larvae when compared to pupae. Salvia sclarea EO was more effective in the following order: larvae (LC 50 = 103.73 µg.cm − 2 ) > egg (LC 50 = 390.16 µg.cm − 2 ) > pupae (LC 50 = 474.97 µg.cm − 2 ) > adult (LC 50 = 891.04 µg.cm − 2 ). The relative potency indicates the EO is 8.58 times more potent for the larval stage, and 2.28 times more potent for the egg stage. The ratio between the LC 50 of the pupal and adult stages was less than 2, so it is possible to infer there is no potency ratio between these two stages. When comparing exposure time, the relative potency ratio was lower than 2. Regarding the relative potency, it was possible to verify that the larval stage was 2.22 times less susceptible to C. reticulata EO when compared to the others. Lavandula hybrida EO when compared to S. sclarea EO and C. reticulata EO, it was noted that the ratio was less than 2, therefore, there is no difference between them for the larval stage. For the pupal stage, C. reticulata EO presented (Fig. 1 ) the lowest LC 50 value (223.1 µg.cm − 2 ), followed by the EO of S. sclarea (475.0 µg.cm − 2 ) and L. hybrida EO (672.9 µg.cm − 2 ). It was possible to verify that this stage was 3.01 times less susceptible to C. reticulata EO when compared to L. hybrida EO, and 2.12 times compared to S. sclarea . Concerning the adulticidal activity, it was possible to notice (Fig. 1 ) that the highest LC 50 value was the S. sclarea EO (891.1 µg.cm − 2) followed by the L. hybrida EO (559.3 µg.cm − 2 ) and the lowest LC 50 value was C. reticulata EO (462.5 µg.cm − 2 ). It was also possible to verify that for this stage the ratio was less than 2 for all EOs, therefore, there is no difference for the adult stage. The LC 50 and LC 90 values for BCI were respectively 100.0 and 262.8 µg.cm − 2 for C. reticulata EO, 47.8 µg.cm − 2 and 183.8 µg.cm − 2 for L. hybrida EO, and 75.0 µg.cm − 2 and 210.5 µg.cm − 2 for S. sclarea EO. When comparing the LC 50 values (Fig. 1 ), we observed an ascending order of LC 50 for BCI: L. hybrida (47.8 µg.cm − 2 ) < S. sclarea (75.0 µg.cm − 2 ) < C. reticulata (100.0 µg.cm − 2 ). The L. hybrida EO was 2.09 times more potent than that of C. reticulata EO. Residual efficacy Residual efficacy was not calculated for C. paradisi EO as it did not exhibit adulticidal activity at a concentration of 2000 µg.cm − 2 (100000 µg.mL − 1 ). However, for C. reticulata and L. hybrida EOs, a concentration of 800 µg.cm − 2 (40000 µg.mL − 1 ) was employed to assess residual efficacy. Copaifera reticulata EO achieved 100% mortality solely on the first day, declining to zero by day 21, indicative of a gradual decrease in efficacy, and presenting a slope value of -4,49. In contrast, L. hybrida EO recorded 100% mortality on the first day of analysis, followed by a reduction to zero after six days of exposure, presenting a value of slope of -21,66. Regarding S. sclarea EO , a concentration of 1600 µg.cm − 2 (80,000 µg/mL − 1 ) was applied, resulting in 100% mortality after 24 hours of exposure. However, the residual efficacy declined to zero by the eleventh day following the challenge, presenting a value of slope of -10,89. Additionally, a positive control (fipronil at 8 µg.cm² − 400 µg.mL − 1 ) demonstrated a residual efficacy of 99% on the twenty-second day after the challenge. Negative control and placebo experiments did not observe any mortality during the analyses. Repellency activity Essential oils repellency activity was evaluated against C. felis felis as it is observed in Fig. 3 . For the C. reticulata EO, the repellency percentage (RP) range observed for the concentration of 800 µg.cm − 2 was 90 to 18.8%, for 400 µg.cm − 2 was 78.0 to 15.2%, 1h and 48h respectively, and for 100 µg.cm − 2 , RP was less than 30%. In the evaluation of L. hybrida EO activity, the RP range observed for the concentration of 800 µg.cm − 2 was 86.8 to 12.5%, for 400 µg.cm − 2 the RP was 60.5 to 18.2% in the evaluations of 1h and 48h respectively. To the concentration of 100 µg.cm² the RP was less than 30%. Salvia sclarea EO showed a RP range for the concentration of 800 µg/cm² of 92.9 to 46.2%, for 400 µg.cm − 2 the RP range was 60.5 to 23.5%, in the evaluations of 1 and 48h respectively. Concentration of 100 µg.cm − 2 the RP was less than 20%. For the C. paradisi EO the RP observed for the concentration of 800 µg.cm − 2 was lower than 60% from 1h assessment and 30% from the 48h assessment. At the concentration of 400 µg.cm − 2 the RP was less than 50% in the first evaluation and 28.6% in the 48h evaluation. Concentration of 100 µg.cm − 2 the RP was less than 30%. Also, positive control group (DEET) presented percentages of repellency for the concentration in a range of 800 µg.cm − 2 of 100 to 66.7% evaluations at 1h and 48h respectively. For the concentration of 400 µg.cm − 2 the repellency percentage range was 93.3 to 13.3% in the evaluations of 1h and 48h respectively. For the concentration of 100 µg.cm − 2 the RP was less than 40%. Discussion Our findings in chemical composition analysis of EOs (Table 2 ) corroborate to previous studies found in literature, as C. reticulata EO, which Junior et al. [ 14 ], detected 78.2% of sesquiterpenes and β-caryophyllene presented with 40.9% in its composition, as one of the major components. Our findings in GC of the L. hybrida EO corresponds to previous articles, which was identified linalool (33.2%), linalyl acetate (29.7%), camphor (7.1%) and 1,8-cineole (7.6%) [ 16 ], as well as Robu et al. [ 28 ], that found same chemical components. Salvia sclarea EO composition was previously determined with linalyl acetate (56.04%) and linalool (20.49%) as major constituents [ 18 , 29 ]. Regarding the C. paradisi EO, Uysal et al. [ 21 ] in their studies reported that the limonene component was also observed as the major constituent (91.5%), being compatible with the results obtained in the present study. It was found a similarity between L. hybrida and S. sclarea EOs in their composition, and both are different to C. reticulata and C. paradisi EOs. Based on the results of this study, no insecticidal activity nor BCI activity of C. paradisi EO was observed for any stage of the flea C. felis felis at the evaluated concentrations. However, C. paradisi EO insecticidal activity has already been reported for several insects [ 30 , 31 ] being associated with its major component d-limonene [ 32 ]. However, it is possible that higher concentrations allow the detection of a range of mortality for this EO. Lavandula hybrida EO demonstrated activity against eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of C. felis felis (Table 3 ). The ovicidal and larvicidal activity has already been described for EO's of plants of the genus Lavandula against other insects [ 33 – 35 ]. Similar to L. hybrida EO, S. sclarea EO exhibited activity against all the stages of C. felis felis. The expected result could be due to similar chemical composition which both have linalool and linalyl acetate as major constituents. The activity insecticide of this EO has already been described for EO of plants of the genus Salvia against lice [ 36 ], and larvicidal and adulticidal activity against mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles and Aedes [ 20 , 37 ]. Comparing the EO results (Fig. 1 ), in the egg stage, it was possible to verify that the L. hybrida EO presented a lower LC 50 value (171.4 µg.cm − 2 ) when compared to the S. sclarea EO (390.2 µg.cm − 2 ). When performing a calculation of relative potency, it was possible to notice that the L. hybrida EO was 2.27 times more potent when compared to S. sclarea EO. Other EOs have demonstrated ovicidal activity against C. felis felis eggs. Conceição et al . [ 24 ] demonstrated activity for the OE of Origanum vulgare (LC 50 = 94.5 µg.cm − 2 ), Thymus vulgaris (LC 50 = 13.5 µg.cm − 2 ) and Cinnamomum cassia (LC 50 = 3.0 µg.cm − 2 ). Freitas et al. [ 10 ] also demonstrated ovicidal activity for this same parasite for the EO of Illicium verum (LC 50 = 36.9 µg.cm − 2 ) and Pelargonium graveolans (LC 50 = 18.8 µg.cm − 2 ). When compared to the results obtained for the EOs evaluated in this work, it is possible to verify that all of them presented lower LC 50 values. For larvicidal activity, only C. paradisi EO did not presented it. Previous studies have shown EOs with larvicidal activity against C. felis felis , as EOs of I. verum (LC 50 = 14.4 µg.cm − 2 ), P. graveolans (LC 50 = 20.1 µg.cm − 2 ) [ 10 ], C. cassia (LC 50 = 17.2 µg.cm − 2 ), T. vulgaris (LC 50 = 35.4 µg.cm − 2 ) and O. vulgare (LC50 = 155.1 µg/cm²) [ 24 ]. As for the three EOs, it is possible to infer that the S. sclarea EO presented the lowest LC 50 value (103.7 µg.cm − 2 ), followed by EO from L. hybrida (188.4 µg.cm − 2 ) and C. reticulata (230.6 µg.cm − 2 ) against flea larvae. When comparing the EO from L. hybrida to the EO from S. sclarea , it was possible to notice that the ratio was less than 2. Essential oils have already been demonstrated pupicidal activity against C. felis felis , as the EOs of C. cassia (LC 50 = 34.6 µg.cm − 2 ), O. vulgare (LC 50 = 98.4 µg.cm − 2 ), T. vulgaris (LC 50 = 203.2 µg.cm − 2 ) [ 24 ], I. verum (LC 50 = 35.4 µg.cm − 2 ) and P. graveolans (LC 50 = 67.6 µg.cm − 2 ) [ 10 ]. Lavandula hybrida, I. verum and C. reticulata EOs presented activity against pupae of C. felis felis , being C. reticulata EO the lowest LC 50 (233.1 µg.cm − 2 ), followed by S. sclarea EO (475 µg.cm − 2 ) and L. hybrida EO (672.9 µg.cm − 2 ). When compared C. reticulata EO to S. sclarea and L. hybrida EOs, the ratio was higher than 2, showing respectively 2.03 and 2.88 more potency for pupicidal activity. The adulticidal activity of EO has already been described in the literature for the EOs of I. verum (LC 50 = 121.7 µg.cm − 2 ), P. graveolans (LC 50 = 173.0 µg.cm − 2 ) [ 10 ] O. vulgare (LC 50 = 33.5 µg.cm − 2 ), T. vulgaris (LC 50 = 64.5 µg.cm − 2 ) and C. cassia (LC 50 = 74.7 µg.cm − 2 ) [ 24 ]. When compared to the LC 50 results of EO for fleas, it was possible to verify in this study that the observed values of LC 50 were higher than those found in the literature. In a comparative way, it is possible to infer that the EO of C. paradisi did show no activity, C. reticulata was the one that presented the best results against pupae and adult fleas, proving to be promising for the development of adulticidal formulations to control this ectoparasite. On the other hand, the EO of S. sclarea was the one that was able to eliminate the larvae of C. felis felis in lower concentrations, while the EO of L. hybrida demonstrated a significant characteristic for eliminating eggs, making them appropriate for formulations that may be applicable in the environment in order to promote the control of the immature forms of this insect. Although most of the LC 50 of the EOs evaluated in this study are greater than those described in the literature for most stages, it is important to emphasize that this is the first study evaluating the insecticidal activity of EOs from C. reticulata, L. hybrida and S. sclarea against fleas. Probably the insecticidal activity of EOs could be associated with their majority constituents. Still, further studies can be carried out evaluating the synergistic activity of these EOs for flea control. Evaluating the BCI activity (Table 3 ), mortality was verified in the negative control and placebo of the tests carried out within the three EOs, and this percentage of mortality ranged from 5.5 to 25.3%. Despite being considered high for a negative/placebo control group, this percentage of mortality becomes acceptable within this type of test, since the effect is being evaluated from the hatching of the larvae from eggs to adult emergence from the puparium. Within a healthy population of fleas there is a mortality considered normal that occurs in the ecdysis of each stage, in which the percentage of emergence of adults can vary from 70–100% [ 38 ]. Among the evaluated activities, BCI was the one that presented the lowest values of LC 50 for the three EOs that showed such activity ( C. reticulata, L. hybrida and S. sclarea ). This lower concentration found to prevent the emergence of adult fleas, when compared with the immature stages in isolation, is most likely due to exposure of the parasite to a longer period to the EO, which may have resulted in chronic toxicity. Among the EOs analyzed, C. reticulata presented the highest LC 50 values, probably caused by the fact that this EO has no ovicidal activity added to its final effect, resulting in higher concentrations to inhibit the emergence of adult fleas. No other studies pointed the activity of the EOs evaluated in this study on the BCI of other insects. However, when compared to the LC 50 of other EOs against C. felis felis as S. aromaticum (LC 50 = 0.3 µg.cm − 2 ) [ 11 ], C. cassia (LC 50 = 2.3 µg.cm − 2 ), O. vulgare (LC 50 = 6.2 µg.cm − 2 ), T. vulgaris (LC 50 = 4.7 µg.cm − 2 ) [ 24 ], I. verum (LC 50 = 7.9 µg.cm − 2 ) and P. graveolens (LC 50 = 12.5 µg.cm − 2 ) [ 10 ], it is possible realize that other EOs have better activity in the BCI when compared to those evaluated in this study. Regarding the residual efficacy, EO of C. reticulata was the one that presented the longest period of residual efficacy (Fig. 2 ), during 21 days, followed by the S. sclarea EO (11 days) and the L. hybrida EO (6 days), however, C. paradisi has not presented residual