Young probing fluorescence microscopy: Single-pixel imaging free of array-type actuators

Young probing fluorescence microscopy: Single-pixel imaging free of array-type actuators | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Young probing fluorescence microscopy: Single-pixel imaging free of array-type actuators Emil Kromann, Yingchao Li, Jaco Botha, Patrick Klint, Jadze Princeton Narag, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3581397/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Past realizations of single-pixel imaging have relied on array-type actuators to encode structural information in well-defined patterns in space, thus enabling image synthesis while circumventing the need for cameras. In microscopy, the binary response of grid-organized elements (typically mirrors in digital micromirror devices) have limited imaging resolution to 2.7 µm. Here, we introduce ‘Young probing’: A new probing strategy in single-pixel imaging that uses a few, simple deflection systems to form freely definable sinusoidal probe patterns across the object of interest, thus circumventing the drawbacks of array-type actuators for probing and cameras for detection. We demonstrate Young probing in single-pixel fluorescence microscopy, detailing calibration routines and methods for eliminating aliasing artifacts, and achieving an imaging resolution of 0.5 µm (>5-fold improvement). Thus, we push single-pixel imaging into a resolution regime suitable for capturing the morphology of biological cells, bringing into play projection imaging and volumetric probing with a signal-collection efficiency limited only by the numerical aperture of the imaging system. We demonstrate projection imaging of living cells and compatibility with spectral detection. Lastly, we discuss the general applicability of Young probing across other spectral regimes, contrasts, and types of radiation that are not readily supported by cameras or array-type actuators. Biological sciences/Biological techniques/Imaging/Fluorescence imaging Biological sciences/Biological techniques/Microscopy/Wide-field fluorescence microscopy Full Text Additional Declarations Yes there is potential Competing Interest. The authors declare the following competing interests: E.B.K. and P.K. are inventors of a patent, WO2022268561A1, related to the work presented here. E.B.K. owns the patent. Supplementary Files 20250525YPFMSupplementaryinformation.pdf Supplementary information Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3581397","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":462360964,"identity":"b78dcf64-cb21-4360-99e6-036ae783e1a8","order_by":0,"name":"Emil 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