Hydraulic sizing of a drip irrigation system coupled with the technological quality test of drippers

Hydraulic sizing of a drip irrigation system coupled with the technological quality test of drippers | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Hydraulic sizing of a drip irrigation system coupled with the technological quality test of drippers Aboubacar YERIMA BAKO DJIBO, Abdou YAHAYA, Guero YADJI This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5263434/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This article covers a methodology for hydraulic sizing of a drip irrigation system using irrigation water supply tanks. After a general description of the different components of the pressure irrigation network which is here drip, the theory of hydraulic sizing and the technological quality test of the drippers are very detailed in order to assess the performance of the latter. The adequate design of localized irrigation networks must necessarily be based on a good understanding of hydraulic principles so as to be able to correctly size the different components of the irrigation system. The trial on the technological quality test of drippers in a drip irrigation system consisted of testing these emitters using an experimental device. To this end, 3 reservoirs containing drinking water from the NDE were used to supply 3 drip irrigation networks. Measurements of flow rates and volumes made at the level of drippers, booms, boom holders and networks made it possible to verify the quality of the drippers used and the hydraulic performance of the pressure irrigation system. Data relating to these measures were collected and analyzed. It appears from this study that the corresponding pressures at different heights in the tanks are low and vary by 0.11bar and 0.15bar and that the pressure is a function of height. As for the flow rates and volumes of water measured at the drippers, valves, ramps, ramp holders and networks, they are hydraulically the same. In other words, they are statistically identical but in absolute value the flow rate of valve 1 is slightly higher than flow rates 2 and 3. Finally, regarding the technological quality test of the drippers, the flow rate variation coefficients obtained during this test are 0.052; 0.055; 0.056; 0.061 and 0.052 respectively at the water heights in the tank h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5. Then the different uniformity coefficients obtained at these heights are respectively 93.73; 94.26; 94.45; 95.02 and 94.77%. These values ​​above 90% reveal excellent distribution of irrigation water to the plot. In conclusion, it is possible to carry out localized irrigation with few materials and therefore inexpensively. However, high establishment costs can constitute a constraint to the adoption of the technology. This is why it was recommended to make agricultural subsidies and credits available to producers to enable the large-scale dissemination of the drip irrigation system. Figures Figure 1 Introduction In the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) zone in general and in Niger and Burkina especially, agriculture plays a key role in economic and social development (SOME, 2017). Indeed, in this fringe of Africa, rainfall ranges from 250 to more than 500 mm per year (FAO, 2005). Agricultural activities provide significant income to producers as well as populations. Unfortunately this activity is increasingly confronted with a certain number of constraints including, among other archaic tools used, insufficient rainfall, rising temperatures, etc. Today, innovative and effective solutions are required. Thus, successive authorities have thought of placing emphasis on irrigated agriculture. From independence to the present day, the gravity irrigation system is the most used in Niger. Our producers water the majority by hand. This is hard work and results in low irrigation efficiency, thus limiting production and profitability (PASTERNAK et al., 2006). In addition to this water-consuming and wasting system, rainwater decreases from one year to another. Hence the need to use a water-saving irrigation system. Thus, for better water management, the drip irrigation system seems to respond positively to this criterion. In our semi-arid zones, according to IPALAC (2001), low-pressure drip irrigation is not only suitable for local improved cultivation techniques, but also adapts well to small areas of land. This technique is also recognized as labor-saving compared to surface irrigation and has several advantages (PASTERNAK et al., 2003). These advantages include: the plants receive the same amount of water and fertilizer, and the water tension in the soil is kept at a very low level throughout the day, an increase in yield and a improvement of product quality. Thus, a study on the drip irrigation system carried out in India by SIVAKUMAR (1994), demonstrated a water saving of 36–79% and an increase in yield of 2–98% compared to conventional drip irrigation systems. 'irrigation. This study concerns the hydraulic sizing of a very low pressure irrigation system coupled with the Technological Quality Test of drippers. The research activities were carried out at the experimental sites of the Faculty of Agronomy of Niamey. Material and Methods Setting up the experimental device The experimental system is set up on the grounds of the Faculty of Agronomy of the Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey (Niger). This device comprises 3 cylindrical tanks of 0.6m in diameter and 1m in height, i.e. a volume of around 300l (282l). The water used is that supplied by the NDE. The total surface area of the trial is 156 m2 (12m by 13m) made up of 3 irrigation blocks or networks of 14 m2 (7m by 2m) separated by 1m aisles. The dimensions of the valves and boom holders were checked with the optical level of the topographer. To respect the pressure which will give a flow rate of 1l/l, the valves were set at 0.32m compared to the level of the well-flattened natural ground (TN). Each tank serves, from the network supply valve, a ramp holder equipped with 4 ramps, each 7m long. The ramp, for its part, is equipped with 6 tasters spaced 1m apart. The 1st and 6th drippers are respectively placed 0.5m and 6.5m from the boom holder, for a total of 24 drippers per network. The ramp holders and ramps are fixed to the ground with iron hooks 6 and 0.2m high, for a total of 100 hooks. At each dripper, a 35cm deep hole is dug in which a 1.5l plastic bottle is housed. Above each bottle is placed a funnel to collect and estimate the volume of water delivered by each dripper. The experimental device consists of a total of 3 tanks serving 3 boom holders, 12 booms and 72 drippers. Determination of water heights in the tank and corresponding pressures Once the experimental device has been set up, the water levels in the 3 reservoirs must be measured after each 1 hour irrigation and this for 5 successive hours. A volume of 150l of NDE water is introduced into each of these 3 tanks where the initial water height h1 is 0.53m. A first irrigation of 1 hour was carried out bringing the water height to h2 then a 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th irrigations of the same duration were carried out giving respective heights h2, h3, h4 and h5 of water in the tank. These different water heights were measured after the 5 respective 1-hour irrigations, from which the corresponding water pressures are deduced. A device consisting of a pressure gauge made it possible to measure the different pressures. Determination of supply valve flow rates (or boom-carrying flow rates) The experimental device having been set up, the tank each containing 150l of tap water are placed at the natural ground level + 32cm, the valves placed 5 cm from the bottom of the tank (therefore tank side + 5cm). For flow measurements, these valves are disconnected from the transport pipes which connect them to the irrigation networks. For this purpose, a 5l container is placed below the valve 1, first opened completely, and the volumes of water delivered by the latter are measured for 10, 20 and 30s at the initial water height h1 in the tank (h1= 0.53m) each time returning the initial level of water in the tank after each measurement. After this first series of measurements, the water level in the tank is brought to the height h2 determined previously, the same measurements as at h1 are repeated and so on until the height h5. These flow rates obtained at different water heights in the reservoir are called flow rates of the supply valves of the irrigation networks or flow rates of the boom holders because they are supplied by the same respective flow rates through the transport pipes. Determination of boom flow rates After measuring the flow rates of different valves, the irrigation networks are connected to these supply valves. The ramps are detached from the ramp holders, the water level in the tank being at the height h1= 0.53m, 5l containers are placed at the level of four (4) orifices of each ramp holder and the ramps are opened. three (3) valves at the same time for 10, 20 and 30s. The respective volumes of water collected are measured at these three (3) time steps. After measuring the flow rates for 10 seconds, the water level is brought back to the initial height to take the measurements for 20 seconds and we do the same for the flow measurements for 30 seconds. After the 3 flow measurements at height h1, the same measurements are carried out at the respective water heights in the tank h2, h3, h4 and h5. These flow rates delivered by the ramp holders more precisely at the level of the orifices and entering the ramps are called ramp flow rates. Determination of dripper flow rates Once the reference flow rates of the booms have been measured, the booms are connected to the boom holders and this time we launch a series of 5 successive irrigations at the respective water heights h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5 in the tank. At each ramp, the volumes of water delivered from 6 drippers are measured for a given height for 1 hour. These flow rates delivered by the different drippers are called dripper flow rates for a given water height. Determination of network volumes Each network is equipped with 24 drippers fixed on four ramps. The volumes of water delivered during irrigation with NDE water by all the drippers of a network at water heights in the reservoirs h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5 are evaluated by the arithmetic sum of these volumes. The volumes of the networks evaluated are called network volumes for a given water height. Determination of ramp volumes During irrigations to evaluate the hydraulic functioning of the irrigation networks, the water delivered for 1 hour by the 6 drippers of a boom was evaluated by adding their respective volumes for a height and network considered. These evaluated ramp volumes are called ramp volumes for a given water height. Technological quality or dripper flow variation test Drippers were purchased whose flow coefficient of variation was not indicated by the manufacturer. Also, a flow variation test was carried out to assess the technological quality of the drippers. To carry out this type of test, it is recommended to use at least 50 drippers (Filali., 2010). As far as we are concerned, 96 drippers with a nominal flow rate of 1l/h were used. This test is very important for any drip irrigation project or experiment because it allows you to use or not the drippers tested. The procedure consists of starting irrigation with the 96 drippers for 1 hour. At each dripper, a 1.5l bottle collects the water delivered by the dripper. The flow rate variation coefficient (Vt) is determined by the ratio of the Ecartype to the average flow rate of all the drippers tested. Setting up the experimental device The experimental system is set up on the grounds of the Faculty of Agronomy of the Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey (Niger). This device comprises 3 cylindrical tanks of 0.6m in diameter and 1m in height, i.e. a volume of around 300l (282l). The water used is that supplied by the NDE. The total surface area of the trial is 156 m2 (12m by 13m) made up of 3 irrigation blocks or networks of 14 m2 (7m by 2m) separated by 1m aisles. The dimensions of the valves and boom holders were checked with the optical level of the topographer. To respect the pressure which will give a flow rate of 1l/l, the valves were set at 0.32m compared to the level of the well-flattened natural ground (TN). Each tank serves, from the network supply valve, a ramp holder equipped with 4 ramps, each 7m long. The ramp, for its part, is equipped with 6 tasters spaced 1m apart. The 1st and 6th drippers are respectively placed 0.5m and 6.5m from the boom holder, for a total of 24 drippers per network. The ramp holders and ramps are fixed to the ground with iron hooks 6 and 0.2m high, for a total of 100 hooks. At each dripper, a 35cm deep hole is dug in which a 1.5l plastic bottle is housed. Above each bottle is placed a funnel to collect and estimate the volume of water delivered by each dripper. The experimental device consists of a total of 3 tanks serving 3 boom holders, 12 booms and 72 drippers. Determination of water heights in the tank and corresponding pressures Once the experimental device has been set up, the water levels in the 3 reservoirs must be measured after each 1 hour irrigation and this for 5 successive hours. A volume of 150l of NDE water is introduced into each of these 3 tanks where the initial water height h1 is 0.53m. A first irrigation of 1 hour was carried out bringing the water height to h2 then a 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th irrigations of the same duration were carried out giving respective heights h2, h3, h4 and h5 of water in the tank. These different water heights were measured after the 5 respective 1-hour irrigations, from which the corresponding water pressures are deduced. A device consisting of a pressure gauge made it possible to measure the different pressures. Determination of supply valve flow rates (or boom-carrying flow rates) The experimental device having been set up, the tank each containing 150l of tap water are placed at the natural ground level + 