efficacy. Such results show that EOs have a persistent insecticidal effect that decays over days, most likely, due to the fact that its constituents are volatile and are being lost over time. Although Ellse and Wall [ 9 ] question the application of EOs for the control of ectoparasites due to its low residual effect, the results demonstrated in this study show that some EOs have greater persistence for insect control than others, and perhaps the development of some pharmaceutical formulations that reduce the volatility of the constituents increases this persistence of effectiveness when used for the animal treatment. On the other hand, the fact that the effectiveness of these products is lower, shows that in theory are less harmful to the environment, since their residue does not remain persistent as a contaminant [ 39 , 40 ]. The residual efficacy of fipronil was 99% after 21 days of impregnation, showing that synthetic products last longer, mainly because they do not have the characteristic of being volatile. However, in the same way, they remain for more time as environmental contaminants [ 41 ]. The repellent activity of EOs has already been reported against several insect species of importance in agriculture and health [ 42 , 43 ]. Specifically for fleas, it has already been described for the species C. felis felis [ 25 ] and Pulex irritans [ 44 ]. For the EO of C. reticulata it was not described for any insect species in the literature. However, other plants that have β-caryophyllene as a major constituent have already demonstrated repellent activity [ 45 , 46 ], then, the possible repellent activity of this EO is attributed to its major constituent. The repellent activity of C. paradisi EO has already been described for Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with RP of 86% for this insect considered a problem for the grain storage [ 47 ]. For fleas, the highest RP was obtained (Fig. 3 ) in the highest concentration (800 µg.cm − 2 ) in the first hour evaluation, decreasing linearly in the subsequent evaluations. The major constituent of C. paradisi , D-limonene, it has also already demonstrated insect repellent activity [ 48 , 49 ]. However, as observed in this work and in comparison, to the other EOs evaluated, C. paradisi did not prove to be the most effective to repel adult fleas. The repellent activity for the EO of L. hybrida has already been described for Sitophilus zeamais , Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tenebrio molitor [ 50 ]. Other species within the genus Lavandula , as L. angustifolia , showed repellent activity against Sitophilus granarius [ 51 , 52 ]. The repellent activity of EO from different species of the genus Salvia has already been described for hematophagous insects [ 53 , 54 ] and insects of grain storage [ 55 ]. The major constituents of the EOs of L. hybrida and S. sclarea , linalool and linalyl acetate, have also been shown to have repellent activity isolated. Linalool demonstrated repellent activity against mosquitoes [ 56 ] and ticks [ 57 ]. Just as linalyl acetate has already demonstrated repellent activity against nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus [ 58 ]. In results of data presented, we can observe the effectiveness of the oils in the following order: Salvia sclarea EO > Copaifera reticulata EO > Lavandula hybrida EO > Citrus paradisi EO. The C. reticulata EO was also the essential oil that showed the most prolonged efficacy when compared to other EOs, showing residual efficacy of 21 days. Comparing the four EOs evaluated in this work, it is possible to notice the C. paradisi EO was the one that presented the lowest percentages of repellency in the concentrations used,. The C. reticulata and S. sclarea EOs stood out as a repellent activity, and showed no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in any of the evaluations performed at any of the concentrations when compared with the control positive (DEET). The EO of L. hybrida showed similar RP results in the first evaluation (1h). However, from the second evaluation (3h) the RP was less than 50% differing statistically from the C. reticulata and S. sclarea EOs and the positive control. This research it is the first to evaluate the EOs potential for flea cat control, contributing to the academic environment. However, further studies with the essential oils tested are needed for other parasites of animals of company, as well as carrying out in vivo studies. Conclusion It was observed that C. paradisi EO did not show any insecticidal or repellent activity. Copaifera reticulata EO presented the best results against pupae and adult fleas, proving to be promising for the development of adulticidal formulations to control this ectoparasite. Salvia sclarea EO proved the most potential effects for repellency. The present research can contribute to the academic environment, stimulating more studies with the EOs tested for other animal parasites, as well as carrying out in vivo studies. 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Agronomy 11(10), 2015 Yang YC, Lee HL, Ahn YJ (2004) Insecticidal activity of plant essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). J Med Entomol 41(4):699–704 Ali A, Tabanca N, Demirci B, Blythe EK, Ali Z, Husnu Can Baser K, Khan IA (2015) Chemical composition and biological activity of four Salvia essential oils and individual compounds against two species of mosquitoes. J Agric Food Chem 63(2):447–456 Dryden MW, Rust MK (1994) The cat flea: biology, ecology and control. Vet Parasitol 52:1–19 Linthorst JA (2010) An overview: origins and development of green chemistry. Found Chem 12(1):55–68 Dunn PJ (2012) The importance of green chemistry in process research and development. Chem Soc Rev 41(4):1452–1461 He X et al (2021) Pollution status, influencing factors and environmental risks of neonicotinoids, fipronil and its metabolites in a typical semi-closed bay in China. Environ Pollut 291:118210 Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E (2010) Repellent activity of essential oils: A review. Bioresour Technol 101(1):372–378 Marsin AM et al (2020) Essential oils as insect repellent agents in food packaging: A review. Eur Food Res Technol 246(8):1519–1532 Ghavami MB, Poorrastgoo F, Taghiloo B, Mohammadi J (2017) Repellency Effect of Essential Oils of some Native Plants and Synthetic Repellents against Human Flea, Pulex irritans (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Arthropod Borne Dis 11(1):105–115 Adjalian E et al (2015) Chemical composition and insecticidal and repellent effect of essential oils of two Premna species against Sitotroga cerealella. Journal of Insects Bougherra HH, Bedini S, Flamini G, Cosci F, Belhamel K, Conti B (2015) Pistacia lentiscus essential oil has repellent effect against three major insect pests of pasta. Ind Crops Prod 63:249–255 Yoon C, Kang SH, Yang JO, Noh DJ, Indiragandhi P, Kim GH (2009) Repellent activity of citrus oils against the cockroaches Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana and P. fuliginosa. J Pestic Sci 34:77–88 Ibrahim MA, Kainulainen P, Aflatuni A, Tiilikka K, Holopainen JK (2001) Insecticidal, repellent, antimicrobial activity and phytotoxicity of essential oils: with special reference to limonene and its suitability for control of insect pests Malacrino A, Campolo O, Laudani F, Palmeri V (2016) Fumigant and repellent activity of limonene enantiomers against Tribolium confusum du Val. Neotrop Entomol 45(5):597–603 Cosimi S, Rossi E, Cioni PL, Canale A (2009) Bioactivity and qualitative analysis of some essential oils from Mediterranean plants against stored-product pests: Evaluation of repellency against Sitophilus zeamais motschulsky, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and Tenebrio molitor (L). J Stored Prod Res 45:125–132 Di Stefano MG (2017) Toxic, repellent and antifeedant activities of Lavandula angustifolia Miller (Lamiaceae) essential oil against Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) adults Germinara GS et al (2017) Bioactivities of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil against the stored grain pest Sitophilus granarius. Bull Insectol 70(1):129–138 Conti B, Benelli G, Leonardi M, Afifi FU, Cervelli C, Profeti R, Pistelli L, Canale A (2012) Repellent effect of Salvia dorisiana, S. longifolia, and S. sclarea (Lamiaceae) essential oils against the mosquito Aedes albopictus Skuse. Culicidae, Diptera Kayedi MH, Haghdoost AA, Salehnia A, Khamisabadi K (2014) Evaluation of repellency effect of essential oils of Satureja khuzestanica (Carvacrol), Myrtus communis (Myrtle), Lavendula officinalis and Salvia sclarea using standard WHO repellency tests. J Arthropod-Borne Dis 8(1):60 Scariot MA, Júnior FR, Radünz LL, Barro J, Mossi AJ (2016) Salvia officinalis essential oil in bean weevil control. Pesquisa Agropecuária Trop 46:177–182 Müller GC, Junnila A, Butler J, Kravchenko VD, Revay EE, Weiss RW, Schlein Y (2009) Efficacy of the botanical repellents geraniol, linalool, and citronella against mosquitoes. J Vector Ecol 34(1):2–8 Tabari MA, Youssefi MR, Maggi F, Benelli G (2017) Toxic and repellent activity of selected monoterpenoids (thymol, carvacrol and linalool) against the castor bean tick, Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 245:86–91 Sfara V, Zerba EN, Alzogaray RA (2009) Fumigant insecticidal activity and repellent effect of five essential oils and seven monoterpenes on first-instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus. J Med Entomol 46(3):511–515 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Acta Parasitologica → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Minor revisions 03 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Apr, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Apr, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 16 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 07 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4139452","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":294642873,"identity":"829688c6-0d74-4ae4-985a-09f8809ee230","order_by":0,"name":"Emily Andressa Santos Lima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emily","middleName":"Andressa Santos","lastName":"Lima","suffix":""},{"id":294642874,"identity":"61390646-2bb7-4016-a51d-a4203bb3d302","order_by":1,"name":"Diefrey Ribeiro Campos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Diefrey","middleName":"Ribeiro","lastName":"Campos","suffix":""},{"id":294642875,"identity":"719196dc-6b89-4068-88ae-f17023b8b14f","order_by":2,"name":"Eduardo Fellipe Melo Santos Soares","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBAaGCgYLGTYGBsYHDwyI1XKGQYIHqIXZIIEkLUAWm0QCMRr42XMMGA5USPDwSTcfq0goOCzHwH746AZ8WiR73gC1nAE6TOZY2o0Eg8PGDDxpaTfwaTG4kWPA/LENqEUixwyoJS2xQYLHDK8We6AWhoP/QFryvxUAtdQT1GIgAdLSALaFjSHBwCaBgZAWiTPPCg4cOAb2i7EEUIthGyG/8Lcnb3xwoMZGTn5288MPH/5IyPOzHz6GVwsIHIDYB+WxEVKO5ETilY6CUTAKRsEIAwAXrUNSLXtoGgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-9649","institution":"Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eduardo","middleName":"Fellipe Melo Santos","lastName":"Soares","suffix":""},{"id":294642876,"identity":"d71329e8-c163-4611-872d-27bbbe373bb4","order_by":3,"name":"Anna Beatriz Ribeiro Fortunato","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anna","middleName":"Beatriz Ribeiro","lastName":"Fortunato","suffix":""},{"id":294642877,"identity":"04d5c52d-94bf-4429-ba44-e7dbe4af1408","order_by":4,"name":"Taynara Monsores e Silva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taynara","middleName":"Monsores e","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""},{"id":294642878,"identity":"e3b7e965-fc43-43c3-a032-cbc5d82e104f","order_by":5,"name":"Nayana de Figueiredo Pereira","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nayana","middleName":"de Figueiredo","lastName":"Pereira","suffix":""},{"id":294642879,"identity":"944ba9dc-16d7-42d5-89f3-a5edd3532a15","order_by":6,"name":"Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Douglas","middleName":"Siqueira de Almeida","lastName":"Chaves","suffix":""},{"id":294642880,"identity":"b1da2522-2c25-4628-8c74-6b7cc71e942e","order_by":7,"name":"Yara Peluso Cid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yara","middleName":"Peluso","lastName":"Cid","suffix":""},{"id":294642881,"identity":"d392bc0a-bb89-4c68-a3dc-155f91d2d24b","order_by":8,"name":"Katherina Coumendouros","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Katherina","middleName":"","lastName":"Coumendouros","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-20 20:44:46","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139452/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139452/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00874-3","type":"published","date":"2024-08-15T15:56:55+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55512641,"identity":"f6a6e25b-8920-46d7-a56e-2b0f5775bbd5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 12:47:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":151407,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e between essential oils. BCI = Biological Cycle Inhibition; EOLH = essential oil of \u003cem\u003eLavandula hybrida; \u003c/em\u003eEOSS = essential oil of \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e; EOCR = essential oil of \u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139452/v1/693d20f89572bddd4ab93761.jpg"},{"id":55512642,"identity":"41214a1a-5b3c-4099-9417-f606b5decbe0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 12:47:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67328,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of residual effect of essential oils against \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis \u003c/em\u003ethrough the days. \u0026nbsp;a = \u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata \u003c/em\u003eEO; b = \u003cem\u003eLavandula hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO; c = \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea \u003c/em\u003eEO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139452/v1/f765effd2448840ca5edfab0.jpg"},{"id":55512643,"identity":"551b620f-9aba-4448-9410-69295064b20d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 12:47:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":222912,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepellency percentage of \u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata, Salvia sclarea, Lavandula hybrida \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eCitrus paradisi\u003c/em\u003e essential oils against adult fleas of \u003cem\u003eCtenocephalides felis felis\u003c/em\u003e. Different letters \u003csup\u003ea b\u003c/sup\u003e = Statistical difference between concentrations of the same essential oil (or DEET) in different time frames; \u003csup\u003ec d\u003c/sup\u003e = Statistical difference of the same concentration in different measurements time; \u003csup\u003ee f\u003c/sup\u003e = statistical difference between different essential oils at the same concentration and same intake time.