Exploring mangrove adaptability in Laguna de Términos: implications for biological conservation through ecological measures and GIS-based protection zones (Campeche, Mexico)

To safeguard the ecosystems and species in megadiverse countries such as Mexico, ecological measures are imperative. This study examined the adaptability of mangroves to environmental and anthropogenic changes. As this area comprises a multitude of ecologically consequential abiotic gradients, it represents a valuable resource for understanding the ramifications of worldwide climate change. Nevertheless, gauging the coastal biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico presents a formidable challenge. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the factors that contribute to the ongoing chronic changes within and around mangroves. By analyzing satellite images from 1981 to 2020, we investigated the decadal variations in mangrove coverage across the Yucatán Peninsula in the western Caribbean Sea. The research area obtained a high ecological index score of 0.71, indicating its considerable natural value. Moreover, an anthropogenic index score of 0.46 was observed on the map, indicating the impact of human activities on the area. To connect and preserve biodiversity in the area, we proposed a GIS-based spatial biological corridor technique (protection zones). Urgent action is necessary to promote better forest management and restoration that can provide opportunities for climate change adaptation for mangrove and neighboring ecosystems.