32cm, the valves placed 5 cm from the bottom of the tank (therefore tank side + 5cm). For flow measurements, these valves are disconnected from the transport pipes which connect them to the irrigation networks. For this purpose, a 5l container is placed below the valve 1, first opened completely, and the volumes of water delivered by the latter are measured for 10, 20 and 30s at the initial water height h1 in the tank (h1= 0.53m) each time returning the initial level of water in the tank after each measurement. After this first series of measurements, the water level in the tank is brought to the height h2 determined previously, the same measurements as at h1 are repeated and so on until the height h5. These flow rates obtained at different water heights in the reservoir are called flow rates of the supply valves of the irrigation networks or flow rates of the boom holders because they are supplied by the same respective flow rates through the transport pipes. Determination of boom flow rates After measuring the flow rates of different valves, the irrigation networks are connected to these supply valves. The ramps are detached from the ramp holders, the water level in the tank being at the height h1= 0.53m, 5l containers are placed at the level of four (4) orifices of each ramp holder and the ramps are opened. three (3) valves at the same time for 10, 20 and 30s. The respective volumes of water collected are measured at these three (3) time steps. After measuring the flow rates for 10 seconds, the water level is brought back to the initial height to take the measurements for 20 seconds and we do the same for the flow measurements for 30 seconds. After the 3 flow measurements at height h1, the same measurements are carried out at the respective water heights in the tank h2, h3, h4 and h5. These flow rates delivered by the ramp holders more precisely at the level of the orifices and entering the ramps are called ramp flow rates. Determination of dripper flow rates Once the reference flow rates of the booms have been measured, the booms are connected to the boom holders and this time we launch a series of 5 successive irrigations at the respective water heights h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5 in the tank. At each ramp, the volumes of water delivered from 6 drippers are measured for a given height for 1 hour. These flow rates delivered by the different drippers are called dripper flow rates for a given water height. Determination of network volumes Each network is equipped with 24 drippers fixed on four ramps. The volumes of water delivered during irrigation with NDE water by all the drippers of a network at water heights in the reservoirs h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5 are evaluated by the arithmetic sum of these volumes. The volumes of the networks evaluated are called network volumes for a given water height. Determination of ramp volumes During irrigations to evaluate the hydraulic functioning of the irrigation networks, the water delivered for 1 hour by the 6 drippers of a boom was evaluated by adding their respective volumes for a height and network considered. These evaluated ramp volumes are called ramp volumes for a given water height. Technological quality or dripper flow variation test Drippers were purchased whose flow coefficient of variation was not indicated by the manufacturer. Also, a flow variation test was carried out to assess the technological quality of the drippers. To carry out this type of test, it is recommended to use at least 50 drippers (Filali., 2010). As far as we are concerned, 96 drippers with a nominal flow rate of 1l/h were used. This test is very important for any drip irrigation project or experiment because it allows you to use or not the drippers tested. The procedure consists of starting irrigation with the 96 drippers for 1 hour. At each dripper, a 1.5l bottle collects the water delivered by the dripper. The flow rate variation coefficient (Vt) is determined by the ratio of the Ecartype to the average flow rate of all the drippers tested. With σ the standard deviation and qm the mean of the sample tested After the first irrigation of 1 hour, we will determine the flow coefficient Vt1 and the corresponding height will be h1 and for the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th irrigations, we will determine in this way Vt2, Vt3, Vt4 and Vt5 and the water heights in the tank will be h2, h3, h4 and h5 respectively. Vt1, Vt2, Vt3, Vt4 and Vt5 will be determined using the same formula. The coefficients obtained will be compared to the dripper technological quality standards defined by Keller (1983). Water distribution uniformity test at the level of irrigation networks (plots) After having carried out the technological quality test of the dripper to be used, it is a question of checking how the water distribution is done on the plot (here network). Is it uniform or not? To implement this distribution, the plot water distribution test will be carried out according to the formula used by Keller and Karmeli (1983) in determining the coefficient of uniformity of water distribution to the plot. The test consists of testing the uniformity of distribution of irrigation water on a drip-irrigated plot. The irrigation system is made up of 4 irrigation network units each made up of a plot with a spacing between booms of 1m and between drippers also of 1m. The drippers used are GR type diversion, delivering a nominal flow of 1l/h under a pressure of 0.1bar. The uniformity test consists of measuring, in each plot unit, the flow rate at the level of 16 well-distributed drippers (Penadille., 1998; CEMAGREF., 2003). The flow measurements for calculating the uniformity coefficient are carried out on four ramps uniformly distributed along the ramp holder according to the device proposed by Penadille (1998) whose description is as follows: 4 ramps are selected at each network irrigation system and 4 drippers are maintained by booms, i.e. 16 drippers per network (Figure 2). For the ramps, this is the first ramp, the one located a third of the way up the ramp rack, the ramp that is two thirds of the way through the ramp rack and the last ramp. Concerning the drippers selected, the first on the ramp, the second which is at 1/3 of the ramp, the third is at 2/3 of the ramp and the fourth dripper at the end of the ramp. Then, we measure the flow rate of each dripper. For our case, the test will be carried out with four networks each comprising 16 drippers (i.e. 64 measurements) and at 5 water heights in the irrigation water supply network h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5. The study of the uniformity of water distribution at the level of the irrigated plot is based on the uniformity coefficient (CU) of Keller and Karmeli., (1974). The higher the latter, the better and therefore uniform the water distribution. For a given water height and for each network made up of 16 drippers, the distribution uniformity coefficient CU is calculated using the formula below including the average flow rate qm of 16 drippers, the average of the four highest flow rates weak and the expression of Keller and Karmeli which is: With - qm16 = average of the 16 values obtained; - qm4 = average of the four lowest flow values. This device makes it possible to measure 16 flow rates for all the drippers in a network and to calculate their average. We will take the 4 drippers (i.e. 1/4) which have the lowest flow rates in the network. We thus obtain the data necessary for the calculations of the uniformity coefficients according to the formula mentioned above. The materials used to carry out this test are: - stopwatch (measuring time set at 1 hour); - 1.5l plastic bottle; - 1l graduated cylinder; - and Data collection sheets. The interpretation of the results of the calculations of the different coefficients of the uniformity of water distribution as a function of water height in the tank (pressure) will be done based on the reference values of CU making it possible to assess the quality of uniformity of watering. These values are summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Value of the distribution coefficient and assessment of uniformity in the plot (CEMAGREF., 1992) reported by COMPAORE., (2003) Uniformity Coefficient Value Appreciation of Uniformity CU > 90 Excellent 80 < CU < 90 Satisfactory 70 < CU < 80 Poor CU < 70 Bad (Clogged network) Results and Discussion The results which follow relate initially to the flow rates of the valves, booms and drippers then secondly to the reference volumes of these same elements. In addition, the technological quality of the drippers and the uniformity of water distribution to the plot will be determined. Results Water heights in the tank and corresponding pressures Table 2 respectively illustrates the water heights in the reservoir for the 5 successive 1-hour irrigations and the corresponding pressures. Table 2 Pressures as a function of water height in the tank Tank Water Height Corresponding water pressure (bar) Reservoir 1 Reservoir 2 Reservoir 3 Ecartype 0,53m 0,15 0,149 0,1485 0,0007 0,43m 0,14 0,141 0,1394 0,0008 0,336m 0,13 0,129 0,1293 0,0005 0,24m 0,12 0,119 0,1183 0,0008 0,155m 0,11 0,11 0,11 0 Each height of water in the tank corresponds to a pressure which will control the flow of the fluid, in this case water. Determining the water levels at each irrigation will influence the water flow at the valve, boom holder, booms and drippers. It is therefore important to determine them at each irrigation with tap water delivered to the Faculty of Agronomy used as very suitable for drip irrigation. For each water height hi delivering a flow rate qi corresponds to a pressure pi. Table 2 gives the water levels in the 3 reservoirs after each irrigation. From this table, we note that whatever the reservoir considered, the pressures decrease by a height. On the other hand, the pressure values ​​at a height are practically identical with a very low Deviation and decrease regularly like those at heights. The water heights obtained will be used in all the different tests. Flow rates obtained Flow rates of valves or boom holders Valves V1, V2 and V3 of tanks R1, R2 and R3 were opened to respective heights of 0.155; 0.336m and 0.53m. Table 4 gives the average inter-valve flow rates at a given height. Table 4 Average inter-valve flow rates at a given height Modality Average estimated Groups H0,155*V1 23,928 A H0,155*V3 24,018 A H0,155*V2 24,002 A H0,336*V1 27,938 B H0,336*V3 28,112 B H0,336*V2 28,112 B C H0,53*V1 31,756 C H0,53*V3 31,900 C H0,53*V2 32,073 From this table, it appears that the valves have statistically the same flow rates at each height considered. Table 5 displays the average valve flow rates at the different heights. Table 5 Boom holder flow rates (valves) as a function of water height in the tank (l/h) Tank Water Height Ramp holder 1 Ramp holder 2 Ramp holder 3 Ecartype 0,53m 31,7988 32,2908 31,7136 0,31 0,43m 29,9772 30,0144 29,7312 0,15 0,336m 28,0644 27,6432 27,612 0,25 0,24m 23,814 24,1872 23,7984 0,22 0,155m 21,3396 21,6456 21,864 0,26 Ramp flow rates or incoming ramp flow rates The ramps transport the water which will supply the drippers. The incoming flow rates of the booms were measured at the orifices connecting the boom holders to the booms. To check the previous results, the averages per height in Table 6 , all ramps combined, were compared on the one hand, and on the other hand, the averages of four (4) ramps, all heights combined. Table 6 compares the averages by height for all ramps combined. Table 6 Average flow rate of the booms as a function of height Modality Average estimated Groups H0,155 5,391 A H0,24 5,980 B H0,336 6,945 C H0,43 7,477 D H0,53 7,963 E The table above confirms the difference in flow rates between the heights. Table 7 , for its part, compares the averages of the ramps for all heights combined. Table 7 Average water flow rates delivered from booms at all heights combined Contraste Pr > Diff Significatif H0,155 vs H0,53 < 0,0001 Oui H0,155 vs H0,43 < 0,0001 Oui H0,155 vsH0,336 < 0,0001 Oui H0,155 vs H0,24 < 0,0001 Oui H0,24 vs H0,53 < 0,0001 Oui H0,24 vs H0,43 < 0,0001 Oui H0,24 vs H0,336 < 0,0001 Oui H0,336 vs H0,53 < 0,0001 Oui H0,336 vs H0,43 < 0,0001 Oui H0,43 vs H0,53 < 0,0001 Oui Table 8 gives the analysis of variance of the water flow rates delivered between the booms (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). From this table, it is found that the p-values ​​are all greater than 0.05. This indicates that there is not a significant difference in flow rates between the different ramps. These p values ​​are 0.335, 0.614, 0.844, 0.442, 0.758 and 0.645 respectively for ramps 1 and 3, ramps 3 and 2, ramps 3 and 4, ramps 1 and 4, ramps 2 and 4 and ramps 1 and 2. Table 8 Average water flow rates delivered between the booms Contraste Pr > Diff Significatif R3 vs R1 0,335 Non R3 vs R2 0,614 Non R3 vs R4 0,844 Non R4 vs R1 0,442 Non R4 vs R2 0,758 Non R2 vs R1 0,645 Non Given that the flow rates of the ramps are statistically homogeneous for a given height of water in the reservoir, Table 9 is deduced to illustrate the average flow rates of the ramps or reference ramp flow rates. Table 9 Average incoming ramp flow rates (l/h) as a function of water height Water Height (m) Network Ramp Ecartype 0,53 Ramp 1 Ramp 2 Ramp 3 Ramp 4 1 7,9932 7,9392 7,9188 7,9476 0,03 2 8,1396 8,0904 7,9932 8,0676 0,06 3 7,9092 7,8948 7,9776 7,932 0,03 0,43 1 7,476 7,5 7,4892 7,512 0,01 2 7,494 7,5084 7,5252 7,4868 0,02 3 7,4148 7,44 7,4448 7,4316 0,01 0,336 1 7,0248 7,0068 6,99 7,0428 0,02 2 6,9372 6,9228 6,8832 6,9 0,02 3 6,9324 6,9048 6,8952 6,8796 0,02 0,24 1 5,9484 5,9796 5,922 5,964 0,02 2 6,0408 6,0144 6,0768 6,0552 0,03 3 5,958 5,9388 5,982 5,9196 0,03 0,155 1 5,3304 5,3412 5,3556 5,3124 0,02 2 5,4108 5,4108 5,3916 5,4324 0,02 3 5,4564 5,4732 5,4948 5,4396 0,02 In this table and for a given water height in the tank, the ramps have identical flow rates. From the water height in the tank h1 to the height h5, the flow rate decreases from one height to another due to the drop in pressure. For a given water height, the flow rates recorded at ramps 1, 2,3 and 4 are the same at each water height and are around 8 l/h, 7.5 l/h, 6.9 l /h, 6 l/h and 5.4 l/h respectively