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139452/v1/f119c08fe5923a73319e1bf7.jpg"},{"id":63070909,"identity":"7836d3dc-af0e-4967-a004-3a8dce72969d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 19:56:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2165013,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4139452/v1/675e73d1-966e-428b-9b2a-3b00f56c1510.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Insecticidal and repellent activity of essential oils from Copaifera reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea against immature and adult stages of Ctenocephalides felis felis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCtenocephalides felis felis\u003c/em\u003e (Bouch\u0026eacute;), the cat flea, is considered the major ectoparasite of cats and dogs worldwide. Of cosmopolitan distribution, causing discomfort to pets and their owners, fleas are associated with several diseases, such as flea allergic dermatitis (FAD), cat-scratch fever, and could be involved in the transmission of feline leukemia, viruses (myxomatosis), bacterial diseases (murine typhus, bartonellosis, salmonellosis), protozoa (trypanosomiasis) and helminthiasis [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global annual spending on pet flea control is approximately US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 15\u0026nbsp;billion, mainly relying on chemical insecticides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Brazil, the world's largest consumer of pesticides since 2008, uses over 700 thousand tons of synthetic products annually [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to environmental concerns, there is a growing demand for less aggressive methods to control ectoparasites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Essential oils (EO) have emerged as a promising alternative, offering a biodegradable and less polluting option for veterinary ectoparasite control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite lower effectiveness in environmental applications, EO is gaining traction in veterinary medicine, especially for controlling parasites like \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCopaifera\u003c/em\u003e spp, part of the Caesalpinaceae \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e subfamily [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], produces an essential oil rich in sesquiterpenes like β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and α-copaene [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], demonstrating notable \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e activity against \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eLavandula hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO, with main components including linalool and linalyl acetate, shows acaricidal and repellent properties against \u003cem\u003eRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e L. EO, composed by linalyl acetate as major component [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], exhibits larvacidal activity against \u003cem\u003eCulex pipiens\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] and \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eCitrus paradisi\u003c/em\u003e L. EO, containing limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] has potential larvicidal and fumigant effects on \u003cem\u003eCulex pipiens\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the demand for new and less aggressive insecticides to the environment, humans, and animals, the aim of this study was to evaluate \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e at the first time the insecticidal and repellent activity of essential oils from \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata, C. paradisi, L. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e against immature and adult stages of \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eOrigin of fleas\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cat flea \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e and their respective stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults) used in the experiment were obtained from the experimental colony maintained at Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy in Veterinary Parasitology of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), which was approved by the Commission for Ethics in the Use of Animals of the Veterinary Institute of UFRRJ (CEUA-IV-UFRRJ) with protocol 4313110419.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oils\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oils from the leaves of \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e (Fabaceae), from the peel of the fruits of \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e (Rutaceae), the flowers of \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e (Lamiaceae), and the flowers and leaves of \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e (Lamiaceae) were purchased from Via Aroma Ind\u0026uacute;stria de Aromatizadores de Ambientes LTDA (Porto Alegre) and kept in amber bottles protected in a freezer at -20\u0026ordm;C until the moment of chromatographic analysis and biological analyzes with the purpose to curb the degradation of the chemical compounds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition analysis of essential oils was carried out by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (FID) and a split/split-less injector used to detect and separate the constituents of \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata, C. paradisi, S. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida.\u003c/em\u003e The compounds were separated in HP-fused silica (30 m \u0026times; 0.25 mm i.d.; film thickness, 0.25 m; Agilent J \u0026amp; W, California, United States). The carrier gas used was helium (1 mL.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and the injected volume was 1 \u0026micro;l at a 1:20 division ratio. EO was analyzed using GC-MS QP-2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Japan). The injector, oven, and detector temperatures were determined according to previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The percentage of EO compounds was calculated from the relative area of each peak analyzed by GC-FID. Furthermore, the carrier gas flow, temperature conditions, and capillary column used for GC/MS analysis were the same as those described for GC/FID [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Operating conditions of the mass spectrometer were: ionization voltage, 70 eV; mass range, 40\u0026ndash;400 m/z, and 0.5 scan.s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The compound retention index was calculated based on the co-injection of samples with a combination of C\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;C\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e hydrocarbons. Compounds were distinguished by comparing their mass spectra with the NIST-Mass Spectrometry Data Center library and data from Adams [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBioassays\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples preparations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect dilution was performed from the EOs or stock solution to obtain the desired concentration range using acetone (99%) as diluent. For insecticidal activity bioassay the concentration range for each EO in each stage are described in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. For the repellency test, three concentrations were performed for the four EOs which were 40000; 20000 and 5000 \u0026micro;g.mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e that corresponded to 800; 400 and 100 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e after strip impregnation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the placebo control, acetone alone was used, for the negative control paper filter discs or strips did not receive any type of impregnation, and for positive control of insecticidal activity, fipronil (8 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup2;) was used for the stages of larva, pupa, and adult, and pyriproxyfen (8 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) for eggs. For the repellency test, the positive control was N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) (40000 \u0026micro;g.mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 800 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the adulticidal activity, filter paper strips with an area of 10 cm\u0026sup2; (1x10cm) Whatman n\u0026ordm;1 (80g) were used impregnated with 0.200 mL of each solution. To evaluate ovicidal, larvicidal, and pupicidal activity, discs of the same filter paper with an area of 23.76 cm\u0026sup2; impregnated with 0.470 mL of each solution were used. The repellent activity tests were made using strips of the same filter paper with an area of 7 cm\u0026sup2; (0.7 x 10 cm). After impregnation, the material remained on the bench for a period of 30 minutes for complete evaporation of the acetone before performing the test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration ranges for \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e insecticidal activity bioassays for each essential oil in each stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration range\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;g.mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata\u003c/em\u003e Essential Oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1250; 2500; 5000; 10000; 20000; 40000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarva\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000; 7500; 10000; 15000; 20000; 30000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110; 165; 220; 330; 440; 660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePupa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10000; 15000; 20000; 25000; 30000; 40000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200; 300; 400; 500; 600; 800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10000; 20000; 25000; 30000; 35000; 40000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150; 200; 300; 400; 600; 800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2500; 5000; 7500; 10000; 15000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30; 50; 100; 150; 200; 300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLavandula hybrida\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEssential Oil\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000; 6000; 8000; 10000; 15000; 20000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40; 120; 160; 200; 300; 400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarva\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4000; 6000; 7000; 8000; 9000; 10000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90; 130; 150; 180; 200; 220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePupa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15000; 20000; 30000; 35000; 40000; 50000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300; 400; 600; 700; 800; 1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10000; 20000; 25000; 30000; 35000; 40000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200; 400; 500; 600; 700; 800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250; 1000; 2000; 6000; 8000; 15000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5; 20; 40; 120; 160; 300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEssential Oil\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000; 10000; 15000; 20000; 30000; 40000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100; 200; 300; 400; 600; 800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarva\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4000; 5000; 6000; 8000; 9000; 10000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80; 100; 120; 160; 180; 200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePupa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000; 10000; 20000; 40000; 60000; 80000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100; 200; 400; 800; 1200; 1600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20000; 30000; 40000; 50000; 60000; 80000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400; 600; 800; 1.000; 1.200; 1.