Out-of-plane compression performance of 3D-printed eco-friendly sandwich plates inspired by beetle elytra microstructures

Out-of-plane compression performance of 3D-printed eco-friendly sandwich plates inspired by beetle elytra microstructures | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Out-of-plane compression performance of 3D-printed eco-friendly sandwich plates inspired by beetle elytra microstructures Yiheng Song, Haixia Yang, Chenwei Guo, Jie Chen, Longgang Tian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6875365/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Owing to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio, honeycomb sandwich structures have long been favored in impact mitigation and energy absorption applications. Integrating wood-plastic composites into 3D-printed bioinspired sandwich designs offers a sustainable path toward enhanced mechanical performance. In this study, the out-of-plane compressive behavior of two 3D-printed bioinspired configurations, traditional honeycomb plate (HP) and end-trabecular beetle elytron plate (EBEP), was systematically investigated using both experimental testing and finite element simulations. The sandwich plates were fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) and a PLA-based composite reinforced with wood fibers (PLA/WF). Results demonstrate that the incorporation of wood fibers significantly improves both the specific load-bearing capacity and specific energy absorption of the structures, with EBEP showing greater performance gains than HP. Microstructural analysis reveals that the performance enhancement stems from multiple reinforcement mechanisms contributed by the wood fibers. The close agreement between experimental and simulation results confirms the reliability of the proposed model and sheds light on the reinforcing role of wood fibers. These findings offer theoretical support for the development of cost-effective and eco-friendly high-performance energy-absorbing structures. Aeronautics and Astronautics Civil Engineering Mechanical Engineering Materials Engineering out-of-plane compression polylactic acid and wood–fiber composite fused filament fabrication honeycomb plates end-trabecular beetle elytron plate Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6875365","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":470758081,"identity":"8713a206-66ab-465c-abef-fad0188e8db1","order_by":0,"name":"Yiheng Song","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADHgP2BiBlYEGEWjaYFp4DIC0SxGsBKk4AUURoMbjf/vBxwa/DMuaSz69u+FEgwcDf3p2AX8sxHmPjmX2HeSxn55Td7AE6TOLM2Q2EtLBJ8/Yc5jG4nZN2gweoxUAil5AW9mcQLTfPpN38Q5wWBjNpnh9ALTfYj90myhbJYznGxrwN6TwGZ3LYbssYSPAQ9Avf4eMPH/P8sbY3OH782c03f2zk+Nt78WsBA8a2ZgZQbILYPISVg8GfOiDB/oBI1aNgFIyCUTDSAAD2IUdXRH115AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yiheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Song","suffix":""},{"id":470758082,"identity":"80660759-59bf-4167-aa1b-b11368364813","order_by":1,"name":"Haixia Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haixia","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":470758083,"identity":"bfee1edc-b3d9-4eb5-b75e-4088ed761d76","order_by":2,"name":"Chenwei Guo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCH2z1/OyND0BMHj6idDD28CVI9hw2AGthI84WNrkEgxnJBhA2IcX8M9KvSXzgMcszkHzM+Jg3x06GjYH54aMbeLRI3Mgpk5xhkVZsLp3MbDhzWzLQYWzGxjl4tBhI56RJ8/AcY9w5O/+YxMdtzEAtPGzShLWw/WfccPMwm0TitnpitKQfA2phS9xwg5kNaMthwlok7r9htpzZw2Ys2QP2y3EeNmYCfuHvOf7wxocfbHL87IeBIbat2p6fvfnhY3xagHFngCbAjFc5CLA/IKhkFIyCUTAKRjgAAKw8QK2/eqUgAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chenwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":470758084,"identity":"7e0c4de8-4cb0-4d66-9805-3d940709d76f","order_by":3,"name":"Jie Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jie","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":470758085,"identity":"3c72b094-2649-43b5-a2e5-c543fcab2442","order_by":4,"name":"Longgang Tian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Longgang","middleName":"","lastName":"Tian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-12 01:02:03","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6875365/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6875365/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93529096,"identity":"567f0e13-73c4-4d1c-8b33-46227cb4478f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:29","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3716486,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"5.4.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/780e2a2a527686c4994faab5.docx"},{"id":93529076,"identity":"5624d0bc-e0d4-4cec-a820-9477eca8c164","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:28","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs6875365.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/256063f8c6d1fdbecac7cc5e.json"},{"id":93529918,"identity":"5995066f-8f1c-40e1-8289-43bb541abbd1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:51:29","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs68753650enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/9d556b16f9c52db0dad1ef2e.xml"},{"id":93529077,"identity":"704a5bb6-2203-4544-8c59-25acd8ef66c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:29","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":354697,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/398c8ff4c9ec7a050c3e3449.png"},{"id":93529082,"identity":"bc1b3a7c-a8d6-4e79-9f94-e7052c6dcf20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:29","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":506202,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/bf1e013c38ca39b203dd2cd1.png"},{"id":93529081,"identity":"b0227458-149b-4963-a1d0-df7d7735ebc0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:29","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":229128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/32eda9a08a6d69b9a45f9915.png"},{"id":93530682,"identity":"6ef447ea-8052-417f-9228-ca0af43b028b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:59:29","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":661032,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/65b7c08606fd6fa7d409fe59.png"},{"id":93530862,"identity":"c3026758-26c4-48d3-a96a-9d5d34b21c55","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 21:07:29","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":89049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/f91851b1aa4849ea55b9586b.png"},{"id":93529088,"identity":"b942b015-747e-4a9e-88e4-23af512e097c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:29","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1017585,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/e3701bde17e572f5c727dd5c.png"},{"id":93530863,"identity":"37ce4fd9-65c9-4d82-8053-abc278398801","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 