at heights of 0.53m and 0.43m in the 3 irrigation networks. The flow rates of each of 4 ramps of the same network were calculated by the following formula: Q rampe = Q vanne / Nr With : Qrampe (L/h): unit flow rate of the booms QValve (L/h): average tank emptying flow Nr: total number of ramps powered (Nr = 4) Dripper flow rates Drippers always deliver water to the plant. For all 3 irrigation networks, their flow rates were measured during three irrigations of 1 hour each at water levels h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5. At each dripper, the average of three (3) measured flow rates was taken and is considered average dripper flow or dripper flow. The flow rates of the drippers will be compared to the flow rates delivered by the respective drippers obtained during irrigation. Network reference volumes Remember that each network has 24 drippers, the reference volume of a network is determined by taking the arithmetic sum of the volumes of water delivered by the 24 drippers. Table 10 records the volumes of 3 networks during irrigation at different water heights in the reservoir. Table 10 gives the average volumes of irrigation networks (l) obtained during irrigation at different water heights. Table 10 Average volumes (l/h) of irrigation networks obtained during irrigation at different water heights Tank water height Networks Network 1 Network 2 Network 3 Average Ecartype 0,53m 21,92 21,95 21,93 21,93 0,012 0,43m 20,32 20,34 20,34 20,33 0,009 0,336m 19,3 19,33 19,33 19,33 0,015 0,24m 18,91 18,95 18,97 18,94 0,025 0,155m 17,36 17,38 17,36 17,37 0,009 Volumes of water delivered by the booms The delivered boom volume is the arithmetic sum of the volumes of water delivered by the 6 drippers of each boom. Tables 11 , 12 and 13 illustrate the water volumes of the ramps of networks 1; 2 and 3 irrigation 1(liters) at different heights. Table 11 Average water volumes of the booms of the irrigation network 1 (liters) at different heights Tank water height Ramps Ramp 1 Ramp 2 Ramp 3 Ramp 4 Ecartype 0,53m 5,47 5,42 5,45 5,57 0,06 0,43m 5,05 5,06 5,08 5,3 0,12 0,336m 4,8 4,8 4,77 4,9 0,06 0,24m 4,66 4,74 4,84 4,68 0,08 0,155m 4,30 4,32 4,31 4,42 0,05 As the drippers have a flow rate of 1l/h, we had to have 6l at each ramp. But this was not the case due to singular and linear pressure losses. Table 12 Water volumes of the irrigation network booms 2 (liters) at different heights Tank water height Ramps Ramp 1 Ramp 2 Ramp 3 Ramp 4 Ecartype 0,53m 5,62 5,47 5,42 5,44 0,09 0,43m 5,27 5,07 5,03 4,97 0,13 0,336m 4,94 4,67 4,83 4,87 0,11 0,24m 4,73 4,72 4,69 4,81 0,05 0,155m 4,36 4,30 4,25 4,47 0,09 Table 13 Water volumes of the irrigation network booms 3 (litres) at different heights Tank water height Ramps Ramp 1 Ramp 2 Ramp 3 Ramp 4 Ecartype 0,53m 5,43 5,52 5,52 5,42 0,05 0,43m 5,16 5,12 4,97 5,08 0,08 0,336m 4,79 4,73 4,86 4,98 0,11 0,24m 4,81 4,66 4,69 4,81 0,08 0,155m 4,29 4,38 4,28 4,37 0,05 Each ramp is equipped with 6 drippers. It is obtained by the sum of volumes of water delivered by the 6 drippers of a boom at a given height. This involves verifying on the scale of 3 networks that the ramps provide the same flow rates at a given height. The volumes delivered by the 6 drippers of a boom were evaluated for 1 hour of irrigation at the respective heights h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5. Tables 11 ; 12 and 13 record the volumes of the ramps at the level of the respective networks 1; 2 and 3 depending on water height and time. We see that the ramps give almost the same volume of water at a given water height and time step. Tables 14 and 15 give the average, minimum and maximum flow rates of drippers per network. Table 14 Average, minimum and maximum flow rates of drippers per network for water heights in reservoirs h1 = 0.53m, h2 = 0.43m and h3 = 0.336m Flow h1 = 0,53m h2 = 0,43m h3 = 0,336m Network1 Network 2 Network 3 Network1 Network 2 Network 3 Network1 Network 2 Network 3 qm 845,25 863,75 881 842,12 860,19 891,37 798,87 818,25 846,06 qmin 837 847 857 783 800 810 737 753 767 qmax 1000 993 993 927 927 935 877 853 913 Table 15 Average, minimum and maximum flow rates of drippers per network for water heights in reservoirs h4 = 0.24m and h5 = 0.155m Flow h4 = 0,24m Hh5 = 0,155m Network1 Network 2 Network 3 Network 1 Network 2 Network 3 qm 754,75 785,06 803 704,06 725,2 754,5 qmin 710 723 737 677 673 693 qmax 810 823 867 760 755 830 For all the networks, we see that at the level of different valves, the average, minimum and maximum flow rates have experienced variations. In the drip irrigation system, such relatively small variations indicate a homogeneous distribution of water to the plot. Technological quality of drippers The technological quality of the drippers goes hand in hand with the value of their flow coefficient of variation (Vt). Remember that the coefficient of variation is determined by measuring, in each plot unit, the flow rates of 16 well-operated drippers on four ramps uniformly distributed along the ramp holder according to the device proposed by Penadille (1998). Thus, CU is calculated using the average flow rate qm of 16 drippers and the average of four lowest flow rates. Table 42 gives the flow rate variation coefficients as a function of water heights in the reservoir. The dripper is one of the driving parts in a drip irrigation system. Its behavior is very decisive on the expected level of production. The quality of the dripper chosen was verified through the test of variation in dripper flow at different water heights in the tank. According to Tables 14 and 15 , whatever the water height considered, the coefficient obtained meets the criterion of good technological quality of the drippers used. The coefficients of variation of flow rates vary from 0.061; 0.052 whatever the height considered. Variation of dripper flow rates by Network Table 16 Flow rate variation coefficients (Vt) as a function of water heights in the reservoir Water Height Average dripper flow (ml) Ecartype Vt obtained Reference coefficients of variation (Keller,1983) 0,53m 931,28 48,65 0,052 0,04 < Vt < 0,07 0,43m 876,88 48,26 0,055 (0,336m) 846,12 47,65 0,056 (0,24m) 801,51 49,24 0,061 (0,155m) 742,29 38,9 0,052 Uniformity of water distribution at the network level (plots) Table 17 illustrates the coefficients of uniformity of water distribution on the plot (CU) as a function of water levels. The technological quality test revealed that the drippers used are of good quality but this must be supplemented by checking the distribution of irrigation water to the plot. This table gives the different CUs obtained depending on the heights and their assessment in relation to the water distribution. Regardless of the water height considered, the uniformity coefficients of water distribution to the plot obtained are ˃ 90, which indicates excellent water distribution at the plot level. These distribution uniformity coefficients vary from 93.73 to 95.02. Table 17 Coefficients of Uniformity of water distribution on the plot according to water heights Water Height Network 1 Network 2 Network 3 Average Appreciation Uniformity Coefficient 0,53m 92,85 94,32 94,02 93,73 Excellent 0,43m 94,42 94,53 93,83 94,26 Excellent 0,336m 94,62 95,35 93,38 94,45 Excellent 0,24m 96,29 93,75 95,02 95,02 Excellent 0,155m 96,87 93,14 94,3 94,77 Excellent From this table and referring to the CEMAGREF classification (1992), all the CU coefficients are greater than 90%, this indicates a good condition of the networks. In summary, the tests with tap water delivered by the NDE showed that the networks function properly. Discussion This study shows that the different networks of the irrigation system set up operate hydraulically as a single network. Thus, the supply valves of these networks are placed at the TN + 32cm rating so they are at the same level. This is verifiable at 6 levels for an irrigation considered: 1) height of water in the tank, 2) pressure, 3) flow rates recorded by the valves 4) flow rates delivered by booms, 5) volumes delivered by the valves and 6) the volumes delivered by the ramps. Regarding the height of water in the tank, with a volume of water of 150l in each of 3 tanks, 5 successive irrigations of 1 hour were carried out. In addition, depending on the water levels in the reservoir, each irrigation was carried out. The pressures corresponding to these heights are low and vary from 0.11bar to 0.15bar. We see that the pressure is a function of the height and the difference in pressure between the points is due to the difference in heights between them (Morarech., 2017). Considering the boom holders, these are the volumes of different valves that feed them, they are hydraulically the same. It appears that valves 1, 2 and 3 deliver flow rates that are statistically identical but in absolute value the flow rate of valve 1 is slightly higher than flow rates 2 and 3. These results confirm the results obtained by YE Dofindoubê (2010) in Burkina Faso where the volumes obtained at valves 1 to 8 are slightly different. These differences could possibly come from the technological manufacturing quality. This is in line with the principle according to which, in industry, it is very difficult or even impossible to manufacture two perfectly identical products; this difference often leads to slight variations (Filali., 2010). Regarding the flow rates of the booms, the results showed that the flow rates delivered by the 4 booms are homogeneous. These results match those obtained by El Amri et al., (2012) who, by conducting irrigation with GR type drippers at a water height in the reservoir of more than 1m under a pressure of 1bar with a nominal flow rate of 4l/h, obtained identical flow rates. On the other hand, these results are contrary to those of Asma et al., (2013) who found different flow rates at the ramps. This difference would be due to the nature of the drippers used but also to the difference in internal diameters. In fact, they used ramps with an internal diameter of 4.8 mm and 1 mm for our case. For the flow rates delivered by the drippers, they are not identical for the most part regardless of the network and the height considered. Considering the height h1 of networks 1, 2 and 3, 66.7% of the drippers deliver flow rates approximately equal to the nominal flow rate (networks 1 and 2), 75% of the drippers give flow rates close to the nominal flow rate compared to 25% different ( network 3). On the other hand, El Amri et al., (2012) only obtained 10% of drippers which gave a flow rate close to the nominal flow rate. This difference would come from the length of the ramps (50 m) compared to 7 m in our case which would in turn generate greater variations in dripper flow rates. Due to the reduction in pressure (Batiebo., 2006), for a given ramp, hydraulically, the volume of water delivered by the drippers decreases when we tend towards the lower limit of the latter due to the reduction in pressure. pressure. As for the networks, the volumes of water delivered during irrigation with tap water are statistically identical at each height considered. Thus, they decrease in a decreasing manner from water heights h1 to h5 with respective efficiencies of 91.42 to 72.36%. These results confirm the results obtained by Zellal et al., (2007) on the efficiency of the drip irrigation system. The flow rate variation coefficients obtained during the technological test of the drippers are 0.052; 0.055; 0.056; 0.061 and 0.052 respectively at the water heights in the tank h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5. Keller (1983) made a classification of drippers based on flow rate variation coefficients. We then note that these coefficients are between 0.04 and 0.07, which indicates the good quality of the drippers. Whatever the water height considered, the results show that the drippers tested are of good technological quality. Which means that the technological variation coefficient Vt is independent of pressure (Asma et al., 2013; Mermoud., 2004). The different uniformity coefficients at the respective heights of h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5 are 93.73; 94.26; 94.45; 95.02 and 94.77%. These values ​​above 90% reveal excellent water distribution to the plot (CEMAGREF., 1992). On the other hand, Wli P et al., (1974) propose a CU between 0.95 and 0.98 in drip system equipment to speak of an acceptable CU as the absolute lower tolerable limit. Conclusion The uniform distribution of water on the plot is one of the fundamental objectives sought in the drip irrigation system. The study carried out focused on the experimental evaluation of the hydraulic functioning of different components of 3 networks, also through the test of the technological quality of the drippers then the test on the uniformity of water distribution at the level networks. The comparison of the different flow rates and volumes at the level of the valves, boom holders, ramps and even drippers show that at the same pressure, the flow rates and volumes obtained with the water are statistically identical depending on the tanks and heights. The uniformity of application was studied on an experimental site composed of 3 networks, irrigated with water drip. The study was based on the uniformity coefficient defined by Keller and Karmeli determined by following the procedure based on flow measurements of 16 drippers uniformly distributed on each unit. In addition, the differences between the nominal flow rate and the measured flow rates of the drippers were determined. The results revealed that all of the measurements correspond to a uniformity coefficient greater than 90% at the level of 3 networks. Added to this are the small differences recorded between the measured flow rates and the nominal flow rates of the drippers and booms to confirm the good uniformity of irrigation on the plot and the absence of any malfunction of the various networks. This shows that the drippers used work well under the experimental conditions. Declarations Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Asma B et Sara Z., 2013. Irrigation par goutte à goutte, méthode de calcul du dimensionnement d’une planche cultivée en palmier dattier et cultures sous-jacentes. Mémoire de master sur la Protection de la Ressource Sol-Eau et