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500; 1250; 2500; 5000; 10000; 20000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10; 25; 50; 100; 200; 300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCitrus paradisi\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEssential Oil\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll stages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50000; 60000; 70000; 80000; 90000; 100000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000; 1200; 1400; 1600; 1800; 2000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eBCI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Biological Cycle Inhibition\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eInsecticidal activity (Mortality)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the adulticide activity of EOs, for each repetition, 10 adult fleas, not fed, with 14 days old, five males and five females were placed in a test tube (1 x 10cm) with a filter paper tape impregnated with the different concentrations of EOs. For the evaluation of the activity against the immature stages, were used: 10 eggs aged less than 24 hours, 10 larvae aged between five to seven days (L3), and 10 pupae aged 10 days old. These were arranged in plastic Petri dishes (60 x 15cm) that contained the filter paper disc inside impregnated with different concentrations of EOs. Following the test, the material was incubated in climate-controlled chambers with demand oxygen biochemistry with controlled temperature and relative humidity (27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C; 75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10%). The evaluation period for adult fleas and larvae was 24 hours, for eggs 72 hours, and for pupae, it was 15 days after incubation. The motility criterion used for adult fleas and larvae was the movement, which, any minimal activity presented by the insect, characterizes it as alive. The eggs that did not hatch larvae were considered dead. For pupae, it was considered as dead individuals, pupae that did not emerge as adult fleas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological cycle inhibition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor analysis of the biological cycle inhibition (BCI) of \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e, 10 eggs (aged less than 24 hours) were arranged in plastic Petri plates (60 x 15cm) that contained inside the filter paper disk impregnated with the different OEs concentrations. It was added 0.5 g of a larval diet based on wheat bran, dehydrated cattle blood and washed sand, in the proportion of 1:1:5, as described by Correia et al. (2003). Petri's plates were maintained in temperature of 27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C and relative humidity 75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10% for a period of 30 days. Any egg was considered dead if was not capable of generating an adult flea.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual efficacy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe residual efficacy of the essential oils against adults of \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e was determined by means of the filter paper impregnation technique [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] against unfed adult fleas. Strips impregnated and dried were inserted into glass tubes containing 10 unfed adult cat fleas, which five males and five females. Tubes were sealed and kept in a climatized chamber at 28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C and relative humidity of 75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10%. Every 24h, fleas were counted (dead and alive) and all fleas were replaced with 10 new fleas. The tests were performed in sextuplicate, using the first concentration responsible for 100% mortality. The evaluation was carried out until a percentage of mortality equal to zero was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepellent activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e repellent activity of EOs the technique to determine the flea susceptibility or resistance to insecticides was the same as Su et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Glass test tubes (1,4 x 25 cm) and two long strips of filter paper were used. The filter paper strips were impregnated and after drying, a transparent double-sided adhesive tape was glued longitudinally on the two strips of impregnated filter paper. In each tube, two strips were inserted vertically into the tube and parallel to each other, one impregnated with the diluent (99% acetone) and the other impregnated with the EO (or positive control), which five flea couples were inserted and waited for a period of 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the quantitative record was performed analyzing the distribution of the specimens in the two strips of filter paper (impregnated with diluent and with the EO) present inside the test tube, determining the percentage of repellency. For the persistence evaluation, the specimens were removed from the tubes and new couples were introduced to perform new evaluations at times of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, posteriorly, calculating the repellency rate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the tests in which the insecticidal activity was evaluated, the number of live and dead individuals was counted and the percentage of mortality was calculated for each concentration using the formula described by Abbott [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]: percentage efficacy = (number of dead insects in the treated group\u0026ndash;number of dead insects in the control group) \u0026times; 100 / (100\u0026ndash;number of dead insects in the control group). LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e values were calculated for each evaluation using probit analysis through the statistical program RStudio. Team software (2020, RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA, USA), with a 95% confidence interval (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In the repellency tests, after accounting the distribution of fleas on the tapes, it was determined the percentage of repellency from the formula described by WHO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]: Repellency (%) = (Number of individuals on placebo strip - Number of individuals on EO strip / Number of individuals on placebo strip) x 100.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eChemical Composition of Essential Oils\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-MS analysis shown that \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO mainly comprised β-caryophyllene (48%), α-humulene (8.65%) and α-copaene (7.87%). \u003cem\u003eLavandula hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO comprised 27.8% of linalool, 19.29% acetate linalyl, and 13.48% camphor. \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO contained linalyl acetate (51.37%) and linalool (21.13%). \u003cem\u003eCitrus paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO showed limonene (91.42%) as its major constituent. All results of EOs composition are described in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition results of essential oils of \u003cem\u003eCitrus paradisi, Copaifera reticulata, Lavandula hybrida\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Composition (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEOCP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEOCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEOLH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEOSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e)-salvene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e)-salvene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-hexanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-pinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.080\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-pinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyrcene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.760\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimonene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e91.420\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.61\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e)-\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-ocimene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Z)-\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-ocimene \u0026lt;(E)-β-\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-mentha-2,4(8)-diene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinalool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21.130\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerpinen-4-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-terpineol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.170\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-terpineol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinalool acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19.29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e51.370\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinalool acetate\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;dihydro-\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeranyl formate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeryl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.760\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-copaene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.870\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeranyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.610\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-bourbonene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e)-caryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.340\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-copaene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-humulene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.650\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermacrene D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.880\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermacrene B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBicyclogermacrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eE,E\u003c/em\u003e)-farnesene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eδ-cadinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaryophyllene oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,8-cineole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eδ-elemene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-cubebene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-elemene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-caryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48.820\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-trans-bergamotene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.020\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaryophyllene\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9-epi-(E)-\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-chamigrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuurolene\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;γ-\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.150\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-selinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-selinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-muurolene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-bisabolene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(E)-cadina-1,4-diene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Z)-limonene oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,4-cineole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,8-cineole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-cymene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eγ-\u003c/em\u003eterpinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerpinolene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCamphor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.48\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoborneol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorneol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLavandulyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etrans-caryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- - -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en.i.