Eggshell as Soil Shear Strength Amplifier for Cohesive and Cohesionless Soils

Eggshell as Soil Shear Strength Amplifier for Cohesive and Cohesionless Soils | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Eggshell as Soil Shear Strength Amplifier for Cohesive and Cohesionless Soils MD. MOIN AKON, Khan MD Mohaiminul Islam Shovon, Asif Alam Chowdhury, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9087160/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The reuse of biodegradable waste in geotechnical engineering has gained increasing attention due to its potential as a sustainable construction material. Eggshell powder (ESP), generated in large quantities as biodegradable waste, represents a low-cost and environmentally friendly option for such applications.In this study, ESP was added to cohesive and cohesionless soils at proportions of 8.5%, 12%, and 15% in order to examine its effect on shear strength characteristics. Shear strength tests were conducted on laboratory-prepared soil specimens. The test results showed that the response of the soils to ESP addition depended strongly on soil type. In the case of the cohesionless soil, an increase in shear strength was observed with ESP inclusion, and the highest angle of internal friction, equal to 38◦, was obtained at an ESP content of 8.5%. This behaviour suggests that ESP particles contributed to improved grain interaction within the soil mass. On the other hand, the clayey soil exhibited a reduction in shear strength after the addition of ESP. The maximum reduction in cohesion was measured as 22.56 kN/m2 at 8.5% ESP content, indicating that ESP did not act as an effective stabiliser for the clay under the test conditions.To predict the optimum dosage and the corresponding strength gain, a quadratic regression model was developed, suggesting a nonlinear relationship between ESP content and shear strength.Overall, the results suggest that ESP incorporation acts predominantly as a physical modifier rather than as a chemical stabilizer. Within a limited dosage range, ESP effectively enhances the frictional behaviour of cohesionless soils; however, it is not suitable as a standalone stabilizing agent for cohesive soils. These findings emphasize the importance of carefully considering soil type when using waste-derived additives in geotechnical engineering applications. Soil Stabilisation Shear-Strength Biodegradable-Waste Eggshell Powder Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 10 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 31 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 20 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 14 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 10 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9087160","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":611474607,"identity":"b1cf3866-9425-41cc-9437-80674b028ed6","order_by":0,"name":"MD. MOIN AKON","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Asia Pacific","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"MD.","middleName":"MOIN","lastName":"AKON","suffix":""},{"id":611474608,"identity":"e3edd791-0c0f-4066-9391-47a7c9cbfb02","order_by":1,"name":"Khan MD Mohaiminul Islam Shovon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Asia Pacific","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khan","middleName":"MD Mohaiminul Islam","lastName":"Sho","suffix":"MD"},{"id":611474609,"identity":"5a48e7ae-8586-48b4-a4b1-64ef00af92c6","order_by":2,"name":"Asif Alam Chowdhury","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Asia Pacific","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asif","middleName":"Alam","lastName":"Chowdhury","suffix":""},{"id":611474611,"identity":"e92504b0-4b5c-4485-a40f-5f3ba1fe9ac3","order_by":3,"name":"Swarnali Ahmed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Stamford University Bangladesh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Swarnali","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":611474613,"identity":"b8d9260a-b4d8-4ccb-9b46-64671c8ed2d8","order_by":4,"name":"Akram Shakil Turja","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Asia Pacific","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Akram","middleName":"Shakil","lastName":"Turja","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-10 18:53:59","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9087160/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9087160/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105565293,"identity":"48efe0af-f847-4656-9d07-d918399b731f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-27 12:52:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":474148,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"EggshellasSoilShearStrengthAmplifierforCohesiveandCohesionlessSoilsCopy.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9087160/v1_covered_e1f9b68b-0dae-4bae-af26-557c2db0087d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Eggshell as Soil Shear Strength Amplifier for Cohesive and Cohesionless Soils","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":true,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-soil","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Soil](https://link.springer.com/journal/44378)","snPcode":"44378","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44378/3","title":"Discover Soil","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Soil Stabilisation, Shear-Strength, Biodegradable-Waste, Eggshell Powder","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9087160/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9087160/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe reuse of biodegradable waste in geotechnical engineering has gained increasing attention due to its potential as a sustainable construction material. Eggshell powder (ESP), generated in large quantities as biodegradable waste, represents a low-cost and environmentally friendly option for such applications.In this study, ESP was added to cohesive and cohesionless soils at proportions of 8.5%, 12%, and 15% in order to examine its effect on shear strength characteristics. Shear strength tests were conducted on laboratory-prepared soil specimens. The test results showed that the response of the soils to ESP addition depended strongly on soil type. In the case of the cohesionless soil, an increase in shear strength was observed with ESP inclusion, and the highest angle of internal friction, equal to 38◦, was obtained at an ESP content of 8.5%. This behaviour suggests that ESP particles contributed to improved grain interaction within the soil mass. On the other hand, the clayey soil exhibited a reduction in shear strength after the addition of ESP. The maximum reduction in cohesion was measured as 22.56 kN/m2 at 8.5% ESP content, indicating that ESP did not act as an effective stabiliser for the clay under the test conditions.To predict the optimum dosage and the corresponding strength gain, a quadratic regression model was developed, suggesting a nonlinear relationship between ESP content and shear strength.Overall, the results suggest that ESP incorporation acts predominantly as a physical modifier rather than as a chemical stabilizer. Within a limited dosage range, ESP effectively enhances the frictional behaviour of cohesionless soils; however, it is not suitable as a standalone stabilizing agent for cohesive soils. 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