l’Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers. Université de KASDI Merbah Ouargla-Algérie Batiebo E.L., 2006. Caractérisation et évaluation des performances de l’irrigation goutte à goutte sur les cultures agroforestières en région sahélienne du Burkina Faso : cas de la station de Katchari. Mémoire de DESS, 2IE Ouaga. CEMAGREF., 1992. Irrigation, Collection Guide pratique du CEMAGREF, 2è Edition France Agricole, Paris ;294 p. CEMAGREF., 2003. Irrigation - Guide pratique. Editions du CEMAGREF, 342p. Compaoré M.L., 2003. Cours de micro-irrigation.23p EL Amri A., Majdoub R., M’sadak Y, Aouichaoui G., 2012. Appréciation expérimentale de l’uniformité de distribution de l’eau dans le périmètre irrigué de ZAAFRANA II (Tunisie Centrale). FAO/PAM ,2005 : Rapport spécial au Niger - 21 décembre 2004. (Consulté le 12 Juillet 2008). Adresse URL : http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j3969f/j3969f00.htm Filali B. Abdelwahab., 2010. Système d’Irrigation Goutte à Goutte : Aménagement, Exploitation, Installation et Evaluation IPALAC, 2001 : Le jardin Potager Africain, Manuel d’utilisation, 2001, 60 pages. Keller J., Karmeli D., 1983. Trickle irrigation design parameters. Trans. Keller J. & Karmeli D., 1974. Trickle irrigation design, Rain Bird sprinkler manufacturing crop ; Glendora, California ; 133 p. Mermoud A., 2004. Cour de micro irrigation ; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Institut des Sciences et Technologiques de l’Environnement / Laboratoire d’Hydrologie et Aménagements 61p. Morarech.M., 2017. Notions d’Hydraulique. Faculté de Sciences de Rabat- Université Mohamed V PASTERNAK, D., BUSTAN, A., 2003. The African Market Garden. In, Encyclopaedia of Water Science. B.A. Stewart and T. Howell (eds). Marcel Dekker Inc. NY. p. 9-15 PASTERNAK, D., NIKIEMA, A., SENBETO, D., DOUGBEDJI, F., WOLTERING, L., 2006 : Intensification and Improvement of Market Gardening in the Sudano-Sahel Region of Africa. Chronica Horticulturae, Vol. 46, Number 4, December 2006. ISHS Penadille Y., 1998. Irrigation localisée in traité d’irrigation, Lavoisier Technique & SIVAKUMAR et ABDOUSSALAM, (1994). Observation agro météorologiques Titre : Le travail du sol pour une agriculture durable Fao Chapitre 3 SOMEB. M., 2017. Effet de la litière de volaille et de résidus de production d'asticots sur la fertilité du sol et la production de maïs (Zea mays L.) dans l'ouest du Burkina Faso ; 45p. YE Dofindoubê V., 2010. Conception, installation et évaluation d'un système d'irrigation goutte à goutte pour la production de légumes dans le village de Sonsogona. Mémoire d’ingéniorat du développement rural, Institut du Développement Rural. Université Nazi Boni, Burkina Faso. Wli P., Gitlin H.M., 1974. Drip irrigation based a uniformity. SAE, 2/429-432. Zella L., Smadhi D., 2007. Evolution de l’irrigation en Algérie, 80 p. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5263434","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":366796371,"identity":"dca1e910-c404-4697-a4af-8e646ceebef3","order_by":0,"name":"Aboubacar YERIMA BAKO DJIBO","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwY2MC3HwMADpYnVYgzVYky8lsQGorWYsx9LfMxTcS99w/GzBx98YDDIJ6jFsiftsDHPmeLcDWfykg1nMBhYNhB02IH0NmnetoTcDQdyzKR5GP4YELTF4PxzoJZ/CekG59+AtBgQoeVG2jFp3oaEBIMbOURqsZzxLNlwzrEEw5k33hgbzjAgQos5f5rhgzc1CfJ853MMH3yoIEILCDCBYkThANidRGlgYGD8ASTkG4hUPQpGwSgYBSMPAAAlNjoIa9Z5egAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University Djibo Hamani","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aboubacar","middleName":"YERIMA BAKO","lastName":"DJIBO","suffix":""},{"id":366796372,"identity":"9346b741-a178-4118-9ff4-51966300d59a","order_by":1,"name":"Abdou YAHAYA","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdou","middleName":"","lastName":"YAHAYA","suffix":""},{"id":366796373,"identity":"96953644-6cf0-4797-85d1-b23b86ada772","order_by":2,"name":"Guero YADJI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abdou Moumouni University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guero","middleName":"","lastName":"YADJI","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-14 19:38:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5263434/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5263434/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":66926601,"identity":"11880aeb-ca3a-4c55-b338-27c082aaa6c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-18 06:14:52","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMeasuring device adopted for determining the Uniformity coefficient\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5263434/v1/652bbe9bea1edd5baae107d2.png"},{"id":66928320,"identity":"379414cb-a1a0-4c38-a305-9cf717287c90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-18 06:30:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1007198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5263434/v1/45a163fc-4c79-4715-b4be-d47745934130.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Hydraulic sizing of a drip irrigation system coupled with the technological quality test of drippers","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) zone in general and in Niger and Burkina especially, agriculture plays a key role in economic and social development (SOME, 2017). Indeed, in this fringe of Africa, rainfall ranges from 250 to more than 500 mm per year (FAO, 2005). Agricultural activities provide significant income to producers as well as populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfortunately this activity is increasingly confronted with a certain number of constraints including, among other archaic tools used, insufficient rainfall, rising temperatures, etc. Today, innovative and effective solutions are required. Thus, successive authorities have thought of placing emphasis on irrigated agriculture. From independence to the present day, the gravity irrigation system is the most used in Niger. Our producers water the majority by hand. This is hard work and results in low irrigation efficiency, thus limiting production and profitability (PASTERNAK et al., 2006).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to this water-consuming and wasting system, rainwater decreases from one year to another. Hence the need to use a water-saving irrigation system. Thus, for better water management, the drip irrigation system seems to respond positively to this criterion. In our semi-arid zones, according to IPALAC (2001), low-pressure drip irrigation is not only suitable for local improved cultivation techniques, but also adapts well to small areas of land. This technique is also recognized as labor-saving compared to surface irrigation and has several advantages (PASTERNAK et al., 2003). These advantages include: the plants receive the same amount of water and fertilizer, and the water tension in the soil is kept at a very low level throughout the day, an increase in yield and a improvement of product quality. Thus, a study on the drip irrigation system carried out in India by SIVAKUMAR (1994), demonstrated a water saving of 36\u0026ndash;79% and an increase in yield of 2\u0026ndash;98% compared to conventional drip irrigation systems. 'irrigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study concerns the hydraulic sizing of a very low pressure irrigation system coupled with the Technological Quality Test of drippers. The research activities were carried out at the experimental sites of the Faculty of Agronomy of Niamey.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eSetting up the experimental device \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental system is set up on the grounds of the Faculty of Agronomy of the Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey (Niger). This device comprises 3 cylindrical tanks of 0.6m in diameter and 1m in height, i.e. a volume of around 300l (282l). The water used is that supplied by the NDE. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total surface area of the trial is 156 m2 (12m by 13m) made up of 3 irrigation blocks or networks of 14 m2 (7m by 2m) separated by 1m aisles. The dimensions of the valves and boom holders were checked with the optical level of the topographer. To respect the pressure which will give a flow rate of 1l/l, the valves were set at 0.32m compared to the level of the well-flattened natural ground (TN). Each tank serves, from the network supply valve, a ramp holder equipped with 4 ramps, each 7m long. The ramp, for its part, is equipped with 6 tasters spaced 1m apart.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1st and 6th drippers are respectively placed 0.5m and 6.5m from the boom holder, for a total of 24 drippers per network. The ramp holders and ramps are fixed to the ground with iron hooks 6 and 0.2m high, for a total of 100 hooks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt each dripper, a 35cm deep hole is dug in which a 1.5l plastic bottle is housed. Above each bottle is placed a funnel to collect and estimate the volume of water delivered by each dripper. The experimental device consists of a total of 3 tanks serving 3 boom holders, 12 booms and 72 drippers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of water heights in the tank and corresponding pressures\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce the experimental device has been set up, the water levels in the 3 reservoirs must be measured after each 1 hour irrigation and this for 5 successive hours. A volume of 150l of NDE water is introduced into each of these 3 tanks where the initial water height h1 is 0.53m. A first irrigation of 1 hour was carried out bringing the water height to h2 then a 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th irrigations of the same duration were carried out giving respective heights h2, h3, h4 and h5 of water in the tank. These different water heights were measured after the 5 respective 1-hour irrigations, from which the corresponding water pressures are deduced. A device consisting of a pressure gauge made it possible to measure the different pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of supply valve flow rates (or boom-carrying flow rates)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental device having been set up, the tank each containing 150l of tap water are placed at the natural ground level + 32cm, the valves placed 5 cm from the bottom of the tank (therefore tank side + 5cm). For flow measurements, these valves are disconnected from the transport pipes which connect them to the irrigation networks. For this purpose, a 5l container is placed below the valve 1, first opened completely, and the volumes of water delivered by the latter are measured for 10, 20 and 30s at the initial water height h1 in the tank (h1= 0.53m) each time returning the initial level of water in the tank after each measurement. After this first series of measurements, the water level in the tank is brought to the height h2 determined previously, the same measurements as at h1 are repeated and so on until the height h5. These flow rates obtained at different water heights in the reservoir are called flow rates of the supply valves of the irrigation networks or flow rates of the boom holders because they are supplied by the same respective flow rates through the transport pipes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of boom flow rates \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter measuring the flow rates of different valves, the irrigation networks are connected to these supply valves. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ramps are detached from the ramp holders, the water level in the tank being at the height h1= 0.53m, 5l containers are placed at the level of four (4) orifices of each ramp holder and the ramps are opened. three (3) valves at the same time for 10, 20 and 30s. The respective volumes of water collected are measured at these three (3) time steps. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter measuring the flow rates for 10 seconds, the water level is brought back to the initial height to take the measurements for 20 seconds and we do the same for the flow measurements for 30 seconds. After the 3 flow measurements at height h1, the same measurements are carried out at the respective water heights in the tank h2, h3, h4 and h5. These flow rates delivered by the ramp holders more precisely at the level of the orifices and entering the ramps are called ramp flow rates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of dripper flow rates\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce the reference flow rates of the booms have been measured, the booms are connected to the boom holders and this time we launch a series of 5 successive irrigations at the respective water heights h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5 in the tank. At each ramp, the volumes of water delivered from 6 drippers are measured for a given height for 1 hour. These flow rates delivered by the different drippers are called dripper flow rates for a given water height.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of network volumes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach network is equipped with 24 drippers fixed on four ramps. The volumes of water delivered during irrigation with NDE water by all the drippers of a network at water heights in the reservoirs h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5 are evaluated by the arithmetic sum of these volumes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe volumes of the networks evaluated are called network volumes for a given water height.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of ramp volumes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring irrigations to evaluate the hydraulic functioning of the irrigation networks, the water delivered for 1 hour by the 6 drippers of a boom was evaluated by adding their respective volumes for a height and network considered. These evaluated ramp volumes are called ramp volumes for a given water height. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnological quality or dripper flow variation test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrippers were purchased whose flow coefficient of variation was not indicated by the manufacturer. Also, a flow variation test was carried out to assess the technological quality of the drippers. To carry out this type of test, it is recommended to use at least 50 drippers (Filali., 2010). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs far as we are concerned, 96 drippers with a nominal flow rate of 1l/h were used. This test is very important for any drip irrigation project or experiment because it allows you to use or not the drippers tested. The procedure consists of starting irrigation with the 96 drippers for 1 hour. At each dripper, a 1.5l bottle collects the water delivered by the dripper. The flow rate variation coefficient (Vt) is determined by the ratio of the Ecartype to the average flow rate of all the drippers tested.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSetting up the experimental device \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental system is set up on the grounds of the Faculty of Agronomy of the Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey (Niger). This device comprises 3 cylindrical tanks of 0.6m in diameter and 1m in height, i.e. a volume of around 300l (282l). The water used is that supplied by the NDE. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total surface area of the trial is 156 m2 (12m by 13m) made up of 3 irrigation blocks or networks of 14 m2 (7m by 2m) separated by 1m aisles. The dimensions of the valves and boom holders were checked with the optical level of the topographer. To respect the pressure which will give a flow rate of 1l/l, the valves were set at 0.32m compared to the level of the well-flattened natural ground (TN). Each tank serves, from the network supply valve, a ramp holder equipped with 4 ramps, each 7m long. The ramp, for its part, is equipped with 6 tasters spaced 1m apart.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1st and 6th drippers are respectively placed 0.5m and 6.5m from the boom holder, for a total of 24 drippers per network. The ramp holders and ramps are fixed to the ground with iron hooks 6 and 0.2m high, for a total of 100 hooks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt each dripper, a 35cm deep hole is dug in which a 1.5l plastic bottle is housed. Above each bottle is placed a funnel to collect and estimate the volume of water delivered by each dripper. The experimental device consists of a total of 3 tanks serving 3 boom holders, 12 booms and 72 drippers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of water heights in the tank and corresponding pressures\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce the experimental device has been set up, the water levels in the 3 reservoirs must be measured after each 1 hour irrigation and this for 5 successive hours. A volume of 150l of NDE water is introduced into each of these 3 tanks where the initial water height h1 is 0.53m. A first irrigation of 1 hour was carried out bringing the water height to h2 then a 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th irrigations of the same duration were carried out giving respective heights h2, h3, h4 and h5 of water in the tank. These different water heights were measured after the 5 respective 1-hour irrigations, from which the corresponding water pressures are deduced. A device consisting of a pressure gauge made it possible to measure the different pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of supply valve flow rates (or boom-carrying flow rates)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental device having been set up, the tank each containing 150l of tap water are placed at the natural ground level + 32cm, the valves placed 5 cm from the bottom of the tank (therefore tank side + 5cm). For flow measurements, these valves are disconnected from the transport pipes which connect them to the irrigation networks. For this purpose, a 5l container is placed below the valve 1, first opened completely, and the volumes of water delivered by the latter are measured for 10, 20 and 30s at the initial water height h1 in the tank (h1= 0.53m) each time returning the initial level of water in the tank after each measurement. After this first series of measurements, the water level in the tank is brought to the height h2 determined previously, the same measurements as at h1 are repeated and so on until the height h5. These flow rates obtained at different water heights in the reservoir are called flow rates of the supply valves of the irrigation networks or flow rates of the boom holders because they are supplied by the same respective flow rates through the transport pipes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of boom flow rates \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter measuring the flow rates of different valves, the irrigation networks are connected to these supply valves. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ramps are detached from the ramp holders, the water level in the tank being at the height h1= 0.53m, 5l containers are placed at the level of four (4) orifices of each ramp holder and the ramps are opened. three (3) valves at the same time for 10, 20 and 30s. The respective volumes of water collected are measured at these three (3) time steps. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter measuring the flow rates for 10 seconds, the water level is brought back to the initial height to take the measurements for 20 seconds and we do the same for the flow measurements for 30 seconds. After the 3 flow measurements at height h1, the same measurements are carried out at the respective water heights in the tank h2, h3, h4 and h5. These flow rates delivered by the ramp holders more precisely at the level of the orifices and entering the ramps are called ramp flow rates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of dripper flow rates\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce the reference flow rates of the booms have been measured, the booms are connected to the boom holders and this time we launch a series of 5 successive irrigations at the respective water heights h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5 in the tank. At each ramp, the volumes of water delivered from 6 drippers are measured for a given height for 1 hour. These flow rates delivered by the different drippers are called dripper flow rates for a given water height.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of network volumes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach network is equipped with 24 drippers fixed on four ramps. The volumes of water delivered during irrigation with NDE water by all the drippers of a network at water heights in the reservoirs h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5 are evaluated by the arithmetic sum of these volumes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe volumes of the networks evaluated are called network volumes for a given water height.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermination of ramp volumes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring irrigations to evaluate the hydraulic functioning of the irrigation networks, the water delivered for 1 hour by the 6 drippers of a boom was evaluated by adding their respective volumes for a height and network considered. These evaluated ramp volumes are called ramp volumes for a given water height. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTechnological quality or dripper flow variation test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrippers were purchased whose flow coefficient of variation was not indicated by the manufacturer. Also, a flow variation test was carried out to assess the technological quality of the drippers. To carry out this type of test, it is recommended to use at least 50 drippers (Filali., 2010). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs far as we are concerned, 96 drippers with a nominal flow rate of 1l/h were used. This test is very important for any drip irrigation project or experiment because it allows you to use or not the drippers tested. The procedure consists of starting irrigation with the 96 drippers for 1 hour. At each dripper, a 1.5l bottle collects the water delivered by the dripper. The flow rate variation coefficient (Vt) is determined by the ratio of the Ecartype to the average flow rate of all the drippers tested.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1729231236.png\" width=\"152\" height=\"47\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith \u0026sigma; the standard deviation and qm the mean of the sample tested\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the first irrigation of 1 hour, we will determine the flow coefficient Vt1 and the corresponding height will be h1 and for the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th irrigations, we will determine in this way Vt2, Vt3, Vt4 and Vt5 and the water heights in the tank will be h2, h3, h4 and h5 respectively. Vt1, Vt2, Vt3, Vt4 and Vt5 will be determined using the same formula. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coefficients obtained will be compared to the dripper technological quality standards defined by Keller (1983).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWater distribution uniformity test at the level of irrigation networks (plots)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter having carried out the technological quality test of the dripper to be used, it is a question of checking how the water distribution is done on the plot (here network).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIs it uniform or not? To implement this distribution, the plot water distribution test will be carried out according to the formula used by Keller and Karmeli (1983) in determining the coefficient of uniformity of water distribution to the plot. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe test consists of testing the uniformity of distribution of irrigation water on a drip-irrigated plot. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe irrigation system is made up of 4 irrigation network units each made up of a plot with a spacing between booms of 1m and between drippers also of 1m. The drippers used are GR type diversion, delivering a nominal flow of 1l/h under a pressure of 0.1bar.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe uniformity test consists of measuring, in each plot unit, the flow rate at the level of 16 well-distributed drippers (Penadille., 1998; CEMAGREF., 2003). The flow measurements for calculating the uniformity coefficient are carried out on four ramps uniformly distributed along the ramp holder according to the device proposed by Penadille (1998) whose description is as follows: 4 ramps are selected at each network irrigation system and 4 drippers are maintained by booms, i.e. 16 drippers per network (Figure 2). For the ramps, this is the first ramp, the one located a third of the way up the ramp rack, the ramp that is two thirds of the way through the ramp rack and the last ramp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcerning the drippers selected, the first on the ramp, the second which is at 1/3 of the ramp, the third is at 2/3 of the ramp and the fourth dripper at the end of the ramp. Then, we measure the flow rate of each dripper. For our case, the test will be carried out with four networks each comprising 16 drippers (i.e. 64 measurements) and at 5 water heights in the irrigation water supply network h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5. The study of the uniformity of water distribution at the level of the irrigated plot is based on the uniformity coefficient (CU) of Keller and Karmeli., (1974). The higher the latter, the better and therefore uniform the water distribution. For a given water height and for each network made up of 16 drippers, the distribution uniformity coefficient CU is calculated using the formula below including the average flow rate qm of 16 drippers, the average of the four highest flow rates weak and the expression of Keller and Karmeli which is:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1729231235.png\" width=\"216\" height=\"54\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWith\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- qm16 = average of the 16 values obtained;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- qm4 = average of the four lowest flow values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis device makes it possible to measure 16 flow rates for all the drippers in a network and to calculate their average. We will take the 4 drippers (i.e. 1/4) which have the lowest flow rates in the network. We thus obtain the data necessary for the calculations of the uniformity coefficients according to the formula mentioned above. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe materials used to carry out this test are: \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- stopwatch (measuring time set at 1 hour); \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- 1.5l plastic bottle;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- 1l graduated cylinder; \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- and Data collection sheets. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe interpretation of the results of the calculations of the different coefficients of the uniformity of water distribution as a function of water height in the tank (pressure) will be done based on the reference values of CU making it possible to assess the quality of uniformity of watering. These values are summarized in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Value of the distribution coefficient and assessment of uniformity in the plot (CEMAGREF., 1992) reported by COMPAORE., (2003)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" \u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.1921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniformity Coefficient Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62.8079%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppreciation of Uniformity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.1921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCU \u0026gt; 90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62.8079%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.1921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 \u0026lt; CU \u0026lt; 90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62.8079%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSatisfactory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.1921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 \u0026lt; CU \u0026lt; 80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62.8079%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.1921%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCU \u0026lt; 70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62.8079%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBad (Clogged network)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\n\n\n\n"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results which follow relate initially to the flow rates of the valves, booms and drippers then secondly to the reference volumes of these same elements. In addition, the technological quality of the drippers and the uniformity of water distribution to the plot will be determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResults\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWater heights in the tank and corresponding pressures\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e respectively illustrates the water heights in the reservoir for the 5 successive 1-hour irrigations and the corresponding pressures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressures as a function of water height in the tank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank Water Height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorresponding water pressure (bar)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReservoir 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReservoir 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReservoir 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcartype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,43m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,336m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,24m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,155m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach height of water in the tank corresponds to a pressure which will control the flow of the fluid, in this case water. Determining the water levels at each irrigation will influence the water flow at the valve, boom holder, booms and drippers. It is therefore important to determine them at each irrigation with tap water delivered to the Faculty of Agronomy used as very suitable for drip irrigation. For each water height hi delivering a flow rate qi corresponds to a pressure pi. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e gives the water levels in the 3 reservoirs after each irrigation. From this table, we note that whatever the reservoir considered, the pressures decrease by a height. On the other hand, the pressure values ​​at a height are practically identical with a very low Deviation and decrease regularly like those at heights. The water heights obtained will be used in all the different tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFlow rates obtained\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlow rates of valves or boom holders\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValves V1, V2 and V3 of tanks R1, R2 and R3 were opened to respective heights of 0.155; 0.336m and 0.53m. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e gives the average inter-valve flow rates at a given height.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage inter-valve flow rates at a given height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage estimated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,155*V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,155*V3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,155*V2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,336*V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,336*V3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,336*V2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,53*V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31,756\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,53*V3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31,900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,53*V2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom this table, it appears that the valves have statistically the same flow rates at each height considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e displays the average valve flow rates at the different heights.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoom holder flow rates (valves) as a function of water height in the tank (l/h)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank Water Height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp holder 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp holder 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp holder 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcartype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31,7988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,2908\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31,7136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,43m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29,9772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,0144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29,7312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,336m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28,0644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,6432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,612\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,24m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,1872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,7984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,155m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,3396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,6456\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,864\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRamp flow rates or incoming ramp flow rates\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ramps transport the water which will supply the drippers. The incoming flow rates of the booms were measured at the orifices connecting the boom holders to the booms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo check the previous results, the averages per height in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, all ramps combined, were compared on the one hand, and on the other hand, the averages of four (4) ramps, all heights combined. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e compares the averages by height for all ramps combined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage flow rate of the booms as a function of height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage estimated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table above confirms the difference in flow rates between the heights.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, for its part, compares the averages of the ramps for all heights combined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage water flow rates delivered from booms at all heights combined\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContraste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Diff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificatif\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,155 vs H0,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,155 vs H0,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,155 vsH0,336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,155 vs H0,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,24 vs H0,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,24 vs H0,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,24 vs H0,336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,336 vs H0,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,336 vs H0,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH0,43 vs H0,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e gives the analysis of variance of the water flow rates delivered between the booms (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). From this table, it is found that the p-values ​​are all greater than 0.05. This indicates that there is not a significant difference in flow rates between the different ramps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese p values ​​are 0.335, 0.614, 0.844, 0.442, 0.758 and 0.645 respectively for ramps 1 and 3, ramps 3 and 2, ramps 3 and 4, ramps 1 and 4, ramps 2 and 4 and ramps 1 and 2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage water flow rates delivered between the booms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContraste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Diff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificatif\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3 vs R1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3 vs R2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,614\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3 vs R4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,844\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4 vs R1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4 vs R2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2 vs R1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven that the flow rates of the ramps are statistically homogeneous for a given height of water in the reservoir, Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e is deduced to illustrate the average flow rates of the ramps or reference ramp flow rates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage incoming ramp flow rates (l/h) as a function of water height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Height (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcartype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,9932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,9392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,9188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,9476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,1396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,0904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,9932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,0676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,9092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,8948\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,9776\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,4892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,5084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,5252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,4868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,4148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,4448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,4316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,0248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,0068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,0428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,9372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,9228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,8832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,9324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,9048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,8952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,8796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,9484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,9796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,0408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,0144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,0768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,0552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,958\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,9388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,982\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,9196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,3304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,3412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,3556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,3124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,4108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,4108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,3916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,4324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,4564\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,4732\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,4948\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,4396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this table and for a given water height in the tank, the ramps have identical flow rates. From the water height in the tank h1 to the height h5, the flow rate decreases from one height to another due to the drop in pressure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor a given water height, the flow rates recorded at ramps 1, 2,3 and 4 are the same at each water height and are around 8 l/h, 7.5 l/h, 6.9 l /h, 6 l/h and 5.4 l/h respectively at heights of 0.53m and 0.43m in the 3 irrigation networks. The flow rates of each of 4 ramps of the same network were calculated by the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQ\u003csub\u003erampe\u003c/sub\u003e = Q\u003csub\u003evanne\u003c/sub\u003e/ Nr\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith :\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQrampe (L/h): unit flow rate of the booms\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQValve (L/h): average tank emptying flow\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNr: total number of ramps powered (Nr\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDripper flow rates\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrippers always deliver water to the plant. For all 3 irrigation networks, their flow rates were measured during three irrigations of 1 hour each at water levels h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5. At each dripper, the average of three (3) measured flow rates was taken and is considered average dripper flow or dripper flow. The flow rates of the drippers will be compared to the flow rates delivered by the respective drippers obtained during irrigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNetwork reference volumes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemember that each network has 24 drippers, the reference volume of a network is determined by taking the arithmetic sum of the volumes of water delivered by the 24 drippers. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e records the volumes of 3 networks during irrigation at different water heights in the reservoir.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e gives the average volumes of irrigation networks (l) obtained during irrigation at different water heights.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage volumes (l/h) of irrigation networks obtained during irrigation at different water heights\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank water height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetworks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNetwork 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNetwork 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNetwork 3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcartype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,43m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,336m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,24m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,155m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVolumes of water delivered by the booms\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe delivered boom volume is the arithmetic sum of the volumes of water delivered by the 6 drippers of each boom.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e illustrate the water volumes of the ramps of networks 1; 2 and 3 irrigation 1(liters) at different heights.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage water volumes of the booms of the irrigation network 1 (liters) at different heights\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank water height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcartype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,43m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,336m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,24m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,155m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the drippers have a flow rate of 1l/h, we had to have 6l at each ramp. But this was not the case due to singular and linear pressure losses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater volumes of the irrigation network booms 2 (liters) at different heights\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank water height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcartype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,43m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,336m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,24m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,155m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater volumes of the irrigation network booms 3 (litres) at different heights\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTank water height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamp 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcartype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,43m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,336m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,24m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,155m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach ramp is equipped with 6 drippers. It is obtained by the sum of volumes of water delivered by the 6 drippers of a boom at a given height. This involves verifying on the scale of 3 networks that the ramps provide the same flow rates at a given height. The volumes delivered by the 6 drippers of a boom were evaluated for 1 hour of irrigation at the respective heights h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5. Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e record the volumes of the ramps at the level of the respective networks 1; 2 and 3 depending on water height and time. We see that the ramps give almost the same volume of water at a given water height and time step. Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e give the average, minimum and maximum flow rates of drippers per network.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage, minimum and maximum flow rates of drippers per network for water heights in reservoirs h1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.53m, h2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.43m and h3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.336m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,53m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,43m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,336m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eqm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e845,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e863,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e881\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e842,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e860,19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e891,37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e798,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e818,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e846,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eqmin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e837\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e847\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e783\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e737\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eqmax\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e993\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e993\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab14\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 15\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage, minimum and maximum flow rates of drippers per network for water heights in reservoirs h4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.24m and h5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.155m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,24m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHh5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,155m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eqm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e754,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e785,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e803\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e704,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e725,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e754,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eqmin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e723\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e737\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e673\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eqmax\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e760\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor all the networks, we see that at the level of different valves, the average, minimum and maximum flow rates have experienced variations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the drip irrigation system, such relatively small variations indicate a homogeneous distribution of water to the plot.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTechnological quality of drippers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe technological quality of the drippers goes hand in hand with the value of their flow coefficient of variation (Vt). Remember that the coefficient of variation is determined by measuring, in each plot unit, the flow rates of 16 well-operated drippers on four ramps uniformly distributed along the ramp holder according to the device proposed by Penadille (1998). Thus, CU is calculated using the average flow rate qm of 16 drippers and the average of four lowest flow rates. Table\u0026nbsp;42 gives the flow rate variation coefficients as a function of water heights in the reservoir.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dripper is one of the driving parts in a drip irrigation system. Its behavior is very decisive on the expected level of production. The quality of the dripper chosen was verified through the test of variation in dripper flow at different water heights in the tank. According to Tables \u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, whatever the water height considered, the coefficient obtained meets the criterion of good technological quality of the drippers used. The coefficients of variation of flow rates vary from 0.061; 0.052 whatever the height considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariation of dripper flow rates by Network\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab15\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 16\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlow rate variation coefficients (Vt) as a function of water heights in the reservoir\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage dripper flow (ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcartype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVt obtained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference coefficients of variation (Keller,1983)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e931,28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48,65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,04\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;Vt\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,07\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,43m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e876,88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48,26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0,336m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e846,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47,65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0,24m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e801,51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0,155m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e742,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUniformity of water distribution at the network level (plots)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the coefficients of uniformity of water distribution on the plot (CU) as a function of water levels. The technological quality test revealed that the drippers used are of good quality but this must be supplemented by checking the distribution of irrigation water to the plot. This table gives the different CUs obtained depending on the heights and their assessment in relation to the water distribution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegardless of the water height considered, the uniformity coefficients of water distribution to the plot obtained are ˃ 90, which indicates excellent water distribution at the plot level. These distribution uniformity coefficients vary from 93.73 to 95.02.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab16\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 17\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficients of Uniformity of water distribution on the plot according to water heights\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Height\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppreciation Uniformity Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,53m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93,73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,43m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,336m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93,38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,24m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96,29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,155m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93,14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom this table and referring to the CEMAGREF classification (1992), all the CU coefficients are greater than 90%, this indicates a good condition of the networks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, the tests with tap water delivered by the NDE showed that the networks function properly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study shows that the different networks of the irrigation system set up operate hydraulically as a single network. Thus, the supply valves of these networks are placed at the TN\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;32cm rating so they are at the same level. This is verifiable at 6 levels for an irrigation considered: 1) height of water in the tank, 2) pressure, 3) flow rates recorded by the valves 4) flow rates delivered by booms, 5) volumes delivered by the valves and 6) the volumes delivered by the ramps. Regarding the height of water in the tank, with a volume of water of 150l in each of 3 tanks, 5 successive irrigations of 1 hour were carried out. In addition, depending on the water levels in the reservoir, each irrigation was carried out. The pressures corresponding to these heights are low and vary from 0.11bar to 0.15bar. We see that the pressure is a function of the height and the difference in pressure between the points is due to the difference in heights between them (Morarech., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the boom holders, these are the volumes of different valves that feed them, they are hydraulically the same. It appears that valves 1, 2 and 3 deliver flow rates that are statistically identical but in absolute value the flow rate of valve 1 is slightly higher than flow rates 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results confirm the results obtained by YE Dofindoub\u0026ecirc; (2010) in Burkina Faso where the volumes obtained at valves 1 to 8 are slightly different.