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal identified (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEOCP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;essential oil of \u003cem\u003eCitrus paradisi;\u003c/em\u003e EOCR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;essential oil of \u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata;\u003c/em\u003e EOLH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;essential oil of \u003cem\u003eLavandula hybrida;\u003c/em\u003e EOSS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;essential oil of \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e. n.i. = not identified.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eInsecticidal Activity and Biological Cycle\u003c/em\u003e Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCitrus paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO achieved 25% of mortality against eggs and larvae stages and no mortality against pupae and adults at the maximum concentration (2000 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) tested. BCI was also not observed at the concentration range evaluated. Since mortality above 50% was achieved, LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e were not calculated to this EO. Mortality of \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EOs against each stage of \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e are described in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality rate of essential oils of \u003cem\u003eC. reticula\u003c/em\u003e against immature and mature stages of \u003cem\u003eCtenocephalides felis felis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"21\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c21\" colnum=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"20\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata\u003c/em\u003e Essential Oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEggs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePupae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeg.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeg.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeg.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeg.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeg.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlacebo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlacebo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlacebo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlacebo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlacebo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e110\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e150\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e165\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e220\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e330\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e500\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e150\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e440\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e600\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e600\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e800\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e660\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e800\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e800\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"21\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLavandula hybrida\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEssential Oil\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEggs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLarvae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePupae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMortality\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMortality\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e150\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e120\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e130\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e160\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e150\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e600\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e180\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e700\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e120\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e800\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e600\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e160\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e220\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e800\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"21\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSalvia sclarea Essential Oil\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEggs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLarvae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePupae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMortality\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMortality\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026micro;g.cm\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026sup2;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e150\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e120\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e130\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e160\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e150\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e600\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e180\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e700\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e120\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e800\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e600\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e160\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e220\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e800\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePos. Control\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePos. Control\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePos. Control\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePos. Control\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePos.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeg. Control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Negative control group; Pos. Control\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Positive control group; BCI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Inhibition of development. Fipronil (8 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) was used for positive control for biological cycle inhibition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO presented 96.7% mortality at concentrations of 660 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e against larvae, and 100% mortality at a concentration of 800 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e against pupal and adult stages, however, no ovicidal activity was observed. \u003cem\u003eLavandula hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO showed a 100% mortality rate at concentrations of 400, 220, 800 and, 1000 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e against eggs, larvae, adult and pupae, respectively. \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO achieved 100% mortality at concentrations of 800 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e against eggs, 98.4% at 200 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e against larvae, and, at a concentration of 1600 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e against pupae and adults. Regarding the BCI, it was possible to observe inhibition of development at the highest concentration (300 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) for the EOs of \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata, L. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e estimative\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermining the lethal concentration values, as seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, to \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO, LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e for larvae was 230.6 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. For pupae, the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e was 223.1 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and for adults it was 462.5 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. For CL\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e, 477.3 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e was obtained for larvae, for pupae 533.2 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and adults 695.8 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. As it was not observed ovicidal activity, LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e were not obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO, for eggs the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e was 171.4 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, for larvae 142.0 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. For pupae the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e was 672.9 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and for adults it was 559.3 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. The LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e obtained for eggs was 281.9 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, for larvae it was 188.4 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, for pupae it was obtained 961.3 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and adults 748.3 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO, the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e for eggs was 390.2 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, for the larval stage was 103.7 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. For pupal stage the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e was 891.0 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and for adults it was 559.3 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. The LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e obtained for eggs was 390.2 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, for larvae was 168.0 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. For pupae it was 1483.2 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, and adults 1290.6 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLethal Concentrations 50 and 90 values for the different stages of \u003cem\u003eCtenocephalifes felis felis\u003c/em\u003e after exposure to \u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata, Lavandula hybrida\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e essential oils.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata\u003c/em\u003e Essential Oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidence Interval (95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlope (ER)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-squared\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLethal Concentration (Minimum \u0026ndash; Maximum)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLarvae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230.6 (208.0\u0026ndash;253.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.78 (0.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e477.3 (425.0\u0026ndash;551.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePupae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223.1 (190.5\u0026ndash;252.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.39 (0.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e533.2 (463.9\u0026ndash;643.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e462.5 (419.4\u0026ndash;507.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.22 (1.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e695.8 (595.8\u0026ndash;718.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0 (80.3\u0026ndash;112.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 (1.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262.8 (207.8\u0026ndash;389.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLavandula hybrida\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEssential Oil\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStages\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConfidence Interval (95%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSlope (ER)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChi-squared\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLethal Concentration (Minimum \u0026ndash; Maximum)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEggs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.4 (116.1\u0026ndash;193.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0 (0.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.951\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281.9 (240.1\u0026ndash;352.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLarvae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142.0 (133.9\u0026ndash;149.