21:07:29","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":445401,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/8ace5238cfcc5266c5c5e71c.png"},{"id":93530684,"identity":"29ab6328-4f8c-4bbb-b5c2-e1db48bf5a98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:59:29","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":80308,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/df4a052bf703732ccc7ae247.png"},{"id":93529091,"identity":"59a74d40-e725-49da-bba2-25ea7497b40a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:29","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":255147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/cef527ca6098c850611bed92.png"},{"id":93529922,"identity":"895f6406-0bdb-465c-85bd-1b773804b6c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:51:29","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49946,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/803d0b18c217a329dc1ba601.png"},{"id":93530687,"identity":"2456ad1b-3d53-4f28-ac54-b8d1569e1ccd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:59:29","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":59947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/d6fe33a68a9daef4ead83904.png"},{"id":93529086,"identity":"2a3bf770-967b-40a8-8a77-473f26de0554","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:29","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36961,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/28633169e49806ba82898352.png"},{"id":93529084,"identity":"b4f28ae8-24fc-41be-bb6f-f5ed965871dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:29","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":84457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/7ff8c1d2c8e728f36b5e3ec7.png"},{"id":93530864,"identity":"619fdba4-25e3-4838-ab87-7352de87eabf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 21:07:29","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/b8a3c610b83ceb75962f30fa.png"},{"id":93529924,"identity":"ee234f9f-0538-4b97-b6fd-86e00987cec8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:51:29","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":180247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/e98e2186530dc2d88ebd31a5.png"},{"id":93530686,"identity":"dc9fefae-5703-4f32-a1e8-b162fd95c47a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:59:29","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":89274,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/aaaf562b90d267991c76e272.png"},{"id":93530685,"identity":"bbcb5243-45df-4b8e-af4d-80b50377dec2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:59:29","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/24a215665841404733980f1a.png"},{"id":93529095,"identity":"56e1f61a-2697-41a1-a302-df193076a6c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:29","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/be4291fa6b0f94164181eb0a.png"},{"id":93529927,"identity":"f6b01dbf-5be2-4b1b-8203-825edcd23042","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:51:29","extension":"xml","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":69514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs68753650structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/992b5a43b33c07b9bd630429.xml"},{"id":93529098,"identity":"81e556fc-c1ea-4e14-a455-c9bb3e02bdd8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 20:43:29","extension":"html","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83821,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2/b6066a2120a90ef2d69d351f.html"},{"id":93597887,"identity":"b91f41c1-4508-4ab6-921a-8987c2e517c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 14:24:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1253084,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6875365/v2_covered_c33c39fe-bd1d-433b-b902-50f502701e40.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"Out-of-plane compression performance of 3D-printed eco-friendly sandwich plates inspired by beetle elytra microstructures","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"out-of-plane compression, polylactic acid and wood–fiber composite, fused filament fabrication, honeycomb plates, end-trabecular beetle elytron plate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6875365/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6875365/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOwing to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio, honeycomb sandwich structures have long been favored in impact mitigation and energy absorption applications. Integrating wood-plastic composites into 3D-printed bioinspired sandwich designs offers a sustainable path toward enhanced mechanical performance. In this study, the out-of-plane compressive behavior of two 3D-printed bioinspired configurations, traditional honeycomb plate (HP) and end-trabecular beetle elytron plate (EBEP), was systematically investigated using both experimental testing and finite element simulations. The sandwich plates were fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) and a PLA-based composite reinforced with wood fibers (PLA/WF). Results demonstrate that the incorporation of wood fibers significantly improves both the specific load-bearing capacity and specific energy absorption of the structures, with EBEP showing greater performance gains than HP. Microstructural analysis reveals that the performance enhancement stems from multiple reinforcement mechanisms contributed by the wood fibers. The close agreement between experimental and simulation results confirms the reliability of the proposed model and sheds light on the reinforcing role of wood fibers. These findings offer theoretical support for the development of cost-effective and eco-friendly high-performance energy-absorbing structures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Out-of-plane compression performance of 3D-printed eco-friendly sandwich plates inspired by beetle elytra microstructures","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2025-10-14 20:43:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6875365/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-13 07:24:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6875365/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b180d707-1474-4abd-b64b-6448f3abc010","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":49993347,"name":"Aeronautics and Astronautics"},{"id":49993348,"name":"Civil Engineering"},{"id":49993349,"name":"Mechanical Engineering"},{"id":49993350,"name":"Materials Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-13T07:24:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-14 20:43:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-6875365","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6875365","identity":"rs-6875365","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}