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese differences could possibly come from the technological manufacturing quality. This is in line with the principle according to which, in industry, it is very difficult or even impossible to manufacture two perfectly identical products; this difference often leads to slight variations (Filali., 2010). Regarding the flow rates of the booms, the results showed that the flow rates delivered by the 4 booms are homogeneous. These results match those obtained by El Amri et al., (2012) who, by conducting irrigation with GR type drippers at a water height in the reservoir of more than 1m under a pressure of 1bar with a nominal flow rate of 4l/h, obtained identical flow rates. On the other hand, these results are contrary to those of Asma et al., (2013) who found different flow rates at the ramps. This difference would be due to the nature of the drippers used but also to the difference in internal diameters. In fact, they used ramps with an internal diameter of 4.8 mm and 1 mm for our case. For the flow rates delivered by the drippers, they are not identical for the most part regardless of the network and the height considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the height h1 of networks 1, 2 and 3, 66.7% of the drippers deliver flow rates approximately equal to the nominal flow rate (networks 1 and 2), 75% of the drippers give flow rates close to the nominal flow rate compared to 25% different ( network 3). On the other hand, El Amri et al., (2012) only obtained 10% of drippers which gave a flow rate close to the nominal flow rate. This difference would come from the length of the ramps (50 m) compared to 7 m in our case which would in turn generate greater variations in dripper flow rates. Due to the reduction in pressure (Batiebo., 2006), for a given ramp, hydraulically, the volume of water delivered by the drippers decreases when we tend towards the lower limit of the latter due to the reduction in pressure. pressure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs for the networks, the volumes of water delivered during irrigation with tap water are statistically identical at each height considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, they decrease in a decreasing manner from water heights h1 to h5 with respective efficiencies of 91.42 to 72.36%. These results confirm the results obtained by Zellal et al., (2007) on the efficiency of the drip irrigation system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe flow rate variation coefficients obtained during the technological test of the drippers are 0.052; 0.055; 0.056; 0.061 and 0.052 respectively at the water heights in the tank h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5. Keller (1983) made a classification of drippers based on flow rate variation coefficients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe then note that these coefficients are between 0.04 and 0.07, which indicates the good quality of the drippers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhatever the water height considered, the results show that the drippers tested are of good technological quality. Which means that the technological variation coefficient Vt is independent of pressure (Asma et al., 2013; Mermoud., 2004).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe different uniformity coefficients at the respective heights of h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5 are 93.73; 94.26; 94.45; 95.02 and 94.77%. These values ​​above 90% reveal excellent water distribution to the plot (CEMAGREF., 1992). On the other hand, Wli P et al., (1974) propose a CU between 0.95 and 0.98 in drip system equipment to speak of an acceptable CU as the absolute lower tolerable limit.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe uniform distribution of water on the plot is one of the fundamental objectives sought in the drip irrigation system.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study carried out focused on the experimental evaluation of the hydraulic functioning of different components of 3 networks, also through the test of the technological quality of the drippers then the test on the uniformity of water distribution at the level networks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe comparison of the different flow rates and volumes at the level of the valves, boom holders, ramps and even drippers show that at the same pressure, the flow rates and volumes obtained with the water are statistically identical depending on the tanks and heights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe uniformity of application was studied on an experimental site composed of 3 networks, irrigated with water drip. The study was based on the uniformity coefficient defined by Keller and Karmeli determined by following the procedure based on flow measurements of 16 drippers uniformly distributed on each unit. In addition, the differences between the nominal flow rate and the measured flow rates of the drippers were determined. The results revealed that all of the measurements correspond to a uniformity coefficient greater than 90% at the level of 3 networks. Added to this are the small differences recorded between the measured flow rates and the nominal flow rates of the drippers and booms to confirm the good uniformity of irrigation on the plot and the absence of any malfunction of the various networks. This shows that the drippers used work well under the experimental conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsma B et Sara Z., 2013. Irrigation par goutte \u0026agrave; goutte, m\u0026eacute;thode de calcul du dimensionnement d\u0026rsquo;une planche cultiv\u0026eacute;e en palmier dattier et cultures sous-jacentes. M\u0026eacute;moire de master sur la Protection de la Ressource Sol-Eau et l\u0026rsquo;Environnement, Facult\u0026eacute; des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre et de l\u0026rsquo;Univers. Universit\u0026eacute; de KASDI Merbah Ouargla-Alg\u0026eacute;rie \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBatiebo E.L., 2006. Caract\u0026eacute;risation et \u0026eacute;valuation des performances de l\u0026rsquo;irrigation goutte \u0026agrave; goutte sur les cultures agroforesti\u0026egrave;res en r\u0026eacute;gion sah\u0026eacute;lienne du Burkina Faso : cas de la station de Katchari. M\u0026eacute;moire de DESS, 2IE Ouaga. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCEMAGREF., 1992. Irrigation, Collection Guide pratique du CEMAGREF, 2\u0026egrave; Edition France Agricole, Paris ;294 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCEMAGREF., 2003. Irrigation - Guide pratique. Editions du CEMAGREF, 342p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCompaor\u0026eacute; M.L., 2003. Cours de micro-irrigation.23p \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEL Amri A., Majdoub R., M\u0026rsquo;sadak Y, Aouichaoui G., 2012. Appr\u0026eacute;ciation exp\u0026eacute;rimentale de l\u0026rsquo;uniformit\u0026eacute; de distribution de l\u0026rsquo;eau dans le p\u0026eacute;rim\u0026egrave;tre irrigu\u0026eacute; de ZAAFRANA II (Tunisie Centrale).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFAO/PAM ,2005 : Rapport sp\u0026eacute;cial au Niger - 21 d\u0026eacute;cembre 2004. (Consult\u0026eacute; le 12 Juillet 2008). Adresse URL : http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j3969f/j3969f00.htm\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFilali B. Abdelwahab., 2010. Syst\u0026egrave;me d\u0026rsquo;Irrigation Goutte \u0026agrave; Goutte : Am\u0026eacute;nagement, Exploitation, Installation et Evaluation \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIPALAC, 2001 : Le jardin Potager Africain, Manuel d\u0026rsquo;utilisation, 2001, 60 pages.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKeller J., Karmeli D., 1983. Trickle irrigation design parameters. Trans.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKeller J. \u0026amp; Karmeli D., 1974. Trickle irrigation design, Rain Bird sprinkler manufacturing crop ; Glendora, California ; 133 p. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMermoud A., 2004. Cour de micro irrigation ; Ecole Polytechnique F\u0026eacute;d\u0026eacute;rale de Lausanne (EPFL) Institut des Sciences et Technologiques de l\u0026rsquo;Environnement / Laboratoire d\u0026rsquo;Hydrologie et Am\u0026eacute;nagements 61p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorarech.M., 2017. Notions d\u0026rsquo;Hydraulique. Facult\u0026eacute; de Sciences de Rabat- Universit\u0026eacute; Mohamed V\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePASTERNAK, D., BUSTAN, A., 2003. The African Market Garden. In, Encyclopaedia of Water Science. B.A. Stewart and T. Howell (eds). Marcel Dekker Inc. NY. p. 9-15\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePASTERNAK, D., NIKIEMA, A., SENBETO, D., DOUGBEDJI, F., WOLTERING, L., 2006 : Intensification and Improvement of Market Gardening in the Sudano-Sahel Region of Africa. Chronica Horticulturae, Vol. 46, Number 4, December 2006. ISHS\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePenadille Y., 1998. Irrigation localis\u0026eacute;e in trait\u0026eacute; d\u0026rsquo;irrigation, Lavoisier Technique \u0026amp; \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSIVAKUMAR et ABDOUSSALAM, (1994). Observation agro m\u0026eacute;t\u0026eacute;orologiques Titre : Le travail du sol pour une agriculture durable Fao Chapitre 3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSOMEB. M., 2017. Effet de la liti\u0026egrave;re de volaille et de r\u0026eacute;sidus de production d\u0026apos;asticots sur la fertilit\u0026eacute; du sol et la production de ma\u0026iuml;s (Zea mays L.) dans l\u0026apos;ouest du Burkina Faso ; 45p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYE Dofindoub\u0026ecirc; V., 2010. Conception, installation et \u0026eacute;valuation d\u0026apos;un syst\u0026egrave;me d\u0026apos;irrigation goutte \u0026agrave; goutte pour la production de l\u0026eacute;gumes dans le village de Sonsogona. M\u0026eacute;moire d\u0026rsquo;ing\u0026eacute;niorat du d\u0026eacute;veloppement rural, Institut du D\u0026eacute;veloppement Rural. Universit\u0026eacute; Nazi Boni, Burkina Faso. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWli P., Gitlin H.M., 1974. Drip irrigation based a uniformity. SAE, 2/429-432. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZella L., Smadhi D., 2007. Evolution de l\u0026rsquo;irrigation en Alg\u0026eacute;rie, 80 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5263434/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5263434/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis article covers a methodology for hydraulic sizing of a drip irrigation system using irrigation water supply tanks. After a general description of the different components of the pressure irrigation network which is here drip, the theory of hydraulic sizing and the technological quality test of the drippers are very detailed in order to assess the performance of the latter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adequate design of localized irrigation networks must necessarily be based on a good understanding of hydraulic principles so as to be able to correctly size the different components of the irrigation system. The trial on the technological quality test of drippers in a drip irrigation system consisted of testing these emitters using an experimental device. To this end, 3 reservoirs containing drinking water from the NDE were used to supply 3 drip irrigation networks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurements of flow rates and volumes made at the level of drippers, booms, boom holders and networks made it possible to verify the quality of the drippers used and the hydraulic performance of the pressure irrigation system. Data relating to these measures were collected and analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt appears from this study that the corresponding pressures at different heights in the tanks are low and vary by 0.11bar and 0.15bar and that the pressure is a function of height.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs for the flow rates and volumes of water measured at the drippers, valves, ramps, ramp holders and networks, they are hydraulically the same. In other words, they are statistically identical but in absolute value the flow rate of valve 1 is slightly higher than flow rates 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, regarding the technological quality test of the drippers, the flow rate variation coefficients obtained during this test are 0.052; 0.055; 0.056; 0.061 and 0.052 respectively at the water heights in the tank h1, h2, h3, h4 and h5. Then the different uniformity coefficients obtained at these heights are respectively 93.73; 94.26; 94.45; 95.02 and 94.77%. These values ​​above 90% reveal excellent distribution of irrigation water to the plot. In conclusion, it is possible to carry out localized irrigation with few materials and therefore inexpensively. However, high establishment costs can constitute a constraint to the adoption of the technology. This is why it was recommended to make agricultural subsidies and credits available to producers to enable the large-scale dissemination of the drip irrigation system.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Hydraulic sizing of a drip irrigation system coupled with the technological quality test of drippers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-18 06:14:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5263434/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f253e73d-572f-4c68-995f-b044817e65a0","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-18T06:14:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-18 06:14:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5263434","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5263434","identity":"rs-5263434","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}