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 (3.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.921\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.4 (177.9\u0026ndash;204.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePupae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e672.9 (580.2\u0026ndash;708.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 (1.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.532\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e961.3 (846.4\u0026ndash;1199.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e559.3 (520.9\u0026ndash;596.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 (1.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e748.3 (688.7\u0026ndash;857.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.8 (37.2\u0026ndash;58.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 (1.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.8 (144.9\u0026ndash;256.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eEssential Oil\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStages\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConfidence Interval (95%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSlope (ER)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChi-squared\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLethal Concentration (Minimum \u0026ndash; Maximum)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEggs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e390.2 (346.1\u0026ndash;438.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.85 (0.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e716.6 (609.7\u0026ndash;923.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLarvae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.7 (94.5\u0026ndash;112.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.01 (0.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.766\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168.0 (142.3\u0026ndash;187.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePupae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e475.0 (364.9\u0026ndash;589.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.45 (0.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.994\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1483.2 (1279.5\u0026ndash;1573.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e891.0 (823.0\u0026ndash;958.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.97 (0.66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.754\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1290.6 (1171.1\u0026ndash;1502.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBCI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75,0 (60.3\u0026ndash;91.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 (0.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210.5 (161.7\u0026ndash;313.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eCL\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lethal concentration 50; CL\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lethal concentration 90; BCI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Inhibition of development\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe comparative LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e between the EOs for ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal activity is present in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Comparing LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003ethe C. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO among the different stages, it was perceptible the following order of potency: pupae (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;223.12 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;larva (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;230.64 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;adult (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;462.45 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), noticing that this EO was 2.07 times more potent for pupae and 2.01 times more potent for larva when compared to the adult stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lavandin EO comparison among LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e stages demonstrated the following order of potency: larvae (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;142.04 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;eggs (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;171.44 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;adults (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;559.3 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;pupae (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;672.90 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e). For this OE the least susceptible stage was the pupal. This EO was 3.9 times more potent for eggs, 4.73 times more potent for larvae when compared to pupae.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO was more effective in the following order: larvae (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;103.73 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;egg (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;390.16 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;pupae (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;474.97 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;adult (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;891.04 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e). The relative potency indicates the EO is 8.58 times more potent for the larval stage, and 2.28 times more potent for the egg stage. The ratio between the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of the pupal and adult stages was less than 2, so it is possible to infer there is no potency ratio between these two stages. When comparing exposure time, the relative potency ratio was lower than 2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the relative potency, it was possible to verify that the larval stage was 2.22 times less susceptible to \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO when compared to the others. \u003cem\u003eLavandula hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO when compared to \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO and \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO, it was noted that the ratio was less than 2, therefore, there is no difference between them for the larval stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the pupal stage, \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO presented (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) the lowest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value (223.1 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), followed by the EO of \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e (475.0 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO (672.9 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e). It was possible to verify that this stage was 3.01 times less susceptible to \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO when compared to \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO, and 2.12 times compared to \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning the adulticidal activity, it was possible to notice (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) that the highest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value was the \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO (891.1 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2)\u003c/sup\u003e followed by the \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO (559.3 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and the lowest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value was \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO (462.5 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e). It was also possible to verify that for this stage the ratio was less than 2 for all EOs, therefore, there is no difference for the adult stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e values for BCI were respectively 100.0 and 262.8 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e for \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO, 47.8 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and 183.8 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e for \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO, and 75.0 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and 210.5 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e for \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO. When comparing the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), we observed an ascending order of LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e for BCI: \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e (47.8 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e (75.0 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e (100.0 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e). The \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO was 2.09 times more potent than that of \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResidual efficacy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual efficacy was not calculated for \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO as it did not exhibit adulticidal activity at a concentration of 2000 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e (100000 \u0026micro;g.mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). However, for \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EOs, a concentration of 800 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e (40000 \u0026micro;g.mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was employed to assess residual efficacy. \u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO achieved 100% mortality solely on the first day, declining to zero by day 21, indicative of a gradual decrease in efficacy, and presenting a slope value of -4,49. In contrast, \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO recorded 100% mortality on the first day of analysis, followed by a reduction to zero after six days of exposure, presenting a value of slope of -21,66. Regarding \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea EO\u003c/em\u003e, a concentration of 1600 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e (80,000 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was applied, resulting in 100% mortality after 24 hours of exposure. However, the residual efficacy declined to zero by the eleventh day following the challenge, presenting a value of slope of -10,89. Additionally, a positive control (fipronil at 8 \u0026micro;g.cm\u0026sup2; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;400 \u0026micro;g.mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) demonstrated a residual efficacy of 99% on the twenty-second day after the challenge. Negative control and placebo experiments did not observe any mortality during the analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepellency activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oils repellency activity was evaluated against \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e as it is observed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO, the repellency percentage (RP) range observed for the concentration of 800 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e was 90 to 18.8%, for 400 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e was 78.0 to 15.2%, 1h and 48h respectively, and for 100 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, RP was less than 30%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the evaluation of \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO activity, the RP range observed for the concentration of 800 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e was 86.8 to 12.5%, for 400 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e the RP was 60.5 to 18.2% in the evaluations of 1h and 48h respectively. To the concentration of 100 \u0026micro;g.cm\u0026sup2; the RP was less than 30%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO showed a RP range for the concentration of 800 \u0026micro;g/cm\u0026sup2; of 92.9 to 46.2%, for 400 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e the RP range was 60.5 to 23.5%, in the evaluations of 1 and 48h respectively. Concentration of 100 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e the RP was less than 20%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO the RP observed for the concentration of 800 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e was lower than 60% from 1h assessment and 30% from the 48h assessment. At the concentration of 400 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e the RP was less than 50% in the first evaluation and 28.6% in the 48h evaluation. Concentration of 100 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e the RP was less than 30%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, positive control group (DEET) presented percentages of repellency for the concentration in a range of 800 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e of 100 to 66.7% evaluations at 1h and 48h respectively. For the concentration of 400 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e the repellency percentage range was 93.3 to 13.3% in the evaluations of 1h and 48h respectively. For the concentration of 100 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e the RP was less than 40%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur findings in chemical composition analysis of EOs (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) corroborate to previous studies found in literature, as \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO, which Junior et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], detected 78.2% of sesquiterpenes and β-caryophyllene presented with 40.9% in its composition, as one of the major components. Our findings in GC of the \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO corresponds to previous articles, which was identified linalool (33.2%), linalyl acetate (29.7%), camphor (7.1%) and 1,8-cineole (7.6%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], as well as Robu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], that found same chemical components. \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO composition was previously determined with linalyl acetate (56.04%) and linalool (20.49%) as major constituents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Regarding the \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO, Uysal et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] in their studies reported that the limonene component was also observed as the major constituent (91.5%), being compatible with the results obtained in the present study. It was found a similarity between \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EOs in their composition, and both are different to \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EOs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the results of this study, no insecticidal activity nor BCI activity of \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO was observed for any stage of the flea \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e at the evaluated concentrations. However, \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO insecticidal activity has already been reported for several insects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] being associated with its major component d-limonene [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it is possible that higher concentrations allow the detection of a range of mortality for this EO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eLavandula hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO demonstrated activity against eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The ovicidal and larvicidal activity has already been described for EO's of plants of the genus \u003cem\u003eLavandula\u003c/em\u003e against other insects [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR34\" citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar to \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO, \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO exhibited activity against all the stages of \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis.\u003c/em\u003e The expected result could be due to similar chemical composition which both have linalool and linalyl acetate as major constituents. The activity insecticide of this EO has already been described for EO of plants of the genus \u003cem\u003eSalvia\u003c/em\u003e against lice [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], and larvicidal and adulticidal activity against mosquitoes of the genus \u003cem\u003eAnopheles\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing the EO results (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), in the egg stage, it was possible to verify that the \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO presented a lower LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value (171.4 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) when compared to the \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO (390.2 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e). When performing a calculation of relative potency, it was possible to notice that the \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO was 2.27 times more potent when compared to \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther EOs have demonstrated ovicidal activity against \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e eggs. Concei\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] demonstrated activity for the OE of \u003cem\u003eOriganum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;94.5 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eThymus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.5 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eCinnamomum cassia\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.0 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e). Freitas et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] also demonstrated ovicidal activity for this same parasite for the EO of \u003cem\u003eIllicium verum\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;36.9 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePelargonium graveolans\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.8 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e). When compared to the results obtained for the EOs evaluated in this work, it is possible to verify that all of them presented lower LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor larvicidal activity, only \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO did not presented it. Previous studies have shown EOs with larvicidal activity against \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e, as EOs of \u003cem\u003eI. verum\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.4 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eP. graveolans\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.1 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cem\u003eC. cassia\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.2 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eT. vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35.4 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eO. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e (LC50\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;155.1 \u0026micro;g/cm\u0026sup2;) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. As for the three EOs, it is possible to infer that the \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO presented the lowest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value (103.7 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), followed by EO from \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e (188.4 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e (230.6 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) against flea larvae. When comparing the EO from \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e to the EO from \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e, it was possible to notice that the ratio was less than 2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oils have already been demonstrated pupicidal activity against \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e, as the EOs of \u003cem\u003eC. cassia\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34.6 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eO. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csup\u003e50\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;98.4 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eT. vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csup\u003e50\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;203.2 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cem\u003eI. verum\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35.4 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eP. graveolans\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;67.6 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eLavandula hybrida, I. verum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EOs presented activity against pupae of \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e, being \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO the lowest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (233.1 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), followed by \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO (475 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO (672.9 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e). When compared \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO to \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EOs, the ratio was higher than 2, showing respectively 2.03 and 2.88 more potency for pupicidal activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adulticidal activity of EO has already been described in the literature for the EOs of \u003cem\u003eI. verum\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;121.7 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eP. graveolans\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;173.0 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] \u003cem\u003eO. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33.5 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eT. vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64.5 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eC. cassia\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;74.7 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. When compared to the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e results of EO for fleas, it was possible to verify in this study that the observed values of LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e were higher than those found in the literature. In a comparative way, it is possible to infer that the EO of \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e did show no activity, \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e was the one that presented the best results against pupae and adult fleas, proving to be promising for the development of adulticidal formulations to control this ectoparasite. On the other hand, the EO of \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e was the one that was able to eliminate the larvae of \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e in lower concentrations, while the EO of \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated a significant characteristic for eliminating eggs, making them appropriate for formulations that may be applicable in the environment in order to promote the control of the immature forms of this insect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough most of the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of the EOs evaluated in this study are greater than those described in the literature for most stages, it is important to emphasize that this is the first study evaluating the insecticidal activity of EOs from \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata, L. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e against fleas. Probably the insecticidal activity of EOs could be associated with their majority constituents. Still, further studies can be carried out evaluating the synergistic activity of these EOs for flea control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating the BCI activity (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), mortality was verified in the negative control and placebo of the tests carried out within the three EOs, and this percentage of mortality ranged from 5.5 to 25.3%. Despite being considered high for a negative/placebo control group, this percentage of mortality becomes acceptable within this type of test, since the effect is being evaluated from the hatching of the larvae from eggs to adult emergence from the puparium. Within a healthy population of fleas there is a mortality considered normal that occurs in the ecdysis of each stage, in which the percentage of emergence of adults can vary from 70\u0026ndash;100% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Among the evaluated activities, BCI was the one that presented the lowest values of LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e for the three EOs that showed such activity (\u003cem\u003eC. reticulata, L. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e). This lower concentration found to prevent the emergence of adult fleas, when compared with the immature stages in isolation, is most likely due to exposure of the parasite to a longer period to the EO, which may have resulted in chronic toxicity. Among the EOs analyzed, \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e presented the highest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values, probably caused by the fact that this EO has no ovicidal activity added to its final effect, resulting in higher concentrations to inhibit the emergence of adult fleas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo other studies pointed the activity of the EOs evaluated in this study on the BCI of other insects. However, when compared to the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of other EOs against \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e as \u003cem\u003eS. aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cem\u003eC. cassia\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.3 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eO. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.2 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eT. vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.7 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cem\u003eI. verum\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.9 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eP. graveolens\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.5 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], it is possible realize that other EOs have better activity in the BCI when compared to those evaluated in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the residual efficacy, EO of \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e was the one that presented the longest period of residual efficacy (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), during 21 days, followed by the \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO (11 days) and the \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO (6 days), however, \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e has not presented residual efficacy. Such results show that EOs have a persistent insecticidal effect that decays over days, most likely, due to the fact that its constituents are volatile and are being lost over time. Although Ellse and Wall [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] question the application of EOs for the control of ectoparasites due to its low residual effect, the results demonstrated in this study show that some EOs have greater persistence for insect control than others, and perhaps the development of some pharmaceutical formulations that reduce the volatility of the constituents increases this persistence of effectiveness when used for the animal treatment. On the other hand, the fact that the effectiveness of these products is lower, shows that in theory are less harmful to the environment, since their residue does not remain persistent as a contaminant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. The residual efficacy of fipronil was 99% after 21 days of impregnation, showing that synthetic products last longer, mainly because they do not have the characteristic of being volatile. However, in the same way, they remain for more time as environmental contaminants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe repellent activity of EOs has already been reported against several insect species of importance in agriculture and health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Specifically for fleas, it has already been described for the species \u003cem\u003eC. felis felis\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] and \u003cem\u003ePulex irritans\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. For the EO of \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e it was not described for any insect species in the literature. However, other plants that have β-caryophyllene as a major constituent have already demonstrated repellent activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e], then, the possible repellent activity of this EO is attributed to its major constituent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe repellent activity of \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO has already been described for \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with RP of 86% for this insect considered a problem for the grain storage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. For fleas, the highest RP was obtained (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) in the highest concentration (800 \u0026micro;g.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) in the first hour evaluation, decreasing linearly in the subsequent evaluations. The major constituent of \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e, D-limonene, it has also already demonstrated insect repellent activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. However, as observed in this work and in comparison, to the other EOs evaluated, \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e did not prove to be the most effective to repel adult fleas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe repellent activity for the EO of \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e has already been described for \u003cem\u003eSitophilus zeamais\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCryptolestes ferrugineus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTenebrio molitor\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Other species within the genus \u003cem\u003eLavandula\u003c/em\u003e, as \u003cem\u003eL. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e, showed repellent activity against \u003cem\u003eSitophilus granarius\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe repellent activity of EO from different species of the genus \u003cem\u003eSalvia\u003c/em\u003e has already been described for hematophagous insects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e] and insects of grain storage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. The major constituents of the EOs of \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e, linalool and linalyl acetate, have also been shown to have repellent activity isolated. Linalool demonstrated repellent activity against mosquitoes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e] and ticks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e]. Just as linalyl acetate has already demonstrated repellent activity against nymphs of \u003cem\u003eRhodnius prolixus\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn results of data presented, we can observe the effectiveness of the oils in the following order: \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Lavandula hybrida\u003c/em\u003e EO\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eCitrus paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO. The \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO was also the essential oil that showed the most prolonged efficacy when compared to other EOs, showing residual efficacy of 21 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing the four EOs evaluated in this work, it is possible to notice the \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO was the one that presented the lowest percentages of repellency in the concentrations used,. The \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EOs stood out as a repellent activity, and showed no statistical difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in any of the evaluations performed at any of the concentrations when compared with the control positive (DEET). The EO of \u003cem\u003eL. hybrida\u003c/em\u003e showed similar RP results in the first evaluation (1h). However, from the second evaluation (3h) the RP was less than 50% differing statistically from the \u003cem\u003eC. reticulata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EOs and the positive control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research it is the first to evaluate the EOs potential for flea cat control, contributing to the academic environment. However, further studies with the essential oils tested are needed for other parasites of animals of company, as well as carrying out in vivo studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt was observed that \u003cem\u003eC. paradisi\u003c/em\u003e EO did not show any insecticidal or repellent activity. \u003cem\u003eCopaifera reticulata\u003c/em\u003e EO presented the best results against pupae and adult fleas, proving to be promising for the development of adulticidal formulations to control this ectoparasite. \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e EO proved the most potential effects for repellency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present research can contribute to the academic environment, stimulating more studies with the EOs tested for other animal parasites, as well as carrying out \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e studies.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDeclaration of competing interesting\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ethics approval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll experiments were authorized by the Committee on Ethical Use of Animals (CEUA/IV) of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) under protocol number 43131104193.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFoil L et al (1998) Experimental infection of domestic cats with Bartonella henselae by inoculation of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) feces. 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J Med Entomol 46(3):511\u0026ndash;515\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"acta-parasitologica","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"actp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Acta Parasitologica](http://link.springer.com/journal/11686)","snPcode":"11686","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/11686/3","title":"Acta Parasitologica","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Flea control, Ectoparasites, Natural insecticides, Pulicidae, Vectors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139452/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139452/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Purpose\n\nThe flea Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), parasitizes dogs and cats globally, acting as a vector for various pathogens affecting both animals and humans. Growing interest in environmentally friendly, plant-based products prompted this study. The aim of the study was to determine the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from Copaifera reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea, assessing their insecticidal and repellent properties, determining lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90), and evaluating residual efficacy in vitro against Ctenocephalides felis felis.\n\nMethods\n\nGas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector analyzed EO composition. In vitro tests involved preparing EO solutions at various concentrations. Ten specimens from each life stage (egg, larva, pupa, adult) were used for insecticidal activity assessment. For immature stages, Petri dishes were used. Mortality percentage was calculated using (number of dead insects X 100) / number of incubated insects. Probit analysis calculated LC50 values with a 95% confidence interval.\n\nResults\n\nMajor EO constituents were β-caryophyllene (EOCR), linalool (EOLH), linalyl acetate (EOSS), and limonene (EOCP). LC50 values were obtained for all stages except for the essential oil of C. paradisi. All oils showed repellent activity at 800 μg/cm2. OECR exhibited greater residual efficacy.\n\nConclusion\n\nEach EO demonstrated superior insecticidal activity against specific C. felis felis stages.","manuscriptTitle":"Insecticidal and repellent activity of essential oils from Copaifera reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea against immature and adult stages of Ctenocephalides felis felis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-29 12:47:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139452/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revisions","date":"2024-07-03T10:04:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-04-24T13:05:45+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-04-23T16:01:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-04-16T17:12:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Acta Parasitologica","date":"2024-04-07T10:57:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"acta-parasitologica","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"actp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Acta Parasitologica](http://link.springer.com/journal/11686)","snPcode":"11686","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/11686/3","title":"Acta Parasitologica","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f1de52c2-aa0e-4cb3-838e-91ab609f84e6","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-22T19:29:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4139452","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00874-3","journal":{"identity":"acta-parasitologica","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Acta Parasitologica"},"publishedOn":"2024-08-15 15:56:55","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 15th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-29 12:47:41","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00874-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00874-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4139452","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4139452","identity":"rs-4139452","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}